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On Glyphosate
Ecocycles 2(2): 1-8 (2016) ISSN 2416-2140 DOI: 10.19040/ecocycles.v2i2.60 EDITORIAL On glyphosate Tamas Komives1 * and Peter Schröder2 1Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Herman Otto 15, 1022 Budapest, Hungary and Department of Environmental Science, Esterhazy Karoly University, 3200 Gyongyos, Hungary 2Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, GmbH, Research Unit Environmental Genomics, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany *E-mail: [email protected] Abstract – This Editorial briefly discusses the current issues surrounding glyphosate - the most controversial pesticide active ingredient of our time. The paper pays special attention to the effects of glyphosate on plant-pathogen interactions. Keywords – glyphosate, plant-pathogen interactions, environment, human health, ecocycles, sustainability Received: October 14, 2016 Accepted: November 10, 2016 ———————————————————————————————————————————————— - In nature nothing exists alone. researchers of the company missed to identify the Rachel Carson in “Silent Spring” (Carson, 1962) molecule as a potential herbicide because of the short duration of the company's standardized biological - Alle Dinge sind Gift, und nichts ist ohne Gift; allein assays (only five days, while the first, glyphosate- die Dosis machts, daß ein Ding kein Gift sei. (All induced phytotoxic symptoms usually appear after things are poison, and nothing is without poison: the about one week) (F. M. Pallos, -
(12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2007/0143878 A1 Bhat Et Al
US 20070143878A1 (19) United States (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2007/0143878 A1 Bhat et al. (43) Pub. Date: Jun. 21, 2007 (54) NUCLEC ACID MOLECULES AND OTHER of application No. 09/198.779, filed on Nov. 24, 1998, MOLECULES ASSOCATED WITH THE now abandoned. TOCOPHEROL PATHWAY Said application No. 09/233,218 is a continuation-in part of application No. 09/227,586, filed on Jan. 8, (76) Inventors: Barkur G. Bhat, St. Louis, MO (US); 1999, now abandoned. Sekhar S. Boddupalli, Manchester, MO Said application No. 09/233,218 is a continuation-in (US); Ganesh M. Kishore, Creve part of application No. 09/229,413, filed on Jan. 12, Coeur, MO (US); Jingdong Liu, 1999, now abandoned. Ballwin, MO (US); Shaukat H. Rangwala, Ballwin, MO (US); (60) Provisional application No. 60/067,000, filed on Nov. Mylavarapu Venkatramesh, Ballwin, 24, 1997. Provisional application No. 60/066,873, MO (US) filed on Nov. 25, 1997. Provisional application No. 60/069.472, filed on Dec. 9, 1997. Provisional appli Correspondence Address: cation No. 60/074,201, filed on Feb. 10, 1998. Pro ARNOLD & PORTER, LLP visional application No. 60/074.282, filed on Feb. 10, 555 TWELFTH STREET, N.W. 1998. Provisional application No. 60/074,280, filed ATTN IP DOCKETING on Feb. 10, 1998. Provisional application No. 60/074, WASHINGTON, DC 20004 (US) 281, filed on Feb. 10, 1998. Provisional application No. 60/074,566, filed on Feb. 12, 1998. Provisional (21) Appl. No.: 11/329,160 application No. 60/074,567, filed on Feb. 12, 1998. -
Modulating Wine Aromatic Amino Acid Catabolites by Using Torulaspora Delbrueckii in Sequentially Inoculated Fermentations Or Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Alone
microorganisms Article Modulating Wine Aromatic Amino Acid Catabolites by Using Torulaspora delbrueckii in Sequentially Inoculated Fermentations or Saccharomyces cerevisiae Alone M. Antonia Álvarez-Fernández 1 , Ilaria Carafa 2, Urska Vrhovsek 2 and Panagiotis Arapitsas 2,* 1 Departamento de Nutrición y Bromatología, Toxicología y Medicina Legal, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain; [email protected] 2 Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, Italy; [email protected] (I.C.); [email protected] (U.V.) * Correspondence: [email protected] or [email protected]; Tel.: +39-0461615656 Received: 25 August 2020; Accepted: 2 September 2020; Published: 4 September 2020 Abstract: Yeasts are the key