Comparison of Prediction Accuracy of Multiple Linear Regression, ARIMA and ARIMAX Model for Pest Incidence of Cotton with Weather Factors

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Comparison of Prediction Accuracy of Multiple Linear Regression, ARIMA and ARIMAX Model for Pest Incidence of Cotton with Weather Factors Madras Agric. J., 105 (7-9): 313-316, September 2018 Comparison of Prediction Accuracy of Multiple Linear Regression, ARIMA and ARIMAX Model for Pest Incidence of Cotton with Weather Factors V.S. Aswathi* and M.R. Duraisamy Department of Physical Science and Information Technology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore - 641 003. Identifying suitable statistical model for predicting pest incidence have important role in pest management programmes. For this study weekly data of aphid, thrips, jassid and whitefly incidence of cotton at the TNAU region, Coimbatore and the weather factors influencing these pests incidence were used for model development. Rainfall, maximum temperature, minimum temperature, morning humidity, eveningMaterial humidity and were Methods used as the independent variables and MLR, ARIMA, ARIMAX models built for each pests. Comparison of these three models was done and checked the model accuracy using root Standardmean square weekly error data value.for pest It wasincidence found (pests that perfor allthree leaves) were collected for pests ARIMAX model posses lowest RMSEcotton valuevariety compared DCH-32 tofrom ARIMA Cotton and MLR.Department, So ARIMAX TNAU, Coimbatore. The data model was selected as best fit model. corresponding to crop periods from September to January for four major cotton pests such as Cotton pests, Multiple linear regression, ARIMA, ARIMAX, Weather factors Key words: aphid, thrips, jassid and whitefly were selected for the study. The corresponding pest incidence data for aphids and thrips were recorded for the period of 2008-2012 while for Cotton (Gossypium spp.) is one among theJassids most and WhiteWeeklyfly were weather recorded data for for the Coimbatore period of 2008 (TNAU-2017 region) and 2008 -2015 respectively. important cash crops playing a key role in IndianWeekly weatherwere data collected for Coimbatore from Agro (TNAU Climatic region) Research were collected Centre, from Agro Climatic economy and is designated as “king of fibre crops”. TNAU, Coimbatore. The weather factors selected for India is the largest producer of cotton in the Researchworld Centre,the studyTNAU, were Coimbatore maximum. Thetemperature(°C), weather factors minimum selected for the study were accounting for about twenty six per cent of globalmaximum temperature(°C),temperature (°C),minimum morning temperature humidity(%), (°C), morning evening humidity(%), evening cotton production. Main factors affecting cotton humidity (%) ,rainfall(mm). Here cotton pest data did humidity (%) ,rainfall(mm).Here cotton pest data did not follow normality, so square root yield are climatic conditions, pests and diseases. not follow normality, so square root transformation Cotton is ravaged by many insect pests startingtransformation from ( ( ) )was was performed. performed. sowing to harvesting stage. The pests which are Multiple√ + 0 linear.5 regression (MLR) more problematic are sucking pests and bollworms.Multiple linear regression (MLR) Understanding the factors affecting population The multiple regression procedure was utilized abundance of the pest during the crop as well as off The multipleover the regression training procedure data set towas estimate utilized theover significant the training data set to estimate seasons would guide in formulating strategies forthe their significant regressionregression coefficients coefficients of the of linearthe linear equation equation management. Pest incidence is highly influenced by Y =β0 + β1 X1 + β2 X2 + ............ + βi Xi + ɛ weather factors. Hence an attempt has been made Y to =β 0 + β1 X1 + β2 X2 + ............ + βi Xi + ɛ Where: β0 = Intercept, Where: β = Intercept, develop pest forewarning models using weather factors 0 th βi = regression coefficient of i independent parameters, ( i = 1,2,…, n), to reduce yield loss in advance. The development of th th βi = regression coefficient of i independent models can depict the interaction of the pests and Xi = i weather parameter (independent variable) and ɛ = error term. parameters, ( i = 1,2,…, n), environment over time. In the present study, identified Y= X β + ɛ. th the suitable model for prediction of pest incidence and Xi = i weather parameter (independent variable) these findings may give reliable methods to identify Using leastand ɛsquare = error criteria, term. regression coefficients were estimated. environmental condition that are conducive for a ′ −1 ′ Y= X β + ɛ. β̂ = (X X) X YŶ particular pest development in cotton. Autoregressive integrated moving average(ARIMA) model Using least square criteria, regression coefficients Material and Methods An autoregressivewere estimated. model β̂ of=(X’ order X)-1 pX’ isYŶ conventionally classified as AR (p) and a Standard weekly data for pest incidence (pestsmoving per averageAutoregressive model with q termsintegrated is known moving as MA average(ARIMA) (q). A combined model that contains p three leaves) were collected for cotton variety DCH- model 32 from Cotton Department, TNAU, Coimbatore.autoregressive The terms and q moving average terms is called ARMA (p,q). If the object series is An autoregressive model of order p is data corresponding to crop periods from Septemberdifferenced d times to achieve stationary, the model is classified as ARIMA (p, d, q). Thus, to January for four major cotton pests such as aphid, conventionally classified as AR (p) and a moving an ARIMA model is a combination of an autoregressive (AR) process and a moving average thrips, jassid and whitefly were selected for the study. average model with q terms is known as MA (q). A The corresponding pest incidence data for aphids(MA) process combinedapplied to a model non-stationary that contains data series.p autoregressive Since weekly terms data on pest has been used and q moving average terms is called ARMA (p,q). and thrips were recorded for the period of 2008-2012in this study, ARIMA models mentioned as Seasonal ARIMA models (SARIMA). while for Jassids and Whitefly were recorded for the If the object series is differenced d times to achieve period of 2008-2017 and 2008-2015 respectively. stationary, the model is classified as ARIMA (p, d, q). Thus, an ARIMA model is a combination of an *Corresponding author’s email: [email protected] autoregressive (AR) process and a moving average 314 (MA) process applied to a non-stationary data series. (1,1,1) model, we can write Since weekly data on pest has been used in this Y =β + β X + β X + ............... + β X + n study, ARIMA models mentioned as Seasonal ARIMA 0 1 1 2 2 i i t models (SARIMA). (1- ɸ1 B)(1-B) nt =(1+θ1 B)ɛt Seasonal ARIMA models are an adaptation of Where ɛt, is a white noise series. ARIMAX autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model have two error terms here the error from the models to specifically fit seasonal time series. Their regression model which we denote by nt and the construction includes the seasonal part in model error from the ARIMA model which we denote by fitting. A combination of non-seasonal and seasonal ɛt. Only the ARIMA model errors are assumed to be process yields the multiplicative Seasonal ARIMA, white noise. (p,d,q) × (P,D,Q) , where m is the periods per season. m Root mean square error The general forms as: The root mean square error (RMSE) is a Φ (Bs ) ɸ (B) (1-B)d (1-Bs )DY =Ɵ (B) ɛ P p t Q t frequently used measure of the difference between d values predicted by a model and the actually Where: ɸp (B), θq (B) and (1-B) are non-seasonal The root mean square error (RMSE) is a frequently used measure of the difference autoregressive operator of order p, non-seasonal betweenobserved values predicted values. by a model LessThe and root RMSEthe mean actually square needed observed error (RMSE) values.for the Lessis abest frequentlyRMSE fit needed used measure of the difference moving average operator of order q and non-seasonal for the model.best fit model. RMSE