DOCSLIB.ORG

Perinatal Loss: What Therapists Need to Know MODULE 2

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Perinatal Loss: What Therapists Need to Know MODULE 2 Perinatal loss: What therapists need to know MODULE 2 The nature of grief © The Perinatal Loss Centre theperinatallosscentre.com.au facebook.com/theperinatallosscentre The nature of grief Lesson 1 Consequences of perinatal loss. Lesson 2 What is grief? Lesson 3 Attachment theory and grief. Lesson 4 Models and theories of grief. Lesson 5 Gender, culture, sexual orientation and single by choice. © The Perinatal Loss Centre Consequences of perinatal loss • Utter disbelief, shock. • Shattered dreams, devastation and heartbreak. • Violation of plans, expectations, reproductive stories. • Existential anomaly (not the natural order of things). • Mother has given up aspects of self for pregnancy & baby. • Mother is primed in pregnancy to nurture & protect. • Parent’s relationship has evolved to become invested in this baby. • Other people excited about baby’s arrival and meaning in the family. Davis (2016) © The Perinatal Loss Centre © The Perinatal Loss Centre Module 2 1 Consequences of perinatal loss • Traumatic bereavement (separation distress + traumatic distress). (Neria & Litz, 2004) • Overwhelmed, shocked, devastated. • Profound sorrow. • “Suspended in time” “stuck in brokenness”. (Davis, 2016, p8) • The birth and death of a baby all at the same time. • In some cases, no explanation. • Guilt, self-blame. • Loss of innocence. • Loss of self. • Loss of future. • Isolated (“no one really understands”). • Life changing (“how will I ever be happy again?”). Davis (2016) © The Perinatal Loss Centre Mental symptoms of grief • Numbness, detachment. • Yearning, preoccupation, thinking about baby or what happened. • Confusion, disorientation, disorganized thought, difficulty concentrating. • Anger, irritability, envy, guilt, regret.. • Fear, anxiety, worry, helplessness • Sadness, hopelessness, despair. • Experiences of seeing, hearing, or feeling presence of baby. Davis (2016) © The Perinatal Loss Centre © The Perinatal Loss Centre Module 2 2 Physical symptoms of grief • Shortness of breath. • Tightness in the throat. • Heavy or aching arms. • Empty feeling in the abdomen. • Fatigue. • Sighing. • Crying spells, tearfulness. • Sleeplessness, restlessness. Davis (2016) © The Perinatal Loss Centre Physical symptoms of pregnancy • Fertility medications affect hormones. • Hormonal fluctuations. • Bleeding, cramping. • Possible infection. • Body has delivered and recovering. • Medical intervention. • Lactation. • Body changes. Wenzel, 2014 © The Perinatal Loss Centre © The Perinatal Loss Centre Module 2 3 Social-emotional symptoms of grief • Loneliness. • Withdrawal. • Feeling marginalized, isolated, avoided, misunderstood. • Feeling hurt by insensitivity of others. • Feeling annoyed by others trying to fix it. • Resenting that others expect you to be over it. • Feeling like the only person who feels this way. Davis (2016) © The Perinatal Loss Centre Spiritual / Existential symptoms of grief • Why did this happen to me / to my baby? • How could this happen? I did all the right things. • Am I being punished? • How could God let this happen? • What’s the point? • Everything seems so trivial. • What’s the meaning of life? • What’s my purpose? What do I do now? Davis (2016) © The Perinatal Loss Centre © The Perinatal Loss Centre Module 2 4 Grief is “the intense and painful pining for and preoccupation with somebody or something, now lost, to whom or to which one was attached” (Parkes, 2006, p. 23) © The Perinatal Loss Centre From a psychodynamic perspective • Developmental: perinatal loss represents an interference within the normal developmental process of adulthood. • Conflictual: perinatal loss intensifies intrapsychic conflicts (related to the