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The History of Koi Aquaculture in Singapore from 1965 to the Present : Translating Translocated Scientific Knowledge from Japan Into Biosecurity

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The History of Koi Aquaculture in Singapore from 1965 to the Present : Translating Translocated Scientific Knowledge from Japan Into Biosecurity This document is downloaded from DR‑NTU (https://dr.ntu.edu.sg) Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. The history of Koi aquaculture in Singapore from 1965 to the present : translating translocated scientific knowledge from Japan into biosecurity Tan, Delfinn Sweimay 2018 Tan, D. S. (2018). The history of Koi aquaculture in Singapore from 1965 to the present : translating translocated scientific knowledge from Japan into biosecurity. Doctoral thesis, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. https://hdl.handle.net/10356/87914 https://doi.org/10.32657/10220/45577 Downloaded on 30 Sep 2021 22:27:32 SGT The History of Koi Aquaculture in Singapore from 1965 to the Present: Translating Translocated Scientific Knowledge from Japan into Biosecurity Tan Delfinn Sweimay Interdisciplinary Graduate School NEWRI - Advanced Environmental Biotechnology Centre A thesis submitted to the Nanyang Technological University in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2018 Acknowledgements First I would like to thank my supervisor, Prof Lisa Onaga, for giving me the opportunity to pursue this project under her supervision. This would never have been possible if it were not for her faith in me, her mentorship, and her patience, as well as her staunch belief in the possibilities of this project even as my own faith and strength faltered. She was the one who took a chance on me, even though I had no previous experience in this subject or field. To my TAC members, Prof Saidul Islam and Prof Ali Miserez, thank you for your support. I would also like to thank Professor Akihisa Setoguchi from Kyoto University, Japan, who hosted me during my research in Japan and helped mentor me, introduced me to people and provided support during my time in Japan. Many thanks to Kyoto University for providing resources during my time in Japan. Huge thanks to Dr Shoh Sato from the Niigata Prefectural Inland Freshwater Fisheries Research Station for sharing information, contacts, help and translating services. A huge thank you to my translator Sasha Wang who helped with patiently translating during my research in Japan. This project was made possible from funding from the Grant for Japan-Related Projects from the Sumitomo Foundation (application number 158925), and the research scholarship from The 2 Interdisciplinary Graduate School of NTU and Nanyang Environmental Water Research Institute (NEWRI). Much thanks to my informants and interviewees from both Singapore and Japan for contributing their time and effort, and sharing their information and passion, in order to help make this project possible. To the post-docs and my fellow students of the School of Humanities and Social Sciences: we had been working together, and without you I would never have been able to come this far. My thanks to Lijing Jiang, especially, for her constant cheerleading and support. To the graduate students of HSS: Thank you for the conversations and help and discussions – you all kept me sane. Many thanks to the various people around NTU who had supported me, particularly Dr Rohan Williams who had always expressed interest in my research. To Morgan and Catherine, my other friends I had made along the way: Sometimes it is only because of you that I could make myself get up in the mornings. Lastly, to Nelly Chen. You gave me the push to do what I needed to do. Everything is possible. 3 Table of Contents Acknowledgements .......................................................................................... 2 Table of Contents .............................................................................................. 4 Summary ............................................................................................................ 7 Acronyms and Vocabulary ............................................................................ 10 Chapter 1: Introduction .................................................................................. 11 1.1 Introduction to Koi Aquaculture in Singapore ................................. 11 1.2 Human and Animal relationships ...................................................... 14 1.3 Aquaculture and science ...................................................................... 20 1.4 Koi and its Aquaculture in Singapore ................................................ 23 1.4.1 The Generation of Scientific Knowledge in Aquaculture .................. 26 1.5 Translation & Translocation: Constructing and maintaining koi in Singapore ...................................................................................................... 31 1.5.1 Biosecurity: Origins from human health to animal .......................... 37 1.6 Research Questions ............................................................................... 47 1.7 Methods: Data collection ...................................................................... 53 1.7.1 Analysis of data ................................................................................. 57 1.7.2 Semi-structured interviews and Participant observation of Aquaculture in Singapore .......................................................................... 61 1.7.3 Oral Histories: Personal Interviews .................................................. 63 1.7.4 Document Sources and Knowledge Generation in Aquaculture ...... 66 1.8 Organization........................................................................................... 73 Chapter 2: Good water is good koi: The association of water with koi health (1965 to 2004) ....................................................................................... 80 2.1 Water science: the scientific roots of hobbyist aquaria. ................... 83 2.2 Water as a resource for the Nation-State of Singapore .................... 86 2.2.1 Managing waterborne diseases in the Aquaculture Industry ........... 92 2.2.2 The Diseased State of Water in koi aquaculture................................ 98 2.3 Contemporary Water management practices in Singapore Ornamental Fish Farms ............................................................................ 100 4 2.3.1 What does water mean to contemporary koi hobbyists and farmers? .................................................................................................... 106 2.4 Conclusion: Recreating Water ........................................................... 117 Chapter 3: History of Ornamental Fish in Singapore (1970s to present) .......................................................................................................................... 120 3.1 The Rise of the industry: 1970s to 1980s ........................................... 125 3.1.2 History of ornamental fish farming: From fish farms to Aquarama 127 3.1.3 Interaction of Singapore and Japan as industry partners ............... 132 3.1.4 The start of the Singapore Journal of Primary Industries: 1973 onwards .................................................................................................... 138 3.1.5 Understanding the social history associated with koi ..................... 146 3.2 Industry Growth: The growth of Aquarama and the koi industry (1990s to 2000s) .......................................................................................... 150 3.3 The Turning Point: KHV (2006)......................................................... 158 3.4 The decline: 2006 till present.............................................................. 160 3.5 Conclusion: Recreation of Japan's Environment............................. 164 Chapter 4: The Emergence of KHV (1997 to 2006) ................................... 167 4.1 Making KHV intelligible .................................................................... 172 4.2 Immediate response to KHV in Niigata in 2003 ............................. 183 4.3 The Impact of 2004 Chuetsu Earthquakes ....................................... 186 4.4 KHV's impact on Niigata's aquaculture animal management ..... 193 4.5 Implementation of regulations by Niigata officials........................ 198 4.5.1 Government focus: where does the koi industry stand in priorities?.................................................................................................. 202 4.6 Impact of KHV infection in Koi industry in Japan ......................... 205 4.7 Conclusion: Translating Disease to Management Protocol........... 207 Chapter 5: Disease on the Singapore Koi Farm (2006 to present) .......... 211 5.1 The rhetoric of biosecurity in disease-management....................... 218 5.1.1 Envisioning Disease: Implementation of Regulations .................... 224 5.2 Living with disease ............................................................................. 236 5.2.1 Factors leading to the decline of the koi industry ............................ 243 5 5.2.2 Why does Singapore enact biosecurity in this manner? ................. 246 5.3 Consequences of Biosecurity in Singapore Koi Aquaculture ....... 249 5.4: Conclusion: Translocation of Koi and KHV ................................... 257 Chapter 6: Conclusion: The different bodies of Koi in Singapore ......... 259 Figures ............................................................................................................ 266 Bibliography .................................................................................................. 281 Primary Sources ......................................................................................... 281 Internet and Archives ..............................................................................
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