DOCSLIB.ORG

The Reproductive Trajectories of Bachelor Geladas

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Reproductive Trajectories of Bachelor Geladas THE REPRODUCTIVE TRAJECTORIES OF BACHELOR GELADAS by David J. Pappano A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Anthropology) in The University of Michigan 2013 Doctoral Committee: Professor Jacinta C. Beehner, Chair Professor Abigail W. Bigham Professor John C. Mitani Professor Elizabeth A. Tibbetts © David J. Pappano All rights reserved 2013 DEDICATION For my parents, Teresa and Donald Pappano For indulging a child’s curiosity in bats, snakes, and other animals described in Golden Guides to Nature. Most parents would have just read fairy tales to their children. And my best friend and partner, Ashley For your patience, kindness, and love in years past and those yet to come. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Over the past six years, I have been fortunate to have the support of friends, family, colleagues, and funding agencies that have made this dissertation possible. I am grateful for their input at all levels of this endeavor—from conception to completion. My time at the University of Michigan has been among the most formative and memorable experiences of my life, and I hope that many of the friends and colleagues I have met over these past years will continue to be a part of my life in the years to come. This research would not have been possible without the generous support of several government and non-profit funding agencies. A Graduate Research Fellowship from the National Science Foundation and the James Spuhler Fellowship through the Department of Anthropology largely funded my studies at Michigan. I am also grateful to the National Science Foundation for support through a Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant. The U.S. Fulbright Program and a Leakey Foundation General Research Grant supported my fieldwork. I also thank the Rackham Graduate School for additional support while writing the final parts of this dissertation. My dissertation chair, Dr. Jacinta Beehner, deserves much praise for my research trajectory. Jacinta has shown me how to develop a project and see it to completion all while balancing her duties as director of the Core Assay Facility, co- director of the University of Michigan Gelada Research Project, and mother to her two small children. I met her and Dr. Thore Bergman the last week of December 2006 at Princeton University. I had recently graduated college and was teaching high school biology in Connecticut. They had just started their jobs at the University of Michigan and iii were preparing for a trip to Ethiopia in January to set up the gelada project. They needed graduate students to study geladas in the formative years of the project, and I was applying to fulfill that need. Against Thore’s warnings that “ice hockey goalies are crazy” and probably her better judgment as well, she took a risk on me as one of their first graduate students. For that, I am grateful. I am also thankful for the guidance of my committee: Dr. John Mitani, Dr. Abigail Bingham, and Dr. Elizabeth Tibbetts. I had the opportunity to teach two classes under John while at the University of Michigan. In this lecture hall, John taught me how to teach through splicing information and humor with thought-provoking questions. In my early years of graduate school, I would attend the Behavioral Ecology Group organized in part by Liz Tibbetts. This seminar provided me with weekly reminders that behavioral ecology did not start and end with geladas (or primates for that matter). To Abby—the only member of my committee that has fewer years at Michigan than I do—I am happy to have had your input in these final steps of my dissertation. Finally, while he was not on my committee, I am indebted to Thore Bergman for giving me the opportunity to conduct research on the geladas of the Simien Mountains. I owe a debt of gratitude to my friends at the University of Michigan and in Ethiopia. My cohort in biological anthropology—Zachary Cofran, Dana Begun, and Caroline VanSickle—have made this journey special. Also, to the newly minted Drs. Noah Snyder-Mackler and Eila Roberts, your culinary skills in Ethiopia and help with analyses at home have kept me sane. To the upstarts of the project—Marcela Benitez, Elizabeth Johnson, Morgan Gustison, and Caitlin Barale—I wish the best of luck in their future projects. Finally, to the camp managers and Ethiopian field workers of the gelada project—Clay Wilton, Julie Jarvey, and Ambaye Fanta—your tireless efforts keeping the campsite organized and functioning were greatly appreciated. iv Of the full-time project assistants, Esheti Jejaw deserves special recognition for his role in this project. I met Esheti in 2008 during my first summer in Ethiopia. I hired Esheti to be a full-time bachelor expert, which required him to find and name bachelors that were associating with the project’s main study band. Because neither of us could speak each other’s native language very well, we accomplished our goals that first summer mostly through miming gelada behavior and speaking a pigeon “Amharenglish”. By the time I returned my second summer, Esheti was using a Palm pilot to record data and had begun to collect ad libitum data on dominance interactions and grooming within bachelor groups. During my long haul of fieldwork in 2010-11, Esheti’s training came full circle. He collected fecal samples for genetic and hormonal data, and was recording focal animal samples everyday. Even though our communication has converged on a mutual understanding of many Amharic-English phrases, I don’t know if I will ever be able to convey just how grateful I am for his help in completing this work. To my mother and father that fostered my love of science at an early age, this is for your countless hours spent with me at the library or watching PBS Nature programs at night. And to my brothers and sister, thank you for understanding in planning holidays and events around my field schedule. Lastly, this thesis is for my best friend and partner of the last seven years, Ashley. She agreed to marry me, now if I can only persuade her to proofread this thesis. