DOCSLIB.ORG

SELF-AFFIRMATION AS an ENVY-REDUCING INTERVENTION I

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
SELF-AFFIRMATION AS an ENVY-REDUCING INTERVENTION I Running head: SELF-AFFIRMATION AS AN ENVY-REDUCING INTERVENTION i How do you solve a problem like my envy? Self-affirmation as a potential envy-reducing intervention by Darren Christopher Neufeld A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies of The University of Manitoba in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of Psychology University of Manitoba Winnipeg Copyright © 2017 by Darren Christopher Neufeld SELF-AFFIRMATION AS AN ENVY-REDUCING INTERVENTION ii Abstract Envy is a toxic emotion detrimental to one's health and wellbeing (Smith, Combs, & Thielke, 2008), yet few studies have suggested and none have evaluated possible envy-reducing strategies. Self-affirmation has been shown to reduce the impact of self-integrity threats and defensive processing (Cohen & Sherman, 2014), suggesting likely benefit when applied to envy. The present study (N = 209) examined whether completing a brief self-affirmation value essay (Cohen, Aronson, & Steele, 2000) attenuated student participants' self-reported envy feelings and potentially envy-motivated aggressive behaviour (non-cooperation) toward an ostensibly smarter and financially advantaged rival student in the laboratory, relative to a no-affirmation control condition. A one-month follow-up study (N = 169) investigated whether the self-affirmation intervention (vs. control) promoted durable effects in daily life, such as when recalling an intense past-month instance of envy. Potential mediators (self-construal, mood) were examined to illuminate mechanisms underlying self-affirmation effects. Prospective moderators (dispositional envy, self-compassion, vulnerable and grandiose narcissism, self-esteem, entitlement, and sex) were assessed to determine whether individuals most psychologically vulnerable to envy threat derived greater benefit from the intervention. Results demonstrated that self-affirmation significantly curbed students' self-reported envy feelings toward an advantaged rival relative to controls, particularly for students with elevated dispositional envy or low dispositional self- compassion. Affirmed participants also reported greater use of two recommended coping strategies in daily life and having found these to be more helpful, relative to controls. However, self-affirmation did not promote higher rates of cooperation with a rival student or insulate students against experiences of envy at one-month follow-up. Overall, the findings support the utility of a brief self-affirmation intervention in reducing situational feelings of envy. Research SELF-AFFIRMATION AS AN ENVY-REDUCING INTERVENTION iii considerations involving assessment and reduction of potentially envy-driven behaviours, promoting durable self-affirmation effects, and investigate intermediary variables to explain treatment effects are discussed. Future directions for self-affirmation research are proposed for social and clinical psychology domains. Keywords: self-affirmation, envy, narcissism, cooperation, self-compassion SELF-AFFIRMATION AS AN ENVY-REDUCING INTERVENTION iv Acknowledgements I would like to extend my gratitude to several individuals who have played an important role in helping me take this project to completion. To my advisor, Dr. Ed Johnson, I have long appreciated your thoughtful advice, encouragement, and intellectual curiosity. Thank you for mentoring me on this journey. To my advisory committee members both present and past, Drs. Shaelyn Strachan, Matt Keough, Dan Bailis, Michael Ellery, and Maria Medved, thank you for your research guidance, enthusiasm, and constructive feedback along the way. I am also grateful to my research assistant, Alexis Unrau, who saved me many tedious hours of data entry. I would like to acknowledge the funding support I have received from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada and University of Manitoba throughout my doctoral degree. Finally, I am extremely grateful for the support and encouragement of family and friends over these past years. A special mention for my wife, Claire, for her cheerleading and encouragement to finish this manuscript and helping me to carve out dedicated writing time. SELF-AFFIRMATION AS AN ENVY-REDUCING INTERVENTION v Table of Contents Abstract .......................................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................................... iv Table of Contents .......................................................................................................................... v List of Tables .............................................................................................................................. viii List of Figures ............................................................................................................................... ix Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 1 Defining Envy ........................................................................................................................... 2 Self-evaluation maintenance model ...................................................................................... 3 Consequences of Envy .............................................................................................................. 4 Narcissism and envy .............................................................................................................. 