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Evaluation of the Argentinian Parasitoid, Trichopoda Giacomellii

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Evaluation of the Argentinian Parasitoid, Trichopoda Giacomellii Biological Control 15, 19–24 (1999) Article ID bcon.1999.0695, available online at http://www.idealibrary.com on Evaluation of the Argentinian Parasitoid, Trichopoda giacomellii (Diptera: Tachinidae), for Biological Control of Nezara viridula (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in Australia D. P. A. Sands and M. T. Coombs CSIRO Division of Entomology, Indooroopilly, Queensland 4068, Australia. Received December 8, 1997; accepted January 6, 1999 and saliva result in discoloration, malformation, stunt- An Argentinian parasitoid, Trichopoda giacomellii ing, and shriveling of the plant tissues (Waterhouse (Blanchard) (Diptera: Tachinidae), was evaluated prior and Norris, 1987). The native geographic range of N. to its release in Australia as a biological control agent viridula is thought to be Ethiopia (Jones, 1988), south- for the green vegetable bug, Nezara viridula (L.) (He- ern Europe, and parts of the Mediterranean region miptera: Pentatomidae). In no-choice host specificity (Hokkanen, 1986). Other species in the genus occur in studies, females of T. giacomellii with or without prior Africa and Asia (Freeman, 1940). Closely related gen- exposure to N. viridula were exposed in separate tests era occur in South America and Australia (G. Gross, to selected representatives of indigenous Australian pers. comm.), indicating that the native range of N. Hemiptera. In addition to the target N. viridula, only viridula may not be known with certainty. In Australia, species of the pentatoma group of Pentatomidae, Plau- N. viridula is a pest of most legume crops (particularly tia affinis Dallas, Alciphron glaucas (Fabricius), and soybeans), cucurbits, potatoes, tomatoes, passion fruit, Glaucias amyoti (White), attracted oviposition and supported complete development by T. glacomellii. sorghum, sunflower, tobacco, maize, crucifers, spinach, Two Pentatomidae, Cuspicona forticornis Breddin and grapes, citrus, rice, and macadamia nuts (Hely et al., Anaxarchus pardalinus Stål, attracted oviposition but 1982; Waterhouse and Norris, 1987). N. viridula is a parasitoids failed to develop. Other Pentatomidae serious pest of soybeans and pecans in northern Victo- failed to attract oviposition by T. giacomellii, includ- ria, central New South Wales, and southern Queens- ing Biprorulus bibax Breddin, Piezodorous hybneri land (Clarke, 1992; Seymour and Sands, 1993). (Gmelin), Cuspicona simplex Walker, Oechalia schellen- The extent of damage by N. viridula has been bergii (Gue´rin-Me´neville), and Cematulus nasalis reduced in southeastern Australia since the egg parasi- (Westwood); likewise for Scutelleridae, including Lam- toid, Trissolcus basalis (Wollaston), was introduced promicra senator (Fab.) and Tectocoris diophthalmus initially from Egypt in 1933 (Wilson, 1960) and later (Thunberg), as well as for Tessaratomidae, including from other countries (Waterhouse and Norris, 1987). T. Musgraveia sulciventris Stål, and for Coreidae, includ- basalis has been distributed wherever N. viridula has ing Amblypelta nitida Stål and A. lutescens lutescens caused problems, including the USA, South Africa, and (Distant). Releases of T. giacomellii commenced in 1996 parts of South America (Waterhouse and Norris, 1987). at Brookfield, Caboolture, and Indooroopilly in Queens- In certain regions of eastern Australia, particularly land and near Moree in New South Wales. ௠ 1999 Academic areas that produce grain legume and nut crops, T. Press basalis is not very effective. This prompted Clarke and Key Words: biological control; Trichopoda giacome- Walter (1992) to question the extent of biological con- llii; Nezara viridula; host specificity; Australia. trol of N. viridula in Australia. The activity of T. basalis as a natural enemy of N. viridula in Hawaii is supple- mented by two tachinid parasitoids, Trichopoda pilipes INTRODUCTION (F.) originally from the Caribbean and T. pennipes (F.) from the United States (Davis, 1964; Jones, 1988; Todd, The green vegetable bug, Nezara viridula (L.), is a 1989). T. pennipes is also an important natural enemy pest on a wide range of agricultural and horticultural of N. viridula in Italy, though it was not intentionally crops throughout the temperate and tropical regions of introduced (Colazza et al., 1996). However, attempts to the world (Todd, 1989). Nymphs and adults of N. establish T. pilipes and T. pennipes in Australia and viridula withdraw fluids by piercing plant fruiting Papua New Guinea have not succeeded (Waterhouse bodies, stems, and petioles with their rostrum. Feeding and Norris, 1987), though eggs of the parasitoids were 19 1049-9644/99 $30.00 Copyright ௠ 1999 by Academic Press All rights of reproduction in any form reserved. 