DOCSLIB.ORG

8 Famine Losses in Ukraine in 1932 to 1933 Within the Context of the Soviet

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
8 Famine Losses in Ukraine in 1932 to 1933 Within the Context of the Soviet 1 8 Famine losses in Ukraine in 1932 2 3 to 1933 within the context of the 4 Soviet Union 5 6 7 Omelian Rudnytskyi, Nataliia Levchuk, 8 Oleh Wolowyna and Pavlo Shevchuk 9 10 11 12 Introduction 13 14 Although the 1932/1933 famine in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) 15 was one of the largest European catastrophes of the twentieth century, its magni- 16 tude is still not widely known.1 For many years, the Soviet government tried to 17 minimise its scope and blame it on natural causes. The famine’s occurrence and its 18 man- made nature are now generally accepted facts. However, one issue still in 19 dispute is the level of population losses due to the famine experienced in different 20 regions of the Soviet Union. This is especially the case for Ukraine, where estim- 21 ates of excess famine deaths vary between 2.6 and 5.0 million.2 To illustrate the 22 difficulty of the task, the estimates of one researcher, Maksudov, have varied from 23 one attempt to the next: 4.4 million and then 3.6 million.3 24 One reason for these variations is the earlier limited access to relevant data, 25 forcing researchers to use methods based on assumptions that were difficult to 26 verify. Initial estimates were based on general demographic indicators and 27 historical documents, as well as on the demographic balance method.4 Once data 28 from the 1926, 1937 and 1939 Soviet censuses and the time series of vital statis- 29 tics and migration data became fully accessible, researchers were able to apply 30 the more effective population reconstruction method that allows for estimating 31 direct (excess deaths), indirect (lost births) and migration losses by year, sex and 32 age. Full population reconstructions were done by Andreev et al. for the Soviet 33 Union as a whole in 1920 to 1959 and the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist 34 Republic in 1927 to 1958, and by Vallin et al. and Mesle et al. for the Ukrainian 35 Soviet Socialist Republic in 1927 to 1958.5 Another reason for variation in 36 estimates is the confounding effect of migration. If net migration for a republic 37 or region is measured incorrectly, the population change attributed to excess 38 deaths may be over- or underestimated. A third reason is that many of the offi- 39 cial statistics have serious data quality problems, and their use without relevant 40 adjustments is likely to introduce significant biases in the loss estimates. 41 The 1932/1933 famine affected different regions of the Soviet Union, and 42 previous research on famine losses focused mainly on the Soviet Union as a 43 whole and on specific republics: Russia, Ukraine and Kazakhstan. Up until now 44 no attempt has been made to estimate famine losses in all former Soviet 45 395 08 Famines 08.indd 192 13/2/15 09:58:50 Famine losses in Ukraine in 1932/1933 193 1 republics and evaluate losses in Ukraine in comparison to the other republics. 2 Our results are based on population reconstructions for all 11 former Soviet 3 republics and the Prydnistrovia (Transdnister) region, after the quality of all data 4 was carefully evaluated and relevant adjustments were made where needed. 5 6 Data 7 8 All the Soviet republics were analysed within their current international borders 9 and original data were recalculated to conform to these territorial definitions 10 because: (1) during the 1926 to 1939 intercensal period several Soviet republics 11 underwent significant border changes, and borders in 1926 are not consistent 12 with borders in 1939; (2) our reconstruction of Russia is based on the work of 13 Andreev et al. and they used Russia within its current borders; (3) this is consist- 14 ent with common statistical practice, where analysis of data from previous cen- 15 suses is made consistent with data from the latest census.6 16 Ukraine includes 17 of the current oblasts and the Autonomous Republic of 17 Crimea, as well as the seven western oblasts and the southwestern part of the 18 Odesa oblast that were not part of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic 19 (UkrSSR) during the 1927 to 1938 period. Also excluded from Ukraine is the 20 region of Prydnistrovia, which belonged to the UkrSSR in 1924 to 1940 and 21 became part of Moldova in 1940. Belarus is analysed within its 17 September 22 1939 borders; that is, without