LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE “REVALIDATION” OF LES HALLES: A THEORY-BASED CRITIQUE
BY: MICHAEL MADSEN DISCLAIMER
• The majority of the research material on Les Halles used to prepare this thesis project was written in French. Although I strive to insure that my English translation is accurate, there is the possibility that some of the facts have been lost in translation. All information used in this report is from official French sources deemed reliable. By using this report to prepare further studies, the reader agrees that the author of this report is not responsible or liable for the use or misuse of this information. AGENDA:
I. Introduction & Project Background II. The Four Competition Designers, Their Teams, and Their Proposals III. Project Leaders Question The Four Designers IV. Analysis and Inventory of the Site V. Landscape Architecture Theories VI. Identification and Critique of Landscape Architecture Theories Employed By Each Designer VII. Critique of Each Design Based on Traditional French Design Methodology/Vocabulary VIII. Functionalism: What Works/What Does Not IX. And The Winner Is … X. Towards a Resolution and a “Re-Revalidation” INTRODUCTION – PHYSICAL LOCATION
• The Heart of Paris •1st Arrondissement (district) • North-east of the Louvre • West of the George Pompidou Center
• 10 acres • The Forum is 3.25 acres
http://www.tuat.ac.jp/~katsuaki/Les_Halles(S1).jpg INTRODUCTION – “THE BELLY OF PARIS”
• 1800s • Marshland • Cemetery • Marketplace http://www.projetleshalles.com/site/a_sit2910031.htm
• Growing population: – Crowded Market spaces – Circulation problems – Unsanitary conditions – Hygiene issues
• Victor Baltard’s solution (1848) – 12 Covered Glass Houses
http://www.projetleshalles.com/site/a_sit2910031.htm INTRODUCTION – GROWTH CONTINUES …
• Market was relocated in 1969 to Orly Airport • Construction began on the Forum des Halles – Underground commercial center – 5 levels deep – Paris’ largest underground business center – Various public amenities – Largest railway station in Europe – Surface level park
http://www.projetleshalles.com/site/a_sit2910032.htm INTRODUCTION – USE OF THE AREA
HOUSING
• Hausman Architecture • Mixed use: Stores & restaurants at the street level • High pedestrian traffic • Young, wealthy residents
Photo: Madsen INTRODUCTION – USE OF THE AREA
THE PARK • 10 acres (including the Forum space) • Perspective views to surrounding architecture: – St. Eustache – Fountain of the Innocent – Commerce Stock Market • Fragmented spaces because of underground activities – Utilities – Vents Photo: Google – Fencing INTRODUCTION – USE OF THE AREA
BELOW GROUND PUBLIC AMENTIES AND THE “MALL” • Pool •Gym • Billiards • Movie theatres •Conservatory • Shopping
Photo: Madsen INTRODUCTION – USE OF THE AREA
TRANSPORTATION HUB: CHATELET – LES HALLES • 800,000 passengers a day! • 3 RER (Reseau express regional) lines • 6 Metro lines • 21 Bus lines
• Room of Exchanges: “The Pinball” • Circulation and accessibility issues Photo: Madsen INTRODUCTION – USE OF THE AREA
UNDERGROUND ROADWAYS • 4 entries, 5 exits • Conflicts with pedestrian circulation • Camouflaged entries/exits • 5 parking areas: 4,000 parking spots
Photo: Madsen INTRODUCTION – USE OF THE AREA
SECURITY ISSUES • Circulation problems – Pedestrian –Auto – Delivery vehicles • Accessibility/Visibility – The transportation hub – The commercial center – The park
Photo: Madsen INTRODUCTION – IMAGES
Aerial: Atelier Arisien D'Urbanisme INTRODUCTION – IMAGES
Photo: Google INTRODUCTION – IMAGES
Photo: http://www.viaggiaresempre.it/St_Eustache3i.JPG INTRODUCTION – IMAGES
