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Landscape Architecture “Revalidation” of Les Halles: a Theory-Based Critique

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Landscape Architecture “Revalidation” of Les Halles: a Theory-Based Critique LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE “REVALIDATION” OF LES HALLES: A THEORY-BASED CRITIQUE BY: MICHAEL MADSEN DISCLAIMER • The majority of the research material on Les Halles used to prepare this thesis project was written in French. Although I strive to insure that my English translation is accurate, there is the possibility that some of the facts have been lost in translation. All information used in this report is from official French sources deemed reliable. By using this report to prepare further studies, the reader agrees that the author of this report is not responsible or liable for the use or misuse of this information. AGENDA: I. Introduction & Project Background II. The Four Competition Designers, Their Teams, and Their Proposals III. Project Leaders Question The Four Designers IV. Analysis and Inventory of the Site V. Landscape Architecture Theories VI. Identification and Critique of Landscape Architecture Theories Employed By Each Designer VII. Critique of Each Design Based on Traditional French Design Methodology/Vocabulary VIII. Functionalism: What Works/What Does Not IX. And The Winner Is … X. Towards a Resolution and a “Re-Revalidation” INTRODUCTION – PHYSICAL LOCATION • The Heart of Paris •1st Arrondissement (district) • North-east of the Louvre • West of the George Pompidou Center • 10 acres • The Forum is 3.25 acres http://www.tuat.ac.jp/~katsuaki/Les_Halles(S1).jpg INTRODUCTION – “THE BELLY OF PARIS” • 1800s • Marshland • Cemetery • Marketplace http://www.projetleshalles.com/site/a_sit2910031.htm • Growing population: – Crowded Market spaces – Circulation problems – Unsanitary conditions – Hygiene issues • Victor Baltard’s solution (1848) – 12 Covered Glass Houses http://www.projetleshalles.com/site/a_sit2910031.htm INTRODUCTION – GROWTH CONTINUES … • Market was relocated in 1969 to Orly Airport • Construction began on the Forum des Halles – Underground commercial center – 5 levels deep – Paris’ largest underground business center – Various public amenities – Largest railway station in Europe – Surface level park http://www.projetleshalles.com/site/a_sit2910032.htm INTRODUCTION – USE OF THE AREA HOUSING • Hausman Architecture • Mixed use: Stores & restaurants at the street level • High pedestrian traffic • Young, wealthy residents Photo: Madsen INTRODUCTION – USE OF THE AREA THE PARK • 10 acres (including the Forum space) • Perspective views to surrounding architecture: – St. Eustache – Fountain of the Innocent – Commerce Stock Market • Fragmented spaces because of underground activities – Utilities – Vents Photo: Google – Fencing INTRODUCTION – USE OF THE AREA BELOW GROUND PUBLIC AMENTIES AND THE “MALL” • Pool •Gym • Billiards • Movie theatres •Conservatory • Shopping Photo: Madsen INTRODUCTION – USE OF THE AREA TRANSPORTATION HUB: CHATELET – LES HALLES • 800,000 passengers a day! • 3 RER (Reseau express regional) lines • 6 Metro lines • 21 Bus lines • Room of Exchanges: “The Pinball” • Circulation and accessibility issues Photo: Madsen INTRODUCTION – USE OF THE AREA UNDERGROUND ROADWAYS • 4 entries, 5 exits • Conflicts with pedestrian circulation • Camouflaged entries/exits • 5 parking areas: 4,000 parking spots Photo: Madsen INTRODUCTION – USE OF THE AREA SECURITY ISSUES • Circulation problems – Pedestrian –Auto – Delivery vehicles • Accessibility/Visibility – The transportation hub – The commercial center – The park Photo: Madsen INTRODUCTION – IMAGES Aerial: Atelier Arisien D'Urbanisme INTRODUCTION – IMAGES Photo: Google INTRODUCTION – IMAGES Photo: http://www.viaggiaresempre.it/St_Eustache3i.JPG INTRODUCTION – IMAGES Photo: Google INTRODUCTION – IMAGES Photo: http://www.nettivuori.com/gallery/pix/paris-2001/les-halles-of-today-inner-courtyard.jpg PROJECT BACKGROUND – CALL FOR REDESIGN PROBLEMS: • Premature aging of buildings • Accessibility and circulation • Incoherence among spaces • Disconnection between the underground spaces, surface spaces, and surrounding neighborhood • City of Paris called for a redesign. Photo: http://www.bigfoto.com/europe/paris/les-halles.jpg PROJECT BACKGROUND – PROJECT LEADERS •City of Paris • The Region Isle de France • SEM Paris Center (Societe d’economie Mixte) • RATP (Regie autonome des transports • Les Halles Commercial Center Photo: • The Civil Society of the Forum http://www.frenchmbaclub.com/fileadmin/clal_upload/FMBA/phot of Les Halles os/Paris%20-%20Les%20Halles%20et%20St%20Eustache.jpg • Le Cercle des Halles PROJECT BACKGROUND – LEADERS’ VISIONS • Guarantee safety for the neighborhood • Improve the relationship between the Forum and the surrounding neighborhoods • Reevaluate all vehicular access to the site • Improve access to the public