western Belarus. Russia is defined as it existed 23 within its 1939 borders, excluding Crimea, and all the other republics are ana- 24 lysed within their current borders. In order to simplify the presentation of results 25 for 11 republics and one region, the seven Asian republics are aggregated into 26 two regions: Transcaucasus (Armenia, Georgia and Azerbaijan) and Central Asia 27 (Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan and Tajikistan), as results for the repub- 28 lics in each of these two regions are fairly similar. Thus, although analyses were 29 performed for each individual republic, the results are presented for the USSR as 30 a whole, and the seven regions of Russia, Ukraine, Prydnistrovia, Belarus, Kaza- 31 khstan, Central Asia and Transcaucasus. 32 One of the challenges for a comprehensive analysis of the USSR and its repub- 33 lics is the unevenness of available demographic data in terms of existence, com- 34 pleteness and quality. A detailed summary of birth, death and migration data 35 availability by country and region is presented in Table 8.1. The Soviet censuses of 36 1926 and 1939 provide the necessary population information by age, sex and ethni- 37 city, although they require adjustments (see below). Complete annual migration data 38 are available only for the urban populations of all republics. Vital statistics range 39 from very complete for Ukraine to very limited for Kazakhstan and Central Asia. In 40 the case of Ukraine, access was gained to the research manuscripts of the Ukrainian 41 demographer Yurii Korchak- Chepurkivskyi (archives of Korchak- Chepurkivskyi), 42 which allowed us to complete the time series of vital statistics for the 1930 to 1932 43 period, since the original data were destroyed.7 In order to take advantage of data 44 that were only available for urban and/or rural areas, all analysis was done by urban- 45 rural areas for each republic and then aggregated on the national level. 395 08 Famines 08.indd 193 13/2/15 09:58:50 395 08Famines 08.indd 194 Table 8.1 Summary of available Soviet birth, death and migration data, 1926 to 1939 Data USS Belarus Transcaucasus Kazakhstan Russia Central Asia Ukraine Births: Total Yearly Yearly Yearly Yearly Estimated totals Yearly1 1926–19283 Yearly1 1932–19334 1926–19283 1932–19333 By urban-rural Yearly1 Yearly1 1936–19391 1936–19401 Yearly1 1936–19381 Yearly1 By age of mother 1939 1939 1939 1939 1939 Yearly2 By nationalities 1926, 1939 1939 1939 1926, 1939 1939 Yearly By age of mother and nationalities 1939 1939 1939 1939 1939 1939 Yearly2 Births by month 1936–1939 Yearly 1936–1939 1936–1939 Yearly 1936–1939 Yearly By age of mother4 (indirect estimation) NA NA Yearly Yearly NA Yearly NA Deaths: Total Yearly Yearly Yearly Yearly Estimated totals Yearly1 19263 19283 Yearly1,3 1932–19333 1926–19283 1932–19333 By urban-rural Yearly1 Yearly1 1936–19391 1936–19391 Yearly1 1936–19391 Yearly By age and sex 1939 1926, 1939 1926, 1939 1939 1926, 1939 1939 Yearly2 By nationalities 1926, 1939 1939 1939 1926, 1939 1939 Yearly Deaths by month 1936–1939 Yearly 1936–39 1936–39 Yearly 1936–1939 Yearly Life tables: Calculated by authors and 1926–1927 1926–1927 1926–1927 1926–1927 1938–19395 1924–19317 (Europe part) (Europe part) different researchers 1938–1939 1927–396 1927–19388 1938–1939 Migration: Urban migration by origin: destination, Yearly Yearly Yearly Yearly Yearly Yearly Yearly age-sex 13/2/15 09:58:50 Migration of special groups Yearly Yearly Yearly 45 44 43 42 41 40 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Famine losses in Ukraine in 1932/1933 195 1 Adjustment of census data 2 The 1926 and 1939 censuses have problems typical of most censuses at that 3 time, and the results of the 1939 census were also affected by deliberate falsifi- 4 cations by the Soviet government, which attempted to hide the effects of the 5 1932/1933 famine and political repressions in 1937/1938.8 Detailed adjustments 6 were made to correct these problems. 7 Adjustments of the 1926 census consisted of: (1) the redistribution of military 8 and border personnel to different republics (to align the de jure 1926 data with the 9 de facto 1939 census data); (2) adjustment for significant undercounting of women 10 aged eight to 27 in republics with large Muslim populations and of children aged 0 11 to two in all republics; (3) redistribution of persons with unknown age; and (4) 12 application of smoothing techniques to address serious digit preference problems. 