female drive to reproduce). • Object oriented: the detachment process of grief that involves a re-conceptualization of self. • Narcissistic: perinatal loss is a loss of a part of the self which may elicit narcissistic injury and rage. Not only has a woman lost her baby, she has lost herself as a mother. (Leon, 1992, 1996, cited in Black, Wright & Limbo, 2016) © The Perinatal Loss Centre © The Perinatal Loss Centre Module 2 5 Common schemas When you’re I spent years trying ready to have a not to fall baby you have pregnant. Now it’s one my time Pregnancy is a I’ve done Everyone is having time of joyful everything babies expectation right © The Perinatal Loss Centre Children don’t die before their parents © The Perinatal Loss Centre © The Perinatal Loss Centre Module 2 6 From a cognitive stress theory perspective • Cognitive adaptation to stressful life events. • Pregnancy can be a stressful life event – biologically and psychologically. • Losing a baby is a stressful life event (a stress within a stress). • Subsequent pregnancies are likely to be affected by new schemas following loss. Pregnancy Babies die means fear (Black, Wright & Limbo, 2016) © The Perinatal Loss Centre What clients bring • The way in which they experienced the loss. • Brain’s arousal tendencies. • Personality and temperament (e.g., sensitivity, intensity). • Cultural, family, religious influences/pressures. • Prior experiences with trauma, loss and grief. • Emotional and cognitive strengths and deficits. • Coping strategies. • Support or lack of support. • Attachment histories / attachment style. Davis (2016) © The Perinatal Loss Centre © The Perinatal Loss Centre Module 2 7 About grief • Grief is not one emotion • Grief is more than an emotional response • Grief affects how we think, feel and act • There is no right or wrong way to grieve • The grieving process is highly diverse and variable among individuals • Like pregnancy, grief involves cognitive and somatic changes • Grief exists within a broader socio-cultural context • Grief involves changes to social relationships • Social attitudes and patterns can dominate the grieving process • The loss of a baby carries a deep existential anguish (not the natural order of things) • Gestation is less important than the attachment the parent had to the baby • Parents’ attachment styles contribute to their experiences of grief © The Perinatal Loss Centre Attachment theory “Attachment theory (Bowlby, 1980) emphasizes the interrelationships between attachment, affectional bonds, separation, and loss in human relationships”. (Black, Wright, & Limbo, 2016, p. 17). Attachment theory applies to multiple relationship contexts Ø Spouses and intimate relationship partners Ø With children Ø With parents (Black, Wright, & Limbo, 2016) © The Perinatal Loss Centre © The Perinatal Loss Centre Module 2 8 Attachment to baby • The extent to which a relationship has been formed with the baby contributes to the parent’s experience of grief and loss. • Parents’ attachments styles influence the nature of this relationship. (Wayment & Vierthaler, 2002) © The Perinatal Loss Centre Parents’ attachment styles • Responses to loss vary (intensity and pain). • Capacity to process the experience and integrate the loss vary. • Attempts to remember or memorialize the baby vary. © The Perinatal Loss Centre © The Perinatal Loss Centre Module 2 9 Eliciting support • Parents’ attachment styles influence the nature of available support systems. • Availability of social support plays an important role in processing trauma. (Dan Siegel, NICABM Trauma Series) © The Perinatal Loss Centre Future attachments • The way in which couples grieve and support each other affects their relationship. • Grieving and meaning making is important for future attachments. • Unresolved grief can contribute to disorganized attachment patterns with