Photo: Google INTRODUCTION – IMAGES
Photo: http://www.nettivuori.com/gallery/pix/paris-2001/les-halles-of-today-inner-courtyard.jpg PROJECT BACKGROUND – CALL FOR REDESIGN
PROBLEMS: • Premature aging of buildings • Accessibility and circulation • Incoherence among spaces • Disconnection between the underground spaces, surface spaces, and surrounding neighborhood
• City of Paris called for a redesign. Photo: http://www.bigfoto.com/europe/paris/les-halles.jpg PROJECT BACKGROUND – PROJECT LEADERS
•City of Paris • The Region Isle de France • SEM Paris Center (Societe d’economie Mixte) • RATP (Regie autonome des transports • Les Halles Commercial Center Photo: • The Civil Society of the Forum http://www.frenchmbaclub.com/fileadmin/clal_upload/FMBA/phot of Les Halles os/Paris%20-%20Les%20Halles%20et%20St%20Eustache.jpg • Le Cercle des Halles PROJECT BACKGROUND – LEADERS’ VISIONS
• Guarantee safety for the neighborhood • Improve the relationship between the Forum and the surrounding neighborhoods • Reevaluate all vehicular access to the site • Improve access to the public transportation hub • Promote the underground public amenities • Reorganize the park/garden spaces
**This thesis focuses on the redesign of the surface park space only** PROJECT BACKGROUND – FOUR FINALISTS
• Jean Nouvel (Team AJN) • Winy Maas (Team MVRDV) • Rem Koolhaas (Team OMA) • David Mangin (Team Seura) THE FOUR COMPETITION DESIGNERS – JEAN NOUVEL AND TEAM AJN
• An internationally recognized French architect • Known for a sleek modernist style
Team AJN: • Nicolas Michelin – French Architect • Chirstine Schmulckle-Mollard – Architect • Michel Desvignes – Landscape Artist • Patrick O’Byrne – Urbanist • Ove Arup – Techinical studies • John Marc Casso – Security issues • Rock Lefevre – Environmental issues THE FOUR COMPETITION DESIGNERS – JEAN NOUVEL’S PROPOSAL • Tripartite scheme: – Ground level – one garden space – Higher level – garden space with views of St. Eustache – Highest level (above the Forum) – views of the City of Paris
http://www.nytimes.com/slideshow/2004/06/10/arts/20040613_WHIT_SLIDESHOW_3.html THE FOUR COMPETITION DESIGNERS – JEAN NOUVEL’S PROPOSAL
Program Elements: • Rooftop landscape above the Forum made up of ponds and fields – “a floating carpet in the middle of the city” • Linear Garden – meeting point, promenade area, reading area • Sports area • Flower gardens •Solarium • Winter garden • Walking area • Play area THE FOUR COMPETITION DESIGNERS – JEAN NOUVEL’S PROPOSAL
http://www.projetleshalles.com/projet/pdf/ajn1.jpg http://www.projetleshalles.com/projet/pdf/ajn2.JPG THE FOUR COMPETITION DESIGNERS – JEAN NOUVEL’S PROPOSAL
http://www.projetleshalles.com/projet/pdf/ajn3.JPG http://www.projetleshalles.com/projet/pdf/ajn4.JPG THE FOUR COMPETITION DESIGNERS – JEAN NOUVEL’S PROPOSAL
http://www.projetleshalles.com/projet/pdf/ajn5.JPG THE FOUR COMPETITION DESIGNERS – JEAN NOUVEL’S PROPOSAL
Image: Jean Nouvel’s Project Proposal Brochure THE FOUR COMPETITION DESIGNERS – JEAN NOUVEL’S PROPOSAL
Image: Jean Nouvel’s Project Proposal Brochure THE FOUR COMPETITION DESIGNERS – JEAN NOUVEL’S PROPOSAL
Image: http://www.linternaute.com/meilleur/halles/images/nouvel3.gif THE FOUR COMPETITION DESIGNERS – JEAN NOUVEL’S PROPOSAL
Image: http://www.aknw.de/presse/downloads/index.htm?ausstellungen.htm~content THE FOUR COMPETITION DESIGNERS – JEAN NOUVEL’S PROPOSAL
Image: Jean Nouvel’s Project Proposal Brochure THE FOUR COMPETITION DESIGNERS – WINY MAAS AND TEAM MVRDV
• A young team based in the Netherlands • Known for their work on complex projects involving transportation centers and commercial concepts.