RMSEbetween can can be be calculatedvalues calcul predicted byated using by by the a model usingequation and the the equationactually observed values. Less RMSE needed differencing operator of order d, respectively. for the best fit model. RMSE can be calculated by using the equation 2 s s D s =1 Where Φ (B ), (1-B ) and Ɵ (B ) are seasonal ∑ ( ̂ − ) P Q 2 = √ autoregressive operator, moving average operator Where yi =actual value and =estimated value. ∑=1( ̂ − ) = √ Where yi =actual value and =estimated value. and differencing operator their orders are P,D and Q Data Whereanalysis was y idone =actual̂ by using value Excel,SPSS, and R software.=estimated value. respectively, and are represented by: Data analysis was donê by using Excel,SPSS, R software. Akaike’s InformationData analysis Criterion (AIC) was done by using Excel,SPSS, s s 2s Ps R software. Akaike’s Information Criterion (AIC) ΦP(B ) = 1- Φ1 B - Φ2 B - ............- ΦP B The AIC computation is based on the mathematical formula AIC = −2log L + 2m, where m = p + q + P + Q is the numberThe AIC of computationparameters in is the based model on andthe Lmathematical is the likelihood formula AIC = −2log L + 2m, Ɵ (Bs) = 1- Ɵ Bs- Ɵ B2s - ............- Ɵ BQs Akaike’s information criterion (AIC) Q 1 2 Q function. Since -2 log L + 2wherem is approximately m = p + q + equalP + Q to is {n the (1+log number 2π) of + parametersn log σ2} where in the σ 2model is and L is the likelihood 2 2 Where: s indicates the length of seasonality. the model MSE.The The AIC best computation modelfunction. is the Since one with- 2is log based the L lowest+ 2m on is AIC approximately the value. mathematical equal to {n (1+log 2π) + n log σ } where σ is formula AIC =the −2log model MSE. L + The 2m, best modelwhere is the m one = with p +the q lowest + P AIC value. Results and Discussion ARIMAX or regression with ARIMA errors + Q is the number of parameters in the model and Multiple linear regression ofResults pests withand Dweatheriscussion factors ARIMAX method is an extension method of L is the likelihood function.
Recommended publications
  • (Pentatomidae) DISSERTATION Presented
    Genome Evolution During Development of Symbiosis in Extracellular Mutualists of Stink Bugs (Pentatomidae) DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Alejandro Otero-Bravo Graduate Program in Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology The Ohio State University 2020 Dissertation Committee: Zakee L. Sabree, Advisor Rachelle Adams Norman Johnson Laura Kubatko Copyrighted by Alejandro Otero-Bravo 2020 Abstract Nutritional symbioses between bacteria and insects are prevalent, diverse, and have allowed insects to expand their feeding strategies and niches. It has been well characterized that long-term insect-bacterial mutualisms cause genome reduction resulting in extremely small genomes, some even approaching sizes more similar to organelles than bacteria. While several symbioses have been described, each provides a limited view of a single or few stages of the process of reduction and the minority of these are of extracellular symbionts. This dissertation aims to address the knowledge gap in the genome evolution of extracellular insect symbionts using the stink bug – Pantoea system. Specifically, how do these symbionts genomes evolve and differ from their free- living or intracellular counterparts? In the introduction, we review the literature on extracellular symbionts of stink bugs and explore the characteristics of this system that make it valuable for the study of symbiosis. We find that stink bug symbiont genomes are very valuable for the study of genome evolution due not only to their biphasic lifestyle, but also to the degree of coevolution with their hosts. i In Chapter 1 we investigate one of the traits associated with genome reduction, high mutation rates, for Candidatus ‘Pantoea carbekii’ the symbiont of the economically important pest insect Halyomorpha halys, the brown marmorated stink bug, and evaluate its potential for elucidating host distribution, an analysis which has been successfully used with other intracellular symbionts.