microorganisms that transform grape juice into wine, and nitrogen is an essential nutrient able to affect yeast cell growth, fermentation kinetics and wine quality. In this work, we focused on the intra- and extracellular metabolomic changes of three aromatic amino acids (tryptophan, tyrosine, and phenylalanine) during alcoholic fermentation of two grape musts by two Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains and the sequential inoculation of Torulaspora delbrueckii with Saccharomyces cerevisiae. An UPLC-MS/MS method was used to monitor 33 metabolites, and 26 of them were detected in the extracellular samples and 8 were detected in the intracellular ones. The results indicate that the most intensive metabolomic changes occurred during the logarithm cellular growth phase and that pure S. cerevisiae fermentations produced higher amounts of N-acetyl derivatives of tryptophan and tyrosine and the off-odour molecule 2-aminoacetophenone. The sequentially inoculated fermentations showed a slower evolution and a higher production of metabolites linked to the well-known plant hormone indole acetic acid (auxin). -
102 4. Biosynthesis of Natural Products Derived from Shikimic Acid
102 4. Biosynthesis of Natural Products Derived from Shikimic Acid 4.1. Phenyl-Propanoid Natural Products (C6-C3) The biosynthesis of the aromatic amino acids occurs through the shikimic acid pathway, which is found in plants and microorganisms (but not in animals). We (humans) require these amino acids in our diet, since we are unable to produce them. For this reason, molecules that can inhibit enzymes on the shikimate pathway are potentially useful as antibiotics or herbicides, since they should not be toxic for humans. COO COO NH R = H Phenylalanine 3 R = OH Tyrosine R NH3 N Tryptophan H The aromatic amino acids also serve as starting materials for the biosynthesis of many interesting natural products. Here we will focus on the so-called phenyl-propanoide (C6-C3) natural products, e.g.: OH OH OH HO O HO OH HO O Chalcone OH O a Flavone OH O OH O a Flavonone OH OH Ar RO O O O HO O O OH O OR OH Anthocyanine OH O a Flavonol Podophyllotoxin MeO OMe OMe OH COOH Cinnamyl alcohol HO O O Cinnamic acid OH (Zimtsäure) Umbellierfone OH a Coumarin) MeO OH O COOH HO Polymerization OH Wood OH HO OH O OH MeO OMe Shikimic acid O HO 4.2. Shikimic acid biosynthesis The shikimic acid pathway starts in carbohydrate metabolism. Given the great social and industrial significance of this pathway, the enzymes have been intensively investigated. Here we will focus on the mechanisms of action of several key enzymes in the pathway. The following Scheme shows the pathway to shikimic acid: 103 COO- COO- Phosphoenolpyruvate HO COO- 2- O O3P-O 2- O3P-O DHQ-Synthase -
8.2 Shikimic Acid Pathway
CHAPTER 8 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORAromatic SALE OR DISTRIBUTION and NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Phenolic Compounds © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION CHAPTER OUTLINE Overview Synthesis and Properties of Polyketides 8.1 8.5 Synthesis of Chalcones © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 8.2 Shikimic Acid Pathway Synthesis of Flavanones and Derivatives NOT FOR SALE ORPhenylalanine DISTRIBUTION and Tyrosine Synthesis NOT FOR SALESynthesis OR DISTRIBUTION and Properties of Flavones Tryptophan Synthesis Synthesis and Properties of Anthocyanidins Synthesis and Properties of Isofl avonoids Phenylpropanoid Pathway 8.3 Examples of Other Plant Polyketide Synthases Synthesis of Trans-Cinnamic Acid Synthesis and Activity of Coumarins Lignin Synthesis Polymerization© Jonesof Monolignols & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Genetic EngineeringNOT FOR of Lignin SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Natural Products Derived from the 8.4 Phenylpropanoid Pathway Natural Products from Monolignols © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 119 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. -