7 Antidotes to Envy ................................................................................................................... 10 Self-Affirmation ...................................................................................................................... 14 Recursive effects ................................................................................................................. 16 Limits to self-affirmation .................................................................................................... 17 Rationale for applying self-affirmation interventions to envy ............................................ 18 Overview of the Present Study .............................................................................................. 22 Mediators of Self-Affirmation ............................................................................................... 22 Level of self-construal ......................................................................................................... 23 Mood.................................................................................................................................... 24 Moderators of Self-Affirmation ............................................................................................ 24 Self-esteem .......................................................................................................................... 25 Narcissism ........................................................................................................................... 26 Self-compassion .................................................................................................................. 28 Dispositional envy ............................................................................................................... 28 Entitlement .......................................................................................................................... 29 Sex ....................................................................................................................................... 29 Multimodal Measurement of Envy and Related Phenomena ............................................ 29 Hypotheses .............................................................................................................................. 34 Method ......................................................................................................................................... 35 Overview of Procedure .......................................................................................................... 35 Participants ............................................................................................................................. 37 Materials ................................................................................................................................. 38 Mass testing measures ......................................................................................................... 38 Part 1: Dispositional measures ............................................................................................ 39 Part 2: Laboratory measures ................................................................................................ 41 Part 3: Online measures ....................................................................................................... 48 Experimental Procedure ........................................................................................................ 50 SELF-AFFIRMATION AS AN ENVY-REDUCING INTERVENTION vi Ethical Considerations ........................................................................................................... 58 Analysis Strategy ...................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Conceptual Challenge to Understand Envy: a Review
    Journal of IMS Group Malik Journal of IMS Group Vol. 13, No. 1, January - June 2016, pp. 25-37 Conceptual Challenge to Understand Envy: A Review Sangeeta Malik Abstract Envy is a universal aspect of everyday life. We only reluctantly acknowledge the inhibiting and destructive aspects of this emotion in the workplace. The author has examined the conceptual challenges associated with studying envy. This conceptual paper attempts to clarify the concept of envy for business research from a situational perspective. Thereto, it integrates research on envy from various scientific disciplines i.e., from philosophy, anthropology, evolutionary and social psychology to political thought and introduces a novel, conceptually distinction in the four notions of envy, proper, benign envy, spite, and jealousy. Considering the power and ubiquity of envy, envy implies hostility, we generally view it as a dangerous emotion, capable of disrupting interpersonal relations and triggering hostility, Thereby, it lays the groundwork for further analysis of the phenomenon of envy in business research. Key words: Envy, Jealousy, Conceptualization. INTRODUCTION Envy is an unpleasant, often painful emotion characterizes by feelings of inferiority, hostility, and resentment produced by an awareness of another person or group of persons who enjoy a desired possession (object, social position, attribute, or quality of being; e.g. Parrott, 1991; Parrott & Smith, 1993). Envy, however, creates a drive in people to try and outdo their peers. Envy derives from a mix of emotional insecurity competitiveness, resentment and dissatisfaction with a situation. The resentment comes from a belief that others have something that we ourselves think we should have or are capable of attaining.
