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The Lexical Semantics of the Arabic Verb OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 28/2/2018, Spi OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 28/2/2018, Spi OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 28/2/2018, SPi The Lexical Semantics of the Arabic Verb OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 28/2/2018, SPi OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 28/2/2018, SPi The Lexical Semantics of the Arabic Verb PETER JOHN GLANVILLE 1 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 28/2/2018, SPi 3 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, , United Kingdom Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries © Peter John Glanville The moral rights of the author have been asserted First Edition published in Impression: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by licence or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press Madison Avenue, New York, NY , United States of America British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Control Number: ISBN –––– (hbk.) –––– (pbk.) Printed and bound by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon, Links to third party websites are provided by Oxford in good faith and for information only. Oxford disclaims any responsibility for the materials contained in any third party website referenced in this work. OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 28/2/2018, SPi For Chelsea OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 28/2/2018, SPi OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 28/2/2018, SPi Contents Acknowledgments x List of figures xii List of abbreviations and symbols xiii A note on primary sources xvi Introduction and overview . Introduction . Overview Words, roots, and patterns . Introduction . Roots, patterns, and word families . Roots, patterns, and derivation . Words, structure, and content . Words from verbs . Verbs from words . Summary and conclusion Ground form verb patterns . Introduction . Verb marking and prototype theory . Pattern I(a) .. Energy transfer .. Symmetrical states .. Cognition verbs .. Locative configurations .. One-participant actions . Pattern I(i) .. Experienced states .. Subject as location .. Sequence verbs .. Influence . Pattern I(u) . Summary and conclusion OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 28/2/2018, SPi viii Contents Reflexive marking . Introduction . Reflexive marking on the verb . Alternations .. Subject as beneficiary .. Actions on the self .. Symmetry .. Subject as patient .. An agency continuum . A verb pattern .. Denominals .. Result states .. Verb building .. Consistent marking . Summary and conclusion Symmetry . Introduction . Symmetry .. Resistance .. Risk .. Competition .. Interaction, exchange, and sharing .. Helping, hugging, shaking hands .. Co-action .. Inherent symmetry .. Implementing symmetry . Symmetry and reflexivity .. Reciprocity .. Counterfactuals .. Chaining situations .. Co-action (again) .. Progressive change .. Co-symmetry . Summary and conclusion Causation and actionalization . Introduction . Marked causatives . Giving and sending . Activated states OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 28/2/2018, SPi Contents ix . Base as product . Base as goal . Actions on the self . Causer-oriented actions . Result states . Transfer . Conclusion Repetition . Introduction . Repetition and linguistic marking . Gemination .. Repeated division .. Repeated configuration and motion .. Incrementality .. Repeated taking . Reduplication of the first and second consonants .. Repeated sound .. Rhythm .. Sound symbolism, etymons, and phonesthemes .. On the direction of derivation . Overlapping functions .. Causation and repetition .. Expansion of faʕfaʕa . Summary and conclusion The beginnings of a system . Introduction . A system of constructions . Accounting for the system .. Merging words .. Abstraction of relational structures .. Analogy, categorization, and shape-invariant morphology . Derivation and conceptual blending . Looking forward Primary sources References Index OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 28/2/2018, SPi Acknowledgments This book is the result of my curiosity about and love for the Arabic language, and this is something that has been encouraged in one way or another by a large number of people. My students and colleagues at Sultan Qaboos University in Oman were fantastic teachers who made me want to learn more, and after leaving I was lucky to continue my education with some of the best teachers working in the field of Arabic language pedagogy. Like