Frå Avgrunn Til Platå Attføding, Fantasiar Og Begjær I Fascismen

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Frå Avgrunn Til Platå Attføding, Fantasiar Og Begjær I Fascismen 1 Frå avgrunn til platå Attføding, fantasiar og begjær i fascismen From the Abyss to the Plateau Rebirth, Fantasies and Desire in Fascism Haust 2020 Axel Fjeld Universitetet i Bergen Institutt for filosofi og førstesemesterstudier Masteroppgave i FILO350 Frå avgrunn til platå - attføding, fantasiar og begjær i fascismen - Fjeld 2 Abstract Fascism lingers on, despite our best efforts. The thesis at hand asks why, and how it may be dealt with. More precisely, it questions which subterranean impulses, fixations and fantasies characterise fascism as a human phenomenon, to answer the pressing question of why some people become fascists. Starting from what might be called the mainstream academic consensus on the matter, it goes on to engage with recent historical and philosophical work to examine not simply fascism as a historical event, but the “fascism in our hearts”. Providing insight into contemporary fascist movements and their rhetorical strategies, it also displays the link between certain rhetorical messages and underlying reactionary impulses. It finds that fascism is characterised by certain themes of fantasy, which all lead to a position of misogynist masculinity. Fascism is also characterised by a struggle for control and is driven by a irreducible desire to dominate which is renewed by the material and psychological struggles of life in hierarchical societies. This results in a fixation on a phantasm of ascension from the chaotic, murky and frightening abyss, up to the safety of the clean, orderly and illuminated plateau – a fixation which fuels the daily engagement and activism of the fascist individual. With Klaus Theweleit’s Male Fantasies as main inspiration, chapter one begins with selected contemporary mainstream approaches before going into some depth on the philosophical framework used by Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari to explain fascism. Chapter two builds on this by adding insights from Luce Irigaray on the economy of thought that might be found beneath patriarchal society, particularly questioning Plato’s influence. Chapter three explores metapolitical fascism and the Nouvelle Droitte, linking it to Martin Heidegger, taking into account his thoughts on masculinity. Chapter four concludes by comparing the work of Theweleit and George Mosse to map out the fascist ideal of manhood, exploring links to fluvial themes and fantasies and connections to contemporary fascist rhetoric, and finally giving pointers to which strategies one might want to employ to combat fascism today. Frå avgrunn til platå - attføding, fantasiar og begjær i fascismen - Fjeld 3 Innhald Introduksjon .................................................................................................................................................. 5 Kapittel 1: Attføding, lidenskapar og begjær ................................................................................................ 8 1.1. Innleiing .......................................................................................................................................... 8 1.2. Nasjonens attføding ....................................................................................................................... 8 1.3. Mobiliserande lidenskapar ........................................................................................................... 11 1.4. Frikorpssoldatane og det flytande ............................................................................................... 13 1.5. Alle vil verte fascist ...................................................................................................................... 16 1.6. Viktige omgrep ............................................................................................................................. 21 1.7. Tilverting og immanens ................................................................................................................ 26 1.8. Guattaris analyse ......................................................................................................................... 28 1.9. Definisjon og oppsummering ....................................................................................................... 32 Kapittel 2: Einheitstenking og hulelikning ................................................................................................... 36 2.1. Innleiing ........................................................................................................................................ 36 2.2. Einheitstenking og skilnadstenking .............................................................................................. 38 2.3. Det symbolske og imaginære ....................................................................................................... 43 2.4. Hulelikninga.................................................................................................................................. 45 2.5. Dei raude kvinnane og dei kvite kvinnane ................................................................................... 51 2.6. Konstruert likskap ........................................................................................................................ 54 2.7. Platåets rasjonelle, ljose tryggleik ................................................................................................ 57 Kapittel 3: Den metapolitiske fascismen..................................................................................................... 60 3.1. Innleiing ........................................................................................................................................ 60 3.2. Den identitære rørsla ................................................................................................................... 61 3.3. Det nye høgre - metapolitisk retorikk .......................................................................................... 63 3.4. Mohler og Evola ........................................................................................................................... 67 3.5. Krebs, Gramsci og Thule Seminar ................................................................................................ 71 3.6. Etnopluralismen ........................................................................................................................... 73 3.7. Metapolitikk og maskulinitet hjå Heidegger ................................................................................ 77 3.8. Dei Svarte Hefta ........................................................................................................................... 79 3.9. Heideggers metapolitikk .............................................................................................................. 82 3.10. Heideggers kroppslegheit .......................................................................................................... 88 Frå avgrunn til platå - attføding, fantasiar og begjær i fascismen - Fjeld 4 3.11. Konklusjon .................................................................................................................................. 94 Kapittel 4: Fascistisk maskulinitet, språk og begjær ................................................................................... 96 4.1. Maskulinitetsidealet i fascismen .................................................................................................. 96 4.2. Å drenere sumpen ..................................................................................................................... 100 4.3. Riflekvinner ................................................................................................................................ 106 4.4. Det fascistiske språket ............................................................................................................... 111 4.5. Begjæret etter å dominere ........................................................................................................ 113 4.6. Avsluttande merknader ............................................................................................................. 114 Litteratur ................................................................................................................................................... 118 Frå avgrunn til platå - attføding, fantasiar og begjær i fascismen - Fjeld 5 Introduksjon I forordet til Gilles Deleuze og Felix Guattaris klassikar Anti-Ødipus spør Michel Foucault korleis ein skal unngå å verte fascistisk, sjølv når ein ser seg sjølv som revolusjonær.1 Spørsmålet kan stamme frå ein bekymring om at ein ikkje er immun mot fascismens impulsar sjølv om ein er på den politiske venstresida. Korleis kan ein få vekk det fascistiske frå sitt hjarte, sine lidenskapar, tankar, tale, og handlingar? Oppgåva skal freiste å gripe fatt i slike spørsmål, og tar utgangspunkt i problemstillinga: «Kva ligg under at somme vert fascistar? Kva impulsar, fantasiar og fikseringar kjenneteikner fascismen?» Oppgåva identifiserer to hovudtrekk i fascismen, det fyrste er at fascismen er kjenneteikna av visse fantasiar og fikseringar, og det andre er at fascismen handlar om makt og eit begjær etter å dominere. Fantasiane kan delast inn i to kategoriar: Den eine er ein opptattheit av den palingenetiske myta, ei fiksering på ein fortrinnsvis nasjonal attføding frå eit opplevd samtidig forfall. Den andre er ei fiksering på ein viss form for maskulinitet prega av hardheit og disiplin, som og uttrykker seg i ulike formar for kvinnefiendtlegheit.
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