    [Show full text]
  • ICD-11 Diagnostic Guidelines Stress Disorders 2020 07 21
    Pre-Publication Draft; not for citation or distribution 1 ICD-11 DIAGNOSTIC GUIDELINES Disorders Specifically Associated with Stress Note: This document contains a pre-publication version of the ICD-11 diagnostic guidelines for Disorders Specifically Associated with Stress. There may be further edits to these guidelines prior to their publication. Table of Contents DISORDERS SPECIFICALLY ASSOCIATED WITH STRESS ...................................... 2 6B40 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder ............................................................................ 3 6B41 Complex Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder ............................................................. 8 6B42 Prolonged Grief Disorder .................................................................................... 12 6B43 Adjustment Disorder ........................................................................................... 15 6B44 Reactive Attachment Disorder ............................................................................ 17 6B45 Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder .......................................................... 20 6B4Y Other Specified Disorders Specifically Associated with Stress ......................... 22 QE84 Acute Stress Reaction ......................................................................................... 23 © WHO Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse 2020 Pre-Publication Draft; not for citation or distribution 2 DISORDERS SPECIFICALLY ASSOCIATED WITH STRESS Disorders Specifically Associated with Stress
    [Show full text]
  • August 16 SEVEN DEADLY SINS “What Is Envy/Jealousy”
    Sermon Delivered….August 16 SEVEN DEADLY SINS “What is Envy/Jealousy” (Proverbs 14:30) OPENING A. ILLUSTRATION 1. Feed off of the bumper video: It hungers for what others have, it’s associated with sickness in the bones, it is called the evil eye; In Othello, Shakespeare called it the Green Eyed Monster. Answer: Envy/Jealousy 2. You’ve heard the term—green with envy? Ever wonder why it’s associated with green? • Because of this verse—green is the color of sickness. • When someone is sick, often they are described as green or yellow in tint. • This particular sin so affects our emotional roots and physical well-being that it can actually make us sick. • The ancient Greeks are probably the source of the color attachment—they thought envy was caused by an over production of bile which turned human skin slightly green. B. SERMON IDEA 1. Envy is defined as a feeling of discontented or a resentful longing aroused by someone else's possessions, qualities, or luck. • Envy and jealousy are related—they are two sides of the same coin and often used interchangeably • Envy is the angry desire to have something someone else has; jealousy is the angry desire to keep what we possess and are afraid someone else wants. • We will use them interchangeably in our study today. 2. The Bible condemns envy and most forms of jealousy • The slightly difficult part is recognizing that jealously is not always sinful o Jealousy is not wrong when it involves an exclusive relationship. o God is jealous for His people and their worship of Him.
    [Show full text]
  • The Influence of Body-Related Envy on Psychophysiological Response of Stress in Young Women
    The Influence of Body-Related Envy on Psychophysiological Response of Stress In Young Women by Eva Pila BSc. Kinesiology, McMaster University (2011) A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE in Graduate Department of Exercise Sciences UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO ©Eva Pila, 2013 112 THE INFLUENCE OF BODY-RELATED ENVY ON PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE OF STRESS IN YOUNG WOMEN Master of Science 2013 Eva Pila Department of Exercise Science University of Toronto Abstract Body-related envy is an understudied emotion that may be linked with adverse psychophysiological outcomes such as stress (Smith & Kim, 2007). The purpose of this study was to explore body-related envy and psychophysiological response of stress among young adult females. Participants (N = 47; Mage = 21.6 ± 1.8 yrs) completed a weeklong assessment of phenomenological body-related envy, trait body image constructs and an acute laboratory stress- induction task. Findings support the hypothesis that negative body image constructs predict experiences of body-related envy (R2 = 0.17 - 0.54), and that envy can be reliability assessed using phenomenological ratings. Body-related envy was a significant predictor of psychological appraisals of stress (R2 = 0.24 - 0.31), but the proposed associations with physiological stress were not supported. Considering the adverse health outcomes associated with envy (Smith, et al., 1999) and stress (Anderson, 1998), this study has important implications for women’s psychological and physical health. ii Acknowledgements I wish to thank, first and foremost, my Master’s supervisor, Dr. Catherine Sabiston. Thank you for providing me with countless learning opportunities and continued support to pursue my passions.
