Europa(S) E Catolicismo Em Revista(S):1945-1961 Um Percurso Pela Civiltà Cattolica, Estudos E Brotéria

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Europa(S) E Catolicismo Em Revista(S):1945-1961 Um Percurso Pela Civiltà Cattolica, Estudos E Brotéria Dulce Maria Raposo Pais Gonçalves Loureiro Europa(s) e Catolicismo em revista(s):1945-1961 Um percurso pela Civiltà Cattolica, Estudos e Brotéria Dissertação de Mestrado em História: Época Contemporânea, orientada pelo Doutor Vítor Manuel Parreira Neto, apresentada ao Departamento de História, Estudos Europeus, Arqueologia e Artes da Faculdade de Letras da Universidade de Coimbra 2014 Faculdade de Letras Europa(s) e Catolicismo em revista(s):1945-1961 Um percurso pela Civiltà Cattolica, Estudos e Brotéria Tipo de trabalho Dissertação de Mestrado Título Europa(s) e Catolicismo em revista(s): 1945-1961 Um percurso pela Civiltà Cattolica, Estudos e Brotéria Autor/a Dulce Maria Raposo Pais Gonçalves Loureiro Orientador Vítor Manuel Parreira Neto Júri Presidente: Doutor António Resende de Oliveira Vogais: 1. Doutora Maria Manuela de Bastos Tavares Ribeiro 2. Doutor Vítor Manuel Parreira Neto Identificação do Curso 2º Ciclo em História Área científica História Especialidade/Ramo História Contemporânea Data da defesa 6-2-2015 Classificação 18 valores Ao meu marido: Que acreditou em mim, mais do que eu própria; Que me ensinou a trabalhar e a lutar Como se tudo dependesse de mim E a confiar como se tudo dependesse de Deus. ii PALAVRA(S) PRÉVIA(S) O regresso à Universidade, cerca de 30 anos depois da conclusão da licenciatura, revelou-se uma experiência estimulante. Absorvida pelos trabalhos e canseiras do ensino de História e Geografia de Portugal, História e Língua Portuguesa a crianças e adolescentes, num contexto escolar onde impera crescentemente a burocracia e, não raro, se sufoca nas exigências de um quotidiano que pouco espaço deixa para o acompanhamento e aprofundamento das matérias. O retorno, agora por via da frequência do Mestrado, permitiu-me um enriquecimento em diferentes dimensões. Com as limitações do meu percurso, agravadas pelas constrições temporais, procurei fazer o trabalho possível pela via da escrita, onde sempre me senti mais confortável do que na troca da oralidade. Nas dissertações, como na vida, só se avança conjugando esforço próprio e dons de muitos. Correndo embora o risco de injustas omissões, gostaria de deixar público reconhecimento aos meus Professores dos Seminários, Doutora Maria Manuela Tavares Ribeiro, Doutor Fernando José de Almeida Catroga e Doutor António Martins da Silva. Uma palavra especial merece o Senhor Professor Doutor Vítor Manuel Parreira Neto pela orientação do trabalho: a leitura cuidadosa, a pertinência das sugestões e o estímulo crítico para percorrer a difícil etapa final. Em julho (em regime de licença sem vencimento) e agosto de 2013, tive oportunidade de fazer investigação em Roma. Não posso deixar de agradecer ao Instituto Português de Santo António em Roma (IPSAR), na pessoa de Monsenhor Agostinho Borges, que me proporcionou as indispensáveis condições logísticas. Dada a centralidade desta verdadeira embaixada cultural na Cidade Eterna, foi-me possível, com extrema facilidade e rapidez, aceder à Biblioteca del Senato Giovanni Spadolini e ao acervo bibliográfico da Civiltà Cattolica. Registo ainda a colaboração do Mestre Isaías Alfredo Fragoso dos Santos Hipólito, que, na maratona da entrega, se disponibilizou para imprescindível ajuda na revisão da bibliografia. Assinalo igualmente o contributo de antigos “Rapazes do CADC” que responderam a algumas questões pertinentes para o objeto deste estudo: Doutor Adelino Marques; Doutor António Barbosa de Melo; Doutor Armando Lopes Porto; Doutor Manuel Lopes Porto; Doutor Henrique Vilaça Ramos. Também sem o apoio da minha família mais próxima, Cireneus do quotidiano, seria impossível chegar aqui. Ao meu marido, agradeço os livros que, ao longo destes dois anos, brotaram na minha secretária como cogumelos, mesmo sem que eu os tivesse pedido. Aos meus filhos, João Diogo e Tiago, devo a companhia estimulante e ajuda preciosa na recolha bibliográfica na Civiltà Cattolica e na Biblioteca Geral da Universidade de Coimbra, bem como a normalização do texto. Aos meus pais, que, apesar da tristeza pelo excesso de trabalho, me apontaram sempre metas mais altas. À minha sogra, pelo concurso na organização dos materiais pesquisados; ao meu sogro que, com olho de lince, descobriu várias gralhas do texto. À minha irmã e ao meu cunhado quando, mesmo longe, iii transformaram, muitas vezes, o meu desânimo em força. A todas as minhas amigas e amigos que, ao longo destes dois anos, se preocuparam comigo, me ouviram e nunca permitiram que eu pronunciasse a palavra desisto. Finalmente, a Deus, em Quem acredito e por Quem me deixei conduzir, experimentando a misteriosa passagem do impossível ao possível. iv RESUMO Europa(s) e Catolicismo em