subsequent children. (O’Leary, 2004) © The Perinatal Loss Centre © The Perinatal Loss Centre Module 2 10 Early attachment Attachment to Adult attachment the baby LOSS Attachment to subsequent baby & other children Social support © The Perinatal Loss Centre Secure attachment style Balanced Ø Positive mental models of being valued and worthy of the concern and support of others. Ø Greater capacity for tolerating distress without becoming dysregulated. Ø More likely to have mutually supportive relationships available to assist in dealing with difficulties. Ø More likely to ask for support when they need it. Ø More likely to adapt to grief over time. Wayment & Vierthaler (2002) © The Perinatal Loss Centre © The Perinatal Loss Centre Module 2 11 Preoccupied attachment style Anxious Ø Fearful of being misunderstood, lack of confidence, sees others as undependable. Ø Heightened expression of affect (under-regulation). Ø “I cannot depend on you to be there for me when I need you”, “I cannot depend on myself to be able to elicit the help I need”. Ø More difficult to feel soothed / calmed in relationships – despite constantly asking for support. Ø More chronic grief patterns with high levels of distress. Collins & Feeney (2000); Stroebe, Schut, & Boerner, (2010); Wayment & Vierthaler (2002) © The Perinatal Loss Centre Dismissing attachment style Avoidant Ø Aloof, emotionally distant, sees others as unreliable or desiring too much closeness. Ø Tend to shut down emotionally. Avoids or minimizes negative affect. Ø More likely to lack emotionally supportive relationships resulting in having to deal with the loss by themselves. This confirms that others are not available / interested to support them. Ø Struggle to ask for help. Ø ‘Delayed’ or ‘absent’ forms of grief, heightened somatic complaints. Maccallum & Bryant (2018); Stroebe, Schut, & Boerner (2010); Wayment & Vierthaler (2002) © The Perinatal Loss Centre © The Perinatal Loss Centre Module 2 12 Disorganized attachment Ø Experiences of unbearable distress
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Anger and Contested Place in the Social World
    Sociology Mind, 2018, 8, 226-248 http://www.scirp.org/journal/sm ISSN Online: 2160-0848 ISSN Print: 2160-083X Anger and Contested Place in the Social World Warren D. TenHouten Department of Sociology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA How to cite this paper: TenHouten, W. D. Abstract (2018). Anger and Contested Place in the Social World. Sociology Mind, 8, 226-248. The root term angr includes in its meaning anger-rage and sadness-grief, https://doi.org/10.4236/sm.2018.83018 which today are recognized as two primary or basic emotions. Anger involves the brain’s “rage system”, an architecture widely represented in the animal Received: April 27, 2018 Accepted: June 2, 2018 kingdom. Anger and its opposite, fear, are the positive and negative adaptive Published: June 5, 2018 reactions to the existential problem of social hierarchy and associated compe- tition for resources and opportunities. Anger’s valence can be negative insofar Copyright © 2018 by author and as it is unpleasant for all involved but is primarily positive because anger is Scientific Research Publishing Inc. This work is licensed under the Creative goal-seeking and approach-oriented. Anger functions to assert social domin- Commons Attribution International ance, and detection of anger in others reveals possible challenge intentions. License (CC BY 4.0). The management and control of anger is linked to impulsivity, patience, and http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ tolerance. While the Russell-Fehr model views emotions such as aggressive- Open Access ness, sullenness, and resentment as subcategories of anger, we rather contend that anger is an embedded subcategory of secondary- and tertiary-level emo- tions.
