DOCSLIB.ORG

Here: on Hate Speech

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Here: on Hate Speech They are brazen, feral, anthropoids that de- mand pay without work and collect sickness ben- efits without being sick. US / THEM They receive child benefits for chil- dren Hate Speech at the Service of Politics that play with pigs on the street, and for women that have the instincts of stray dogs * / edited by Miłosz Hodun LGBT migrants Roma Muslims Jews refugees national minorities asylum seekers ethnic minorities foreign workers black communities feminists NGOs women Africans church human rights activists journalists leftists liberals linguistic minorities politicians religious communities Travelers US / THEM European Liberal Forum Projekt: Polska US / THEM Hate Speech at the Service of Politics edited by Miłosz Hodun 132 Travelers 72 Africans migrants asylum seekers religious communities women 176 Muslims migrants 30 Map of foreign workers migrants Jews 162 Hatred refugees frontier workers LGBT 108 refugees pro-refugee activists 96 Jews Muslims migrants 140 Muslims 194 LGBT black communities Roma 238 Muslims Roma LGBT feminists 88 national minorities women 78 Russian speakers migrants 246 liberals migrants 8 Us & Them black communities 148 feminists ethnic Russians 20 Austria ethnic Latvians 30 Belgium LGBT 38 Bulgaria 156 46 Croatia LGBT leftists 54 Cyprus Jews 64 Czech Republic 72 Denmark 186 78 Estonia LGBT 88 Finland Muslims Jews 96 France 64 108 Germany migrants 118 Greece Roma 218 Muslims 126 Hungary 20 Roma 132 Ireland refugees LGBT migrants asylum seekers 126 140 Italy migrants refugees 148 Latvia human rights refugees 156 Lithuania 230 activists ethnic 204 NGOs 162 Luxembourg minorities Roma journalists LGBT 168 Malta Hungarian minority 46 176 The Netherlands Serbs 186 Poland Roma LGBT 194 Portugal 38 204 Romania Roma LGBT 218 Slovakia NGOs 230 Slovenia 238 Spain 118 246 Sweden politicians church LGBT 168 54 migrants Turkish Cypriots LGBT prounification activists Jews asylum seekers Europe Us & Them Miłosz Hodun We are now handing over to you another publication of the Euro- PhD. President of the pean Liberal Forum and Project: Poland, devoted to hate speech Projekt: Polska Founda- and populism. In 2014 we jointly published “Liberal Agenda Against tion and legal expert Online Hate Speech”, an analysis of the current situation of online at HejtStop programme. Second Vice-President hate speech in Europe in 2018. “The European Atlas of Democratic of the European Liberal Deficit”, in which the authors identified hate speech as one of the Forum. Author and editor most difficult challenges for the modern European democracy. of various publications Our “Liberal Agenda” started with ‘hate speech is everywhere: on hate speech. on the walls of our cities, in the mainstream and online media as well. It is impossible to avoid. It’s impossible to run away from it’. Unfortunately, nothing has changed in this respect. None of the observers of social life has any doubt that it is only worse. According to a 2018 Eurobarometer survey, hate speech is the type of online illegal content that Europeans encounter very often, it was most mentioned by respondents in 10 countries 1. Eurostat, in the report “Being young in Europe today — digital world” shows concerns about the behaviours of children and young people 2. Ac- cording to the study, they may be exposed to potentially harmful content, which may create dependency, anxiety or aggression. A bit older results, 2016 Eurobarometer, show that three-quarters of EU citizens have already experienced hate speech on social media 3. More detailed data from individual Member States are even more frightening. The COVID-19 pandemic and its adverse consequences will only, like any other socio-economic crisis, make this situation worse. After many years, hate speech has finally become the subject of political debate. At the European level, the best example of this was seen in the recent State of the Union Address by Ursula von der Leyen at the European Parliament Plenary session 4. The President of the European Commission said: Miłosz Hodun Us & Them 8 – 9 I am proud to live in Europe, in this open society of values and diversity. But even here in this Union — these stories are a daily reality for so many people. And this reminds us that progress on fighting racism and hate is fragile — it is hard won but very easily lost. So now is the moment to make the change. To build a truly anti-racist Union — that goes from condemnation to action. And the Commission is putting forward an action plan to start making that happen. As part of this, we will propose to extend the list of EU crimes to all forms of hate crime and hate speech — whether because of race, religion, gender or sexuality. Hate is hate — and no one should have to put up with it. This problem can no longer be ignored because it is like a virus that attacks liberal democracy, an open society and the rights and freedoms of European citizens organically linked to it. This virus has already entered the central nervous