    [Show full text]
  • Envy and Jealousy As Discrete Emotions: a Taxometric Analysis
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Faculty Publications, Department of Psychology Psychology, Department of March 1996 Envy and Jealousy as Discrete Emotions: A Taxometric Analysis Nick Haslam [email protected] Brian H. Bornstein University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/psychfacpub Part of the Psychiatry and Psychology Commons Haslam, Nick and Bornstein, Brian H., "Envy and Jealousy as Discrete Emotions: A Taxometric Analysis" (1996). Faculty Publications, Department of Psychology. 189. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/psychfacpub/189 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Psychology, Department of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications, Department of Psychology by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Published in Motivation and Emotion, 20:3 (1996), pp. 255–272. Copyright © 1996 Plenum Publishing Corporation/Springer Netherlands. http://www.springerlink.com/content/1573-6644/ Used by permission. Envy and Jealousy as Discrete Emotions: A Taxometric Analysis 1 Nick Haslam 2 New School for Social Research Brian H. Bornstein Louisiana State University Envy and jealousy may differ in kind or only by degree. In a study of emotion episodes re- called by 291 subjects, two forms of taxometric analysis were used to test between cat- egorical and dimensional models of the two emotions. The two emotions yielded strong convergent evidence of discreteness, and commonly cooccurred. However, although sub- jects rated their episode to contain similar levels of “envy” and “jealousy,” both terms were equally correlated with the presence of envy features and neither term was corre- lated substantially with the presence of jealousy features.
    [Show full text]
  • Envy: an Adversarial Review 1
    ENVY: AN ADVERSARIAL REVIEW 1 Crusius, J.*, Gonzalez, M. F.*, Lange, J.*, & Cohen-Charash, Y.* (in press). Envy: An adversarial review and comparison of two competing views. Emotion Review. accepted manuscript before copyediting Envy: An adversarial review and comparison of two competing views Jan Crusiusa, Manuel F. Gonzalezb, Jens Langec, & Yochi Cohen-Charashb a University of Cologne bBaruch College & The Graduate Center, CUNY c University of Amsterdam Author Note Jan Crusius, Department of Psychology, University of Cologne; Jens Lange, Department of Social Psychology, University of Amsterdam. Manuel F. Gonzalez and Yochi Cohen-Charash, Department of Psychology, Baruch College & the Graduate Center, CUNY, All authors contributed equally to the writing of this paper. Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Jan Crusius, Department of Psychology, University of Cologne, Richard-Strauss-Str. 2, 50931 Cologne, Germany, E-mail: [email protected], or Yochi Cohen-Charash, Department of Psychology, Baruch College & the Graduate Center, CUNY Box B8-215, 55 Lexington Ave, New York, NY 10010, E-mail: [email protected]. ENVY: AN ADVERSARIAL REVIEW 2 Abstract The nature of envy has recently been the subject of a heated debate. Some researchers see envy as a complex, yet unitary construct that, despite being hostile in nature, can lead to both hostile and non-hostile reactions. Others offer a dual approach to envy, in which envy’s outcomes reflect two types of envy: benign envy, involving upward motivation, and malicious envy, involving hostility against superior others. We compare these competing conceptualizations of envy in an adversarial (yet collaborative) review.
    [Show full text]
  • Attachment Theory and Emotions in Close Relationships: Exploring the Attachment-Related Dynamics of Emotional Reactions to Relational Events
    Personal Relationships, 12 (2005), 149–168. Printed in the United States of America. Copyright Ó 2005 IARR. 1350-4126=05 Attachment theory and emotions in close relationships: Exploring the attachment-related dynamics of emotional reactions to relational events a b MARIO MIKULINCER AND PHILLIP R. SHAVER aBar-Ilan University and bUniversity of California, Davis Abstract Attachment theory is a powerful framework for understanding affect regulation. In this article, we examine the role played by attachment orientation in shaping emotional reactions to interpersonal transactions within close relation- ships. Using our recent integrative model of attachment-system activation and dynamics as a guide (M. Mikulincer & P. R. Shaver, 2003), we review relevant evidence, present new findings, and propose hypotheses concerning how people with different attachment styles are likely to react emotionally to relational events. Specifically, we focus on attachment-related variations in the emotional states elicited by a relationship partner’s positive and negative behav- iors and by signals of a partner’s (relationship relevant or relationship irrelevant) distress or pleasure. In so doing, we organize existing knowledge and point the way to future research on attachment-related emotions in close relationships. One of the hallmarks of close relationships is documented the motivational consequences emotion, both positive and negative. Where of emotions (e.g., Lazarus, 1991; Shaver, else but in close relationships do people expe- Schwartz, Kirson, & O’Connor, 1987). rience such diverse and intense feelings as Within relational contexts, a person’s emo- acceptance, security, love, joy, gratitude, and tions can affect not only his or her own pride—on the positive side, and frustration, action tendencies, but also the partner’s re- rage, hatred, fear of rejection, humiliation, sponses and the resulting quality of the grinding disappointment, jealousy, grief, and dyadic interaction.