    [Show full text]
  • Description of Two New Species of Pygoplatys Dallas, 1851, with a Key to the Species of the Genus (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Tessaratomidae)
    Heteropterus Revista de Entomología 2011 Heteropterus Rev. Entomol. 11(2): 287-297 ISSN: 1579-0681 Description of two new species of Pygoplatys Dallas, 1851, with a key to the species of the genus (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Tessaratomidae) PH. MAGNIEN Département Systématique et Évolution (Entomologie); Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle; CP 50; 45 rue Buffon; F-75005 Paris; E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Two new species are described: Pygoplatys (s. str.) jordii n. sp. from Borneo, and P. (Odontoteuchus) berendi n. sp. from Sulawesi. The first key to the species of the genus Pygoplatys is given. A lectotype for P. bovillus Stål, 1871 is designated. Key words: Tessaratomidae,Tessaratominae, Pygoplatys, jordii n. sp., berendi n. sp., bovillus, key to species. Resumen Descripción de dos nuevas especies de Pygoplatys Dallas, 1851 y clave de las especies del género (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Tessaratomidae) Se describen dos nuevas especies: Pygoplatys (s. str.) jordii n. sp., de Borneo, y P. (Odontoteuchus) berendi n. sp., de Célebes. Se presenta la primera clave de especies del género Pygoplatys. Se designa lectotipo de P. bovillus Stål, 1871. Palabras clave: Tessaratomidae,Tessaratominae, Pygoplatys, jordii n. sp., berendi n. sp., bovillus, clave de especies. Laburpena Pygoplatys Dallas, 1851 bi espezieren deskribapena eta generoaren espezie-klabe bat (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Tessaratomidae) Bi espezie berri deskribatzen dira: Pygoplatys (s. str.) jordii n. sp., Borneokoa, eta P. (Odontoteuchus) berendi n. sp., Zele- besekoa. Pygoplatys generoko lehenengo espezie-klabea aurkezten da. Lektotipoa izendatzen da P. bovillus Stål, 1871 espezierako. Gako-hitzak: Tessaratomidae,Tessaratominae, Pygoplatys, jordii n. sp., berendi n. sp., bovillus, espezie-klabea. Introduction With twenty-nine described species, the genus Pygo- platys is the largest genus in the family Tessaratomidae.
    [Show full text]
  • The Isolation and Identification of Pathogenic Fungi from Tessaratoma Papillosa Drury (Hemiptera: Tessaratomidae)
    The isolation and identification of pathogenic fungi from Tessaratoma papillosa Drury (Hemiptera: Tessaratomidae) Xiang Meng1, Junjie Hu2 and Gecheng Ouyang1 1 Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China 2 College of Life Science, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China ABSTRACT Background. Litchi stink-bug, Tessaratoma papillosa Drury (Hemiptera: Tessarato- midae), is one of the most widespread and destructive pest species on Litchi chinensis Sonn and Dimocarpus longan Lour in Southern China. Inappropriate use of chemical pesticides has resulted in serious environmental problems and food pollution. Generating an improved Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategy for litchi stink- bug in orchard farming requires development of an effective biological control agent. Entomopathogenic fungi are regarded as a vital ecological factor in the suppression of pest populations under field conditions. With few effective fungi and pathogenic strains available to control litchi stink-bug, exploration of natural resources for promising entomopathogenic fungi is warranted. Methods & Results. In this study, two pathogenic fungi were isolated from cadavers of adult T. papillosa. They were identified as Paecilomyces lilacinus and Beauveria bassiana by morphological identification and rDNA-ITS homogeneous analysis. Infection of T. papillosa with B. bassiana and P. lilacinus occurred initially from the antennae, metameres, and inter-segmental membranes. Biological tests showed that the two entomopathogenic fungi induced high mortality in 2nd and 5th instar nymphs of Submitted 1 March 2017 nd Accepted 13 September 2017 T. papillosa. B. bassiana was highly virulent on 2 instar nymphs of T.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 12. Estimating the Host Range of the Tachinid Trichopoda Giacomellii, Introduced Into Australia for Biological Control of the Green Vegetable Bug
