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Università Degli Studi Di Milano UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI MILANO Dipartimento di Lingue e Letterature Straniere Dottorato di Ricerca in Studi Linguistici, Letterari e Interculturali in Ambito Europeo ed Extraeuropeo XXXI° Ciclo Toy stories: comfort toys e modelli di comportamento nella children’s literature dal 1800 alla contemporaneità SSD L/LIN-10 — Letteratura inglese Tesi di Dottorato di: BEATRICE MOJA R11278 Tutor: Prof.ssa Francesca Orestano Coordinatore del Dottorato: Prof.ssa Maria Vittoria Calvi Anno Accademico 2017-2018 Abstract Toy stories: comfort toys and models of behaviour in the children’s literature from 1800 to the contemporaneity This dissertation focuses on the characterization and role of toys in English language children’s literature, with an emphasis on differences and similarities in the cultural contexts where toys play a primary role. Although regarded as material objects, toys are depositaries of values and deep connotations attributed to them by human society. Through the critical perspectives offered by material culture studies, thing theory, psychology, and cultural memory, the present work highlights the role of toys in the dynamics of identity building, leading to specific responses to the social context, and choices in gender roles. The analysis proposed in this work is divided into two parts. The first part coincides with the first chapter, “Toys, material culture, and literature”, which makes reference to a critical bibliography that draws on the field of children’s literature, childhood studies, but also a series of theories and cultural methodologies which offer meaningful suggestions on the nature of toys, their use, and their application. The second part of the present work analyses a selected corpus of texts, which refer to different chronological-geographical areas and literary genres, using them as models where the theories discussed find an immediate practical application. Each of the texts is re- proposed and re-assessed according to different analytical viewpoints, inasmuch as different critical and methodological perspectives provide specific avenues of investigation into the nature of toys, of children, and of the social context where they appear. This process of investigation is carried out through the definition of three macro-sections. The second chapter focuses on the aesthetic characterisation of toys, paying attention to three main categories: dolls, animal toys, and dolls’ houses. The third chapter investigates the many possibilities with which toys come – or do not come – alive in children’s literature, and the implications that this feature entails. Finally, the fourth chapter examines the various cultural roles covered by toys in the literary corpus. Here are included practical examples in which toys become means of comfort for the literary children with whom they come into contact. This work also investigates those revealing metaphorical roles that indicate that toys in literature endorse the children’s lack of agency and their submission to the adults’ directives, or embody cultural and commercial values, which are typically human. In such cases, toys become a useful tool of social criticism, as well as a behavioural (anti)model of reference for young readers. Finally, the dissertation provides some concluding remarks that retrace the results of the literary analysis of the corpus and open up to future research perspectives. Indice Introduzione i I giocattoli tra storie, conforto e modelli di comportamento Capitolo 1 1 Giocattoli, cultura materiale e letteratura 1.1 Giocattoli e psicoanalisi: modelli di comportamento e transfert affettivi 1 1.2 I giocattoli e la cultura materiale 7 1.3 I giocattoli e la memoria culturale 16 1.4 I giocattoli e la thing theory 26 1.5 It narratives: giocattoli che narrano 35 Capitolo 2 51 I giocattoli nella children’s literature: l’estetica 2.1 Giocattoli con tratti fisici antropomorfizzati: le bambole 52 2.2 Giocattoli con tratti fisici non antropomorfizzati: gli animali 71 2.3 Case di bambole: ambiti focolari domestici e material culture 88 Capitolo 3 111 I giocattoli nella children’s literature: l’anima e l’animarsi 3.1 Giocattoli con un’anima (o quasi) 112 3.2 Giocattoli che non prendono vita 134 3.3 Giocattoli animati e inanimati: i giocattoli in Calvin & Hobbes e Coraline 145 Capitolo 4 157 Giocattoli, bambini e children’s literature 4.1 Giocattoli, bambini e meccanismi autonomi 157 4.2 Giocattoli come conforto 166 4.3 Rinunciare ai giocattoli come sintomo di maturazione 178 4.4 Giocattoli come strumento di critica socioculturale 189 4.5 Giocattoli come mediatori tra innocenza e sessualizzazione infantile 205 Conclusione 225 Toy stories: i giocattoli come simulacri di umanità Schede di approfondimento 231 1 Richard