system of modern democracy, of politics, from where it sends destructive impulses in every direc- tion. The hate speech in politics is associated by many of us with Donald Trump and the new standards of American politics, which are mercilessly and consistently introduced overseas. Trump set the precedent of normalising hate speech as President of the United States. Trump’s xenophobic rhetoric, echoed by his staff, harms im- migrants, Latinos, African-Americans, Muslim-American, and other minority and marginalised groups. A prominent US civil rights group the Southern Poverty Law Centre (SPLC) have reported hundreds of cases of attacks against minorities — including instances of violence and intimidation — as a direct effect of Trump’s speech and called him to “take responsibility for what’s occurring, forcefully reject hate and bigotry” 5. In 2019, Democrats in the House of Representatives, and even some Republicans, passed a “nonbinding resolution” denouncing Trump’s “racist comments that have legitimized and increased fear and hatred of new Americans and people of colour” 6. But if anyone in Europe wants to feel at ease thinking ‘oh, those awful Americans’, it is high time to face the truth and look around in their backyard. For years now, hate speech has been devastating public space and mercilessly invading the private sphere, even at that side of the Atlantic that often sees itself as better, more civilised and more culturally developed. Looking from above, laugh- ing at others only prevents us from seeing our problems, analysing them, understanding the seriousness of the situation and taking the necessary measures. That is why we decided to prepare this publi- cation. We wanted to check, country by country, what is the status Europe of hate speech in the European Union. In particular, how it affects politics and politicians. Also, how and via which channels it returns from politicians to society. And what havoc it wreaks. Together with the authors, we have visited the 27 EU Member States. We travelled from Helsinki to Lisbon, listened to the parliamentary debates in The Hague, Prague and Valetta, looked at the codes written in Hungarian and Greek, listened to the television news in Slovak and Finnish. All this to provide readers with possibly the most complete picture of the situation in Europe, where no corner has been overlooked because at first glance it might seem irrelevant or free of weaknesses. In addition to the geographical cross-section, our subsequent atlas offers a variety of authors and perspectives. On the following pages, the voices of politicians at various levels, academics, experts from recognised think-tanks and activists will be heard. The voice of a former Minister for European Affairs and the voice of the youngest councillor in the country. The voice of the victim of hate crimes and the voice of a person who has devoted her professional life to combating this phenomenon. This multiplicity of experiences is also reflected in the multiplicity of styles. From academic articles from Berlin or Ljubljana to a metaphorical essay sent from the Dutch Bergen op Zoom, in which the Hague turns into the Ancient Troy. We aimed to give the authors the initiative and show the national context through their eyes and their words. The starting point was the same for all authors: hate speech in politics. However, I soon realised that the understanding of this subject could be extremely different. Of course, the very concept of hate speech is vague. There is no single definition. Moreover, there is the problem of a multitude of definitions, which many authors are facing. Some people give up, even without trying to enter the field of theoretical deliberations on this topic by focusing on more specific and/or practical issues. Others authoritatively point to a definition that will apply, at least within their article. There is nothing wrong with any of these approaches because, on the one hand, the discus- sion about the definition of hate speech is an indispensable part of the discussion about the phenomenon itself and, on the other hand, any non-theoretical considerations also help to clarify the concept. However, it is not the case that everyone adopts the legal definition which I have been using for years as the most complete, namely: the term ‘hate speech’ shall be understood as covering all forms of expression which is used to spread, incite, promote or justify racial hatred, xenophobia, anti-Semitism or other forms Miłosz Hodun Us & Them 10 —11 of hatred based on intolerance, including intolerance expressed by aggressive nationalism and ethnocentrism, discrimination and hostility against minorities, migrants and people of immigrant origin 7. What is more, in the publication many authors go far be- yond legal definitions, resorting to a more common, much broader, understanding of the term.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • IN SEARCH of COHERENCE Why the EU and Member States Hardly Fostered Resilience in Mali