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Dedication .......................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................... iii List of Tables .................................................................................................................... vii List of Figures ................................................................................................................. viii Abstract ............................................................................................................................. ix Chapter One: Introduction ................................................................................................. 1 Chapter Two: Testing extraction and storage parameters for a fecal hormone method . 14 Chapter Three: Demography and social behavior of bachelor geladas living in all-male groups ............................................................................................................................. 32 Chapter Four: Social bonds of bachelor geladas living in all-male groups ..................... 59 Chapter Five: Social ‘predators’ within a multilevel primate society ............................... 88 Chapter Six: Testosterone and the reproductive trajectories of male geladas ............. 109 Chapter Seven: Conclusions ........................................................................................ 138 References .................................................................................................................... 143 vi LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1. A list of experiments conducted under controlled laboratory settings ............ 28 Table 3.1. A description of gelada male age classes ...................................................... 51 Table 3.2. Demography of all-male groups.. ................................................................... 52 Table 3.3. Stable periods of all-male groups. ................................................................. 53 Table 4.1. A summary of mixed models used in social bond analysis. ........................... 81 Table 5.1. Mixed model describing within-unit spacing (‘neighbor’ scan) ..................... 103 Table 5.2. Mixed model describing within-unit spacing (‘unit-spread’ scan) ................. 104 Table 5.3. Mixed model describing between-unit spacing (‘neighbor’ scan) ................. 105 Table 5.4. Mixed model describing between-unit spacing (‘unit-spread’ scan) ............. 106 Table 6.1. A summary of mixed models used in testosterone analysis. ....................... 132 vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1. Ambient temperature manipulation experiment results. ............................... 29 Figure 2.2. Freeze/thaw experiment results .................................................................... 30 Figure 2.3. Solution manipulation experiment results ..................................................... 31 Figure 3.1. Age class distribution for all bachelor geladas. ............................................. 54 Figure 3.2. Relatedness, age, and coresidence within an all-male group.. .................... 55 Figure 3.3. Elo-ratings of bachelors compared to adult females ..................................... 56 Figure 3.4. Elo-ratings for each bachelor male age class ............................................... 57 Figure 3.5. Comparison
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Targets, Tactics, and Cooperation in the Play Fighting of Two Genera of Old World Monkeys (Mandrillus and Papio): Accounting for Similarities and Differences
    2019, 32 Heather M. Hill Editor Peer-reviewed Targets, Tactics, and Cooperation in the Play Fighting of Two Genera of Old World Monkeys (Mandrillus and Papio): Accounting for Similarities and Differences Kelly L. Kraus1, Vivien C. Pellis1, and Sergio M. Pellis1 1 Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Canada Play fighting in many species involves partners competing to bite one another while avoiding being bitten. Species can differ in the body targets that are bitten and the tactics used to attack and defend those targets. However, even closely related species that attack and defend the same body target using the same tactics can differ markedly in how much the competitiveness of such interactions is mitigated by cooperation. A degree of cooperation is necessary to ensure that some turn-taking between the roles of attacker and defender occurs, as this is critical in preventing play fighting from escalating into serious fighting. In the present study, the dyadic play fighting of captive troops of 4 closely related species of Old World monkeys, 2 each from 2 genera of Papio and Mandrillus, was analyzed. All 4 species have a comparable social organization, are large bodied with considerable sexual dimorphism, and are mostly terrestrial. In all species, the target of biting is the same – the area encompassing the upper arm, shoulder, and side of the neck – and they have the same tactics of attack and defense. However, the Papio species exhibit more cooperation in their play than do the Mandrillus species, with the former using tactics that make biting easier to attain and that facilitate close bodily contact.