    [Show full text]
  • SELF-AFFIRMATION AS an ENVY-REDUCING INTERVENTION I
    Running head: SELF-AFFIRMATION AS AN ENVY-REDUCING INTERVENTION i How do you solve a problem like my envy? Self-affirmation as a potential envy-reducing intervention by Darren Christopher Neufeld A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies of The University of Manitoba in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of Psychology University of Manitoba Winnipeg Copyright © 2017 by Darren Christopher Neufeld SELF-AFFIRMATION AS AN ENVY-REDUCING INTERVENTION ii Abstract Envy is a toxic emotion detrimental to one's health and wellbeing (Smith, Combs, & Thielke, 2008), yet few studies have suggested and none have evaluated possible envy-reducing strategies. Self-affirmation has been shown to reduce the impact of self-integrity threats and defensive processing (Cohen & Sherman, 2014), suggesting likely benefit when applied to envy. The present study (N = 209) examined whether completing a brief self-affirmation value essay (Cohen, Aronson, & Steele, 2000) attenuated student participants' self-reported envy feelings and potentially envy-motivated aggressive behaviour (non-cooperation) toward an ostensibly smarter and financially advantaged rival student in the laboratory, relative to a no-affirmation control condition. A one-month follow-up study (N = 169) investigated whether the self-affirmation intervention (vs. control) promoted durable effects in daily life, such as when recalling an intense past-month instance of envy. Potential mediators (self-construal, mood) were examined to illuminate mechanisms underlying self-affirmation effects. Prospective moderators (dispositional envy, self-compassion, vulnerable and grandiose narcissism, self-esteem, entitlement, and sex) were assessed to determine whether individuals most psychologically vulnerable to envy threat derived greater benefit from the intervention.
    [Show full text]
  • Anger Management Techniques
    Anger Management Techniques 1. Drain the Brain WHEN to use: When your temper begins to flare. WHAT does it do: Mentally challenge yourself before taking out your anger on others HOW? Ask yourself these questions: o WHAT is the source of my irritation? o WHAT is the degree of my anger? o WHAT is the other person’s actual role in the situation? . Turn the circumstances around to see how you would want to be treated if the other person felt as you do. These mental gymnastics can help you regain control over runaway emotions before they escape and cause external damage. 2. Walk It Off WHEN to use: o In those moments when you feel the familiar rage start to rumble, excuse yourself if others are present and take a quick walk down the hall or outdoors, depending on whether you are at home or at work, and the weather conditions. o Even a 5-10 minute stroll, especially one that is fast- paced, will help to cool your irritation as you practice the fight-or-flight strategy by escaping the potential conflict, which is one of the more popular and useful anger management techniques. Anger Management Techniques 1.Count to 20 before saying anything. 2.Leave the room for several minutes, or hours, if necessary, before discussing sensitive issues that may provoke your anger. 3.Write out a response to a problem before tackling it orally or in debate. This will give you time to think about the best approach to a problem rather than responding with random anger.
    [Show full text]
  • Conceptual Challenge to Understand Envy: a Review
    Journal of IMS Group Malik Journal of IMS Group Vol. 13, No. 1, January - June 2016, pp. 25-37 Conceptual Challenge to Understand Envy: A Review Sangeeta Malik Abstract Envy is a universal aspect of everyday life. We only reluctantly acknowledge the inhibiting and destructive aspects of this emotion in the workplace. The author has examined the conceptual challenges associated with studying envy. This conceptual paper attempts to clarify the concept of envy for business research from a situational perspective. Thereto, it integrates research on envy from various scientific disciplines i.e., from philosophy, anthropology, evolutionary and social psychology to political thought and introduces a novel, conceptually distinction in the four notions of envy, proper, benign envy, spite, and jealousy. Considering the power and ubiquity of envy, envy implies hostility, we generally view it as a dangerous emotion, capable of disrupting interpersonal relations and triggering hostility, Thereby, it lays the groundwork for further analysis of the phenomenon of envy in business research. Key words: Envy, Jealousy, Conceptualization. INTRODUCTION Envy is an unpleasant, often painful emotion characterizes by feelings of inferiority, hostility, and resentment produced by an awareness of another person or group of persons who enjoy a desired possession (object, social position, attribute, or quality of being; e.g. Parrott, 1991; Parrott & Smith, 1993). Envy, however, creates a drive in people to try and outdo their peers. Envy derives from a mix of emotional insecurity competitiveness, resentment and dissatisfaction with a situation. The resentment comes from a belief that others have something that we ourselves think we should have or are capable of attaining.