13 These modifications increased the overall USSR population by 1.1 per cent, by less 14 than 1.0 per cent for the European republics and between 2.4 and 3.0 per cent for 15 Kazakhstan, Transcaucasus and Central Asia (Table 8.2). 16 The 1939 census was falsified in three major ways. First, individual records 17 of special populations – armed forces, secret police, prisoners in concentration 18 camps, civilian support populations in the camps – were reassigned during data 19 processing to other republics in order to hide their large concentrations in north- 20 ern and eastern Russia and Kazakhstan.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Migration and the Transformation of Multiethnic Population Structure in the Kaliningrad Region of the Post-Soviet Era Zimovina, E
    www.ssoar.info Migration and the transformation of multiethnic population structure in the Kaliningrad region of the post-Soviet era Zimovina, E. P. Veröffentlichungsversion / Published Version Zeitschriftenartikel / journal article Empfohlene Zitierung / Suggested Citation: Zimovina, E. P. (2014). Migration and the transformation of multiethnic population structure in the Kaliningrad region of the post-Soviet era. Baltic Region, 2, 86-99. https://doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2014-2-7 Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Dieser Text wird unter einer Free Digital Peer Publishing Licence This document is made available under a Free Digital Peer zur Verfügung gestellt. Nähere Auskünfte zu den DiPP-Lizenzen Publishing Licence. For more Information see: finden Sie hier: http://www.dipp.nrw.de/lizenzen/dppl/service/dppl/ http://www.dipp.nrw.de/lizenzen/dppl/service/dppl/ Diese Version ist zitierbar unter / This version is citable under: https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-51260-4 Migration This paper analyses migration processes MIGRATION and their influence on the transformation of AND THE TRANSFORMATION multiethnic population structure in the Kali- OF MULTIETHNIC ningrad region. The author uses official stati- stics (current statistics and census data), as POPULATION STRUCTURE well as interviews with the representatives of IN THE KALININGRAD ethnic cultural associations as information REGION sources. Special attention is paid to the mi- gration features associated with different OF THE POST-SOVIET ERA ethnic groups. The author identifies major reasons behind the incoming and outgoing movement of population. In the post-Soviet period the Kaliningrad region has experien- * E. Zimovina ced positive net migration. This active migra- tion into the region has contributed to the de- velopment of “migration networks” and es- tablished a new basis for further population increase through migration.
    [Show full text]
  • A History of Russian and Soviet Censuses
    Chapter 3 A History of Russian and Soviet Censuses LEE SCHWARTZ Many of the problems associated with the use of Russian and Soviet census data, as described in later chapters in this volume, derive from the historical and political context in which the different enumerations were conducted and the state of the art of census-taking at those times. Although the earlier enumerations were less technically sophisticated and less accurate than more recent ones, the availability of published figures has been increasingly curtailed in those censuses taken just before and after World War II. The following chronological review of census-taking procedures in Russia and the USSR addresses issues such as the organization of the census-taking apparatus; the conducting of individual censuses; the completeness of the count; and some of the methodologi­ cal, statistical , and political difficulties involved in presenting the results. Analysis of results, instructions to census takers , definitional issues, and questionnaire comparisons will be dealt with here in an overall sense; the individual chapters that follow discuss these topics in more detail as they relate to the utilization of various categories of census data. In addition to works cited in this chapter, the reader may want to consult the excellent bibliographies in Lorimer (1946) and Dubester (1969). Prerevolutionary Population Counts Historical Background The earliest censuses, in Russia and throughout Europe, were conducted by feudal principalities primarily to determine the population eligible for taxation or military service and, therefore , typically left out women and children. Population counts were taken for taxation purposes in the lands of Novgorod and Kievan Rus as far back as the eighth century.