Biosynthesis and Engineering of Cyclomarin and Cyclomarazine: Prenylated, Non-Ribosomal Cyclic Peptides of Marine Actinobacterial Origin
UC San Diego Research Theses and Dissertations Title Biosynthesis and Engineering of Cyclomarin and Cyclomarazine: Prenylated, Non-Ribosomal Cyclic Peptides of Marine Actinobacterial Origin Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/21b965z8 Author Schultz, Andrew W. Publication Date 2010 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO Biosynthesis and Engineering of Cyclomarin and Cyclomarazine: Prenylated, Non-Ribosomal Cyclic Peptides of Marine Actinobacterial Origin A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Oceanography by Andrew William Schultz Committee in charge: Professor Bradley Moore, Chair Professor Eric Allen Professor Pieter Dorrestein Professor William Fenical Professor William Gerwick 2010 Copyright Andrew William Schultz, 2010 All rights reserved. The Dissertation of Andrew William Schultz is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm and electronically: ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ Chair University of California, San Diego 2010 iii DEDICATION To my wife Elizabeth and our son Orion and To my parents Dale and Mary Thank you for your never ending love and support iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Signature Page .................................................................................................... -
The Degradation Op Phenylalanine, Tyrosine, And
/ THE DEGRADATION OP PHENYLALANINE, TYROSINE, AND RELATED AROMATIC COMPOUNDS BY A MARINE DIATOM AND A HAPTOPHYCEAN ALGA by ARTHUR FREDERICK LANDYMORE B.Sc., University of British Columbia, 1968 M.Sc., University of British Columbia, 1972 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in the Department of Botany We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UNTOHSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA March, 1976" In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and Study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the Head of my Department or by his representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. iii. ABSTRACT,, The degradation of phenylalanine and tyrosine was ex• amined in axenic cultures of Isochrysls galbana Parke and Navlcula lncerta Hustedt. Both species were able to metabolize L-phenylalanine and L-tyrosine as the sole nitrogen source, but severe growth Inhibition was observed for _I. galbana. No growth of I_. galbana was obtained on the D-isomers of these two amino acids, but N. lncerta was able to utilize both D- amino acids after an extended lag period. Analysis of the growth medium and the algal cells from non-radioactive and radioactive experiments never revealed cinnamic or p-coumaric acids. This suggested that phenyl• alanine and tyrosine ammonia-lyases (PAL and TAL) were not involved in the initial degradative step of either these amino acids. -
Biochemical Investigations in the Rare Disease Alkaptonuria: Studies on the Metabolome and the Nature of Ochronotic Pigment
Biochemical Investigations in the Rare Disease Alkaptonuria: Studies on the Metabolome and the Nature of Ochronotic Pigment Thesis submitted in accordance with the requirements of the University of Liverpool for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Brendan Paul Norman September 2019 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS It is hard to describe the journey this PhD has taken me on without reverting to well-worn clichés. There has been plenty of challenges along the way, but ultimately I can look back on the past four years with a great sense of pride, both in the work presented here and the skills I have developed. Equally important though are the relationships I have established. I have lots of people to thank for playing a part in this thesis. First, I would like to thank my supervisors, Jim Gallagher, Lakshminarayan Ranganath and Norman Roberts for giving me this fantastic opportunity. Your dedication to research into alkaptonuria (AKU) is inspiring and our discussions together have always been thoughtful and