    [Show full text]
  • The Taxonomy of Primates in the Laboratory Context
    P0800261_01 7/14/05 8:00 AM Page 3 C HAPTER 1 The Taxonomy of Primates T HE T in the Laboratory Context AXONOMY OF P Colin Groves RIMATES School of Archaeology and Anthropology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia 3 What are species? D Taxonomy: EFINITION OF THE The biological Organizing nature species concept Taxonomy means classifying organisms. It is nowadays commonly used as a synonym for systematics, though Disagreement as to what precisely constitutes a species P strictly speaking systematics is a much broader sphere is to be expected, given that the concept serves so many RIMATE of interest – interrelationships, and biodiversity. At the functions (Vane-Wright, 1992). We may be interested basis of taxonomy lies that much-debated concept, the in classification as such, or in the evolutionary implica- species. tions of species; in the theory of species, or in simply M ODEL Because there is so much misunderstanding about how to recognize them; or in their reproductive, phys- what a species is, it is necessary to give some space to iological, or husbandry status. discussion of the concept. The importance of what we Most non-specialists probably have some vague mean by the word “species” goes way beyond taxonomy idea that species are defined by not interbreeding with as such: it affects such diverse fields as genetics, biogeog- each other; usually, that hybrids between different species raphy, population biology, ecology, ethology, and bio- are sterile, or that they are incapable of hybridizing at diversity; in an era in which threats to the natural all. Such an impression ultimately derives from the def- world and its biodiversity are accelerating, it affects inition by Mayr (1940), whereby species are “groups of conservation strategies (Rojas, 1992).
    [Show full text]
  • Patterns of Cranial Shape Variation in the Papionini (Primates
    Michelle Singleton Patterns of cranial shape variation in the Department of Anatomy, Papionini (Primates: Cercopithecinae) Midwestern University, 555 31st Street, Downers Grove, Traditional classifications of the Old World monkey tribe Papionini Illinois 60515, U.S.A. (Primates: Cercopithecinae) recognized the mangabey genera E-mail: Cercocebus and Lophocebus as sister taxa. However, molecular studies [email protected] have consistently found the mangabeys to be diphyletic, with Cercocebus and Mandrillus forming a clade to the exclusion of all other Received 10 January 2001 papionins. Recent studies have identified cranial and postcranial Revision received features which distinguish the Cercocebus–Mandrillus clade, however 26 October 2001 and the detailed similarities in cranial shape between the mangabey accepted 12 December 2001 genera are more difficult to reconcile with the molecular evidence. ff Keywords: Papionini, Given the large size di erential between members of the papionin molecular clades, it has frequently been suggested that allometric mangabey diphyly, cranial ff homoplasy, allometry, e ects account for homoplasy in papionin cranial form. A combina- geometric morphometrics. tion of geometric morphometric, bivariate, and multivariate methods was used to evaluate the hypothesis that allometric scaling contributes to craniofacial similarities between like-sized papionin taxa. Patterns of allometric and size-independent cranial shape variation were subsequently described and related to known papionin phylogenetic relationships and patterns of development. Results confirm that allometric scaling of craniofacial shape characterized by positive facial allometry and negative neurocranial allometry is present across adult papionins. Pairwise comparisons of regression lines among genera revealed considerable homogeneity of scaling within the Papionini, however statistically significant differ- ences in regression lines also were noted.
    [Show full text]
  • Mandrillus Leucophaeus Poensis)
    Ecology and Behavior of the Bioko Island Drill (Mandrillus leucophaeus poensis) A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Drexel University by Jacob Robert Owens in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy December 2013 i © Copyright 2013 Jacob Robert Owens. All Rights Reserved ii Dedications To my wife, Jen. iii Acknowledgments The research presented herein was made possible by the financial support provided by Primate Conservation Inc., ExxonMobil Foundation, Mobil Equatorial Guinea, Inc., Margo Marsh Biodiversity Fund, and the Los Angeles Zoo. I would also like to express my gratitude to Dr. Teck-Kah Lim and the Drexel University Office of Graduate Studies for the Dissertation Fellowship and the invaluable time it provided me during the writing process. I thank the Government of Equatorial Guinea, the Ministry of Fisheries and the Environment, Ministry of Information, Press, and Radio, and the Ministry of Culture and Tourism for the opportunity to work and live in one of the most beautiful and unique places in the world. I am grateful to the faculty and staff of the National University of Equatorial Guinea who helped me navigate the geographic and bureaucratic landscape of Bioko Island. I would especially like to thank Jose Manuel Esara Echube, Claudio Posa Bohome, Maximilliano Fero Meñe, Eusebio Ondo Nguema, and Mariano Obama Bibang. The journey to my Ph.D. has been considerably more taxing than I expected, and I would not have been able to complete it without the assistance of an expansive list of people. I would like to thank all of you who have helped me through this process, many of whom I lack the space to do so specifically here.