    [Show full text]
  • Russia's Peacetime Demographic Crisis
    the national bureau of asian research nbr project report | may 2010 russia’s peacetime demographic crisis: Dimensions, Causes, Implications By Nicholas Eberstadt ++ The NBR Project Report provides access to current research on special topics conducted by the world’s leading experts in Asian affairs. The views expressed in these reports are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of other NBR research associates or institutions that support NBR. The National Bureau of Asian Research is a nonprofit, nonpartisan research institution dedicated to informing and strengthening policy. NBR conducts advanced independent research on strategic, political, economic, globalization, health, and energy issues affecting U.S. relations with Asia. Drawing upon an extensive network of the world’s leading specialists and leveraging the latest technology, NBR bridges the academic, business, and policy arenas. The institution disseminates its research through briefings, publications, conferences, Congressional testimony, and email forums, and by collaborating with leading institutions worldwide. NBR also provides exceptional internship opportunities to graduate and undergraduate students for the purpose of attracting and training the next generation of Asia specialists. NBR was started in 1989 with a major grant from the Henry M. Jackson Foundation. Funding for NBR’s research and publications comes from foundations, corporations, individuals, the U.S. government, and from NBR itself. NBR does not conduct proprietary or classified research. The organization undertakes contract work for government and private-sector organizations only when NBR can maintain the right to publish findings from such work. To download issues of the NBR publications, please visit the NBR website http://www.nbr.org.
    [Show full text]
  • About Fertility Data for Russia
    HUMAN FERTILITY DATABASE DOCUMENTATION: RUSSIA Author: Evgeny Andreev New Economic School, Moscow, Russia E-mail: [email protected] Last revision: 22 October 2020 Revised by Aiva Jasilioniene Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany E-mail: [email protected] Revised by Olga Grigorieva Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany E-mail: [email protected] Last revised by Inna Danilova Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany E-mail: [email protected] 1 General information The collection of vital statistics in Russia began at the end of the 19th century. The annual production of tables of birth numbers by age of the mother started in 1933. The production of tables of birth numbers by age of the mother and birth order started in 1944. From 1946 onwards, the quality of these data (in terms of completeness) is considered satisfactory. The territorial coverage is described in section 2 of this report. Tables of the female population split by age and parity are available from the population censuses of 1979, 1989, 2002, and 2010. The data proprietor is the state statistical system and its central agency, the Federal State Statistics Service (Rosstat), online at www.gks.ru. 1.1 Data sources Rosstat has provided the HFD with a major portion of the Russian fertility data. Specifically, these are data on the following: births by age of the mother and birth order for the 1959-2018 period; monthly birth numbers for the 1956-2018 period; census data on the female population by parity and age according to the censuses of 1979, 1989, 2002, and 2010.
