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General Monitoring and Discovery Plan for the City of Phoenix, Maricopa County, Arizona

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General Monitoring and Discovery Plan for the City of Phoenix, Maricopa County, Arizona General Monitoring and Discovery Plan for the City of Phoenix, Maricopa County, Arizona Prepared for City of Phoenix City Archaeology Office Parks and Recreation Department Pueblo Grande Museum 4619 E. Washington Street Phoenix, Arizona 85034 Pueblo Grande Museum Project No. 2017-009 Project Report No. 19-120 Desert Archaeology, Inc. Prepared by: T. Kathleen Henderson Submitted by: Patricia Castalia Desert Archaeology, Inc. 3975 N. Tucson Boulevard Tucson, Arizona 85716 July 31, 2020 ABSTRACT Report Title: General Monitoring and Discovery Plan for the City of Phoenix, Maricopa County, Arizona Project Name: General Monitoring and Discovery Plan Update Project Location: Phoenix, Maricopa County, Arizona Project Sponsor: City of Phoenix Sponsor Project Number(s): None (Pueblo Grande Museum No. 2017-009) Lead Agency: City of Phoenix Other Involved Agencies: Arizona State Historic Preservation Office; Arizona State Museum Applicable Regulations: City of Phoenix Historic Preservation Ordinance (Zoning Ordinance Chapter 8); Arizona Antiquities Act (ARS §41-841 et seq.); Arizona state burial laws (ARS §41-844 and ARS §41-865) Funding Source: City Description of the Project/Undertaking: Provide an updated general monitoring and discovery plan for the city of Phoenix Project Area/Area of Potential Effects (APE): Lands inside the boundary of the city of Phoenix and city-owned facilities that lie outside this boundary; acreage to be established by individual projects conducted under this updated plan Legal Description: To be established by individual projects conducted under this updated plan Land Jurisdiction: As determined by individual projects conducted under this updated plan Total Acres: Not applicable Consultant Firm/Organization: Desert Archaeology, Inc. Project Number: 18-165C Eligible Sites: Not applicable Ineligible Sites: Not applicable Unevaluated Sites: Not applicable Comments: This general monitoring and discovery plan has been updated to reflect current knowledge about archaeological cultural resources within the city of Phoenix, as well as managerial considerations. The plan provides a consistent approach to the treatment of archaeological cultural resources within the city and is provided to streamline the historic preservation consultation process by identifying a set of approved field and research methods for monitoring and discovery situations for the city of Phoenix. i TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................................................ i LIST OF FIGURES ...............................................................................................................................................iii LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................................................. iv LIST OF ACRONYMS ......................................................................................................................................... v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................................................... vi INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................................1 Applicable Regulations and Administration .............................................................................................1 Use of the Monitoring and Discovery Plan ................................................................................................3 Organization of the Plan ...............................................................................................................................3 ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXT.........................................................................................................................3 CULTURAL CONTEXT .......................................................................................................................................6 Paleoindian Period.........................................................................................................................................6 Archaic Period ................................................................................................................................................6 Hohokam Sequence .......................................................................................................................................8 Protohistoric Period .....................................................................................................................................10 Historic Period .............................................................................................................................................10 ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCES OF THE CITY OF PHOENIX ............................................................17 Prehistoric Canals ........................................................................................................................................17 Prehistoric Sites ............................................................................................................................................22 Historic Sites and Canals ............................................................................................................................23 RESEARCH DESIGN ..........................................................................................................................................24 Archaeological Sites .....................................................................................................................................24 Canals ............................................................................................................................................................25 WORK PLAN.......................................................................................................................................................25 Preparation ...................................................................................................................................................25 General Field Procedures ............................................................................................................................26 Discoveries ....................................................................................................................................................27 Burial Treatment ..........................................................................................................................................28 Limited Feature Excavation .......................................................................................................................29 Artifact Analyses ..........................................................................................................................................31 Reports ...........................................................................................................................................................31 Curation.........................................................................................................................................................31 REFERENCES CITED .........................................................................................................................................33 ii LIST OF FIGURES 1. Location and limits of the city of Phoenix, Arizona .................................................................................2 2. Location of the city of Phoenix within the Phoenix Basin .......................................................................5 3. Location and map of the original Phoenix townsite ...............................................................................12 4. Prehistoric Hohokam canals in the lower Salt River Valley, reproduced from the digitized Central Phoenix Basin Archaeology Map ...............................................................18 5. Reproduction of Turney’s 1929 map, showing prehistoric irrigation canals and villages in the Phoenix area ................................................................................................................19 iii LIST OF TABLES 1. Cultural chronology for the lower Salt River Valley ................................................................................7 2. Typical archaeological treatments for features commonly identified during monitoring .......................................................................................................................................30 iv LIST OF ACRONYMS ADOT Arizona Department of Transportation APE Area of Potential Effects ARPA Archaeological Resources Protection Act ASM Arizona State Museum BIA Bureau of Indian Affairs CAO City Archaeology Office CCC U.S. Civilian Conservation Corps CNRP Sky Harbor Airport Community Noise Reduction Program FAA Federal Aviation Administration FHA Federal Housing Administration FHWA Federal Highways Administration HUD U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development MOA Memorandum of Agreement NAGPRA Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act PGM Pueblo Grande Museum SHPO Arizona State Historic Preservation Office SSI Soil Systems, Inc. WPA Works Progress Administration v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Desert Archaeology, Inc. completed this general monitoring and discovery plan at the
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