    [Show full text]
  • ICD-11 Diagnostic Guidelines Stress Disorders 2020 07 21
    Pre-Publication Draft; not for citation or distribution 1 ICD-11 DIAGNOSTIC GUIDELINES Disorders Specifically Associated with Stress Note: This document contains a pre-publication version of the ICD-11 diagnostic guidelines for Disorders Specifically Associated with Stress. There may be further edits to these guidelines prior to their publication. Table of Contents DISORDERS SPECIFICALLY ASSOCIATED WITH STRESS ...................................... 2 6B40 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder ............................................................................ 3 6B41 Complex Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder ............................................................. 8 6B42 Prolonged Grief Disorder .................................................................................... 12 6B43 Adjustment Disorder ........................................................................................... 15 6B44 Reactive Attachment Disorder ............................................................................ 17 6B45 Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder .......................................................... 20 6B4Y Other Specified Disorders Specifically Associated with Stress ......................... 22 QE84 Acute Stress Reaction ......................................................................................... 23 © WHO Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse 2020 Pre-Publication Draft; not for citation or distribution 2 DISORDERS SPECIFICALLY ASSOCIATED WITH STRESS Disorders Specifically Associated with Stress
    [Show full text]
  • August 16 SEVEN DEADLY SINS “What Is Envy/Jealousy”
    Sermon Delivered….August 16 SEVEN DEADLY SINS “What is Envy/Jealousy” (Proverbs 14:30) OPENING A. ILLUSTRATION 1. Feed off of the bumper video: It hungers for what others have, it’s associated with sickness in the bones, it is called the evil eye; In Othello, Shakespeare called it the Green Eyed Monster. Answer: Envy/Jealousy 2. You’ve heard the term—green with envy? Ever wonder why it’s associated with green? • Because of this verse—green is the color of sickness. • When someone is sick, often they are described as green or yellow in tint. • This particular sin so affects our emotional roots and physical well-being that it can actually make us sick. • The ancient Greeks are probably the source of the color attachment—they thought envy was caused by an over production of bile which turned human skin slightly green. B. SERMON IDEA 1. Envy is defined as a feeling of discontented or a resentful longing aroused by someone else's possessions, qualities, or luck. • Envy and jealousy are related—they are two sides of the same coin and often used interchangeably • Envy is the angry desire to have something someone else has; jealousy is the angry desire to keep what we possess and are afraid someone else wants. • We will use them interchangeably in our study today. 2. The Bible condemns envy and most forms of jealousy • The slightly difficult part is recognizing that jealously is not always sinful o Jealousy is not wrong when it involves an exclusive relationship. o God is jealous for His people and their worship of Him.
    [Show full text]
  • The Influence of Body-Related Envy on Psychophysiological Response of Stress in Young Women
    The Influence of Body-Related Envy on Psychophysiological Response of Stress In Young Women by Eva Pila BSc. Kinesiology, McMaster University (2011) A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE in Graduate Department of Exercise Sciences UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO ©Eva Pila, 2013 112 THE INFLUENCE OF BODY-RELATED ENVY ON PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE OF STRESS IN YOUNG WOMEN Master of Science 2013 Eva Pila Department of Exercise Science University of Toronto Abstract Body-related envy is an understudied emotion that may be linked with adverse psychophysiological outcomes such as stress (Smith & Kim, 2007). The purpose of this study was to explore body-related envy and psychophysiological response of stress among young adult females. Participants (N = 47; Mage = 21.6 ± 1.8 yrs) completed a weeklong assessment of phenomenological body-related envy, trait body image constructs and an acute laboratory stress- induction task. Findings support the hypothesis that negative body image constructs predict experiences of body-related envy (R2 = 0.17 - 0.54), and that envy can be reliability assessed using phenomenological ratings. Body-related envy was a significant predictor of psychological appraisals of stress (R2 = 0.24 - 0.31), but the proposed associations with physiological stress were not supported. Considering the adverse health outcomes associated with envy (Smith, et al., 1999) and stress (Anderson, 1998), this study has important implications for women’s psychological and physical health. ii Acknowledgements I wish to thank, first and foremost, my Master’s supervisor, Dr. Catherine Sabiston. Thank you for providing me with countless learning opportunities and continued support to pursue my passions.
