Migration and Ethnic Diversity in the Soviet and Post-Soviet Space
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SCTIW Review
SCTIW Review Journal of the Society for Contemporary Thought and the Islamicate World ISSN: 2374-9288 February 21, 2017 David Brophy, Uyghur Nation: Reform and Revolution on the Russia-China Frontier, Harvard University Press, 2016, 386 pp., $39.95 US (hbk), ISBN 9780674660373. Since the 1980s, Western scholarship on modern Chinese history has moved away from the narrative of a tradition-bound Middle Kingdom reacting to the dynamism of Japan and the West. A “China-centered” view of modern Chinese history has by now become standard, much to the benefit of historical research.1 In more recent years, Anglophone scholarship on Central Asia has increasingly assumed a comparable orientation, combining indigenous and imperial sources to recenter modern Central Asian history around Central Asian actors. David Brophy’s Uyghur Nation: Reform and Revolution on the Russia-China Frontier, the culmination of a decade of research, represents a major advance in this regard. In a wide- ranging study, Brophy carefully reconstructs the interplay of local elites, intellectuals, community, and state from which the contemporary Uyghur nation emerged: a Uyghur- centered view of modern Uyghur history.2 On the basis of extensive archival, published, and manuscript sources, Brophy has written the fullest and most convincing account to date of the twentieth-century development of the Uyghur national concept. Synthesizing intellectual and political history, he puts persuasively to rest the frequent assertion that modern Uyghur identity was imposed from above by Soviet bureaucrats and passively adopted by its designated subjects. Brophy demonstrates that the Uyghur national idea, and the bureaucratic reification of that idea, emerged from complex negotiations between proto-Uyghur elites and intellectuals, ethnographers of various backgrounds, and Soviet officials on the local and national level. -
Status of Russian Ethnic Minority in Independent Tajikistan
Status of Russian Ethnic Minority in Independent Tajikistan DISSERTATION Submitted to the University of Kashmir in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Master of Philosophy (M. Phil) In History By Farooq Ahmad Rather Under the Supervision of Prof. Aijaz A. Bandey CENTRE OF CENTRAL ASIAN STUDIES University of Kashmir, Srinagar- 190006 JAMMU AND KASHMIR, INDIA September, 2012 Centre of Central Asian Studies University of Kashmir, Srinagar “A” Grade NAAC Accredited CERTIFICATE Certified that the thesis entitled “Status of Russian Ethnic Minority in Independent Tajikistan” submitted by Farooq Ahmad Rather for the Degree of M. Phil in the discipline of History is an original piece of research work. This work has not been submitted fully or partially so far anywhere for the award of any degree. The scholar worked under my supervision on whole time basis for the period required under statues and has put in the required attendance in the Centre. Prof. Aijaz A. Bandey (Supervisor) Countersigned (Prof. G. R. Jan) Director Declaration I solemnly declare that the Dissertation entitled “Status of Russian Ethnic Minority in Independent Tajikistan” submitted by me in the discipline of History under the supervision of Prof. Aijaz A. Bandey embodies my own contribution. This work, which does not contain piracy, has not been submitted, so far, anywhere for the award of any degree. Dated Signature 5 October 2012 Farooq Ahmad Rather CCAS University of Kashmir, Srinagar CONTENTS Page No. Preface i Chapter-I Introduction 1 -
Migration and the Transformation of Multiethnic Population Structure in the Kaliningrad Region of the Post-Soviet Era Zimovina, E
www.ssoar.info Migration and the transformation of multiethnic population structure in the Kaliningrad region of the post-Soviet era Zimovina, E. P. Veröffentlichungsversion / Published Version Zeitschriftenartikel / journal article Empfohlene Zitierung / Suggested Citation: Zimovina, E. P. (2014). Migration and the transformation of multiethnic population structure in the Kaliningrad region of the post-Soviet era. Baltic Region, 2, 86-99. https://doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2014-2-7 Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Dieser Text wird unter einer Free Digital Peer Publishing Licence This document is made available under a Free Digital Peer zur Verfügung gestellt. Nähere Auskünfte zu den DiPP-Lizenzen Publishing Licence. For more Information see: finden Sie hier: http://www.dipp.nrw.de/lizenzen/dppl/service/dppl/ http://www.dipp.nrw.de/lizenzen/dppl/service/dppl/ Diese Version ist zitierbar unter / This version is citable under: https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-51260-4 Migration This paper analyses migration processes MIGRATION and their influence on the transformation of AND THE TRANSFORMATION multiethnic population structure in the Kali- OF MULTIETHNIC ningrad region. The author uses official stati- stics (current statistics and census data), as POPULATION STRUCTURE well as interviews with the representatives of IN THE KALININGRAD ethnic cultural associations as information REGION sources. Special attention is paid to the mi- gration features associated with different OF THE POST-SOVIET ERA ethnic groups. The author identifies major reasons behind the incoming and outgoing movement of population. In the post-Soviet period the Kaliningrad region has experien- * E. Zimovina ced positive net migration. This active migra- tion into the region has contributed to the de- velopment of “migration networks” and es- tablished a new basis for further population increase through migration. -