    Working Paper No. 9 April 2021 IN SEARCH OF COHERENCE Why the EU and Member States Hardly Fostered Resilience in Mali Léonard Colomba-Petteng This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement no. 769886 The EU-LISTCO Working Papers are peer-reviewed research papers published based on research from the EU Horizon 2020 funded project no. 769886 entitled Europe’s External Action and the Dual Challenges of Limited Statehood and Contested Orders which runs from March 2018 to February 2021. EU-LISTCO investigates the challenges posed to European foreign policy by identifying risks connected to areas of limited statehood and contested orders. Through the analysis of the EU Global Strategy and Europe’s foreign policy instruments, the project assesses how the preparedness of the EU and its member states can be strengthened to better anticipate, prevent and respond to threats of governance breakdown and to foster resilience in Europe’s neighbourhoods. Continuous knowledge exchange between researchers and foreign policy practitioners is the cornerstone of EU-LISTCO. Since the project's inception, a consortium of fourteen leading universities and think tanks have been working together to develop policy recommendations for the EU’s external action toolbox, in close coordination with European decision-makers. FOR MORE INFORMATION: EU-LISTCO WORKING PAPERS SERIES: EU-LISTCO PROJECT: Saime Ozcurumez, Editor Elyssa Shea Senem Yıldırım, Assistant Editor Freie Universität Berlin
    [Show full text]
  • Regulating “Fake News” and Other Online Advertising
    FOOL ME ONCE: REGULATING “FAKE NEWS” AND OTHER ONLINE ADVERTISING ABBY K. WOOD* AND ANN M. RAVEL† A lack of transparency for online political advertising has long been a problem in American political campaigns. Disinformation attacks that American voters have experienced since the 2016 campaign have made the need for regulatory action more pressing. Internet platforms prefer self-regulation and have only recently come around to supporting proposed transparency legislation. While government must not regulate the content of political speech, it can, and should, force transparency into the process. We propose several interventions aimed at transparency. First, and most importantly, campaign finance regulators should require platforms to store and make available (1) ads run on their platforms, and (2) the audience at whom the ad was targeted. Audience availability can be structured to avoid privacy concerns, and it meets an important speech value in the “marketplace of ideas” theory of the First Amendment—that of enabling counter speech. Our proposed regulations would capture any political advertising, including disinformation, that is promoted via paid distribution on social media, as well as all other online political advertising. Second, existing loopholes in transparency regulations *. Associate Professor of Law, Political Science, and Public Policy at University of Southern California ([email protected]). †. Senior Fellow, Maplight Digital Deception Project and former Chair of the Federal Election Commission and California Fair Political Practices Commission. This article has benefited from insights from Rebecca Brown, Chris Elmendorf, and Rick Hasen. Daniel Brovman, Samantha Hay, Justin Mello, Brandon Thompson, and Caroline Yoon provided fantastic research assistance. Teresa Delgado and Alex Manzanares joyfully created the time and space required to focus on the project.
    [Show full text]
  • Download/Print the Study in PDF Format
    GENERAL ELECTION IN GREECE 7th July 2019 European New Democracy is the favourite in the Elections monitor Greek general election of 7th July Corinne Deloy On 26th May, just a few hours after the announcement of the results of the European, regional and local elections held in Greece, Prime Minister Alexis Tsipras (Coalition of the Radical Left, SYRIZA), whose party came second to the main opposition party, New Analysis Democracy (ND), declared: “I cannot ignore this result. It is for the people to decide and I am therefore going to request the organisation of an early general election”. Organisation of an early general election (3 months’ early) surprised some observers of Greek political life who thought that the head of government would call on compatriots to vote as late as possible to allow the country’s position to improve as much as possible. New Democracy won in the European elections with 33.12% of the vote, ahead of SYRIZA, with 23.76%. The Movement for Change (Kinima allagis, KINAL), the left-wing opposition party which includes the Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK), the Social Democrats Movement (KIDISO), the River (To Potami) and the Democratic Left (DIMAR), collected 7.72% of the vote and the Greek Communist Party (KKE), 5.35%. Alexis Tsipras had made these elections a referendum Costas Bakoyannis (ND), the new mayor of Athens, on the action of his government. “We are not voting belongs to a political dynasty: he is the son of Dora for a new government, but it is clear that this vote is Bakoyannis, former Minister of Culture (1992-1993) not without consequence.