    [Show full text]
  • Envy and Jealousy As Discrete Emotions: a Taxometric Analysis
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Faculty Publications, Department of Psychology Psychology, Department of March 1996 Envy and Jealousy as Discrete Emotions: A Taxometric Analysis Nick Haslam [email protected] Brian H. Bornstein University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/psychfacpub Part of the Psychiatry and Psychology Commons Haslam, Nick and Bornstein, Brian H., "Envy and Jealousy as Discrete Emotions: A Taxometric Analysis" (1996). Faculty Publications, Department of Psychology. 189. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/psychfacpub/189 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Psychology, Department of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications, Department of Psychology by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Published in Motivation and Emotion, 20:3 (1996), pp. 255–272. Copyright © 1996 Plenum Publishing Corporation/Springer Netherlands. http://www.springerlink.com/content/1573-6644/ Used by permission. Envy and Jealousy as Discrete Emotions: A Taxometric Analysis 1 Nick Haslam 2 New School for Social Research Brian H. Bornstein Louisiana State University Envy and jealousy may differ in kind or only by degree. In a study of emotion episodes re- called by 291 subjects, two forms of taxometric analysis were used to test between cat- egorical and dimensional models of the two emotions. The two emotions yielded strong convergent evidence of discreteness, and commonly cooccurred. However, although sub- jects rated their episode to contain similar levels of “envy” and “jealousy,” both terms were equally correlated with the presence of envy features and neither term was corre- lated substantially with the presence of jealousy features.
    [Show full text]
  • The Intersection of Anger and Trauma
    The Intersection of Anger and Trauma: Understanding and Implementing Therapeutic Approaches Osvaldo Cabral, MA, LPC, LAC Director of Integrated Services New Health Services Learning Objectives 1. Explore knowledge and understanding of Anger and Trauma 2. Review diagnostic symptoms of Trauma 3. Review diagnoses that have anger as a component 4. Explore therapeutic interventions to Trauma and Anger 5. Discuss “Therapist Traps” What Do We Know About ANGER? What is Anger? • Defense Mechanism • Survival Response • Several categories and styles: sudden, avoidant, masked, explosive, addictive, shame –based, moral, habitual • Gets needs met: has worked with at least one person! • Motivation to move from point A to point B • Impacts self regulation • Impacts thought process, attention, focus • Can create on-going problems in life… What’s Aggression What’s the difference from anger? When Anger Becomes Aggression • Creates on-going consequences • Internal: guilt, shame, embarrassment • External: violence, legal inclusion, loss of privileges • Social: losing friends, ostracized from groups/places Types of Behavior • Passive • Ignoring your feelings and wants and placing others feelings/wants first • Passive-Aggression • Passive directly in the conflict and aggressive indirectly • Assertive • Stating what you want and how you feel AND taking other people’s feelings and wants into consideration • Aggressive • Ignoring other people’s feelings and placing your feelings first WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT Trauma? What do We Know About Trauma? • Survival instinct
    [Show full text]
  • Envy: an Adversarial Review 1
    ENVY: AN ADVERSARIAL REVIEW 1 Crusius, J.*, Gonzalez, M. F.*, Lange, J.*, & Cohen-Charash, Y.* (in press). Envy: An adversarial review and comparison of two competing views. Emotion Review. accepted manuscript before copyediting Envy: An adversarial review and comparison of two competing views Jan Crusiusa, Manuel F. Gonzalezb, Jens Langec, & Yochi Cohen-Charashb a University of Cologne bBaruch College & The Graduate Center, CUNY c University of Amsterdam Author Note Jan Crusius, Department of Psychology, University of Cologne; Jens Lange, Department of Social Psychology, University of Amsterdam. Manuel F. Gonzalez and Yochi Cohen-Charash, Department of Psychology, Baruch College & the Graduate Center, CUNY, All authors contributed equally to the writing of this paper. Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Jan Crusius, Department of Psychology, University of Cologne, Richard-Strauss-Str. 2, 50931 Cologne, Germany, E-mail: [email protected], or Yochi Cohen-Charash, Department of Psychology, Baruch College & the Graduate Center, CUNY Box B8-215, 55 Lexington Ave, New York, NY 10010, E-mail: [email protected]. ENVY: AN ADVERSARIAL REVIEW 2 Abstract The nature of envy has recently been the subject of a heated debate. Some researchers see envy as a complex, yet unitary construct that, despite being hostile in nature, can lead to both hostile and non-hostile reactions. Others offer a dual approach to envy, in which envy’s outcomes reflect two types of envy: benign envy, involving upward motivation, and malicious envy, involving hostility against superior others. We compare these competing conceptualizations of envy in an adversarial (yet collaborative) review.