    [Show full text]
  • Hormonal and Morphological Aspects of Growth and Sexual Maturation in Wild-Caught Male Vervet Monkeys (Chlorocebus Aethiops Pygerythrus) Tegan J
    University of Wisconsin Milwaukee UWM Digital Commons Theses and Dissertations December 2012 Hormonal and Morphological Aspects of Growth and Sexual Maturation in Wild-Caught Male Vervet Monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops pygerythrus) Tegan J. Gaetano University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Follow this and additional works at: https://dc.uwm.edu/etd Part of the Animal Sciences Commons, Developmental Biology Commons, and the Endocrinology Commons Recommended Citation Gaetano, Tegan J., "Hormonal and Morphological Aspects of Growth and Sexual Maturation in Wild-Caught Male Vervet Monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops pygerythrus)" (2012). Theses and Dissertations. 30. https://dc.uwm.edu/etd/30 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by UWM Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of UWM Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. HORMONAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF GROWTH AND SEXUAL MATURATION IN WILD-CAUGHT MALE VERVET MONKEYS (CHLOROCEBUS AETHIOPS PYGERYTHRUS) by Tegan J. Gaetano A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Anthropology at The University of Wisconsin at Milwaukee December 2012 ABSTRACT ENDOCRINE AND MORPHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF GROWTH AND SEXUAL MATURATION IN WILD-CAUGHT MALE VERVET MONKEYS (CHLOROCEBUS AETHIOPS PYGERYTHRUS) by Tegan J. Gaetano The University of Wisconsin at Milwaukee, 2012 Under the Supervision of Dr. Trudy R. Turner Knowledge of baseline changes in testosterone (T) and other androgens is central to both investigations of morphological, physiological, and behavioral correlates of inter-individual variation in the timing and shape of key events and transitions over the life course and questions of the evolution of species-specific schedules of maturation in primates.
    [Show full text]
  • The Phenetic Affinities of Rungwecebus Kipunji
    Journal of Human Evolution 56 (2009) 25–42 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Human Evolution journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jhevol The phenetic affinities of Rungwecebus kipunji Michelle Singleton Department of Anatomy, Midwestern University, 555 31st Street, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA article info abstract Article history: The kipunji, a recently discovered primate endemic to Tanzania’s Southern Highlands and Udzungwa Received 31 August 2007 Mountains, was initially referred to the mangabey genus Lophocebus (Cercopithecinae: Papionini), but Accepted 28 July 2008 subsequent molecular analyses showed it to be more closely related to Papio. Its consequent referral to a new genus, Rungwecebus, has met with skepticism among papionin researchers, who have questioned Keywords: both the robustness of the phylogenetic results and the kipunji’s morphological distinctiveness. This Rungwecebus circumstance has been exacerbated by the immaturity of the single available specimen (FMNH 187122), Lophocebus an M1-stage juvenile. Therefore, a geometric morphometric analysis of juvenile papionin cranial shape Papio Papionini was used to explore the kipunji’s phenetic affinities and evaluate morphological support for its sepa- Geometric morphometrics ration from Lophocebus. Three-dimensional craniometric landmarks and semi-landmarks were collected on a sample of 124 subadult (dp4-M2 stage) cercopithecid crania. Traditional interlandmark distances were compared and a variety of multivariate statistical shape analyses were performed for the zygo- maxillary region (diagnostic in mangabeys) and the cranium as a whole. Raw and size-adjusted inter- landmark distances show the kipunji to have a relatively taller, shorter neurocranium and broader face and cranial base than is seen in M1-stage Lophocebus.