Horne, Memoirs of a London Doll (1846) 231 2 Charles Dickens, A Holiday Romance (1868) 235 3 Beatrix Potter, The Tale of Two Bad Mice (1904) 237 4 Frances Hodgson Burnett, A Little Princess (1905) 239 5 Margery Williams, The Velveteen Rabbit (Or How Toys Became Real) (1922) 241 6 A. A. Milne, Winnie The Pooh (1926) 243 7 Rumer Godden, The Dolls’ House (1947) 245 8 Russell Hoban, The Mouse and His Child (1967) 247 9 Bill Watterson, Calvin and Hobbes (1985-1995) 250 10 Sarah Strohmeyer, Barbie Unbound (1997) 252 11 Neil Gaiman, Coraline (2003) 254 Bibliografia 257 A. Il giocattolo nella tradizione letteraria in lingua inglese, 1800-2000 257 . Testi primari . Testi critici sulla children’s literature . Testi consultati B. Giocattoli, cultura materiale e letteratura 267 . Giocattoli e psicoanalisi: modelli di comportamento e transfert affettivi . I giocattoli e la cultura materiale . I giocattoli e la memoria culturale . I giocattoli e la thing theory . Le it narratives nella children’s literature . Testi consultati C. Giocattoli: autori e testi 274 . Richard H. Horne, Memoirs of a London Doll (1846) . Charles Dickens, A Holiday Romance (1868) . Beatrix Potter, The Tale of Two Bad Mice (1904) . Frances Hodgson Burnett, A Little Princess (1905) . Margery Williams, The Velveteen Rabbit (Or How Toys Became Real) (1922) . A. A. Milne, Winnie-The-Pooh (1926) . Rumer Godden, The Dolls’ House (1947) . Russell Hoban, The Mouse and His Child (1967) . Bill Watterson, Calvin and Hobbes (1985-1995) . Sarah Strohmeyer, Barbie Unbound (1997) . Neil Gaiman, Coraline (2003) . Testi consultati Introduzione I giocattoli tra storie, conforto e modelli di comportamento Questo lavoro analizza il ruolo dei giocattoli nella letteratura per l’infanzia in lingua inglese. Nello specifico, si esaminano alcuni aspetti essenziali della caratterizzazione narrativa dei giocattoli, facendo da una parte riferimento a una bibliografia critica che attinge all’ambito della letteratura per l’infanzia, ai childhood studies, ma anche a una serie di competenze culturali più ampie, che pure hanno offerto illuminanti riflessioni circa i giocattoli, il loro uso, la loro applicazione. Dall’altra parte, il presente lavoro analizza un gruppo selezionato di testi, che fanno riferimento a diversi ambiti cronologico-geografici e generi letterari, utilizzandoli come modelli dove le teorie discusse trovano un’immediata applicazione pratica. Innanzitutto, si osserva il rapporto tra giocattoli e psicoanalisi infantile alla luce delle teorie di eminenti studiosi, come Sigmund Freud (1856-1939), Melanie Reizes Klein (1882- 1960) e Donald Woods Winnicott (1896-1971). Queste prime riflessioni sono integrate a considerazioni che esaminano il rapporto tra giocattolo e cultura materiale, ovvero la manifestazione della cultura che si evidenzia negli oggetti e nelle relazioni umane che ne regolano produzione e scambio. Osservati attraverso quest’ottica, i giocattoli sono utili strumenti di cui gli adulti si avvalgono per suggerire informazioni socioculturali ai bambini, ma, in senso meno tradizionale, anche mezzi attraverso cui i bambini manifestano la loro individualità e creatività infantile. Il rapporto tra giocattoli e cultura materiale è tanto stretto da diventare evidente persino nel primo testo anglosassone di letteratura per l’infanzia: il libro A Little Pretty Pocket-Book (1744) di John Newbery (1713-1767) è venduto insieme a dei gadget integrativi con cui i lettori possono istruirsi divertendosi. Non meno interessante è il rapporto tra giocattoli e memoria culturale; nel presente lavoro si è dunque inserito un breve approfondimento sulla manifestazione museale di questa relazione attraverso il confronto tra i musei dell’infanzia e i musei dei bambini. La natura materiale del giocattolo porta alle riflessioni da cui è caratterizzata la thing theory, suggerita da Bill Brown agli inizi del ventunesimo secolo; si tratta di studi che osservano le dinamiche di uso, disuso, novità e i Introduzione – I giocattoli tra storie, conforto e modelli di comportamento obsolescenza degli oggetti nella società umana. Nell’ambito letterario, inoltre, le considerazioni della thing theory trovano applicazione nelle it narratives: un sottogenere narrativo che pone al centro del racconto un essere non umano, trasformandolo in un osservatore della natura antropologica e in un valido educatore, che istruisce i bambini sul corretto uso degli oggetti che appartengono loro. Dopo le preliminari impostazioni teoriche, per esaminare gli aspetti essenziali della caratterizzazione dei giocattoli, ci si è serviti di una serie di testi letterari utilizzati come cardine e riferimento alle teorie analitiche utilizzate. Si tratta di Memoirs of a London Doll (1846) di Richard H. Horne, A Holiday Romance (1868) di Charles Dickens, The Tale
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