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On the Validity of the Cirrhitid Fish Genus Itycirrhitus

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On the Validity of the Cirrhitid Fish Genus Itycirrhitus aqua, International Journal of Ichthyology On the validity of the cirrhitid fish genus Itycirrhitus Michelle R. Gaither1-2 and John E. Randall3 1) California Academy of Sciences, 55 Music Concourse Dr., San Francisco, CA 94118, USA. E-mail: [email protected] 2) Hawai‘i Institute of Marine Biology, P.O. Box 1346, Kaneohe, HI 96744, USA. 3) Bishop Museum, 1525 Bernice St., Honolulu, HI 96817-2704, USA. E-mail: [email protected]. Received: 6 June 2012 – Accepted: 17 September 2012 Abstract der Familie (COI, d = 8-18%; cyt b, d = 12-20%). Dieser The hawkfish Cirrhitus wilhelmi Lavenberg & Yañez was Grad der Divergenz ist typisch für andere exemplarische described from Easter Island in 1972, reclassified in Vergleiche innerhalb der Cirrhitidae (COI, d = 15-20%; cyt Amblycirrhitus by Pequeño (1989), and the range extended b, d = 15-21%). to the Pitcairn Islands by Randall (1999). Randall (2001) described the new genus Itycirrhitus for this species. The Résumé similarity in general morphology and color to the Hawai- Le poisson-faucon Cirrhitus wilhelmi Ravenberg & Yañez ian Cirrhitops fasciatus and C. mascarenensis, type locality a été décrit en provenance de l’île de Pâques, en 1972, et Mauritius, prompted the present molecular study to deter- reclassé comme Amblycirrhitus par Pequeño (1989), et la mine the validity of Itycirrhitus. Combining mitochondrial distribution étendue jusqu’aux îles Pitcairn par Randall cytochrome oxidase I (COI) and cytochrome b (cyt b) (1999). Randall (2001) a décrit le nouveau genre Itycirrhi- sequence data from specimens of I. wilhelmi with compa- tus pour cette espèce. L’analogie en morphologie générale rable data from the two species of Cirrhitops, we found et en couleur avec Cirrhitops fasciatus d’Hawaï et C. mas- high levels of divergence between the two genera (COI, d carenensis, localité-type l’île Maurice, a déterminé la = 15%; cyt b, d = 20-21%) that are similar to comparisons présente étude moléculaire pour tester la validité d’Itycir- between Itycirrhitus and other genera of the family (COI, rhitus. En combinant les données des séquences de la d = 8-18%; cyt b, d = 12-20%). This level of divergence is cytochrome oxydase I (COI) et du cytochrome b (cyt b) de typical of other generic comparisons within Cirrhitidae spécimens de I. wilhelmi avec des données comparables de (COI, d = 15-20%; cyt b, d = 15-21%). deux espèces de Cirrhitops, nous avons trouvé des niveaux élevés de divergences entre les deux genres (COI, d = 15%; Zusammenfassung cyt b, d = 20-21%) similaires à des comparaisons entre Ity- Der Büschelbarsch (Korallenwächter) Cirrhitus wilhelmi cirrhitus et d’autres genres de la famille (COI, d = 8-18%; Lavenberg & Yañez wurde 1972 von den Osterinseln cyt b, d = 12-0%). Ce niveau de divergence est typique beschrieben und später von Pequeño (1989) in die Gattung d’autres comparaisons génétiques parmi les Cirrhitidae Amblycirrhitus eingeordnet, hinzu kam eine Erweiterung des (COI, d = 15-20%; cyt b, d = 15-21%). Verbreitungsgebietes bis zu den Pitcairn-Inseln von Randall (1999). Bald danach wurde von Randall (2001) für diese Art Sommario die neue Gattung Itycirrhitus beschrieben. Die Ähnlichkeit Il pesce falco Cirrhitus wilhelmi Lavenberg & Yañez è nach Färbung und allgemeiner Morphologie zu den hawai- stato descritto dall’Isola di Pasqua nel 1972, riclassificato ianischen Cirrhitops fasciatus und C. mascarenensis, Typus- in Amblycirrhitus da Pequeño (1989) e la sua area di pre- lokalität Mauritius, gab den Anlass zu der vorliegenden senza estesa alle isole Pitcairn da Randall (1999). Randall molekularen Studie mit dem Ziel, die Gültigkeit von Itycir- (2001) ha descritto il nuovo genere Itycirrhitus per questa rhitus zu prüfen. Auf der Grundlage der Sequenzdaten der specie. La somiglianza nella morfologia generale e nel colo- mitochondrialen Cytochromoxidase I (COI) sowie des re alla specie hawaiana Cirrhitops fasciatus e a C. mascare- Cytochrom b (cyt b) wurden Exemplare von I. wilhelmi mit nensis, località tipo Mauritius, ha incoraggiato il presente solchen der beiden Cirrhitops-Arten verglichen; es zeigte sich studio molecolare per determinare la validità di Itycirrhitus. ein hoher Grad an Divergenz zwischen den beiden Gattun- Combinando i dati di sequenza della citocromo ossidasi I gen (COI, d = 15%; cyt b, d = 20-21%), ähnliche Werte wie (COI) e del citocromo b (cit b) mitocondriali da campioni beim Vergleich zwischen Itycirrhitus und anderen Gattungen di I. wilhelmi con dati comparabili delle due specie di 219 aqua vol. 18 no. 4 - 15 October 2012 On the validity of the cirrhitid fish genus Itycirrhitus Cirrhitops, abbiamo trovato alti livelli di divergenza tra i Key to the Genera of Cirrhitidae due generi (COI, d = 15% , cit b, d = 20-21%), simili a 1a. Snout not elongate, its length about 2.8-4.1 confronti tra Itycirrhitus e altri generi della famiglia (COI, in head length; body not slender, the depth d = 8-18%, cit b, d = 12-20%). Questo livello di diver- 2.0-3.4 in SL; canine teeth in jaws markedly genza è tipica di altri confronti generici all'interno Cirrhi- tidae (COI, d = 15-20%; cyt b, d = 15-21%). longer than inner villiform teeth, those at front of upper jaw and side of lower jaw enlarged ..................................................... 