The University of Chicago Old Elites Under Communism: Soviet Rule in Leninobod a Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the Di
THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO OLD ELITES UNDER COMMUNISM: SOVIET RULE IN LENINOBOD A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE DIVISION OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCES IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY BY FLORA J. ROBERTS CHICAGO, ILLINOIS JUNE 2016 TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures .................................................................................................................... iii List of Tables ...................................................................................................................... v Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................ vi A Note on Transliteration .................................................................................................. ix Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter One. Noble Allies of the Revolution: Classroom to Battleground (1916-1922) . 43 Chapter Two. Class Warfare: the Old Boi Network Challenged (1925-1930) ............... 105 Chapter Three. The Culture of Cotton Farms (1930s-1960s) ......................................... 170 Chapter Four. Purging the Elite: Politics and Lineage (1933-38) .................................. 224 Chapter Five. City on Paper: Writing Tajik in Stalinobod (1930-38) ............................ 282 Chapter Six. Islam and the Asilzodagon: Wartime and Postwar Leninobod .................. 352 Chapter Seven. The -
Welfare Reforms in Post-Soviet States: a Comparison
WELFARE REFORMS IN POST-SOVIET STATES: A COMPARISON OF SOCIAL BENEFITS REFORM IN RUSSIA AND KAZAKHSTAN by ELENA MALTSEVA A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Department of Political Science University of Toronto © Copyright by Elena Maltseva (2012) Welfare Reforms in Post-Soviet States: A Comparison of Social Benefits Reform in Russia and Kazakhstan Elena Maltseva Doctor of Philosophy Political Science University of Toronto (2012) Abstract: Concerned with the question of why governments display varying degrees of success in implementing social reforms, (judged by their ability to arrive at coherent policy outcomes), my dissertation aims to identify the most important factors responsible for the stagnation of social benefits reform in Russia, as opposed to its successful implementation in Kazakhstan. Given their comparable Soviet political and economic characteristics in the immediate aftermath of Communism’s disintegration, why did the implementation of social benefits reform succeed in Kazakhstan, but largely fail in Russia? I argue that although several political and institutional factors did, to a certain degree, influence the course of social benefits reform in these two countries, their success or failure was ultimately determined by the capacity of key state actors to frame the problem and form an effective policy coalition that could further the reform agenda despite various political and institutional obstacles and socioeconomic challenges. In the case of Kazakhstan, the successful implementation of the social benefits reform was a result of a bold and skillful endeavour by Kazakhstani authorities, who used the existing conditions to justify the reform initiative and achieve the reform’s original objectives. -
Birth of Tajikistan : National Identity and the Origins of the Republic
THE BIRTH OF TAJIKISTAN i THE BIRTH OF TAJIKISTAN ii THE BIRTH OF TAJIKISTAN For Suzanne Published in 2007 by I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd 6 Salem Road, London W2 4BU 175 Fifth Avenue, New York NY 10010 www.ibtauris.com In the United States of America and Canada distributed by Palgrave Macmillan a division of St. Martin's Press, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York NY 10010 Copyright © Paul Bergne The right of Paul Bergne to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted by the author in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patent Act 1988. All rights reserved. Except for brief quotations in a review, this book, or any part thereof, may not be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. International Library of Central Asian Studies 1 ISBN: 978 1 84511 283 7 A full CIP record for this book is available from the British Library A full CIP record is available from the Library of Congress Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: available Printed and bound in India by Replika Press Pvt. Ltd From camera-ready copy edited and supplied by the author THE BIRTH OF TAJIKISTAN v CONTENTS Abbreviations vii Transliteration ix Acknowledgements xi Maps. Central Asia c 1929 xii Central Asia c 1919 xiv Introduction 1 1. Central Asian Identities before 1917 3 2. The Turkic Ascendancy 15 3. The Revolution and After 20 4. The Road to Soviet Power 28 5. -
Enemies of the People