often offered fresh perspective on my work. It has been a pleasure to work under your supervision and your ongoing support and encouragement continues to drive me on. It has truly been a pleasure to be part of the AKU research group. Andrew Davison deserves a special mention - much of the highs and lows of our PhD projects have been experienced together. Learning LC-QTOF-MS was exciting (and continues to be) but equally daunting at the start of our projects (admittedly more so for me as a Psychology graduate turned mass spectrometrist!). I am very proud of what we have achieved together, largely starting from scratch on the instrument, and we are continuing to learn all the time. -
PBS3 Is the Missing Link in Plant-Specific Isochorismate
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/600692; this version posted April 19, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. PBS3 is the missing link in plant-specific isochorismate-derived salicylic acid biosynthesis Dmitrij Rekhter1, Daniel Lüdke2, Yuli Ding3, Kirstin Feussner1,4, Krzysztof Zienkiewicz1, 5 Volker Lipka5,6, Marcel Wiermer2,*, Yuelin Zhang3,*, Ivo Feussner1,7,* 1 University of Goettingen, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Department of Plant Biochemistry, Justus-von-Liebig Weg11, D-37077 Goettingen, Germany. 2 University of Goettingen, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, RG Molecular Biology of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, D-37077 Goettingen, 10 Germany. 3 University of British Columbia, Department of Botany, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. 4 University of Goettingen, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Service Unit for Metabolomics and Lipidomics, Justus-von-Liebig Weg11, D-37077 Goettingen, Germany. 15 5 University of Goettingen, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Department of Plant Cell Biology, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, D-37077 Goettingen, Germany. 6 University of Goettingen, Central Microscopy Facility of the Faculty of Biology & Psychology, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, D-37077 Goettingen, Germany. 7 University of Goettingen, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), 20 Department of Plant Biochemistry, Justus-von-Liebig Weg11, D-37077 Goettingen, Germany. *Corresponding author. Email: [email protected] (I.F.); [email protected] (M.W.); [email protected] (Y.Z.). 25 Abstract: The phytohormone salicylic acid (SA) is a central regulator of plant immunity. -
351 Section 2 General Information Concerning
SECTION 2 GENERAL INFORMATION CONCERNING THE GENES AND THEIR ENZYMES THAT CONFER TOLERANCE TO GLYPHOSATE HERBICIDE Summary Note This document summarises the information available on the source of the genes that have been used to construct glyphosate-tolerant transgenic plants, the nature of the enzymes they encode, and the effects of the enzymes on the plant’s metabolism. Scope of this document: OECD Member countries agreed to limit this document to a discussion of the introduced genes and resulting enzymes that confer glyphosate tolerance to plants. The document is not intended to be an encyclopaedic review of all scientific experimentation with glyphosate-tolerant plants. In addition, this document does not discuss the wealth of information available on the herbicide glyphosate itself or the uses of the herbicide in agricultural and other applications. Food safety aspects of the use of glyphosate on glyphosate-tolerant transgenic plants are not discussed. Such information is available from other sources, including the respective governmental organisations which regulate the use of the herbicide. While the focus of this document is on the genes and enzymes involved in encoding glyphosate tolerance, reference is not made to specific plant species into which glyphosate tolerance might be introduced. Any issues relating to the cultivation of glyphosate-tolerant plants or to the potential for, or potential effects of, gene transfer from a glyphosate-tolerant plant to another crop plant or to a wild relative are outside the agreed scope of this document. It is intended, however, that this document should be used in conjunction with specific plant species biology Consensus Documents (see list of publications at the front of the document) when a biosafety assessment is made of plants with novel glyphosate herbicide resistance. -