20 SANDS AND COOMBS recovered from field release sites in Western Australia maintained in similar cages until eclosion of adult (Michael, 1981). Small releases of another tachinid parasitoids. parasitoid, Bogosia antinorii Rond. from Kenya, were To establish a culture of T. giacomellii, freshly eclosed made in Australia in 1958, but this species also failed to adults (ca 10 pairs) were transferred to a cage measur- become established (Greathead, 1971). Currently, in ing 1.0 ϫ 1.0 ϫ 1.4 m, constructed from an aluminium Australia very few natural enemies attack the nymphs frame fitted with fine black cotton gauze. Overhead and adults of N. viridula. Only one tachinid parasitoid, fluorescent (daylight) lighting (12-h photoperiod) was Cylindromyia rufifemur Paramonov, has been recorded supplemented most days by sunlight for ca 0900–1600 from N. viridula (Cantrell, 1986) and other species of h through a window. Sugar cubes and chopped raisins parasitoids attacking adults or nymphs of N. viridula (i.e., food) and moistened water pads were provided have not been recovered since then (Seymour and near the ceiling of the cage for the parasitoids. Adults of Sands, 1993). N. viridula (ca 30) in the cage were provided with 12 Several South American parasitoids were discussed potted bean plants as a resting substrate and with by Bennett (1990) as potential agents for introduction green beans, segments of corn cobs, and raw peanuts as into South Africa where N. viridula is a major pest of food. After 12–24 h of exposure, N. viridula with ca 3–5 macadamias. These included several tachinid taxa, parasitoid eggs attached were transferred to cages though many of these taxa have been synonymized by measuring 30 ϫ 30 ϫ 30 cm covered with organza. Each Liljesthrom (1992) as one polymorphic species, T. gia- contained food and a tray of moist soil for pupation by comellii (Blanchard). In Argentina, T. giacomellii is an parasitoid larvae. Puparia were held in moist soil until important, relatively specific parasitoid of adult and they eclosed as previously described. After emerging, T. the later instar nymphs of N. viridula (La Porta, 1987; giacomellii were held in cages and provided with food Liljesthrom, 1991), and with T. basalis these contribute (as described above) for mating and exposure to adult to biological control of the pest (Liljesthrom and Bern- N. viridula. The number of eggs deposited on each host stein, 1990). In South America, indigenous pentatomid were recorded. hosts of T. giacomellii include Edesia meditabunda (Fab.), Acledra kinbergii (Stål), Acrosternum musiva Host-Specificity Tests (Berg.), A. herbida (Stål), and Piezodorus guildinii Australlian Heteroptera, including representatives (Westwood) (La Porta, 1987; Liljesthrom, 1980). In of the pentatoma species group, other selected Pen- Brazil, T. giacomellii (ϭEutrichopodopsis nitens Blan- tatomidae, two Coreidae, two Scutelleridae, and one chard) is also an important parasitoid of N. viridula Tessaratomidae, were exposed to gravid T. giacomellii (Ferreira et al., 1991). Based on its performance in (Table 1). Oviposition by the parasitoids, development Argentina (Liljesthrom, 1991), T. giacomellii was iden- to pupation, and eclosion of adults were recorded. tified as a promising potential agent for biological Separate no-choice tests were conducted, the first being control of N. viridula, especially in pecan orchards (Seymour and Sands, 1993). Here we report on the host specificity of T. giacomellii when tested with selected species of Heteroptera and on the suitability of T. TABLE 1 giacomellii for introduction into Australia. Hemiptera Selected for Host Specificity Studies with T. giacomellii MATERIALS AND METHODS Family Species Predator Herbivore Culture of the Parasitoid Pentatomidae Plautia affinis Dallas ϩ Alciphron glaucus (Fab.) ϩ A consignment of parasitized adult N. viridula Glaucias amyoti (White) ϩ (n ϭ 160) and puparia of T. giacomellii (n ϭ 140) were Biprorulus bibax Breddin ϩ imported from La Plata, Argentina (Lat. 34° 58Ј, Long. Piezodorous hybneri (Gmelin) ϩ ϩ 57° 53Ј) in February 1994. These individuals were held Cuspicona simplex Walker C. forticornis Breddin ϩ for culture in a quarantine facility at the CSIRO, Long Anaxarchus pardalinus Stål ϩ Pocket Laboratories, Brisbane (AQIS permit No. Oechalia schellenbergii ϩ 99400009; ANCA permit No. PWS P940706). Parasit- (Gue`rin-Me`neville) ised N. viridula were held in aluminium-framed cages Cermatulus nasalis (West- ϩ measuring ca 50 ϫ 20 ϫ 20 cm covered with organza, wood) Scutelleridae Lampromicra senator (Fab.) ϩ containing a basal layer of moistened potting soil for Tectocornis diopthalmus ϩ pupariation by parasitoid larvae. Green beans, a seg- (Thunberg) ment of corn cob, and raw peanuts were provided as Tessaratomidae Musgraveia sulciventris (Stål) ϩ food for the N. viridula, replaced daily until
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