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Univer^ Micrèïilms International 300 N INFORMATION TO USERS This was produced from a copy of a document sent to us for microfilming. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or notations which may appear on this reproduction. 1.The sign or “target” for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is “Missing Page(s)”. If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting through an image and duplicating adjacent pages to assure you of complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a round black mark it is an indication that the film inspector noticed either blurred copy because of movement during exposure, or duplicate copy. Unless we meant to delete copyrighted materials that should not have been filmed, you will find a good image of the page in the adjacent frame. If copyrighted materials were deleted you will find a target note listing the pages in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., is part of the material being photo­ graphed the photographer has followed a definite method in “sectioning” the material. It is customary to begin filming at the upper left hand corner of a large sheet and to continue from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. If necessary, sectioning is continued again—beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. For any illustrations that cannot be reproduced satisfactorily by xerography, photographic prints can be purchased at additional cost and tipped into your xerographic copy. Requests can be made to our Dissertations Customer Services Department. 5. Some pages in any document may have indistinct print. In all cases we have filmed the best available copy. Univer^ MicrÈïilms International 300 N. ZEEB BD., ANN ARBOR, Ml 48106 8129403 M a s k, Jo n a t h a n G r e e n f ie l d THE PRIVATE ZONE: A DEVELOPMENT IN SOVIET POLITICAL COMMUNICATION SINCE STALIN The University of Oklahoma PH.D. 1981 University Microfilms I ntern Sti 0 n a! 300 N. Zeeb R W . Am Arbor, MI 48106 Copyright 1981 by Mark, Jonathan Greenfield All Rights Reserved THE UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA GRADUATE COLLEGE THE PRIVATE ZONE: A DEVELOPMENT IN SOVIET POLITICAL COMMUNICATION SINCE STALIN A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE FACULTY in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY BY JONATHAN GREENFIELD MARK Norman, Oklahoma 1981 0 1981 JONATHAN GREENFIELD MARK ALL RIGHTS RESERVED THE PRIVATE ZONE: A DEVELOPMENT IN SOVIET POLITICAL COMMUNICATION SINCE STALIN APPROVED BY UaJ a. % COMMITTEE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This dissertation represents an attempt to break a small piece of new ground in the area of political communi­ cation. Nothing worthwhile is ever produced without over­ coming problems, and this research faced its share. There were all kinds of problems— conceptual, bureaucratic, insti­ tutional and financial. All of them eventually were resolved because a number of fine people took an exceptional interest in my work and took steps to remove the roadblocks. All of these people understood and supported me while others so often seemed to say, "what you want to do is impossible." Not necessarily in order of precedence, I am deeply grateful to the following people and organizations: Nathan Loshak, Executive Director of the Tulsa Jewish Community Council, Tulsa, Oklahoma; Lee Kalik and Maria Coughlin of the Jewish Family and Children Services of Kansas City, Missouri; Arnold Marks, Lorraine Stevens and Kyle Collins of the Jewish Family Service of Dallas, Texas; Mallory Robinson of the Jewish Family Service of Houston, Texas. These persons gave indispensable guidance and practical aid to the accomplisliment of the field work connected with this research. Professor Zvi Gitelman of the Department of Political Science at the University of Michigan and Vladislav Masur of the University of Oklahoma. These busy and most well-informed gentlemen graciously counseled me while I was formulating my research objectives and methods. Bob England of the Bureau of Govern­ ment Research at the University of Oklahoma made available his formidable skills at automatic data processing. Professor V. Stanley Vardys of the Department of Political Science at the University of Oklahoma, my adviser. Professor Vardys, a pure and dedicated scholar, faced all of the problems with me and he personally vanquished several of the most difficult ones. If there is any balance in my analysis or precision in my writing, it is because of the keen eye, sharp pencil and good judgment of Professor Vardys. Finally, the Soviet Jewish respondents themselves. I am indebted to them for their courage and their candor. But most of all, I appreciate the trust they showed to me— to a stranger to them in a new and bewildering land called America. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES INTRODUCTION. SCOPE AND PURPOSE, DEFINITIONS, ORGANIZATION................. Chapter PART I 1. CONSIDERATIONS OF INDIVIDUALISM ............ 16 2. INDIVIDUALISM AND INFORMATION ............... 29 3. SYSTEMIC CONSIDERATIONS ..................... 41 4. INSTITUTIONAL CONSIDERATIONS................. 50 5. GROUP CONSIDERATIONS......................... 69 6. THE CURRENT EMIGRATION OF SOVIET.JEWS . 80 7. CONSIDERATIONS OF ANTISEMITISM, ASSIMILATION AND ACCULTURATION ......................... 101 8. THE PRIVATE ZONE AS A "WHITE-BELT" PHENOMENON . 117 PART II 9. RESEARCH METHODS AND THE DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTER­ ISTICS OF THE RESPONDENTS..................... 124 10. LISTENING HABITS AND "READING BETWEEN THE LINES".......................................... 140 11. DISCUSSION VARIABLES AND THE PRIVATE ZONE . 157 12. DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES AND THE PRIVATE ZONE. 186 CONCLUSION.............................................. 203 BIBLIOGRAPHY .......... 219 APPENDIX A. LETTER OF INTRODUCTION..................... 224 APPENDIX B. RESPONSE FORM FROM POTENTIAL RESPONDENT . 229 232 VI LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Social Class Patterns of Exposure to Communications Media ......................... 33 2. Percent Frequently Using Various Communications Media by Social Group eind Anti-Soviet Senti­ ment S c o r e ................................... 35 3. International Information: Preference of Radio/Television Audience..................... 56 4. Overall Listening to Foreign Radio (Emigrants) . 59 5. Jewish Emigration from the USSR, 1976-78, by Republic................................... 82 6. Emigration in 1976-78 by Principal Place of Origin...................................... 91 7. Detroit (1976) Immigrants: Last Place of Residence in USSR............................. 94 8. Detroit (1976) Immigrants : Levels of Education. 94 9. Detroit (1976) Immigrants: Occupation in the USSR .......................................... 95 10. Detroit (1976) Immigrants : Atmosphere in Childhood Homes............................... 97 11. Detroit (1976) Immigrants : Satisfaction in USSR and Motivation for Emigration............. 105 12. Age of Respondents in 1980 ...................... 127 13. Age at the Time of Stalin's Death.................. 128 14. City of Residence in October 1973............... 130 15. Geographical Origin of Respondents ............. 131 16. Years of Education in the Soviet U n i o n ............131 VI1 Table Page 17. Percent of Population Aged Ten and Over Having Higher and Secondary Education (Complete and Incomplete) by Major Nationality, 1959 and 1970. ....................... 132 18. Educational Level...................................134 19. Major Field of Study ............................ 135 20. Major Fields of Study (Classified) ............. 136 21. Occupation in October 1973 ..................... 137 22. Occupations in October 1973 (Classified) .... 138 23. First Source of News about the W a r ................141 24. Main Source of News about the War. ....... 142 25. Most Popular Foreign Radio Service ............. 144 26. Second Most Popular Foreign Radio Service. 144 27. Was the Foreign Station Objective?/Most Popular Service (VOA with 74 Percent of the Respondents) .................................. 147 28. Was the Foreign Station Objective?/Second Most Popular Service (BBC, with 30 Percent of Respondents, RL with 19 Percent)............ 147 29. Was the Soviet Press Reporting Objective, Did They Tell the Truth about the W a r ? ............. 149 30. "Did You Discuss News from Foreign Radio with Other Members of Your Immediate Family?" . 158 31. "Did You Discuss News from Foreign Radio with Your Friends?".................................. 159 32. "Did You Discuss News from Foreign Radio with Your Co-workers, the People at Work?"........... 161 33. "Did You Discuss News from Foreign Radio with Casual Friends or Acquaintances?"............... 165 34. "Did You Discuss News from Foreign Radio with Strangers?". .................................. 170 Vlll Table Page 35. Median Scores— Discussion Variables as a Function of the Private Z o n e .................... 174 36. Discussion Variables by Age.................... 188 37. Discussion Variables by Sex.................... 191 38. Discussion Variables by Geographical Region of Origin in the US S R ............................... 193 39. Discussion Variables by Educational Level. 196 40. Discussion Variables by Occupational Level . 198 41. Educational Level by Percentage of
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