transportation hub • Promote the underground public amenities • Reorganize the park/garden spaces **This thesis focuses on the redesign of the surface park space only** PROJECT BACKGROUND – FOUR FINALISTS • Jean Nouvel (Team AJN) • Winy Maas (Team MVRDV) • Rem Koolhaas (Team OMA) • David Mangin (Team Seura) THE FOUR COMPETITION DESIGNERS – JEAN NOUVEL AND TEAM AJN • An internationally recognized French architect • Known for a sleek modernist style Team AJN: • Nicolas Michelin – French Architect • Chirstine Schmulckle-Mollard – Architect • Michel Desvignes – Landscape Artist • Patrick O’Byrne – Urbanist • Ove Arup – Techinical studies • John Marc Casso – Security issues • Rock Lefevre – Environmental issues THE FOUR COMPETITION DESIGNERS – JEAN NOUVEL’S PROPOSAL • Tripartite scheme: – Ground level – one garden space – Higher level – garden space with views of St. Eustache – Highest level (above the Forum) – views of the City of Paris http://www.nytimes.com/slideshow/2004/06/10/arts/20040613_WHIT_SLIDESHOW_3.html THE FOUR COMPETITION DESIGNERS – JEAN NOUVEL’S PROPOSAL Program Elements: • Rooftop landscape above the Forum made up of ponds and fields – “a floating carpet in the middle of the city” • Linear Garden – meeting point, promenade area, reading area • Sports area • Flower gardens •Solarium • Winter garden • Walking area • Play area THE FOUR COMPETITION DESIGNERS – JEAN NOUVEL’S PROPOSAL http://www.projetleshalles.com/projet/pdf/ajn1.jpg http://www.projetleshalles.com/projet/pdf/ajn2.JPG THE FOUR COMPETITION DESIGNERS – JEAN NOUVEL’S PROPOSAL http://www.projetleshalles.com/projet/pdf/ajn3.JPG http://www.projetleshalles.com/projet/pdf/ajn4.JPG THE FOUR COMPETITION DESIGNERS – JEAN NOUVEL’S PROPOSAL http://www.projetleshalles.com/projet/pdf/ajn5.JPG THE FOUR COMPETITION DESIGNERS – JEAN NOUVEL’S PROPOSAL Image: Jean Nouvel’s Project Proposal Brochure THE FOUR COMPETITION DESIGNERS – JEAN NOUVEL’S PROPOSAL Image: Jean Nouvel’s Project Proposal Brochure THE FOUR COMPETITION DESIGNERS – JEAN NOUVEL’S PROPOSAL Image: http://www.linternaute.com/meilleur/halles/images/nouvel3.gif THE FOUR COMPETITION DESIGNERS – JEAN NOUVEL’S PROPOSAL Image: http://www.aknw.de/presse/downloads/index.htm?ausstellungen.htm~content THE FOUR COMPETITION DESIGNERS – JEAN NOUVEL’S PROPOSAL Image: Jean Nouvel’s Project Proposal Brochure THE FOUR COMPETITION DESIGNERS – WINY MAAS AND TEAM MVRDV • A young team based in the Netherlands • Known for their work on complex projects involving transportation centers and commercial concepts. Team MVRDV: • Jacob van Rijs • Nathalie de Vries • Adrian Geuze (WEST 8) – Landscape Artist • Ove Arup – Technical studies • The Five – Economists • Hilbert & Associates and AA Ferrau – Commercial Development THE FOUR COMPETITION DESIGNERS – WINY MAAS’ PROPOSAL • Surface park – A raised podium of glass • A window looking down into the heart of Paris • A lantern in the night Image: Maas’ Project Proposal Brochure THE FOUR COMPETITION DESIGNERS – WINY MAAS’ PROPOSAL Program Elements: • Field of flowers •Sports field • Skate park • Labyrinth • Children’s garden • Ball play area • Dali garden • An area that represents “the world captured” THE FOUR COMPETITION DESIGNERS – WINY MAAS’ PROPOSAL http://www.projetleshalles.com/projet/pdf/mvrdv1.pdf THE FOUR COMPETITION DESIGNERS – WINY MAAS’ PROPOSAL http://www.projetleshalles.com/projet/pdf/mvrdv2.pdf THE FOUR COMPETITION DESIGNERS – WINY MAAS’ PROPOSAL http://www.projetleshalles.com/projet/pdf/mvrdv3.pdf THE FOUR COMPETITION DESIGNERS – WINY MAAS’ PROPOSAL http://www.projetleshalles.com/projet/pdf/mvrdv4.pdf THE FOUR COMPETITION DESIGNERS – WINY MAAS’ PROPOSAL http://www.projetleshalles.com/projet/pdf/mvrdv5.pdf THE FOUR COMPETITION DESIGNERS – WINY MAAS’ PROPOSAL Image: Maas’ Project Proposal Brochure THE FOUR COMPETITION DESIGNERS – WINY MAAS’ PROPOSAL Image: Maas’ Project Proposal Brochure THE FOUR COMPETITION DESIGNERS – REM KOOLHAAS AND TEAM OMA • Created in 1975, based in Rotterdam • Known for their work around the world: Grande Bibliotheque in Paris, Whitney museum in New York, and the Guggenheim Hermitage in Las Vegas. Team OMA: • Matthjis Bouw, Donald van Dansik – Architects • Henri Bava, Michael Hoessler, Oliver Philippe (TER) – Landscape Artists • John Paul Lebas – Program Element Development • Ove Arup – Techinical Studies THE FOUR COMPETITION DESIGNERS – REM KOOLHAAS’ PROPOSAL • Open the underground spaces to the sky above • Penetrate the surface with “towerettes” • Each “towerette” has its own identity and connects to specific program elements below the surface. Image: http://www.nytimes.com/slideshow/2004/06/10/arts/20040613_WHIT_SLIDESHOW_1.html THE FOUR COMPETITION DESIGNERS – REM KOOLHAAS’ PROPOSAL Program Elements: • Pool • Movie theatre • Community movie theatre •Offices • Public facilities • Music academy •Nursery THE FOUR COMPETITION DESIGNERS – REM KOOLHAAS’ PROPOSAL
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