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Environmental Impacts of Small Hydropower Plants -A Case Study of Borås Energi Och Miljö’S Hydropower Plants

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Environmental Impacts of Small Hydropower Plants -A Case Study of Borås Energi Och Miljö’S Hydropower Plants Environmental Impacts of Small Hydropower Plants -A Case Study of Borås Energi och Miljö’s Hydropower Plants Master of Science Thesis in the Master Degree Programme, Industrial Ecology MARIA STEINMETZ NATHALIE SUNDQVIST Department of Energy and Environment Division of Environmental System Analysis CHALMERS UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY Gothenburg, Sweden 2014 Report no. 2014:3 REPORT NO. 2014:3 Environmental Impacts of Small Hydropower Plants -A Case Study of Borås Energi och Miljö’s Hydropower Plants Master´s Thesis within the Industrial Ecology Programme MARIA STEINMETZ & NATHALIE SUNDQVIST Department of Energy and Environment Division of Environmental System Analysis CHALMERS UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY Gothenburg, Sweden 2014 Environmental Impacts of Small Hydropower Plants -A Case Study of Borås Energi och Miljö’s Hydropower Plants MARIA STEINMETZ & NATHALIE SUNDQVIST © Maria Steinmetz & Nathalie Sundqvist, Gothenburg, 2014. Report No. 2014:3 Department of Energy and Environment Division of Environmental System Analysis Chalmers University of Technology SE-412 96 Gothenburg Sweden Telephone + 46 (0)31-772 1000 Cover: [The cover pictures show the four different hydropower plants owned by Borås Energi och Miljö. The image at the top left is Haby power station and the upper right picture shows Hulta power plant. The picture, which are at the bottom left shows Axelfors power plant and the picture on the bottom right shows the tube that is at Häggårda power plant. Copyright ©Borås Energi och Miljö.] Chalmers Reproservice Göteborg, Sweden 2014 Environmental Impacts of Small Hydropower Plants -A Case Study of Borås Energi och Miljö’s Hydropower Plants Master’s Thesis within the Industrial Ecology Programme MARIA STEINMETZ & NATHALIE SUNDQVIST Department of Energy and Environment Division of Environmental System Analysis Chalmers University of Technology Abstract The use of hydropower in the society has a long history that started more than 2000 years ago. In Sweden, the first hydropower plants used for producing electricity were commissioned in the 1890s. The major expansion of hydroelectric power in Sweden took place in the 1940s- 1970s. Today there are about 2000 hydropower plants in Sweden, accounting for in average 45% of the electricity production. Of these 2000 hydropower plants a large majority are so called small-scale hydropower plants. The aim of this Master’s thesis is to do an environmental review of the four hydropower plants owned by Borås Energi och Miljö. The four hydropower plants, Haby, Hulta, Häggårda and Axelfors, were all built and commissioned in the first part of the 1900s in a time when the requirements on the companies to also take the environmental impacts into consideration were small. The four plants are small-scale hydropower plants and located in two tributaries to Viskan, Slottsån and Häggån and in Ätran. In order to gain knowledge about the environmen- tal impacts hydropower plants can result in, the project started with a literature study where scientific articles, reports and studies performed on hydropower plants were included. Also reports and previous studies performed about the four specific hydropower plants were looked at. The information from the literature study was used together with the information about the hydropower plants in the analysis to do an environmental review of the hydropower plants. The analysis showed on how complex the impacts from hydropower on the environment are and that there are both direct and indirect impacts on the species living in the areas around the hydropower plants. The main impacts proved to come from the migration barriers that the hydropower plants constitutes, the changes in the water flow due to the regulation of the plants and especially the short-term regulation in Haby and Hulta, and the dry riverbeds that the di- version of the water has caused. i The literature study included also different measures that can be performed in order to mitigate or avoid the environmental impacts hydropower plants are resulting in. For the hydropower plants in this case, the focus should be on building fishways to that the species living in the stream can migrate as they could before the construction of the hydropower plants, start a min- imum flow in the original riverbeds so that once existing aquatic life can be restored and start to regulate the water flow so that follows a more natural patter. Borås Energi och Miljö should also perform biotope adjustments to improve spawning sites for the fish. The thing that mainly has hampered this environmental review was that information about the conditions at the sites before the construction were very limited due to the age of the plants. It has, however been possible to conclude that the four hydropower plants owned by Borås Energi och Miljö have effects on the