The Synthesis of Anthranilic Acid, Tryptophan, and Sulfenyl Chloride Analogues, and Enzymatic Studies
THE SYNTHESIS OF ANTHRANILIC ACID, TRYPTOPHAN, AND SULFENYL CHLORIDE ANALOGUES, AND ENZYMATIC STUDIES By Phanneth Som (Under the Direction of ROBERT S. PHILLIPS) Abstract This dissertation includes four chapters. Chapter 1 includes the introduction and literature review. Chapter 2 covers the enzymatic synthesis of tryptophan via anthranilic acid analogues. Chapter 3 covers the nitration and resolution of tryptophan and synthesis of tryptophan derivatives. Chapter 4 covers the synthesis of sulfenyl chloride derivatives. Tryptophan is important in many aspects in the studies of proteins and also serves as precursors for important compounds. The enzymatic synthesis of tryptophan analogues from anthranilic acid analogues is important and could provide a more efficient route for incorporation of non-canonical amino acids onto proteins. Nitration of tryptophan is also important because it provides a synthetic route for synthesizing other derivatives of tryptophan. Sulfenyl chloride derivatives can be used for labeling proteins and the tryptophan analogues can be determined by mass spectrometry analysis with proteins with a limited number of tryptophan residues makes this application useful. INDEX WORDS: Tryptophan, Anthranilic acid, Enzymatic synthesis, Non-canonical amino acid, Nitration, Sulfenyl chloride, Incorporation THE SYNTHESIS OF ANTHRANILIC ACID, TRYPTOPHAN, AND SULFENYL CHLORIDE ANALOGUES, AND ENZYMATIC STUDIES by Phanneth Som B.S., Georgia State University, 2003 A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of The University of Georgia in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY ATHENS, GEORGIA 2009 © 2009 Phanneth Som All Rights Reserved THE SYNTHESIS OF ANTHRANILIC ACID, TRYPTOPHAN, AND SULFENYL CHLORIDE ANALOGUES, AND ENZYMATIC STUDIES By Phanneth Som Major Professor: Robert S. -
Falsi Promotoren: Dr.Ir
f G /UfOo£fo\( ^° BACTERIAL FORMATION OF HYDROXYLATED AROMATIC COMPOUNDS CENTRALE LANDBOUWCATALOOUS 0000 0212 9613 falsi Promotoren: dr.ir. J.A.M, de Bont, hoogleraar in de industriële microbiologie dr.ir. J. Tramper, hoogleraar in de bioprocestechnologie puoj^o'. (Z oG W.J.J, van den Tweel BACTERIAL FORMATION OF HYDROXYLATED AROMATIC COMPOUNDS Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor in de landbouwwetenschappen, op gezag van de rector magnificus, dr. C.C. Oosterlee, in het openbaar te verdedigen op vrijdag 8 april 1988 des namiddags te vier uur in de aula van de Landbouwuniversiteit te Wageningen M'U2,si ^ssr* ^cS^'i l^ofe STELLINGEN 1. Zowel de resultaten als de conclusies van Tokarski et al. betreffende de vorming van (+)-2-aminobutyraat uit 2-ketobutyraat met behulp van een transaminase zijn ernstig aan bedenkingen onderhevig. - Tokarski, Z., Klei, H.E. & Berg, C.M. (1988). Biotechnol. Lett. 10,7-10 2. De door Tabak et al. veronderstelde aerobe groei op tetrachloor- methaan is principieel onjuist. - Tabak, H.H., Quave, S.A., Mashni, Cl. & Barth, E.F. (1981). J. Water Poll. Control Fed. 53,1503-1518 3. De veronderstelling van Nilsson et al., dat na activatie met tosylchloride alléén de primaire hydroxygroepen van agarose zijn gesulfoneerd, is gezien hun eigen onderzoeksresultaten onjuist. - Nilsson, K., Norrlöw, O. & Mosbach, K. (1981). Acta Chem. Scand. 35,19-27 4. Te vaak wordt vergeten dat ook toegepast onderzoek fundamenteel van karakter kan zijn. 5. Het feit dat Stevenson en Mandelstam geen benzaldehyde dehydro genase activiteit vonden in celvrije extracten van 4-hydroxyben- zoaat-gekweekte Pseudomonas putida A.3.12 cellen wordt niet veroorzaakt door instabiliteit van het benzaldehyde dehydrogenase.