Team MVRDV: • Jacob van Rijs • Nathalie de Vries • Adrian Geuze (WEST 8) – Landscape Artist • Ove Arup – Technical studies • The Five – Economists • Hilbert & Associates and AA Ferrau – Commercial Development THE FOUR COMPETITION DESIGNERS – WINY MAAS’ PROPOSAL • Surface park – A raised podium of glass • A window looking down into the heart of Paris • A lantern in the night
Image: Maas’ Project Proposal Brochure THE FOUR COMPETITION DESIGNERS – WINY MAAS’ PROPOSAL
Program Elements: • Field of flowers •Sports field • Skate park • Labyrinth • Children’s garden • Ball play area • Dali garden • An area that represents “the world captured” THE FOUR COMPETITION DESIGNERS – WINY MAAS’ PROPOSAL
http://www.projetleshalles.com/projet/pdf/mvrdv1.pdf THE FOUR COMPETITION DESIGNERS – WINY MAAS’ PROPOSAL
http://www.projetleshalles.com/projet/pdf/mvrdv2.pdf THE FOUR COMPETITION DESIGNERS – WINY MAAS’ PROPOSAL
http://www.projetleshalles.com/projet/pdf/mvrdv3.pdf THE FOUR COMPETITION DESIGNERS – WINY MAAS’ PROPOSAL
http://www.projetleshalles.com/projet/pdf/mvrdv4.pdf THE FOUR COMPETITION DESIGNERS – WINY MAAS’ PROPOSAL
http://www.projetleshalles.com/projet/pdf/mvrdv5.pdf THE FOUR COMPETITION DESIGNERS – WINY MAAS’ PROPOSAL
Image: Maas’ Project Proposal Brochure THE FOUR COMPETITION DESIGNERS – WINY MAAS’ PROPOSAL
Image: Maas’ Project Proposal Brochure THE FOUR COMPETITION DESIGNERS – REM KOOLHAAS AND TEAM OMA
• Created in 1975, based in Rotterdam • Known for their work around the world: Grande Bibliotheque in Paris, Whitney museum in New York, and the Guggenheim Hermitage in Las Vegas.
Team OMA: • Matthjis Bouw, Donald van Dansik – Architects • Henri Bava, Michael Hoessler, Oliver Philippe (TER) – Landscape Artists • John Paul Lebas – Program Element Development • Ove Arup – Techinical Studies THE FOUR COMPETITION DESIGNERS – REM KOOLHAAS’ PROPOSAL • Open the underground spaces to the sky above • Penetrate the surface with “towerettes” • Each “towerette” has its own identity and connects to specific program elements below the surface.