    __________________________________ ASSESSING HOST RANGES OF PARASITOIDS AND PREDATORS CHAPTER 12. ESTIMATING THE HOST RANGE OF THE TACHINID TRICHOPODA GIACOMELLII, INTRODUCED INTO AUSTRALIA FOR BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF THE GREEN VEGETABLE BUG M. Coombs CSIRO Entomology, 120 Meiers Road, Indooroopilly, Queensland, Australia 4068 [email protected] BACKGROUND DESCRIPTION OF PEST INVASION AND PROBLEM Nezara viridula (L.) is a cosmopolitan pest of fruit, vegetables, and field crops (Todd, 1989). The native geographic range of N. viridula is thought to include Ethiopia, southern Europe, and the Mediterranean region (Hokkanen, 1986; Jones, 1988). Other species in the genus occur in Africa and Asia (Freeman, 1940). First recorded in Australia in 1916, N. viridula soon be- came a widespread and serious pest of most legume crops, curcubits, potatoes, tomatoes, pas- sion fruit, sorghum, sunflower, tobacco, maize, crucifers, spinach, grapes, citrus, rice, and mac- adamia nuts (Hely et al., 1982; Waterhouse and Norris, 1987). In northern Victoria, central New South Wales, and southern Queensland, N. viridula is a serious pest of soybeans and pecans (Clarke, 1992; Coombs, 2000). Immature and adult bugs feed on vegetative buds, devel- oping and mature fruits, and seeds, causing reductions in crop quality and yield. The pest status of N. viridula in Australia is assumed to be partly due to the absence of parasitoids of the nymphs and adults. No native Australian tachinids have been found to parasitize N viridula effectively, although occasional oviposition and development of some species may occur (Cantrell, 1984; Coombs and Khan, 1997). Previous introductions of biological control agents to Australia for control of N. viridula include Trichopoda pennipes (Fabricius) and Trichopoda pilipes (Fabricius) (Diptera: Tachinidae), which are important parasitoids of N.
    [Show full text]
  • Download PDF (Inglês)
    Biota Neotropica 20(4): e20201045, 2020 www.scielo.br/bn ISSN 1676-0611 (online edition) Article Anatomy of male and female reproductive organs of stink bugs pests (Pentatomidae: Heteroptera) from soybean and rice crops Vinícius Albano Araújo1* , Tito Bacca2 & Lucimar Gomes Dias3,4 1Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biodiversidade e Sustentabilidade, Macaé, RJ, Brasil. 2Universidad del Tolima, Facultad de Ingeniería Agronómica, Ibagué, Tolima, Colombia. 3Universidad de Caldas, Caldas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Colombia. 4Universidad de Caldas, Grupo de investigación Bionat, Caldas, Colombia. *Corresponding author: Vinícius Albano Araújo, e-mail: [email protected] ARAÚJO, V., BACCA, T., DIAS, L. Anatomy of male and female reproductive organs of stink bugs pests (Pentatomidae: Heteroptera) from soybean and rice crops. Biota Neotropica 20(4): e20201045. https://doi.org/10.1590/1676-0611-BN-2020-1045 Abstract: Pentatomidae comprises a diverse group of stink bugs widely distributed in the Neotropical region. Many species are phytophagous and cause injuries to plants, and can thus be defined as agricultural pests. In this study, the anatomy of the female and male reproductive tracts of three important agricultural pests in Colombia is described: Piezodorus guildinii Westwood, 1837 and Chinavia ubica Rolston 1983, found on soybeans, and Oebalus insularis Stål, 1872, found in rice crops. For that, light microscopy techniques were used. The anatomy of the reproductive tract of sexually mature males of the three species studied consisted of a pair of testes, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, ejaculatory bulb, an ejaculatory duct that opens into an aedeagus, and paired accessory glands.