thousands of learners of Arabic, I owe special thanks to Mahmoud Al-Batal, who has worked tirelessly and with great dedication to trans- form the way that Arabic as a second language is taught, producing materials, training teachers, working on assessment, and convincing decision-makers that Arabic must be taught for communication. I would also like to thank Mohammad Mohammad for his constant encouragement and support, usually provided under his favorite shade tree at the University of Texas at Austin, all of my teachers in Damascus, especially Manal Yosef and Ghada Housen, the Shadeed family of Damascus, and my friend Osama Shamieh. At the University of Maryland I am grateful to Dina Hefnawy, Lutf Alkebsi, Zein Elamine, Heba Salem, and Ahmad Hanafy for being happy to answer my random questions about roots and patterns at the drop of a hat. Many people have also supported the research and writing process. At the insti- tutional level the University of Maryland Graduate School funded my research with a Research and Scholarship Award (RASA) in , and the School of Languages, Literatures and Cultures provided a semester of leave. I am thankful to my colleagues in the School for providing valuable advice, most notably Michele Mason, Alene Moyer, Steve Ross, and Ryan Long. My colleague in Arabic, Valerie Anishchenkova, has been a good friend and source of moral support, and our coordinator, Lianne Berne, has been fantastic in every way. Outside of Maryland, I am grateful to Vicki Sunter at Oxford University Press for being positive, efficient, and professional throughout the whole submission and review process, to Karin Ryding for insightful comments on the draft book proposal, Angela Harmon for reading early draft chapters, and a number of anonymous reviewers who have encouraged me to be bolder in places, and less outrageous in others. The research I have undertaken for this work would not have been possible without the excellent Arabic corpus devel- oped and maintained by Dilworth Parkinson at Brigham Young University, and like many other researchers I am indebted to him for this. I first encountered the name Kristen Brustad when I bought an Arabic language textbook in Morocco. Many years later when I was a graduate student at UT she turned up and changed my life. I could never have written this book without the OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 28/2/2018, SPi Acknowledgments xi linguistic training she provided, or without the confidence that she instilled in me to do what I think should be done. This is to say nothing of her considerable input into this book at all stages. Finally, I would like to thank my family: my parents, for keeping me on the straight and narrow and for eventually refraining from asking how much longer all this is going to take; my dogs, past and present, for our walks; my son, for making me laugh every day; and my wife Chelsea, who I love with all my heart. OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 28/2/2018, SPi List of figures . Content and structure of ʕadda ‘to count’, ʕadiid ‘numerous’, and ʕadad ‘number’ . Content and structure of qatala ‘to kill’ . Content and structure of samiʕa ‘to hear’ . Content and structure of wasalạ ‘to connect’ . Content and structure of wasalạ ‘to arrive’ . Content and structure of qaruba ‘to be near’ . Content and structure of istawaa ‘to level out’ . Content and structure of tasaawaa ‘to be equal’ . The adjective ʤayyid ‘good’ contrasted with the verb ʔaʤaada ‘to do well’ . The conceptual blend represented by qadam ‘foot’ OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 28/2/2018, SPi List of abbreviations and symbols (a) Transcription In transliterating data from Modern Standard Arabic I use the following symbols: Arabic Character Transliteration Symbol Articulatory Features ʔ Glottal stop ﺀ aa Long open front vowel ﻯ ,ﺍ b Voiced labial stop ﺏ t Voiceless dental stop ﺕ θ Voiceless interdental fricative ﺙ ʤ Voiced alveolar fricative ﺝ ḥ Voiceless pharyngeal fricative ﺡ x Voiceless velar fricative ﺥ d Voiced dental stop ﺩ ð Voiced interdental fricative ﺫ r Alveolar liquid ﺭ z Voiced dental fricative ﺯ s Voiceless dental fricative ﺱ ʃ Voiceless alveolar fricative ﺵ ṣ Voiceless emphatic dental fricative ﺹ ḍ Voiced emphatic dental stop ﺽ ṭ Voiceless emphatic dental stop ﻁ ẓ Voiced emphatic interdental fricative ﻅ ʕ Voiced pharyngeal fricative ﻉ ġ Voiced velar fricative ﻍ f Voiceless labiodental fricative ﻑ q Voiceless uvular stop ﻕ k Voiceless velar stop ﻙ l Dental liquid ﻝ m Labial nasal ﻡ n Alveolar nasal ﻥ h Voiceless glottal fricative ﻩ w, uu Voiced labial
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