    [Show full text]
  • Ethnic Violence in the Former Soviet Union Richard H
    Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2011 Ethnic Violence in the Former Soviet Union Richard H. Hawley Jr. (Richard Howard) Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES ETHNIC VIOLENCE IN THE FORMER SOVIET UNION By RICHARD H. HAWLEY, JR. A Dissertation submitted to the Political Science Department in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Degree Awarded: Fall Semester, 2011 Richard H. Hawley, Jr. defended this dissertation on August 26, 2011. The members of the supervisory committee were: Heemin Kim Professor Directing Dissertation Jonathan Grant University Representative Dale Smith Committee Member Charles Barrilleaux Committee Member Lee Metcalf Committee Member The Graduate School has verified and approved the above-named committee members, and certifies that the dissertation has been approved in accordance with university requirements. ii To my father, Richard H. Hawley, Sr. and To my mother, Catherine S. Hawley (in loving memory) iii AKNOWLEDGEMENTS There are many people who made this dissertation possible, and I extend my heartfelt gratitude to all of them. Above all, I thank my committee chair, Dr. Heemin Kim, for his understanding, patience, guidance, and comments. Next, I extend my appreciation to Dr. Dale Smith, a committee member and department chair, for his encouragement to me throughout all of my years as a doctoral student at the Florida State University. I am grateful for the support and feedback of my other committee members, namely Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Migration and Ethnic Diversity in the Soviet and Post-Soviet Space
    The London School of Economics and Political Science Migration and Ethnic Diversity in the Soviet and Post-Soviet Space Youngook Jang A thesis submitted to the Department of Economic History of the London School of Economics and Political Science for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy London, September 2018 1 Declaration I, Youngook Jang, certify that the thesis I have presented for examination for the MPhil/PhD degree of the London School of Economics and Political Science is solely my own work other than where I have clearly indicated that it is the work of others (in which case the extent of any work carried out jointly by me and any other person is clearly identified in it). The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. Quotation from it is permitted, provided that full acknowledgement is made. This thesis may not be reproduced without my prior written consent. I warrant that this authorisation does not, to the best of my belief, infringe the rights of any third party. I declare that my thesis consists of 42,588 words, including footnotes and tables, but excluding front matter, bibliography, and appendices. 2 Acknowledgement I have been lucky to have many people helping me finish one of the hardest challenges in my life – having Dr in front of my name. My main supervisor, Professor Chris Minns, has always been there when I sought his wise advice, which guided me in the right direction during the whole process of writing a PhD thesis. The second supervisor, Professor Oliver Volckart, has also given me useful and eye-opening comments, many of which I would not have thought up for myself.
    [Show full text]
  • Demographic Trends Among the Jews in the Three Post-Soviet
    Mark Tolts (Jerusalem) The Jews in the Three Post-Soviet Slavic Countries: Selected Population Trends* [Published in: W. Moskovich and L. Finberg (eds.), Jews and Slavs, Vol. 19. Jerusalem-Kiev: Hebrew University; [Ukrainian] Institute of Jewish Studies, 2008, pp. 200-208] To further the understanding of the current Jewish population trends in the three post-Soviet Slavic countries of the former Soviet Union (FSU) we have prepared new estimates of numerical dynamics. We shall study the aging of the Jewish population in the Russian Federation, Ukraine and Belarus based on the recently released results of post-Soviet censuses. Differentiations in and dynamics of higher education attainment among Jews remaining in these three FSU Slavic countries will also be examined. 1. Numerical Dynamics The numbers of Jews according to Soviet census data have been entirely dependent on the self-declaration of respondents. Conceptually, these numbers correspond to what has been defined as the “core” Jewish population (DellaPergola, 2002a). The “core” Jewish population is the aggregate of all those who, when asked, identify themselves as Jews or, in the case of children, are identified as such by their parents. It does not include persons of Jewish origin who reported another ethnicity in the census. A majority of scholars agree that Soviet census figures on Jewish ethnic nationality for adults correspond very closely with “legal” ethnic nationality as recorded in internal passports (see, e.g.: Altshuler, 1987; Gitelman, 1994). The last Soviet census was in 1989, giving us a good base against which to measure Jewish population decrease during the recent mass emigration.