    [Show full text]
  • Maternal Care in Pygoplatys Bugs (Heteroptera: Tessaratomidae)
    NOTE Eut. J. Entomol. 95: 311-315, 1998 ISSN 1210-5759 Maternal care inPygoplatys bugs (Heteroptera: Tessaratomidae) M atija GOGALA', Hoi-Sen YONG2 andC arsten BRÜHL3 1 1 Prirodoslovni muzej Slovenije, Presemova 20, P.O. Box 290, SI-1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia; e-mail: [email protected] departm ent of Zoology, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 3Zoologie III, Theodor-Boveri-Biozentrum der Universität, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany Tessaratomidae,Pygoplatys, maternal care, egg guarding Abstract.Cases of maternal care and egg guarding were observed and photographed in bugs of the family Tessaratomidae. Females of one still undescribed speciesPygoplatys of from Doi Inthanon, Thailand, and ofPygoplatys acutus from Borneo are carrying their young larvae on the venter. The egg guarding was also observed inPygoplatys acutus from Kepong, Peninsular Malaysia. It seems, that maternal care is a characteristic behavior in bugs of the genusPygoplatys. Introduction Parental care at various levels is present in many insect groups. The guarding of eggs and attendance of the early instars probably reduces the levels of mortality during these stages, even in subsocial species which lack any nesting behavior. The parental (and usually maternal) care is known in the orthopteroid orders and in many other groups, e.g. Embioptera, Psocoptera, Thysanoptera, Heteroptera, Homoptera, Coleóptera and Hymenoptera (Tallamy & Wood, 1986). In Heteroptera, cases of maternal egg guarding and early instar attendance have been reported for many terrestrial and some aquatic species (Melber & Schmidt, 1977; Schuh & Slater, 1995). In families Reduviidae and Belostomatidae, cases of paternal care of the young are known (Tallamy & Wood, 1986). Until now, however, the only report of parental care in family Tessaratomidae has been published by Tachikawa (1991, egg guarding in the Japanese species of Pygoplatys and Erga; after Tallamy & Schaefer, 1997).
    [Show full text]
  • Dinidoridae, Megarididae E Tessaratomidae
    | 403 Resumen DINIDORIDAE, MEGARIDIDAE Se presenta una revisión del conocimiento de la di- E TESSARATOMIDAE versidad de las Dinidoridae, Megarididae y Tessarato- midae en la Argentina. Estas familias están represen- tadas por sólo una especie en las familias Dinidoridae y Tessaratomidae y por dos en Megarididae, la cual es exclusivamente conocida de la región Neotropical. Se incluye información general sobre hábitat, comporta- miento, régimen alimenticio y distribución geográfica de las familias. Abstract A review of the knowledge of the diversity of the Dini- doridae, Megarididae, and Tessaratomidae in Argen- tina is presented. These families are represented by one species of Dinidoridae and Tessaratomidae each, and two of Megarididae, which is known only from the Neotropical region. General information about habi- tat, behavior, food habits and geographical distribu- tion of the families is included. Introdução A superfamília Pentatomoidea inclui na sua maioria percevejos fitófagos, reconhecidos pelo escutelo de- senvolvido, tricobótrios abdominais pareados e loca- lizados lateralmente à linha dos espiráculos, abertura *Cristiano F. SCHWERTNER da cápsula genital dos machos (= pigóforo) direcionada **Jocelia GRAZIA posteriormente, ovos geralmente em forma de barril (podendo ser ovóides ou esféricos) (Schuh & Slater, 1995; Grazia et al., 2008). Compreende cerca de 7000 *Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universida- espécies no mundo incluídas em 15 famílias (Grazia et de Federal de São Paulo, Campus Diadema, Rua al., 2008), das quais Acanthosomatidae, Canopidae, Prof. Artur Riedel 275, Diadema, SP, Brasil. Cydnidae, Dinidoridae, Megarididae, Pentatomidae [email protected] (incluíndo Cyrtocorinae), Phloeidae, Scutelleridae, Tessaratomidae e Thyreocoridae são encontradas na **Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal região Neotropical (Grazia et al., 2012). Na Argentina, do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av.