Image: http://www.nytimes.com/slideshow/2004/06/10/arts/20040613_WHIT_SLIDESHOW_1.html THE FOUR COMPETITION DESIGNERS – REM KOOLHAAS’ PROPOSAL
Program Elements: • Pool • Movie theatre • Community movie theatre •Offices • Public facilities • Music academy •Nursery THE FOUR COMPETITION DESIGNERS – REM KOOLHAAS’ PROPOSAL
http://www.projetleshalles.com/projet/pdf/oma1.pdf http://www.projetleshalles.com/projet/pdf/oma2.pdf THE FOUR COMPETITION DESIGNERS – REM KOOLHAAS’ PROPOSAL
http://www.projetleshalles.com/projet/pdf/oma3.pdf http://www.projetleshalles.com/projet/pdf/oma4.pdf THE FOUR COMPETITION DESIGNERS – REM KOOLHAAS’ PROPOSAL
http://www.projetleshalles.com/projet/pdf/oma5.pdf THE FOUR COMPETITION DESIGNERS – REM KOOLHAAS’ PROPOSAL
Image: Koolhaas’ Project Proposal Brochure
Image: Koolhaas’ Project Proposal Brochure THE FOUR COMPETITION DESIGNERS – DAVID MANGIN AND TEAM SEURA
• David Mangin – a French architect and professor at Ecole Nationale de Ponts de Chaussees – the world’s oldest engineering school • Known for work on Boulevard Richard Lenoir in Paris and infrastructure work for the entry of Marseille by auto route A7
Team SEURA: • Philippe Raguin – Landscape Artist • Berenice – Commercial and Urban Real Estate & Transportation issues • Sechaud & Bossuyt – Techinical issues • Louis Clair – light issues • Massed Philippe – Movement specialist THE FOUR COMPETITION DESIGNERS – DAVID MANGIN’S PROPOSAL • A classic Parisian space. • Formal and informal garden spaces are divided by a large axis. • A huge copper roof hovers above the Forum.
Image: http://www.nytimes.com/slideshow/2004/06/10/arts/20040613_WHIT_SLIDESHOW_2.html THE FOUR COMPETITION DESIGNERS – DAVID MANGIN’S PROPOSAL
Program Elements: • An “ecological roof” • Playful gardens with leisure activities for all ages • A vegetable garden • Games, lawns, and green “parlors” • A new “room of exchanges” THE FOUR COMPETITION DESIGNERS – DAVID MANGIN’S PROPOSAL
http://www.projetleshalles.com/projet/pdf/seura1.pdf http://www.projetleshalles.com/projet/pdf/seura2.pdf THE FOUR COMPETITION DESIGNERS – DAVID MANGIN’S PROPOSAL
http://www.projetleshalles.com/projet/pdf/seura3.pdf http://www.projetleshalles.com/projet/pdf/seura4.pdf THE FOUR COMPETITION DESIGNERS – DAVID MANGIN’S PROPOSAL
http://www.projetleshalles.com/projet/pdf/seura5.pdf THE FOUR COMPETITION DESIGNERS – DAVID MANGIN’S PROPOSAL
Image: Mangin’s Project Proposal Brochure THE FOUR COMPETITION DESIGNERS – DAVID MANGIN’S PROPOSAL
Image: Mangin’s Project Proposal Brochure PROJECT LEADERS QUESTION THE FOUR COMPETITION DESIGNERS
April 2004, 5 questions posed to each designer:
1. What is the actual built density of the project? 2. How does the designer plan to deal with accessibility issues and use of the garden? 3. What are the anticipated characteristics of the transportation hub? 4. How is sustainability figured into each proposal? 5. What is the predicted phasing of the project? INVENTORY AND ANALYSIS:
• A closer look in order to critique … (Adopted from Jean Nouvel’s proposal) INVENTORY AND ANALYSIS: PEDESTRIAN CIRCULATION
http://www.projetleshalles.com/projet/pdf/ajn1.jpg INVENTORY AND ANALYSIS: BIKE PATHS
http://www.projetleshalles.com/projet/pdf/ajn1.jpg INVENTORY AND ANALYSIS: PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION DIAGRAM
http://www.projetleshalles.com/projet/pdf/ajn1.jpg INVENTORY AND ANALYSIS: TAXI CIRCULATION
http://www.projetleshalles.com/projet/pdf/ajn1.jpg INVENTORY AND ANALYSIS: DELIVERY ROUTES
http://www.projetleshalles.com/projet/pdf/ajn1.jpg INVENTORY AND ANALYSIS: HIERARCHY OF PATHS
http://www.projetleshalles.com/projet/pdf/ajn1.jpg LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE THEORIES
Theory – “a supposition or system of ideas explaining something” (Concise Oxford Dictionary)
Landscape Architecture Theory: 1. Instrumental theory – based on practicality and empirical observation 2. Critical theory – “resists and challenges taken-for-granted ways of thinking, and puts forward alternatives” (Swaffield) 3. Interpretive theory – based on phenomena, occurrences, and history. It is often a narrative design.