    [Show full text]
  • View / Open Gartland Oregon 0171A 12939.Pdf
    MALE JAPANESE MACAQUE (MACACA FUSCATA) SOCIALITY: BEHAVIORAL STRATEGIES AND WELFARE SCIENCE APPLICATIONS by KYLEN NADINE GARTLAND A DISSERTATION Presented to the Department of Anthropology and the Graduate School of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy March 2021 DISSERTATION APPROVAL PAGE Student: Kylen Nadine Gartland Title: Male Japanese Macaque (Macaca fuscata) Sociality: Behavioral Strategies and Welfare Science Applications This dissertation has been accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy degree in the Department of Anthropology by: Frances White Chairperson Lawrence Ulibarri Core Member Steve Frost Core Member Renee Irvin Institutional Representative and Kate Mondlock Interim Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School Original approval signatures are on file with the University of Oregon Graduate School. Degree awarded March 2021 ii © 2021 Kylen Nadine Gartland iii DISSERTATION ABSTRACT Kylen Nadine Gartland Doctor of Philosophy Department of Anthropology February 2021 Title: Male Japanese macaque (Macaca fuscata) sociality: Behavioral strategies and welfare science application Evolutionarily, individuals should pursue social strategies which confer advantages such as coalitionary support, mating opportunities, or access to limited resources. How an individual forms and maintains social bonds may be influenced by a large number of factors including sex, age, dominance rank, group structure, group demographics, relatedness, or seasonality. Individuals may employ differential social strategies both in terms of the type and quantity of interactions they engage in as well as their chosen social partners. The objective of this dissertation is to examine sociality in adult male Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) and the varying strategies that individuals may employ depending on their relative position within a social group.
    [Show full text]
  • Identification of a Derived Dental Trait in the Papionini Relative to Other Old World Monkeys
    AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 155:422–429 (2014) Identification of a Derived Dental Trait in the Papionini Relative to Other Old World Monkeys Tesla A. Monson* and Leslea J. Hlusko Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, 3060 Valley Life Sciences Bldg, Berkeley, CA, 94720 KEY WORDS Cercopithecidae; dentition; metameric variation ABSTRACT Variation in the shape of teeth provides sion in 522 specimens representing seven species of Old an immense amount of information about the evolution- World Monkeys (Cercopithecus mitis, n 5 78; Macaca fas- ary history and adaptive strategy of a mammalian line- cicularis, n 5 85; Macaca mulatta, n 5 70; Papio hama- age. Here, we explore variation in the expression of a dryas, n 5 55; Colobus guereza, n 5 76; Presbytis purported molar lingual remnant (the interconulus) melalophos, n 5 82; Presbytis rubicunda, n 5 76). Results across the Old World Monkeys (Primates: Cercopitheci- show that the interconulus has a significantly higher dae) with the aim of elucidating a component of the frequency and degree of expression in Tribe Papionini adaptive radiation of this family. This radiation is char- and exhibits ordered metameric variation with greatest acterized by a wide geographic range (Asia and Africa) expression in the third molars. Given the rarity of the as well as diverse dietary niches. While all of the cerco- interconulus in other closely related taxa, and its mor- pithecids are distinguished by their derived bilophodont phological distinction from the purportedly homologous molars, the colobines have evolved taller and more features in other primates, we interpret the high degree pointed cusps compared with the cercopithecines.
    [Show full text]
  • DOCTORAL THESIS the Behavioural Ecology of Personality in Wild Barbary Macaques Tkaczynski, Patrick
    DOCTORAL THESIS The Behavioural Ecology of Personality in Wild Barbary Macaques Tkaczynski, Patrick Award date: 2017 General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ? Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 07. Oct. 2021 The Behavioural Ecology of Personality in Wild Barbary Macaques By Patrick John Tkaczynski BSc (Hons), MRes A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of PhD Department of Life Sciences University of Roehampton 2016 1 2 “A personality is the product of a clash between two opposing forces: the urge to create a life of one's own and the insistence by the world around us that we conform.” Hermann Hesse Soul of the Age: Selected Letters, 1891-1962 3 Abstract Personality, that is intra-individual consistency and inter-individual variation in behaviour, is widespread throughout the animal kingdom. This challenges traditional evolutionary assumptions that selection should favour behavioural flexibility, and that variation in behavioural strategies reflects stochastic variation around a single optimal behavioural strategy.