    [Show full text]
  • Self-Determination Movements in the Former Soviet Union
    SOVEREIGNTY AFTER EMPIRE Self-Determination Movements in the Former Soviet Union Galina Starovoitova UNITED STATES INSTITUTE OF PEACE CONTENTS Key Points v Foreword ix 1 Introduction 1 2 Contemporary Nationalism and the Problem of Self-Determination 3 3 Hopes and Disappointments: Case Studies 9 4 Approaches of Decision Makers: Interviews with Mikhail Gorbachev, Jack Matlock, Sam Nunn, and Margaret Thatcher 30 5 Criteria for Self-Determination 36 6 Conclusion 39 Notes 41 Acknowledgments 43 About the Author 45 About the Institute 47 v on case studies and the observations of political lead- ers and top-level foreign policy officials. THE SIGNIFICANCE OF CONTEMPORARY NATIONALISM Contrary to the scenarios of global integration, nation- alism has not weakened in global society, but has, in KEY POINTS fact, gained strength. National feelings are rooted in the idea of a linguistic, religious, and psychological community based on the ancient kinship of the mem- bers of a given ethnic group. Only a powerful internal security apparatus could maintain the Soviet Union’s facade of a multinational socialist federation, so it is not surprising that the em- pire disintegrated upon communism’s discreditation. The Soviet republics exercised their right to secede soon after the August 1991 putsch. Holding a status below the union republics in the Soviet hierarchical system, autonomous territories were not so privileged. INTRODUCTION THE UNATTAINABLE RIGHT TO SELF- DETERMINATION The “right” to self-determination has recently reemerged as the focus of much debate, as its fulfill- At a time when ethnic groups are striving to affirm ment—or denial—quite often results in mass violence.
    [Show full text]
  • A Research Note on the Soviet Census of 1979
    FINAL REPORT TO NATIONAL COUNCIL FOR SOVIET AND EAST EUROPEAN RESEARC H TITLE : A Research Note on th e Soviet Census of 197 9 AUTHOR : Rasma Karklins CONTRACTOR : University of Chicag o PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR : Alexandre Bennigse n COUNCIL CONTRACT NUMBER : 620- 1 The work leading to this report was supported in whole or i n part from funds provided by the National Council for Sovie t and East European Research . ABSTRACT * This research note is an incidental byproduct of research o n ethnic relations in the USSR . Based upon the findings of analysi s of interviews with recent emigres from the USSR, the author warn s that Soviet census data in at least two categories, "nationality " and "native language", and perhaps other categories, should not b e taken at face value due to the likelihood of systematic bais intro- duced by census taking practices . Soviet Germans who had emigrated to the Federal Republic o f Germany in 1979 indicated that among their own ethnic group an d among some other minority nationalities in the USSR the popula- tion by "native language" and "nationality" may be under-state d in census data by reason of misinformation given to census takers . Such misinformation has a variety of causes and motives including , among others, a) consideration of career or better living condi- tions ; b) mixed marriages ; c) a negative image of particular eth- nic groups ; d) orphaned children ; and e) opportunity to emigrate . Among some groups the opposite also may hold true . Thus doubt i s raised about the validity of the frequently encountered argumen t that the generally high percentage of non-Russians who regar d their native language as that of their "nationality" indicates a low level of linguistic assimilation into Russian .
    [Show full text]
  • Research Guide to Russian and Soviet Censuses
    FINAL REPORT TO NATIONAL COUNCIL FOR SOVIET AND EAST EUROPEAN RESEARCH TITLE: Final Report Summary: RESEARCH GUIDE TO RUSSIAN AND SOVIET CENSUSES AUTHOR: RALPH S. CLEM, Editor CONTRACTOR: Florida International University PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Ralph S. Clem COUNCIL CONTRACT NUMBER: 627-2 DATE: April 23, 1984 The work leading to this report was supported in whole or in part from funds provided by the National Council for Soviet and East European Research. Research Guide to Russian and Soviet Censuses Executive Summary This Research Report describes a 400 page Research Guide to Russian and Soviet Censuses which is the product of a Council contract with Professor Ralph Clem at Florida Inter- national University. A full text of the Guide will be made available to individuals and offices of the Council's funding agencies upon request. It consists of two parts: (1) Eight papers containing an overview of Russian and Soviet censuses, descriptions of the state-of-the-art on topics for which census data are particularly useful, the associated problems, and the potential for further research; and (2) a detailed list and description of the contents of all major Russian and Soviet censuses since 1897 with an index to the census volumes locating data by subject. The Table of Contents of the Guide is at page iv of this Executive Summary. As is the case for most countries, the published censuses of Russia (1897) and the USSR (1926, 1959, 1970, and 1979) constitute by far the largest and potentially the most useful collection of data on that society. Modern Russian and Soviet enumerations since 1897 cover about one-sixth of the world's land area, and provide considerable information on the age and sex composition, ethnic and language identification, marriage and family structure, migration patterns, urban and rural residence, educational attainment and literacy levels, occupations, and other aspects of the country's population.