    [Show full text]
  • Trends, Sentiments and Emotions
    Analyzing COVID-19 on Online Social Media: Trends, Sentiments and Emotions Xiaoya Li♣, Mingxin Zhou♣, Jiawei Wu♣, Arianna Yuan, Fei Wu♠ and Jiwei Li♣ ♠ Department of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University Computer Science Department, Stanford University ♣ Shannon.AI {xiaoya_li, mingxin_zhou, jiawei_wu, jiwei_li}@shannonai.com [email protected], [email protected] Abstract—At the time of writing, the ongoing pandemic of coron- People constantly post about the pandemic on social media avirus disease (COVID-19) has caused severe impacts on society, such as Twitter, Weibo and Facebook. They express their atti- economy and people’s daily lives. People constantly express their tudes and feelings regarding various aspects of the pandemic, opinions on various aspects of the pandemic on social media, making user-generated content an important source for understanding public such as the medical treatments, public policy, their worry, etc. emotions and concerns. Therefore, user-generated content on social media provides an important source for understanding public emotions and In this paper, we perform a comprehensive analysis on the affective trajectories of the American people and the Chinese people based on concerns. Twitter and Weibo posts between January 20th, 2020 and May 11th In this paper, we provide a comprehensive analysis on the 2020. Specifically, by identifying people’s sentiments, emotions (i.e., anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, surprise) and the emotional affective trajectories of American people and Chinese people triggers (e.g., what a user is angry/sad about) we are able to depict the based on Twitter and Weibo posts between January 20th, dynamics of public affect in the time of COVID-19.
    [Show full text]
  • The Relations Between Traumatic Exposures, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Anger in Male and Female Veterans
    San Jose State University SJSU ScholarWorks Faculty Publications Health Science and Recreation 1-1-2011 The Relations Between Traumatic Exposures, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Anger in Male and Female Veterans Miranda E. Worthen San Jose State University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/healthsci_rec_pub Part of the Medicine and Health Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Miranda E. Worthen. "The Relations Between Traumatic Exposures, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Anger in Male and Female Veterans" Journal of Feminist Family Therapy (2011): 188-201. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/08952833.2011.604535 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Health Science and Recreation at SJSU ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of SJSU ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The relations between traumatic exposures, post-traumatic stress disorder and anger in male and female Veterans Miranda Worthen Miranda Worthen Abstract Military personnel who have served in Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) and Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) have experienced high rates of combat exposure, which is associated with PTSD. Less is known about the relations between Military Sexual Trauma (sexual harassment, assault, and rape while serving in the military, MST) and PTSD. Little is known about anger problems in this OEF/OIF Veteran population, which research from prior conflicts suggests may be a consequence of both traumas and PTSD. Anger is an emotional state closely related to aggression, hostility, and violence. Veterans who have difficulty controlling anger are at greater risk of interpersonal and employment problems.
    [Show full text]