environment. The impacts are possible to avoid or mitigate by different measures. The measures will result in costs but it is the only way to reduce the impacts the hydropower plants have today. Keywords: Hydropower plant, environmental impacts, hydrological regime, migration barri- ers ii Miljöpåverkan från Småskalig Vattenkraft -En Fallstudie av Borås Energi och Miljö’s Vattenkraftverk Examensarbete inom Masterprogrammet Industrial Ecology MARIA STEINMETZ & NATHALIE SUNDQVIST Institutionen för Energi och Miljö Avdelningen för Miljösystemanalys Chalmers Tekniska Högskola Sammanfattning Vattenkraftens historia går långt bak i tiden och började redan för över 2000 år sedan. I Sverige började vattenkraften att användas för att producera elektricitet i slutet av 1800-talet. Den stora utbyggnaden av vattenkraften skedde mellan 1940-1970 och idag finns över 2000 vat- tenkraftverk i Sverige. Av de 2000 vattenkraftverken är en stor majoritet så kallade småskaliga vattenkraftverk. Tillsammans utgör idag den totala produktionen från vattenkraftverken 45% av elektricitetsproduktionen. Syftet med examensarbetet var att undersöka vilken påverkan som de fyra vattenkraftverken som Borås Energi och Miljö äger har på miljön. De fyra vattenkraftverken, Haby, Hulta, Häg- gårda och Axelfors är småskaliga vattenkraftverk och byggdes i början av 1900-talet, under en tid då kraven på att undvika skador på miljön var små eller obefintliga. Tre av vattenkraftverken är belägna i biflöden till Viskan, Slottsån och Häggån. Det fjärde vattenkraftverket är beläget i Ätran. För att få kunskap om de olika effekterna som vattenkraftverk har på miljön startade projektet med en litteraturstudie där vetenskapliga artiklar och undersökningar och rapporter om vattenkraftverk studerades. I litteraturstudien inkluderades även rapporter och studier som behandlade specifikt de områden och miljön där de fyra vattenkraftverken ligger. Informatio- nen från litteraturstudien användes i analysen för att kunna dra slutsatser om den miljöpåverkan som vattenkraftverken resulterar i. Analysen visade hur komplex frågan om miljöpåverkan från vattenkraftverk är med direkt och indirekt påverkan på ekosystemen som de fyra vattenkraftverken ligger i. De faktorer som visade sig ha störst inverkan på miljön var de vandringshinder som vattenkraftverken utgör och som hindrar arterna i vattendragen från att röra på sig så som de en gång har kunnat, de än- dringar i vattenflödet som regleringen har orsakat och främst då korttidsregleringen i Haby och Hulta samt de torrfåror som avledningen av vattenflödet från den ursprungliga vattenfåran har orsakat. iii Litteraturstudien inkluderade också olika åtgärder som kan genomföras för att undvika eller minska den miljöpåverkan som vattenkraftverken resulterar i. För vattenkraftverken i det här fallet borde fokus ligga på att bygga fiskvägar så att de arter som lever i vattendragen kan van- dra i vattendragen utan att stöta på konstgjorda hinder, minimiflöden skall släppas i torrfåror så att det liv som en gång fanns där kan komma tillbaka och regleringen av vattenflödena skall anpassas så att de mer följer de naturliga variationerna som finns. Biotopåtgärder bör också utföras så att lekområden för fiskar förbättras. Det som främst har försvårat arbetet med att avgöra vattenkraftverkens påverkan på miljön är avsaknaden av information om hur förhållandena såg ut runt vattenkraftverken innan de byg- gdes. Det har dock varit möjligt att dra slutsatsen att de fyra vattenkraftverken har påverkan på miljön och på vad som kan göra för att minska denna påverkan. Åtgärderna kommer medföra kostnader men är det enda sättet att minska vattenkraftverkens påverkan. Se Appendix A för en mer utförlig och övergripande sammanfattning på svenska. iv Contents Abstract i Sammanfattning iii Contents v List of Figures ix List of Tables xi Acknowledgments xiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Hydropower . .1 1.2 Directive/Regulations . .6 1.2.1 Water Framework Directive . .6 1.2.2 Water Activity Investigation . .7 1.2.3 Natura 2000 . .7 1.3 Project . .8 1.4 Company . .9 1.5 Purpose . .9 1.6 Problem Formulation . 10 1.7 Boundaries . 10 2 Method 12 3 Literature Review 14 3.1 Impacts . 14 3.1.1 General Information . 14 v CONTENTS 3.1.2 Hydrological Regimes . 16 3.1.2.1 Natural Water Flow . 17 3.1.2.2 Hydropower Plants and the Hydrological Regime . 19 3.1.2.3 Classification . 22 3.1.3 Sedimentation . 23 3.1.4 Water Quality . 25 3.1.5 Migrations Barriers . 28 3.1.6 Greenhouse Gas Emissions . 32 3.1.7 Biodiversity . 40 3.1.7.1 Introduction to Biodiversity and Hydropower . 40 3.1.7.2 The Riparian Zone . 42 3.1.7.3 Aquatic Species . 43 3.2 Mitigation Actions . 46 3.2.1 Dam Removal . 46 3.2.2 Flow Regulations . 47 3.2.3 Sedimentation Measures . 49 3.2.4 Biotope Adjustments . 49 3.2.5 Fishways . 50 3.2.5.1 Examples of Fishways . 51 3.2.6 Fish Plantations . 53 3.2.7 Fish Friendly Turbines . 53 4 Case Study 55 4.1 Summary and History About the Hydropower Plants . 57 4.1.1 Haby . 57 4.1.2 Hulta . 59 4.1.3 Hyltenäs . 62 4.1.4 Häggårda . 63 4.1.5 Axelfors . 65 4.2 Ecosystem in the area . 66 4.2.1 Viskan . 66 4.2.2 Slottsån .
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