revista(s): 1945-1961 é tema de uma investigação que procura ver qual a receção em Portugal, nos meios intelectuais católicos, das ideias de Europa avançadas pelo Magistério, em larga medida veiculadas pela Civiltà Cattolica, através da análise de duas revistas de cultura geral católica na conjuntura do Estado Novo: Estudos – revista do Centro Académico de Democracia Cristã (CADC); Brotéria – revista que, tal como a Civiltà Cattolica, pertence à Companhia de Jesus. Partindo de um conjunto de perguntas diretoras, a dissertação estrutura-se em duas partes. Na Primeira, situa-se o conceito de Europa no quadro de uma rede de noções como Cristandade, Ocidente e Atlantismo (Cap. 1) procurando depois ver que imagens de Europa resultam do Magistério dos Papas Pio XII e João XXIII (Cap. 2), bem como as linhas de força do tratamento da questão europeia na Civiltà Cattolica, quer no plano dos valores, quer no terreno das instituições (Cap. 3). Na Segunda Parte, centrada no caso português, núcleo da investigação, começa-se por, sucintamente, ver que posições sobre a temática europeia estruturaram o discurso e a prática do regime, referindo-se também as relações entre Estado Novo e Igreja Católica (Cap 1). Quanto às revistas católicas portuguesas de cultura escolhidas (Estudos e Brotéria), percorrem-se as várias ideias de Europa e os modos de institucionalização desta, não deixando de proceder a uma breve caracterização das entidades que as editam, respetivamente, o CADC e a Companhia de Jesus (Cap. 2 e 3). Conclui-se que, em matéria de Europa, a diferente circunstância portuguesa condicionou a receção do Magistério sobre o tema, bem como o próprio acompanhamento da (re)construção europeia. v ABSTRACT Europe(s) and Catholicism in review(s)1: 1945-1961 is the subject matter of the present investigation, focused on the reception in the Portuguese Catholic intellectual milieux of the Magisterium’s ideas on Europe, extensively echoed in Civiltà Cattolica. Two Catholic cultural journals published during Estado Novo are here analysed: Estudos, the journal of the Academic Center of Christian Democracy (CADC), and Brotéria, issued by the Society of Jesus, like Civiltà Cattolica. A set of questions drives the dissertation, which is divided in two parts. In the first one, the concept of Europe is placed within a net of related notions, namely Christendom, the West (Occident) and Atlanticism (Ch. 1). The images of Europe present in the magisterium of Pius XII and John XXIII are surveyed (Ch. 2) as well as the treatment of the question of Europe, its values and institutions, in Civiltà Cattolica (Ch. 3). In the second part, focused on the Portuguese reality, lies the core of the investigation. First, the stance of the regime towards the European question and the relationship between the State and the Catholic Church are briefly reviewed (Ch. 1). How the different ideas of Europe and their modes of institutionalization were approached in the chosen journals (Estudos e Brotéria) is then considered at large. There is also a short profile of the bodies that issued them, respectively CADC and the Society of Jesus (Ch. 2 and 3). The political situation in Portugal, it is argued, hampered the reception of the Magisterium with regard to European themes and the participation in the European (re)construction. 1 The Portuguese word for review is the same as for journal: revista. The original title builds on this pun. vi ABREVIATURAS AECL Associação Europeia de Comércio Livre (EFTA – European Free Trade Association) BENELUX Bélgica, Países Baixos, Luxemburgo CADC Centro Académico de Democracia Cristã CCEE Comité de Cooperação Económica Europeia CDU Christlich Demokratische Union Deutschlands (União Democrata Cristã) CECA Comunidade Europeia do Carvão e do Aço CED Comunidade Europeia de Defesa CEE Comunidade Económica Europeia CEEA Comunidade Europeia de Energia Atómica (EURATOM – European Atomic Energy Community) COMECOM Conselho de Assistência Económica Mútua (CAEM) CPE Comunidade Política Europeia ERP European Recovery Program (ERP) EUA Estados Unidos da América FMI Fundo Monetário Internacional KOMINFORM Bureau de Informação dos Partidos Comunistas MPLA Movimento Popular de Libertação de Angola OECE Organização Europeia de Cooperação Económica OTAN Organização do Tratado do Atlântico Norte (NATO – North Atlantic Treaty Organization) PCI Partido Comunista Italiano (Partito Comunista d'Italia) RDA República Democrática Alemã. RFA República Federal da Alemanha SDN Sociedade das Nações UE União Europeia UEF União Europeia dos Federalistas UEO União da Europa Ocidental vii UO União Ocidental UPA União das Populações de Angola URSS União das Repúblicas Socialistas Soviéticas vol. volume(s) ZLC Zona de Livre Câmbio viii INTRODUÇÃO 1. Objeto e razões de uma escolha Europa(s) e Catolicismo em revista(s): 1945-1961 é tema de uma investigação que procura ver
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