    [Show full text]
  • Demographic and Language Politics in the 1999 Kazakhstan Census
    DEMOGRAPHIC AND LANGUAGE POLITICS IN TH E 1999 KAZAKHSTAN CENSU S Bhavna Dave with Peter Sinnott Watson Institute, Brown University The National Council for Eurasian and East Europea n Research 910 17th Street, N .W . Suite 300 Washington, D .C. 20006 TITLE VIII PROGRAM Project Information* Sponsoring Institution : Brown University Principal Investigator : Dominique Are l Council Contract Number : 815-01g Date : January 30, 200 2 Copyright Informatio n Scholars retain the copyright (in works they submit to NCEEER . However, NCEEER possesse s the right to duplicate and disseminate such products, in written and electronic form, as follows : (a) for its internal use; (b) to the U .S. Government for its internal use or for dissemination to officials o f foreign governments ; and (c) for dissemination in accordance with the Freedom of Information Ac t or other law or policy of the U .S. government that grants the public access to documents held by th e U.S. government . Additionally, NCEEER has a royalty-free license to distribute and disseminate papers submitte d under the terms of its agreements to the general public, in furtherance of academic research , scholarship, and the advancement of general knowledge, on a non-profit basis . All paper s distributed or disseminated shall bear notice of copyright. Neither NCEEER, nor the U .S. Government, nor any recipient of a Contract product may use it for commercial sale . ' The work leading to this report was supported in part by contract or grant funds provided by the National Council fo r Eurasian and East European Research, Funds which were made available by the U .S .
    [Show full text]
  • Developments and Prospects for Population Statistics in Countries of the Former Soviet Union
    Current Item DEVELOPMENTS AND PROSPECTS FOR POPULATION STATISTICS IN COUNTRIES OF THE FORMER SOVIET UNION Barbara A. Anderson, Kalev Katus, and Brian D. Silver Copyright ©1994, Office of Population Research, Princeton University 4 Population Index 60(1):4-20. Spring 1994. DEVELOPMENTS AND PROSPECTS FOR POPULATION STATISTICS IN COUNTRIES OF THE FORMER SOVIET UNION * Barbara A. Anderson, Kalev Katus, and Brian D. Silver Abstract: This paper examines recent developments and prospects for population statistics in the former Soviet Union, whose dissolution provides both opportunities and problems. It is important for scholars to be aware of past limitations of Soviet data, since the formation of independent states has neither removed bureaucratic impediments to the production of high-quality data, nor has it led to a population more ready to answer questions fully. Temporarily at least, there is a decrease in the amount and comparability of available information, and in some instances, in its quality. We begin with an overview of the system used to gather population statistics in the former Soviet Union and its inherent problems. We then discuss the challenges faced by the newly independent countries and the changes they need to make to achieve global comparability, including a shift toward the use of standard international definitions and away from political restrictions on data availability. Introduction With the dissolution of the Soviet Union, a long-established system of accounting in population statistics has also dissolved. Now there is an opportunity for the governments of the successor states to rethink concepts and procedures and to adopt world standards and practices. This has created both challenges and problems.
    [Show full text]