    [Show full text]
  • The Impact of Narcissistic Dimensions on Feelings of Envy Research On
    The Impact of Narcissistic Dimensions on Feelings of Envy Research on the effects of envy in marketing situations suggests that envious consumer reactions can come in a positive form, benign envy, and a negative form, malicious envy. In this research it is shown that narcissistic personality dimensions differently impact benign and malicious envy. More specifically, results indicate that authority and exploitativeness reduces benign envy while exhibitionism reduces malicious envy. Entitlement increases both benign and malicious envy. This means that narcissistic traits are associated with both positive, benign envy, but also negative, malicious envy. Key-words: narcissism, envy, malicious, benign The Impact of Narcissistic Dimensions on Feelings of Envy Empirical evidence has demonstrated that levels of narcissism is on the rise in the Western world and most profoundly so among Generation Y consumers (Foster, Campbell, and Twenge 2003; Twenge et al. 2008). Narcissism refers to inflated self-esteem, high interest to gain status and material standards, selfishness, feelings of entitlement and being unique (Campbell et al. 2000). These findings mean that marketers need to understand how narcissists function as consumers and how they react to marketing- or consumption-related situations. In this work, the relationship between narcissistic dimensions and envy towards other people’s purchases was investigated. Envy is defined as a painful feeling of frustration that arises when a person compares him- or herself to another similar person and realizes that the other person is better off (Salovey and Rodin 1991, 395; Smith and Kim 2007, 49; Van de, Zeelenberg, and Pieters 2011a, 984). Van de Ven and his colleagues separate between positive envy (i.e.
    [Show full text]
  • Amending Aquinas' Definition of Envy Timothy Perrine
    Envy and Self-worth: Amending Aquinas’ Definition of Envy Timothy Perrine Abstract. In the Summa Theologiae, Aquinas offers an adept account of the vice of envy. Despite the virtues of his account, he nevertheless fails to provide an adequate definition of the vice. Instead, he offers two different definitions each of which fails to identify what is common to all cases of envy. Here I supplement Aquinas’ account by providing what I take to be common to all cases of envy. I argue that what is common is a “perception of inferiority”—when a person perceives his her own self-worth to be inferior to another and thereby feels his own self-worth diminish. By incorporating perceptions of inferiority into the definition of envy, we obtain a definition that retains the spirit of Aquinas’ thought, while improving upon its letter. In the Summa Theologiae, Aquinas offers an adept account of the capital vice of envy as “sorrow over another’s good.” 1 His account has the virtues of explaining envy’s status as a vice, relating it to other vices, and distinguishing it from other similar but distinct states of sorrowing over another’s good. Yet, despite these strengths of his account, Aquinas fails to provide an adequate definition of envy. For Aquinas, an adequate definition of a vice would include what he calls the “genus” and “differentia” (or, species) of that vice. But in the Summa Aquinas offers two distinct definitions of envy, and although each has an adequate genus—sorrow over another’s good— neither has an adequate differentia.
