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Chapter-I Social and Caste Geography of the Region

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CHAPTER-I SOCIAL AND CASTE GEOGRAPHY OF THE REGION Considering the historical background of North Bengal the area of enquiry in this chapter has been divided into three specific geographical zones, which actually made three distinct historical regions of different ethnic and caste­ based socio-cultural entities. These three zones are classified as - a) the northern portion of North Bengal which is constituted by the districts Jalpaiguri, Cooch Behar (then Princely State), and the terrain portion of Darjeeling. It has already mentioned in the introductory chapter that the Rangpur and eastern part of Dinajpur were transferred to East Pakistan, now Bangladesh in 1947. They played a crucial role in the formation of the social and caste geography of this area. The district of Cooch Behar was a Princely 1 State before its merger to Indian union on 28 h August 1949. Similarly Goalpara which was transferred to Assam in 1874 constituted an important position because the above mentioned area has been a land of some particular caste /groups' viz. Rajbansi, Koch, Mech, Dhimal etc. The area between the rivers Tista-Karotoya and Brahmaputra was part of the kingdoms of Pragyotishpur-Kamrup-Kamtapur from time to time. In addition to this political connection, the people of the area have ethno­ linguistically and socio-culturally an association with common characteristics. In this respect this part is different from other two sections of North Bengal as well as rest of Bengal. b) The hilly zone, comprised with the hilly portion of the district of Datjeeling with three sub-divisions viz. Darjeeling, Kurseong and Kalimpong. This part also has specific characteristics. It has already mentioned that the area had connection with the Himalayan and sub-mountain countries. This area was almost covered by 18 dense forest and with regard to inhabitants, the Lepchas, Bhutias, Tibetans etc. communities were predominant in Sikkim and its adjacent hill of 1 Darjeeling • Therefore the history and culture of this portion is basically a part of the Lepcha culture of Sikkim which is associated with the Buddhistic culture. With the coming of the Nepalese from eastern Nepal in various phases of British colonial rule there developed a mixed socio-cultural belt in this area. c) The third one is the southern portion with the districts of Malda and Dinajpur. This portion had an association with the Barind region of central Bengal (undivided) in one hand and Purnea and Bhagalpur divisions on the other and also with the Salar-Bagri region (Murshidabad). In these districts the early inhabitants were mostly Deshi, Poliya, Rajbansi etc. During colonial period a large number of tribes began to settle there. Although in the pre-colonial period the migration of different tribes from Chhotanagpur, Bihar and central part of India was there, the rate of 2 migration increased phenomenally in the colonial period • At the time of Bargi invasion a good number of Santals migrated into Maida as it was adjacent to the districts of Shibganj and Purnea of Bhagalpur Division .. Therefore, the people of this region have a close connection with regard to the ethno-linguistic, social- cultural and historical traditions with the Barind Bengal and the Bihar, Purnea, Bhagalpur etc. This characteristics has made this southern portion a separate zone distinct from the other two zones of North Bengal. Thus we can see that geographically, ethno­ linguistically, historically and culturally there are three distinguished portions within the periphery of North Bengal. 19 It becomes clear from the introductory chapter that the area as well as the period of study is vast one. Therefore considering the vast period the whole study will be divided into two periods i.e. from 1869 to 1947 and from 1947 -1977. It has to be kept in mind that unlike the other parts of Bengal the society of North Bengal as a whole can be said as non-caste based society though caste Hindus were there, their number was insignificant. Moreover the domination of those caste Hindus over the social life of the local people of the region was started during the colonial period as they emerged as middle class taking opportunities of English education, the Government services and other occupations. Another important point is that after independence due to the large infiltration of the refugees the caste structure of the region underwent a change. But what is interesting is that amongst the refugees who settled in different districts of North Bengal most of them belonged to N amasudras and other low caste groups, therefore the basic characteristics of the region i.e. non-caste majority area remained the same. Let us study first the social and caste picture of the northern most portion of North Bengal during two different phases. I (a) (I) Northern Section from 1869-1947: The northern section is consisted with the district