    [Show full text]
  • Great Lakes Entomologist the Grea T Lakes E N Omo L O G Is T Published by the Michigan Entomological Society Vol
    The Great Lakes Entomologist THE GREA Published by the Michigan Entomological Society Vol. 45, Nos. 3 & 4 Fall/Winter 2012 Volume 45 Nos. 3 & 4 ISSN 0090-0222 T LAKES Table of Contents THE Scholar, Teacher, and Mentor: A Tribute to Dr. J. E. McPherson ..............................................i E N GREAT LAKES Dr. J. E. McPherson, Educator and Researcher Extraordinaire: Biographical Sketch and T List of Publications OMO Thomas J. Henry ..................................................................................................111 J.E. McPherson – A Career of Exemplary Service and Contributions to the Entomological ENTOMOLOGIST Society of America L O George G. Kennedy .............................................................................................124 G Mcphersonarcys, a New Genus for Pentatoma aequalis Say (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) IS Donald B. Thomas ................................................................................................127 T The Stink Bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) of Missouri Robert W. Sites, Kristin B. Simpson, and Diane L. Wood ............................................134 Tymbal Morphology and Co-occurrence of Spartina Sap-feeding Insects (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha) Stephen W. Wilson ...............................................................................................164 Pentatomoidea (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae, Scutelleridae) Associated with the Dioecious Shrub Florida Rosemary, Ceratiola ericoides (Ericaceae) A. G. Wheeler, Jr. .................................................................................................183
    [Show full text]
  • Paecilomyces and Its Importance in the Biological Control of Agricultural Pests and Diseases
    plants Review Paecilomyces and Its Importance in the Biological Control of Agricultural Pests and Diseases Alejandro Moreno-Gavíra, Victoria Huertas, Fernando Diánez , Brenda Sánchez-Montesinos and Mila Santos * Departamento de Agronomía, Escuela Superior de Ingeniería, Universidad de Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain; [email protected] (A.M.-G.); [email protected] (V.H.); [email protected] (F.D.); [email protected] (B.S.-M.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +34-950-015511 Received: 17 November 2020; Accepted: 7 December 2020; Published: 10 December 2020 Abstract: Incorporating beneficial microorganisms in crop production is the most promising strategy for maintaining agricultural productivity and reducing the use of inorganic fertilizers, herbicides, and pesticides. Numerous microorganisms have been described in the literature as biological control agents for pests and diseases, although some have not yet been commercialised due to their lack of viability or efficacy in different crops. Paecilomyces is a cosmopolitan fungus that is mainly known for its nematophagous capacity, but it has also been reported as an insect parasite and biological control agent of several fungi and phytopathogenic bacteria through different mechanisms of action. In addition, species of this genus have recently been described as biostimulants of plant growth and crop yield. This review includes all the information on the genus Paecilomyces as a biological control agent for pests and diseases. Its growth rate and high spore production rate in numerous substrates ensures the production of viable, affordable, and efficient commercial formulations for agricultural use. Keywords: biological control; diseases; pests; Paecilomyces 1. Introduction The genus Paecilomyces was first described in 1907 [1] as a genus closely related to Penicillium and comprising only one species, P.
    [Show full text]
  • Traditional Knowledge of the Utilization of Edible Insects in Nagaland, North-East India
    foods Article Traditional Knowledge of the Utilization of Edible Insects in Nagaland, North-East India Lobeno Mozhui 1,*, L.N. Kakati 1, Patricia Kiewhuo 1 and Sapu Changkija 2 1 Department of Zoology, Nagaland University, Lumami, Nagaland 798627, India; [email protected] (L.N.K.); [email protected] (P.K.) 2 Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Nagaland University, Medziphema, Nagaland 797106, India; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 2 June 2020; Accepted: 19 June 2020; Published: 30 June 2020 Abstract: Located at the north-eastern part of India, Nagaland is a relatively unexplored area having had only few studies on the faunal diversity, especially concerning insects. Although the practice of entomophagy is widespread in the region, a detailed account regarding the utilization of edible insects is still lacking. The present study documents the existing knowledge of entomophagy in the region, emphasizing the currently most consumed insects in view of their marketing potential as possible future food items. Assessment was done with the help of semi-structured questionnaires, which mentioned a total of 106 insect species representing 32 families and 9 orders that were considered as health foods by the local ethnic groups. While most of the edible insects are consumed boiled, cooked, fried, roasted/toasted, some insects such as Cossus sp., larvae and pupae of ants, bees, wasps, and hornets as well as honey, bee comb, bee wax are consumed raw. Certain edible insects are either fully domesticated (e.g., Antheraea assamensis, Apis cerana indica, and Samia cynthia ricini) or semi-domesticated in their natural habitat (e.g., Vespa mandarinia, Vespa soror, Vespa tropica tropica, and Vespula orbata), and the potential of commercialization of these insects and some other species as a bio-resource in Nagaland exists.