**This project focuses on critical theories utilized in the projects for the redesign of Les Halles** LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE THEORIES
Rationale Design: based on clinical aspects of art • Looks at physical properties and special distribution of elements in a composition. • Considers: color harmonies; dis-harmonies; lines; planes; volume; shape or spatial relationships; foreground; middle ground; distant views; symmetrical, asymmetrical, and radical balances; proportions; geometry; and golden means
1. Eclectic Method: copies part of a design or an entire design that has been done before. 2. Abstract Formalism: borrows principles and schemes from previous designs (but does not literally copy) LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE THEORIES
Scientific Determinate Method: based on scientific knowledge derived from thorough analysis of a design site.
1. Functional Design Methodology: analyzes a site based on its programmatic uses, functions, circulation, climate, orientation, views and sightlines, and relief. • A synthesis of this information reveals the opportunity and constraints of the site and determines the design. 2. Ecological Determinism: studies hydrology, geology, vegetative systems, and animal habitats. • A synthesis is then compiled to determine the best design solution. 3. Social Determinism: takes into consideration the social values of an area and applies them to the analysis and design process. IDENTIFICATION AND CRITIQUE OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE THEORIES EMPLOYED BY EACH DESIGNER
Methodology Defined: “Methodology is a process of working. Artistic or Creative Methodologies are processes of creating work. It can be set down in concrete terms or be loosely conceived – or completely unexplainable – resulting in personal psychology. Creative methodologies are distinct from style and the establishment of any method usually precedes the establishment of its style. Conversely, the grouping together of artist with the same methodologies produces its stylistic definition.” - Schnadelbach IDENTIFICATION AND CRITIQUE OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE THEORIES EMPLOYED BY EACH DESIGNER - JEAN NOUVEL
• Rationale Design Methodology/Theory • Nouvel’s design pays careful attention to lines, planes, volumes, and especially the foreground, middle ground, and distant views: – Mass plantings – Gardens evoke emotion – Gardens at different levels – experimenting with the Image: http://www.linternaute.com/meilleur/halles/images/nouvel4.gif metaphysical IDENTIFICATION AND CRITIQUE OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE THEORIES EMPLOYED BY EACH DESIGNER - JEAN NOUVEL
• Minimalism: “ an art movement in sculpture and painting that began in the 1950s and emphasized extreme simplification of form and color.” • Nouvel’s proposal employs reductive minimalism – abstracting things to their simplest form. Photo: http://www.galinsky.com/buildings/cartier/cartier1.jpg Fondation Cartier in Paris is another example of Novel’s reductive minimalist technique – where does nature begin and end? IDENTIFICATION AND CRITIQUE OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE THEORIES EMPLOYED BY EACH DESIGNER - JEAN NOUVEL
Spatial Definition IDENTIFICATION AND CRITIQUE OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE THEORIES EMPLOYED BY EACH DESIGNER - JEAN NOUVEL
Diagrammatic Synthesis IDENTIFICATION AND CRITIQUE OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE THEORIES EMPLOYED BY EACH DESIGNER - WINY MAAS
• Rationale Design Methodology/Theory
• Maas uses layered minimalism – the scheme is based on many levels/planes/”fields”. • The “fields” identify areas of all shapes and sizes juxtaposed throughout the park.