of Jalpaiguri, the Cooch Behar State and the Terai portion of Darjeeling. Here we will categorically study about the caste and society of the region. The district of Jalpaiguri was created with the amalgamation of the western Duars annexed by the British govt. through the Indo-Bhutan war of 1865 from Bhutan and police circles (thanas) of Fakirganj, Boda, Sanyasikata (later named as Siliguri) and 3 Patgram (Tetulia sub-division) from Rangpur district in 1869 . In this way 20 the district of Jalpaiguri was formed which gave a geographical shape of the northern part of present day North Bengal. From this background it is clear that a geographical and social amalgamation was made with that of administration from the very beginning of the formation of the district. On the north the district is bounded by the portion of Eastern Duars which is incorporated with Assam and Bhutan on the south by the state of Cooch Behar and the district of Rangpur, on the west by the district of Dinajpur, Purnea and by Darjeeling on the east. The areas of Rangpur which included into the district of Jalpaiguri was regulated portion and was under the permanent settlement areas of land revenue under the colonial administrative category and the newly annexed western Duars was non-regulation area . So the district consisted of two well-defined parts viz. the permanently settled area which used to form part of Rangpur, and the Western Duars which were annexed from Bhutan. These two parts are different from each other in physical features, history, administrative arrangement, etc. The people of the regulated area had an affinity with the people of Rangpur, Goalpara, Cooch Behar state and the adjacent areas. The people of this area belonged to the Koch, Rajbansis, Poliya etc. community and they formed the majority caste group people of this region. A specific racial belt is found in this area that is of Indo­ Mongoloid race. The non-regulation area is described by the sociologists as 'settlers' town'. In this area actually migration took place in a significant way after the expansion of British colonial administration and continued till the period of our study. The social composition of the region therefore underwent a 21 change due to the migration from various neighboring districts as well as provinces from time to time. 'In the half a century between 1872 and 1921 the population increased by a fantastic 244.2 percent. .. No. other part of Bengal had in a period of comparable span after the advent of the census recorded such increase in population. ' 4 It is known from official documents that the district had vast tracts of forest land and cultivable waste in many areas especially in the Alipurduars subdivision. This uninhibited forest and cultivable waste lands attracted large member of land-hungry settlers from Rongpur, Dinajpur, Pabna, Maida, Rajshahi etc. districts. The Colonial Govt. and the Zamindars of Baikunthapur too welcomed the migrants to cultivate lands. The process of migration and bringing of virgin land under 5 cultivation went on unabated till 1921 . It has to be mentioned that the migrant peasant cultivators of this period belonged mostly to Rajbansi community. Another factor that encouraged migration was, from about 1880 onwards the Tea plantation industry established by the colonial ruler and European planters. The extension of Tea-plantation continued at a rapid pace unto the 1920s. With the expansion of Tea-plantation industry and railway, roads etc. the Colonial Govt. and planters brought labourers from the districts of San tal Pargana, Chotonagpur, Ranchi etc. of Bihar, Balasore, Mayurbhang etc. 6 districts of Orissa . Those migrants belonged to various tribal groups' viz. Oraon, Munda, Santal, Hoe, Mahali, Malpahari, Kheria etc. It is difficult to identify to which part of Bengal the tribes of Orissa had been settled, though Prof. Haraprasad Chattopadyay has mentioned about their migration into Bengal, because the tribes of North Bengal basically had come from Chhotonagpur, Santa! Pargana and central India. In addition to the Tea- 22 plantation, other ancillary economic activities further encouraged migrations of other caste groups' people till 1930s. Another important factor during the colonial period migration was the establishment of various offices in the district. Jalpaiguri became the divisional headquarter of Rajshahi division in the last quarter of the nineteenth century. This factor necessitated migration of upper-caste Hindus fi·om lower Bengal as office bearers, clerks, and professionals as doctors, lawyers etc. It has found that in the non-regulated area most of the migrants who came as service holders in the Colonial administration as well as in 7 other profession most of them belonged to upper caste Bengali Hindus • Marwaris a trading community from Rajasthan came for the purpose of trade & commerce, servants, e-ooLLe.s from Bihar, united province Orissa etc. 8 stm1ed settling there in the district .
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