Enemies of the people Gerhard Toewsy Pierre-Louis V´ezinaz February 15, 2019 Abstract Enemies of the people were the millions of intellectuals, artists, businessmen, politicians, professors, landowners, scientists, and affluent peasants that were thought a threat to the Soviet regime and were sent to the Gulag, i.e. the system of forced labor camps throughout the Soviet Union. In this paper we look at the long-run consequences of this dark re-location episode. We show that areas around camps with a larger share of enemies among prisoners are more prosperous today, as captured by night lights per capita, firm productivity, wages, and education. Our results point in the direction of a long-run persistence of skills and a resulting positive effect on local economic outcomes via human capital channels. ∗We are grateful to J´er^omeAdda, Cevat Aksoy, Anne Applebaum, Sam Bazzi, Sascha Becker, Catagay Bircan, Richard Blundell, Eric Chaney, Sam Greene, Sergei Guriev, Tarek Hassan, Alex Jaax, Alex Libman, Stephen Lovell, Andrei Markevich, Tatjana Mikhailova, Karan Nagpal, Elena Nikolova, Judith Pallot, Elena Paltseva, Elias Papaioannou, Barbara Petrongolo, Rick van der Ploeg, Hillel Rappaport, Ferdinand Rauch, Ariel Resheff, Lennart Samuelson, Gianluca Santoni, Helena Schweiger, Ragnar Torvik, Michele Valsecchi, Thierry Verdier, Wessel Vermeulen, David Yaganizawa-Drott, Nate Young, and Ekaterina Zhuravskaya. We also wish to thank seminar participants at the 2017 Journees LAGV at the Aix-Marseille School of Economics, the 2017 IEA Wold Congress in Mexico City, the 2017 CSAE conference at Oxford, the 2018 DGO workshop in Berlin, the 2018 Centre for Globalisation Research workshop at Queen Mary, the Migration workshop at CEPII in Paris, the Dark Episodes workshop at King's, and at SSEES at UCL, NES in Moscow, Memorial in Moscow, ISS-Erasmus University in The Hague, the OxCarre brownbag, the QPE lunch at King's, the Oxford hackaton, Saint Petersburg State University, SITE in Stockholm, and at the EBRD for their comments and suggestions. -
8 Famine Losses in Ukraine in 1932 to 1933 Within the Context of the Soviet
1 8 Famine losses in Ukraine in 1932 2 3 to 1933 within the context of the 4 Soviet Union 5 6 7 Omelian Rudnytskyi, Nataliia Levchuk, 8 Oleh Wolowyna and Pavlo Shevchuk 9 10 11 12 Introduction 13 14 Although the 1932/1933 famine in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) 15 was one of the largest European catastrophes of the twentieth century, its magni- 16 tude is still not widely known.1 For many years, the Soviet government tried to 17 minimise its scope and blame it on natural causes. The famine’s occurrence and its 18 man- made nature are now generally accepted facts. However, one issue still in 19 dispute is the level of population losses due to the famine experienced in different 20 regions of the Soviet Union. This is especially the case for Ukraine, where estim- 21 ates of excess famine deaths vary between 2.6 and 5.0 million.2 To illustrate the 22 difficulty of the task, the estimates of one researcher, Maksudov, have varied from 23 one attempt to the next: 4.4 million and then 3.6 million.3 24 One reason for these variations is the earlier limited access to relevant data, 25 forcing researchers to use methods based on assumptions that were difficult to 26 verify. Initial estimates were based on general demographic indicators and 27 historical documents, as well as on the demographic balance method.4 Once data 28 from the 1926, 1937 and 1939 Soviet censuses and the time series of vital statis- 29 tics and migration data became fully accessible, researchers were able to apply 30 the more effective population reconstruction method that allows for estimating 31 direct (excess deaths), indirect (lost births) and migration losses by year, sex and 32 age. -
Archimandrite Sebastian Dabovich. Archimandrite Sebastian Dabovich
Photo courtesy Alaska State Library, Michael Z. Vinokouroff Collection P243-1-082. Archimandrite Sebastian Dabovich. Sebastian Archimandrite Archimandrite Sebastian Dabovich. Archimandrite Sebastian Dabovich SERBIAN ORTHODOX APOSTLE TO AMERICA by Hieromonk Damascene . A A U S during the presidency of Abraham Lincoln, Archimandrite B Sebastian Dabovich has the distinction of being the first person born in the United States of America to be ordained as an Orthodox priest, 1 and also the first native-born American to be tonsured as an Orthodox monk. His greatest distinction, however, lies in the tremen- dous apostolic, pastoral, and literary work that he accomplished dur- ing the forty-eight years of his priestly ministry. Known as the “Father of Serbian Orthodoxy in America,” 2 he was responsible for the found- ing of the first Serbian churches in the New World. This, however, was only one part of his life’s work, for he tirelessly and zealously sought to spread the Orthodox Faith to all peoples, wherever he was called. He was an Orthodox apostle of universal significance. Describing the vast scope of Fr. Sebastian’s missionary activity, Bishop Irinej (Dobrijevic) of Australia and New Zealand has written: 1 Alaskan-born priests were ordained before Fr. Sebastian, but this was when Alaska was still part of Russia. 2 Mirko Dobrijevic (later Irinej, Bishop of Australia and New Zealand), “The First American Serbian Apostle—Archimandrite Sebastian Dabovich,” Again, vol. 16, no. 4 (December 1993), pp. 13–14. THE ORTHODOX WORD “Without any outside funding or organizational support, he carried the gospel of peace from country to country…. -