• The transparent podium is http://www.linternaute.com/meilleur/halles/images/maas2.gif very surreal – much like Nouvel’s rooftop garden. IDENTIFICATION AND CRITIQUE OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE THEORIES EMPLOYED BY EACH DESIGNER - WINY MAAS
Image: http://www.thehighline.org/design/fieldop.html
A detail of a proposal for the High Line in New York. The use of transparent and juxtaposed levels are similar to Maas’ design for Les Halles. IDENTIFICATION AND CRITIQUE OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE THEORIES EMPLOYED BY EACH DESIGNER - WINY MAAS
Spatial Definition IDENTIFICATION AND CRITIQUE OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE THEORIES EMPLOYED BY EACH DESIGNER - WINY MAAS
Diagrammatic Synthesis IDENTIFICATION AND CRITIQUE OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE THEORIES EMPLOYED BY EACH DESIGNER - REM KOOLHAAS
• Rationale Design Methodology/Theory
• Minimalist scheme • Designs using a grid, mathematical play leads to the circular gardens surrounding each “towerette” emergence – the grid dissolves • Koolhaas also uses the http://www.paris.fr/fr/urbanisme/Actualites/quatre_projets/maq concept of fields or “planes” … uette/oma_grand.jpg different activities occur on different levels. IDENTIFICATION AND CRITIQUE OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE THEORIES EMPLOYED BY EACH DESIGNER - REM KOOLHAAS
Image: Martha Schwartz, Spacemaker Press The Necco Garden demonstrates minimalist use of the grid. IDENTIFICATION AND CRITIQUE OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE THEORIES EMPLOYED BY EACH DESIGNER - REM KOOLHAAS
Spatial Definition IDENTIFICATION AND CRITIQUE OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE THEORIES EMPLOYED BY EACH DESIGNER - REM KOOLHAAS
Diagrammatic Synthesis IDENTIFICATION AND CRITIQUE OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE THEORIES EMPLOYED BY EACH DESIGNER - DAVID MANGIN
• Rationale Design Methodology/Theory
• Classical Functionalism – Allees – Bosques – Secret gardens • R.A.S. Method: 1. Research a site 2. Analyze the site 3. Synthesize to articulate relationships – Mangin’s design cleans up http://www.paris.fr/fr/urbanisme/Actualites/quatre_projets/maq uette/seura_grand.jpg the eyesores on the site. – Many feel the scheme is weak. IDENTIFICATION AND CRITIQUE OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE THEORIES EMPLOYED BY EACH DESIGNER - DAVID MANGIN
Image: Sasaki, Spacemaker Press The Christian Science Center in Boston, Massachusetts is a good example of design using the R.A.S. method. IDENTIFICATION AND CRITIQUE OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE THEORIES EMPLOYED BY EACH DESIGNER - DAVID MANGIN
Spatial Definition IDENTIFICATION AND CRITIQUE OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE THEORIES EMPLOYED BY EACH DESIGNER - DAVID MANGIN
Diagrammatic Synthesis CRITIQUE OF EACH DESIGN BASED ON TRADITIONAL FRENCH DESIGN METHODOLOGY/VOCABULARY
• Fall 2004 landscape architecture studio course taught by Professor Terry Schnadelbach at the Paris Research Center • Exersises 1 & 2: Analyze the physical landscape