    [Show full text]
  • Molecular Systematics of the Old World Monkey Tribe Papionini
    Eugene E. Harris* Molecular systematics of the Old World Department of Anthropology, monkey tribe Papionini: analysis of the 25 Waverly Place, New York total available genetic sequences University, New York, NY 10003, U.S.A. The phylogenetic relationships among the genera of the tribe Received 23 March 1998 Papionini are inferred using a taxonomic congruence approach in Revision received which gene trees derived for eight unlinked genetic sequence datasets 20 January 1999 and are compared. Population genetics theory predicts that species accepted 10 April 1999 relationships will be revealed with greater probability when the topology of gene trees from many unlinked loci are found to be Keywords: Old World congruent. The theory underlying this approach is described. monkeys, Papionini, Monophyly of the mangabeys is not supported by any of the gene molecular phylogeny, trees; instead, they are polyphyletic with Cercocebus found to be the systematics, mangabeys, sister taxon to Mandrillus in five gene trees (with no conflicting Papio, Theropithecus, trees), and Lophocebus found to be closely related to Papio and/or Mandrillus, Lophocebus, Theropithecus in all trees. Theropithecus and Papio are not strongly Cercocebus, Macaca. supported as sister taxa (present in one or two trees only); Lophocebus and Papio are supported as sister taxa in the majority of trees. A close relationship between Mandrillus and Papio is not supported in any of the trees. The relationships among Papio, Lophocebus, and Theropithecus cannot be resolved by congruence, probably due to the short time interval estimated between their divergences. The mtDNA COII sequences are used to estimate divergence dates within the papionins.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Old World Monkeys
    2003. 5. 23 Dr. Toshio MOURI Old World monkey Although Old World monkey, as a word, corresponds to New World monkey, its taxonomic rank is much lower than that of the New World Monkey. Therefore, it is speculated that the last common ancestor of Old World monkeys is newer compared to that of New World monkeys. While New World monkey is the vernacular name for infraorder Platyrrhini, Old World Monkey is the vernacular name for superfamily Cercopithecoidea (family Cercopithecidae is limited to living species). As a side note, the taxon including Old World Monkey at the same taxonomic level as New World Monkey is infraorder Catarrhini. Catarrhini includes Hominoidea (humans and apes), as well as Cercopithecoidea. Cercopithecoidea comprises the families Victoriapithecidae and Cercopithecidae. Victoriapithecidae is fossil primates from the early to middle Miocene (15-20 Ma; Ma = megannum = 1 million years ago), with known genera Prohylobates and Victoriapithecus. The characteristic that defines the Old World Monkey (as synapomorphy – a derived character shared by two or more groups – defines a monophyletic taxon), is the bilophodonty of the molars, but the development of biphilophodonty in Victoriapithecidae is still imperfect, and crista obliqua is observed in many maxillary molars (as well as primary molars). (Benefit, 1999; Fleagle, 1999) Recently, there is an opinion that Prohylobates should be combined with Victoriapithecus. Living Old World Monkeys are all classified in the family Cercopithecidae. Cercopithecidae comprises the subfamilies Cercopithecinae and Colobinae. Cercopithecinae has a buccal pouch, and Colobinae has a complex, or sacculated, stomach. It is thought that the buccal pouch is an adaptation for quickly putting rare food like fruit into the mouth, and the complex stomach is an adaptation for eating leaves.
    [Show full text]
  • Cercopithecus
    Edinburgh Research Explorer New simian immunodeficiency virus infecting De Brazza's monkeys (Cercopithecus neglectus) Citation for published version: Bibollet-Ruche, F, Bailes, E, Gao, F, Pourrut, X, Barlow, KL, Clewley, JP, Mwenda, JM, Langat, DK, Chege, GK, McClure, HM, Mpoudi-Ngole, E, Delaporte, E, Peeters, M, Shaw, GM, Sharp, PM & Hahn, BH 2004, 'New simian immunodeficiency virus infecting De Brazza's monkeys (Cercopithecus neglectus): Evidence for a Cercopithecus monkey virus clade', Journal of Virology, vol. 78, no. 14, pp. 7748-7762. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.78.14.7748-7762.2004 Digital Object Identifier (DOI): 10.1128/JVI.78.14.7748-7762.2004 Link: Link to publication record in Edinburgh Research Explorer Document Version: Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Published In: Journal of Virology Publisher Rights Statement: Free in PMC. General rights Copyright for the publications made accessible via the Edinburgh Research Explorer is retained by the author(s) and / or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing these publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Take down policy The University of Edinburgh has made every reasonable effort to ensure that Edinburgh Research Explorer content complies with UK legislation. If you believe that the public display of this file breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 25. Sep. 2021 JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY, July 2004, p. 7748–7762 Vol. 78, No. 14 0022-538X/04/$08.00ϩ0 DOI: 10.1128/JVI.78.14.7748–7762.2004 Copyright © 2004, American Society for Microbiology.
    [Show full text]