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS in the SOVIET UNION: a COMPARATIVE APPROACH * T~Omas E
1967] FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS IN THE SOVIET UNION: A COMPARATIVE APPROACH * T~omAs E. TowE t INTRODUCTION The Soviet Constitution guarantees many of the same funda- mental rights as are guaranteed in the Constitution of the United States, plus several others as well. Indeed, these rights are described in greater detail and appear on their face to be safeguarded more emphatically in the Soviet Constitution. However, the mere existence of constitutional provisions for fundamental rights does not necessarily guarantee that those rights will be protected. Western scholars often point to discrepancies between rhetorical phrases in the Soviet Con- stitution and actual practices in the area of fundamental rights.' Soviet legal scholars insist, however, that such criticism should be aimed instead at Western constitutions. Andrei Vyshinsky has stated that it is precisely in the area of fundamental rights that "the contra- dictions between reality and the rights proclaimed by the bourgeois constitutions [are] particularly sharp." 2 Soviet legal scholars claim that bourgeois laws are replete with reservations and loopholes which largely negate their effectiveness in protecting fundamental rights generally, and those of the working man in particular.3 There is undoubtedly some truth in both claims, for, as Professor Berman has stated, "The striking fact is that in the protection of human rights, the Soviet system is strong where ours is weak, just as it is weak where ours is strong." 4 The full impact of this statement can only be understood by comparing the different approaches which * The author wishes to acknowledge the helpful comments and suggestions of Dr. Branko M. -
A History of Russian and Soviet Censuses
Chapter 3 A History of Russian and Soviet Censuses LEE SCHWARTZ Many of the problems associated with the use of Russian and Soviet census data, as described in later chapters in this volume, derive from the historical and political context in which the different enumerations were conducted and the state of the art of census-taking at those times. Although the earlier enumerations were less technically sophisticated and less accurate than more recent ones, the availability of published figures has been increasingly curtailed in those censuses taken just before and after World War II. The following chronological review of census-taking procedures in Russia and the USSR addresses issues such as the organization of the census-taking apparatus; the conducting of individual censuses; the completeness of the count; and some of the methodologi cal, statistical , and political difficulties involved in presenting the results. Analysis of results, instructions to census takers , definitional issues, and questionnaire comparisons will be dealt with here in an overall sense; the individual chapters that follow discuss these topics in more detail as they relate to the utilization of various categories of census data. In addition to works cited in this chapter, the reader may want to consult the excellent bibliographies in Lorimer (1946) and Dubester (1969). Prerevolutionary Population Counts Historical Background The earliest censuses, in Russia and throughout Europe, were conducted by feudal principalities primarily to determine the population eligible for taxation or military service and, therefore , typically left out women and children. Population counts were taken for taxation purposes in the lands of Novgorod and Kievan Rus as far back as the eighth century. -
Russia's Peacetime Demographic Crisis
the national bureau of asian research nbr project report | may 2010 russia’s peacetime demographic crisis: Dimensions, Causes, Implications By Nicholas Eberstadt ++ The NBR Project Report provides access to current research on special topics conducted by the world’s leading experts in Asian affairs. The views expressed in these reports are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of other NBR research associates or institutions that support NBR. The National Bureau of Asian Research is a nonprofit, nonpartisan research institution dedicated to informing and strengthening policy. NBR conducts advanced independent research on strategic, political, economic, globalization, health, and energy issues affecting U.S. relations with Asia. Drawing upon an extensive network of the world’s leading specialists and leveraging the latest technology, NBR bridges the academic, business, and policy arenas. The institution disseminates its research through briefings, publications, conferences, Congressional testimony, and email forums, and by collaborating with leading institutions worldwide. NBR also provides exceptional internship opportunities to graduate and undergraduate students for the purpose of attracting and training the next generation of Asia specialists. NBR was started in 1989 with a major grant from the Henry M. Jackson Foundation. Funding for NBR’s research and publications comes from foundations, corporations, individuals, the U.S. government, and from NBR itself. NBR does not conduct proprietary or classified research. The organization undertakes contract work for government and private-sector organizations only when NBR can maintain the right to publish findings from such work. To download issues of the NBR publications, please visit the NBR website http://www.nbr.org.