    [Show full text]
  • Jewel Bugs of Australia (Insecta, Heteroptera, Scutelleridae)1
    © Biologiezentrum Linz/Austria; download unter www.biologiezentrum.at Jewel Bugs of Australia (Insecta, Heteroptera, Scutelleridae)1 G. CASSIS & L. VANAGS Abstract: The Australian genera of the Scutelleridae are redescribed, with a species exemplar of the ma- le genitalia of each genus illustrated. Scanning electron micrographs are also provided for key non-ge- nitalic characters. The Australian jewel bug fauna comprises 13 genera and 25 species. Heissiphara is described as a new genus, for a single species, H. minuta nov.sp., from Western Australia. Calliscyta is restored as a valid genus, and removed from synonymy with Choerocoris. All the Australian species of Scutelleridae are described, and an identification key is given. Two new species of Choerocoris are des- cribed from eastern Australia: C. grossi nov.sp. and C. lattini nov.sp. Lampromicra aerea (DISTANT) is res- tored as a valid species, and removed from synonymy with L. senator (FABRICIUS). Calliphara nobilis (LIN- NAEUS) is recorded from Australia for the first time. Calliphara billardierii (FABRICIUS) and C. praslinia praslinia BREDDIN are removed from the Australian biota. The identity of Sphaerocoris subnotatus WAL- KER is unknown and is incertae sedis. A description is also given for the Neotropical species, Agonoso- ma trilineatum (FABRICIUS); a biological control agent recently introduced into Australia to control the pasture weed Bellyache Bush (Jatropha gossypifolia, Euphorbiaceae). Coleotichus borealis DISTANT and C. (Epicoleotichus) schultzei TAUEBER are synonymised with C. excellens (WALKER). Callidea erythrina WAL- KER is synonymized with Lampromicra senator. Lectotype designations are given for the following taxa: Coleotichus testaceus WALKER, Coleotichus excellens, Sphaerocoris circuliferus (WALKER), Callidea aureocinc- ta WALKER, Callidea collaris WALKER and Callidea curtula WALKER.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogenetic Relationships of Family Groups in Pentatomoidea Based on Morphology and DNA Sequences (Insecta: Heteroptera)
    Cladistics Cladistics 24 (2008) 1–45 10.1111/j.1096-0031.2008.00224.x Phylogenetic relationships of family groups in Pentatomoidea based on morphology and DNA sequences (Insecta: Heteroptera) Jocelia Graziaa,*, Randall T. Schuhb and Ward C. Wheelerb aCNPq Researcher, Department of Zoology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; bDivision of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024, USA Accepted 18 March 2008 Abstract Phylogenetic relationships within the Pentatomoidea are investigated through the coding and analysis of character data derived from morphology and DNA sequences. In total, 135 terminal taxa were investigated, representing most of the major family groups; 84 ingroup taxa are coded for 57 characters in a morphological matrix. As many as 3500 bp of DNA data are adduced for each of 52 terminal taxa, including 44 ingroup taxa, comprising the 18S rRNA, 16S rRNA, 28S rRNA, and COI gene regions. Character data are analysed separately and in the form of a total evidence analysis. Major conclusions of the phylogenetic analysis include: the concept of Urostylididae is restricted to that of earlier authors; the Saileriolinae is raised to family rank and treated as the sister group of all Pentatomoidea exclusive of Urostylididae sensu stricto; a broadly conceived Cydnidae, as recognized by Dolling, 1981, is not supported; the placement of Thaumastellidae within the Pentatomoidea is affirmed and the taxon is recognized at family rank rather than as a subfamily
    [Show full text]