2 INTRODUCTION 1b. Snout elongate, its length 1.85-2.0 in head The 33 species of fishes of the perciform family length; body slender, the depth 4.4-4.6 in SL; Cirrhitidae, popularly known as hawkfishes, are canine teeth in jaws only slightly longer than found in the tropical and subtropical Indo-Pacific inner villiform teeth and nearly uniform in region, except for three in the Atlantic and three in size ............................................. Oxycirrhites the eastern Pacific (two of which, Cirrhitichthys 2a. Caudal fin rounded, truncate, or slightly oxycephalus and Oxycirrhites typus, are range exten- emarginate; dorsal soft rays 11-15; snout not sions from the Indo-Pacific). Cirrhitid fishes all short, its length 2.7-3.SL ........................... 3 have X dorsal spines, III anal spines, 14 pectoral 2b. Caudal fin lunate; dorsal soft rays 16 or 17; rays (the lower five to seven rays unbranched and snout short, its length 3.6-4.1 in head length thickened), two flat opercular spines, a serrate pre- ............................................. Cyprinocirrhites opercle, cycloid scales, one to several cirri at the tip 3a. Small scales on cheek in more than 12 rows.. of each membrane of the dorsal spines, and no .................................................................. 4 swim bladder. Most species occur in shallow water 3a. Rows of large scales on cheek 4-6 (small scales on coral reefs or rocky substrata, often in areas also usually present) ................................... 8 exposed to wave action. When in a surge zone, they 4a. Lower 7 pectoral rays unbranched and thick- use their thickened lower pectoral rays to wedge ened; first 2 supraneural bones in space before themselves in cracks in the reef or within branches second neural spine; more than 40 cirri in 2 of coral. Hawkfishes feed mainly on benthic crus- series on posterior flap of anterior nostril ...... taceans and occasionally on small fishes. Excep- .................................................................. 5 tions are Cyprinocirrhites polyactis that feeds well 4b. Lower 6 pectoral rays unbranched and thick- above the substratum on zooplankton, and O. ened; first 3 supraneural bones in space before typus that often makes short forays from the bot- second neuralspine; fewer than 15 cirri on tom to prey on the larger animals of the demersal posterior flap of anterior nostril ................. 6 plankton. At least some of the species of the family 5a. Supraorbital ridge high, continuing more are protogynous hermaphrodites (Sadovy & Don- than half eye diameter posterior to orbit; aldson 1995). lower opercular spine acute, forming an angle The generic classification of the Cirrhitidae has a of 45° or less; no scales in interorbital space; long and confused history, Günther (1860) recog- pectoral fins reaching slightly beyond a verti- nized eight genera in the family. A century and 11 cal at tips of pelvic fins; body depth 3.1-3.35 cirrhitid publications later, Schultz in Schultz & in SL....................................... Cristacirrhitus collaborators (1960) listed 13 genera, including 5b. Supraorbital ridge low and not continuing Iso bu na and Serranocirrhitus, now known to be ser- posterior to eye; lower opercular spine form- ranids. Randall (1963) included 10 genera and 34 ing an angle of 90°; a V-shaped band of scales species in his revision of the family. Randall (2001) in posterior half of interorbital space; pectoral again revised the genera of cirrhitids, adding three fins short, not reaching a vertical at tips of new monotypic genera from species formerly clas- pelvic fins; body depth 2.6-3.1 in SL ............ sified in Cirrhitus. One of these, Itycirrhitus, was ....................................................... Cirrhitus described for a small species, Cirrhitus wilhelmi, 6a. Dorsal soft rays 13; three-fourths or more of from Easter Island. This species was first described preopercular margin coarsely serrate; palatine by Lavenberg & Yañez (1972) and later reclassified teeth absent; body very deep, the depth 2.0- in Amblycirrhitus by Pequeño (1989). Randall 2.4 in SL, and very compressed, the width (1999) extended the range to the Pitcairn Islands. 2.9-3.1 in depth; longest pectoral rays not The key to genera of Randall
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