1. Physical elements 2. Landscape expressions CRITIQUE OF EACH DESIGN BASED ON TRADITIONAL FRENCH DESIGN METHODOLOGY/VOCABULARY
Physical Elements CRITIQUE OF EACH DESIGN BASED ON TRADITIONAL FRENCH DESIGN METHODOLOGY/VOCABULARY
Physical Elements -Paving CRITIQUE OF EACH DESIGN BASED ON TRADITIONAL FRENCH DESIGN METHODOLOGY/VOCABULARY
Physical Elements -Stairs CRITIQUE OF EACH DESIGN BASED ON TRADITIONAL FRENCH DESIGN METHODOLOGY/VOCABULARY
Physical Elements – Grade Changes CRITIQUE OF EACH DESIGN BASED ON TRADITIONAL FRENCH DESIGN METHODOLOGY/VOCABULARY
Physical Elements – Drains and Gutters CRITIQUE OF EACH DESIGN BASED ON TRADITIONAL FRENCH DESIGN METHODOLOGY/VOCABULARY
Physical Elements – Bollards and Curbing CRITIQUE OF EACH DESIGN BASED ON TRADITIONAL FRENCH DESIGN METHODOLOGY/VOCABULARY
Physical Elements – Benches & Street Furniture CRITIQUE OF EACH DESIGN BASED ON TRADITIONAL FRENCH DESIGN METHODOLOGY/VOCABULARY
Physical Elements – Sculpture & Other Site Elements CRITIQUE OF EACH DESIGN BASED ON TRADITIONAL FRENCH DESIGN METHODOLOGY/VOCABULARY
Physical Elements – Walls/Hedges/Enclosures CRITIQUE OF EACH DESIGN BASED ON TRADITIONAL FRENCH DESIGN METHODOLOGY/VOCABULARY
Physical Elements – Fencing & Gates CRITIQUE OF EACH DESIGN BASED ON TRADITIONAL FRENCH DESIGN METHODOLOGY/VOCABULARY
Physical Elements – Street Trees CRITIQUE OF EACH DESIGN BASED ON TRADITIONAL FRENCH DESIGN METHODOLOGY/VOCABULARY
Physical Elements – Street Lights CRITIQUE OF EACH DESIGN BASED ON TRADITIONAL FRENCH DESIGN METHODOLOGY/VOCABULARY
Physical Elements – Water & Fountains CRITIQUE OF EACH DESIGN BASED ON TRADITIONAL FRENCH DESIGN METHODOLOGY/VOCABULARY
Landscape Expressions CRITIQUE OF EACH DESIGN BASED ON TRADITIONAL FRENCH DESIGN METHODOLOGY/VOCABULARY
Landscape Expressions – Residential Streets CRITIQUE OF EACH DESIGN BASED ON TRADITIONAL FRENCH DESIGN METHODOLOGY/VOCABULARY
Landscape Expressions – Commercial Streets CRITIQUE OF EACH DESIGN BASED ON TRADITIONAL FRENCH DESIGN METHODOLOGY/VOCABULARY
Landscape Expressions – Hausman Boulevards CRITIQUE OF EACH DESIGN BASED ON TRADITIONAL FRENCH DESIGN METHODOLOGY/VOCABULARY
Landscape Expressions – Traditional Park Squares CRITIQUE OF EACH DESIGN BASED ON TRADITIONAL FRENCH DESIGN METHODOLOGY/VOCABULARY
Landscape Expressions – Forespaces to Monuments & Historic Buildings CRITIQUE OF EACH DESIGN BASED ON TRADITIONAL FRENCH DESIGN METHODOLOGY/VOCABULARY
Landscape Expressions – Street Corners & Intersections CRITIQUE OF EACH DESIGN BASED ON TRADITIONAL FRENCH DESIGN METHODOLOGY/VOCABULARY
Landscape Expressions –Allees CRITIQUE OF EACH DESIGN BASED ON TRADITIONAL FRENCH DESIGN METHODOLOGY/VOCABULARY
Landscape Expressions – Frames & Streetscape Edges CRITIQUE OF EACH DESIGN BASED ON TRADITIONAL FRENCH DESIGN METHODOLOGY/VOCABULARY
Landscape Expressions – Bosques CRITIQUE OF EACH DESIGN BASED ON TRADITIONAL FRENCH DESIGN METHODOLOGY/VOCABULARY
Landscape Expressions – Outdoor Markets & Commercial Kiosks CRITIQUE OF EACH DESIGN BASED ON TRADITIONAL FRENCH DESIGN METHODOLOGY/VOCABULARY
• Physical Elements Each design proposal incorporates all of the physical elements learned about in Professor Schnadelbach’s class.
