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Minerals in Arizona Through Geologic History

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Minerals in Arizona Through Geologic History Silver, Lucky Cuss m. Silver, Lucky Cuss m. Gold, Gold Basin, Mohave Co., AZ It’s not all copper! Copper , Bisbee by Jan C. Rasmussen Consulting Geologist Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. December 8, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com >800 districts/ subdistricts Very rich mineral heritage Copper deposits made only 3 times in AZ geologic history Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. December 8, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com Mineralization related to mountain building episodes . Precambrian = orogenies added to fringes of continent . Paleozoic = AZ on trailing edge - Eastern orogenies . Mesozoic-Cenozoic = AZ on leading edge = Cordilleran orogeny – many metals . Latest Cenozoic = subduction cutoff by San Andreas transform margin Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. December 8, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com Orogeny Phase Age (Ma) Alkalinity Resources Mining districts San Francisco volcanic Basin San field, San Carlos & 13-0 Sand, gravel, salt, zeolites, gypsum Andreas M A olivine, Emerald Isle Range exotic Cu Cu-Au-Ag in veins; epithermal Au-Ag Oatman, Mammoth, Late) 18-13 M QA veins Rowley Silver (Red Cloud m.), Middle 28-18 M AC Pb-Zn-Ag F veins, replace.; epithermal Castle Dome, Stanley, Galiuro Aravaipa Early 30-22 M CA Au +/- Cu-W veins & disseminated Little Harquahala, Kofa Earlies Ajo Cornelia, Copper 38-28 - Uranium, clay, exotic copper t Butte (from Ray) Oracle (Wilderness granite), Boriana, Las Late 55-43 P C, CA Au dissem. & qtz veins; W veins, Guijas, Gold Basin, Copperstone Ajo, Ray, Christmas, San Manuel, Mineral large disseminated porphyry Cu Park, Pima, Bagdad, Middle 65-55 M CA systems, local skarns & veins, Laramide Silver Bell, Globe- fringing Zn-Pb-Ag Miami, Morenci, Superior Tombstone, Tyndall Pb-Zn-Ag veins & replacement Early 85-65 M AC (Glove), Washington deposits Camp, Salero Earlies 89-85 M QA Cu-Au hydrothermal Hillsboro, NM t Bisbee Group Sevier 145-89 Sedimentary rocks sediments Late 160-145 P Warren (Bisbee mine), Nevadan Middle 205-160 M QA porphyry Cu-Au at Bisbee, Gleeson Turquoise (Courtland- Gleeson) Orphan, Grandview, Early 230-205 M AC, A Uranium, vanadium, copper Monument Valley Alleghenian 325-220 - U in sed. rocks Payson uranium (Ouachita) Acadian/ 410-380 - Limestone Caledonian Taconic. 490-445 - Sierra Ancha uranium 1200- Grenville M QA Serpentine asbestos Chrysotile (Salt R. 900 Canyon) 1440- Pegmatites & greisens – Be, Li, Ta-Nb, White Picacho, “Oracle/Ruin” P C AC 1335 U & W Tungstona, Four Peaks 1750- Mazatzal M C Cu-Zn-Ag VMS Old Dick (Bruce) 1600 1800- Big Bug (Iron King), Yavapai M C Cu-Zn-Au VMS, Cu-Zn-Ag 1775 Verde (Jerome) Penokean/ 2000- M C BIF (Banded iron formation) Pikes Peak iron Hudsonian 1800 Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. December 8, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com Calcic Calc-alkalic Alkali-calcic Quartz Alkalic Nepheline Alkalic Source: S.B. Keith Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. December 8, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com Alkalinity Metals (oxidized) Metals (reduced) (Metaluminous) Calcic Cu>Zn-Au-Ag Au>Ag Calc-alkalic Cu* Zn-Pb-Ag>>Au-Mo-Mn Au* Alkali-calcic Pb-Zn-Ag Ag (Sn) Quartz Alkalic Cu-Au-Fe-U-LREE Au-Cu-Ni-Co Alkalinity Metals (oxidized) Metals (reduced) (Peraluminous) Calcic Au-Ag Au>Ag Calc-alkalic W-Be-Pb-Zn-Ag W-Pb-Zn-Ag Alkali-calcic U-W Sn-W-Cu-U-Pb-Zn-Ag-Li-C Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. December 8, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com Alkali-calcic = MAC Calc-alkalic = MCA Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. December 8, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com Oxidized = base metals Reduced = precious metals Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. December 8, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. December 8, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com Hieroglyphic Mountains (Pikes Peak) Hematite-Magnetite Taconite, north-central Maricopa County - Iron Age, Pig Iron, and Bessemer BIF (Jerome Historical museum) Paul Lindberg sample Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. December 8, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com Jerome VMS Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. December 8, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com Deposition of Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide ore Bornite, chalcopyrite Copper iron sulfides United Verde mine, Jerome, AZ AzMMM sample Black smoker, modern seafloor Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. December 8, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com The Old Dick (Bruce) mine is a • former underground Zn-Cu-Ag-Au- Pb-As-Co-Cd mine • located 2¾ miles SSW of Bagdad. • volcanogenic massive sulfide deposit Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. December 8, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com Euxenite, White Picacho pegmatites Oracle Granite, Santa Catalina Mts. Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. December 8, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com Amethyst, Four Peaks mine, Mazatzal Mts., Maricopa Co. Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. December 8, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com Grand Canyon Supergroup (Unkar Gp. (incl. Cardenas basalt - 1070 Ma Rb-Sr), Nankoweap Fm., Chuar Gp.) Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. December 8 2014 www.janrasmussen.com Apache Group Apache Gp., serpentine asbestos Diabase in Apache Gp. ,Tohono Chul Park, Tucson Serpentine asbestos, Apache Gp. , Sierra Anchas Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. December 8, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. December 8, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com Rillito Cement plant Redwall Limestone Escabrosa Limestone Clarkdale Cement plant Sahuarita Marble Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. December 8, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com Arizona’s position w.r.t. plate tectonics in Paleozoic vs. Mesozoic Mesozoic – Arizona was on leading edge of N. American continent = mountain building, volcanoes, earthquakes, igneous intrusions Paleozoic – Arizona was on trailing edge of N. American continent = calm seaways Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. December 8, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. December 8, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com Nevadan Petrified Forest Member, Chinle Fm., Petrified Forest National Park Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. December 8, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com Breccia pipe in Grand Canyon Source: Wenrich Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. December 8, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com Grandview mine; cyanotrichite on antlerite AzMMM specimen Ridenour mine; Carnotite in tyuyamunite, petrified Wenrich photo wood, Coconino Co. AzMMM specimen Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. December 8, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com Lavender Pit, Bisbee Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. December 8, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com copper malachite copper cuprite chalcocite Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. December 8, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com Constant dip subduction – magmatism mostly in California Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. December 8, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com Mural Ls. (Bisbee Group) E. of Bisbee Limestone mined at Paul Spur, near Douglas Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. December 8, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com N Arizona – coal in Wepo Fm. at Black Mesa Photo from Peabody Coal (Freeport-McMoran) Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. December 8, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. December 8, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com Mt. Pinatubo, Philippines, 1991 Glove mine wulfenite, Santa Rita Mts. Tombstone Hills – Uncle Sam Tuff Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. December 8, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com Alabandite MnS Emmonsite, Empire m. Fe2Te3O9.2H2O Silver, Lucky Cuss m. Chlorargyrite – John Betts photo & specimen MinDat.org AgCl Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. December 8, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. December 8, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com Ray mine Ray shovel, haul truck Dave Briggs photos Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. December 8, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com Copper Malachite Quartz on Chrysocolla Pyrite Azurite Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. December 8, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com Christmas mine rosasite Copper on apophyllite kinoite dioptase Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. December 8, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com Flat subduction W. Santa Catalina Mts. from El Conquistador Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. December 8, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com Gold, Gold Basin, Mohave Co., AZ Copperstone Gold mine, La Paz Co. Gold, Las Guijas, Pima Co. AZ Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. December 8, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com Eastward migrating magmatism of Metaluminous QA, AC, and CA, then Peraluminous Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. December 8, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com Pantano Clay, East Tucson - 1987 Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. December 8, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. December 8, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com Superstition Volcanics Chiricahua Mts. Ash flow tuffs Galiuro Volcanics N. Tucson Mts. Organ Pipe volcanics Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. December 8, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com Wulfenite Mimetite Vanadinite cerussite Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. December 8, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com Fluorite, Harquahala Mts. Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. December 8, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com Mohawk shaft - Tiger Wulfenite, mimetite Aerial photo courtesy of BHP Billiton, 2006 Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. December 8, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com Mid-Tertiary – Santa Catalinas - Tiger – Mammoth-St. Anthony mine diaboleite vanadinite cerussite boleite dioptase hemimorphite caledonite Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. December 8, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com Basin & Range Disturbance (13-0 Ma) Valleys filled with sand, gravel, clay, gypsum, & salt Willcox Playa Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. December 8, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com San Andreas fault cuts off eastward-subducting plate San Francisco Peaks, Flagstaff, AZ Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. December 8, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com Olivine in basalt, San Carlos cinders San Francisco Peaks, Flagstaff Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. December 8, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com Industrial Minerals - Late Cenozoic Gypsum rose Sand & gravel Kalamazoo Clay - 1987 Jan C.
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