    [Show full text]
  • Does Employee Envy Trigger the Positive Outcomes at Workplace? a Study of Upward Social Comparison, Envy and Employee Performance
    Volume 5 Issue 2 Article 6 September 2020 Does employee envy trigger the positive outcomes at workplace? A study of upward social comparison, envy and employee performance Muhammad Haris Khan Shaheed Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology, [email protected] Ayesha Noor Shaheed Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/globe Part of the Business Administration, Management, and Operations Commons, and the Human Resources Management Commons This Refereed Article is brought to you for free and open access by the M3 Center at the University of South Florida Sarasota-Manatee at Digital Commons @ University of South Florida. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Global Business Insights by an authorized editor of Digital Commons @ University of South Florida. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Recommended Citation Khan, M. H., & Noor, A. (2020). Does employee envy trigger the positive outcomes at workplace? A study of upward social comparison, envy and employee performance. Journal of Global Business Insights, 5(2), 169-188. https://www.doi.org/10.5038/2640-6489.5.2.1130 Corresponding Author Ayesha Noor, Plot No 67، 4 Street 9, H 8/4 H-8, Islamabad, Islamabad Capital Territory, Pakistan Revisions Submission date: Dec. 13, 2019; 1st Revision: May 23, 2020; 2nd Revision: Jul. 14, 2020; 3rd Revision: Aug. 20, 2020; 4th Revision: Aug. 28, 2020; 5th Revision: Aug. 30, 2020; Acceptance:
    [Show full text]
  • Envy and Jealousy: a Study of Separation of Powers and Judicial Review Laura E
    Hastings Law Journal Volume 52 | Issue 1 Article 2 11-2000 Envy and Jealousy: A Study of Separation of Powers and Judicial Review Laura E. Little Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.uchastings.edu/hastings_law_journal Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation Laura E. Little, Envy and Jealousy: A Study of Separation of Powers and Judicial Review, 52 Hastings L.J. 47 (2000). Available at: https://repository.uchastings.edu/hastings_law_journal/vol52/iss1/2 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Journals at UC Hastings Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Hastings Law Journal by an authorized editor of UC Hastings Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Envy and Jealousy: A Study of Separation of Powers and Judicial Review by LAURA E. LITTLE* Analysts herald our governmental structure for its practical design, its mindfulness of human weakness. Scholars praise the Framers of our Constitution for their knowledge of history's examples of past foibles in governmental schemes. Although lawmakers have sometimes overlooked the effect of human emotions in constitutional processes,' the Framers anticipated that emotions such as ambition and rivalry are natural products of government. Most famous is James Madison's admonition that under our institutional structures, "[a]mbition must be made to counteract ambition."' 2 Using principles of separation of powers, the Founders tried to design our institutions to harness such base human tendencies rather than allow them to 3 undermine government's operation. * Professor of Law, Temple University, Beasley School of Law. Copyright 2000 held by Laura E.
    [Show full text]
  • Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist
    Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist Insolvable Iain sometimes flutes his pagoda flinchingly and ironizes so waxily! Anoestrous and chastisable Piet lies his pornocracy drudged hydrolysed unapprovingly. Toiling and unconcerned Archie mows: which Alic is corporal enough? The temporary is a 19-item questionnaire that bird also based on the DSM-IV criteria for PTSD Davidson et al 199 Like the PSS-I it identifies both PTSD symptoms. What self-assessment tools can be used for screening or. Post-traumatic stress disorder PTSD Symptoms and causes. Volunteer participation in to adults. Thein addition to your ability to impairments for development group with chronic pain assessment measure such as given its own experiences sleeping difficulties that is, caritas medical oncology. Routine screening for posttraumatic stress disorder PTSD in. It is limited to conduct at increased health impact on health care. An attending physician at yale university. 3 4 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM-5 PCL-5 Weathers FW Litz BT Keane TM Palmieri PA Marx BP Schnurr PP The PTSD checklist for. The DSM-5 Criteria for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder diagnoses posttraumatic stress disorder PTSD. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Screening Tool FPnotebook. DSM-5 Criteria for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder MDCalc. National Prevention Toolkit on Domestic Violence for Medical Professionals 1 Florida State University 2014 Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist Civilian. Dlbcl based on resolving concrete problems including monkeys, medication to seek more likely to. Other tools for further research purposes including age children or behavior, post traumatic stress disorder checklist monitors symptom criteria than time of! PCL-5 Alexander H Jordan.
    [Show full text]