Jean Nouvel •Implied grade change of the landscape from the ground plane to the roof of the Forum • “Walls” and enclosures are created by the buildings bordering the park space
Winy Maas • Sculpture and site elements divide up the “fields” • “Walls” and edge conditions created by planting on the site • The entire ground plane is used as a lighting element CRITIQUE OF EACH DESIGN BASED ON TRADITIONAL FRENCH DESIGN METHODOLOGY/VOCABULARY
Rem Koolhaas • “Towerettes” function as sculptural elements • “Towerettes” and circular gardens function as enclosures. • “Towerettes” function as lighting at night
David Mangin • “Squiggle” bench seperates the formal and informal landscape • Formal planting of trees in a grid format act as an enclosure • Formal planting along the park edge also serves as street trees. CRITIQUE OF EACH DESIGN BASED ON TRADITIONAL FRENCH DESIGN METHODOLOGY/VOCABULARY
• Landscape Expressions Each design proposal incorporates all of the landscape expressions learned about in Professor Schnadelbach’s class.
Jean Nouvel • Uses landscape massing to create views and forespaces to monuments and historic buildings (St. Eustache and Bourse de Commerce). •Adds a frame/streetscape edge to the entire park by designing buildings that border the space. • Incorporates bosques of trees to create desired views and landscape experiences. CRITIQUE OF EACH DESIGN BASED ON TRADITIONAL FRENCH DESIGN METHODOLOGY/VOCABULARY
Winy Maas • Puts a new spin on traditional park squares with the use of “fields” to divide and organize the park space
Rem Koolhaas • Incorporates the idea of forespaces to monuments and historic buildings with the design of the circular gardens around each “towerette” … making the “towerettes” new monuments for this park. CRITIQUE OF EACH DESIGN BASED ON TRADITIONAL FRENCH DESIGN METHODOLOGY/VOCABULARY
David Mangin • Designs traditional park squares within the park space – secret gardens, linear tree plantings, and circulation routes that play off geometry • Includes an allee in the park. • Gives the park a streetscape edge/frame by using a line of the bosque of trees on one side, the Forum structure on the other side, and St. Eustache and the Bourse de Commerce on the the other two. •A largebosque of trees makes up half of the designed park space. FUNTIONALISM: WHAT WORKS/WHAT DOES NOT
• After looking at the theories applied in each design it becomes apparent that functionality ultimately determines each scheme’s merit. • Paris, France = Avant-garde design – “An avant–garde work pushes the known boundaries of acceptable art sometimes with revolutionary, cultural, or political implications” (Manet) – Center Pompidou, the new pyramid at the Louvre, gardens like the Tuileries, Parc Bercy, and Parc de la Villette are evidence of this type of design. • The U.S. and France treat functionality very differently – U.S. – functionality is high priority – Europe – keeping with the vernacular style is high priority FUNTIONALISM: WHAT WORKS/WHAT DOES NOT
Jean Nouvel •Framed views
Winy Maas • Designing with layers
Rem Koolhaas • Vertical transparency
David Mangin • A “front porch” AND THE WINNER IS …
David Mangin?!?
http://www.nytimes.com/slideshow/2004/06/10/arts/20040613_WHIT_SLIDESHOW_2.html TOWARDS A RESOLUTION AND A “RE-REVALIDATION”
• Keeping in mind the issues identified to be successful in each design … a fifth solution might be proposed.
• A Solution Based on Fusion… – Paris is a diverse city made up of many cultures and styles and a park in the heart of this city should reflect that! – Surrounding architecture and neighborhoods are evidence of the richness of design already present
• Fusion: “the merging of two or more entities into a single one” -LaborLawTalk TOWARDS A RESOLUTION AND A “RE-REVALIDATION” – A Fusion-Based Solution TOWARDS A RESOLUTION AND A “RE-REVALIDATION” – Circulation Connections TOWARDS A RESOLUTION AND A “RE-REVALIDATION” – A “Re-Revalidation” TOWARDS A RESOLUTION AND A “RE-REVALIDATION” – “Re-Revalidation” – A Sectional View FIN
Photo: Madsen