    [Show full text]
  • The Czech Parliament and EU Affairs Martin Hrabálek, Masaryk University and Alexander Strelkov, Phd Student, Maastricht University
    OPAL Country Reports The Czech Parliament and EU Affairs Martin Hrabálek, Masaryk University and Alexander Strelkov, PhD Student, Maastricht University To cite this report: M. Hrabálek & A. Strelkov (2012), OPAL Country Reports: The Czech Parliament and EU Affairs, weblink September 2012 OPAL Country Report on the Czech Parliament, September 2012 OPAL Country Report on the Czech Parliament1 Martin Hrabálek, Masaryk University and Alexander Strelkov, PhD student, Maastricht University 1. General Position of Parliament in the Constitutional Balance of the Member State: Constitutional and institutional factors This section looks at the role of Parliament in the political system, to help us understand the relative power position of the legislature. What is the type of government in the political system of your member state? 1.1 (i.e. parliamentary or semi-presidential) The Czech state is a parliamentary republic. From 2013 direct elections of the president are to be introduced. This doesn’t affect the competences of the president, which stay mainly symbolic, but can arguably increase the legitimacy of the post. This argument might be underlined by the fact, that the post has been occupied by two very strong personalities since 1993 – Václav Havel and Václav Klaus, that both expanded the influence of the office beyond the institutional framework. An introduction of direct elections also required a constitutional amendment that has been adopted by the two chambers of the Czech republic in July 2012. None of the political parties seem to have defined their candidates for the presidential post before the amendment was adopted. The measure to introduce direct presidential elections was much contested by the members of the expert community.
    [Show full text]
  • 2019 European Elections the Weight of the Electorates Compared to the Electoral Weight of the Parliamentary Groups
    2019 European Elections The weight of the electorates compared to the electoral weight of the parliamentary groups Guillemette Lano Raphaël Grelon With the assistance of Victor Delage and Dominique Reynié July 2019 2019 European Elections. The weight of the electorates | Fondation pour l’innovation politique I. DISTINGUISHING BETWEEN THE WEIGHT OF ELECTORATES AND THE ELECTORAL WEIGHT OF PARLIAMENTARY GROUPS The Fondation pour l’innovation politique wished to reflect on the European elections in May 2019 by assessing the weight of electorates across the European constituency independently of the electoral weight represented by the parliamentary groups comprised post-election. For example, we have reconstructed a right-wing Eurosceptic electorate by aggregating the votes in favour of right-wing national lists whose discourses are hostile to the European Union. In this case, for instance, this methodology has led us to assign those who voted for Fidesz not to the European People’s Party (EPP) group but rather to an electorate which we describe as the “populist right and extreme right” in which we also include those who voted for the Italian Lega, the French National Rally, the Austrian FPÖ and the Sweden Democrats. Likewise, Slovak SMER voters were detached from the Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats (S&D) Group and instead categorised as part of an electorate which we describe as the “populist left and extreme left”. A. The data collected The electoral results were collected list by list, country by country 1, from the websites of the national parliaments and governments of each of the States of the Union. We then aggregated these data at the European level, thus obtaining: – the number of individuals registered on the electoral lists on the date of the elections, or the registered voters; – the number of votes, or the voters; – the number of valid votes in favour of each of the lists, or the votes cast; – the number of invalid votes, or the blank or invalid votes.
    [Show full text]
  • En Irak 07.Qxd
    THE CZECH REPUBLIC AND THE IRAQ CRISIS: SHAPING THE CZECH STANCE David Kr·l, Luk·ö Pachta Europeum Institute for European Policy, January 2005 Table of contens Executive Summary. 5 1. Introduction . 7 2. The President 1. Constitutional framework . 11 2. Havel versus Klaus . 13 3. The Presidentís position on the Iraq crisis . 15 3. The Government 1. Constitutional framework . 21 2. Governmental resolution: articulation of the Czech position. 22 3. Continuity of foreign policy ñ the Czech Republic and the ëcoalition of the willingí. 23 4. Political constellation within government . 26 5. Proposal of the Foreign Ministry . 27 6. Acceptance of the governmental position . 29 7. The power of personalities . 30 4. The Parliament 1. General framework. 35 2. Debate and role of the Parliament before the initiation of the Iraqi operation . 36 3. The Chamber of Deputies ñ critique by the opposition . 38 4. The Senate debate ñ lower influence of the political parties, higher influence of personalities . 39 5. Parliamentary discussion during the Iraq crisis. 42 6. Discussion on the dispatching of a field hospital to Basra . 43 5. The Political Parties 1. Czech Social Democratic Party (»SSD): Ambivalent workhorse of the Czech government . 50 2. Antiwar resolution of the »SSD Congress: A blow for the »SSD in government. 51 3. Smaller coalition parties: pro-American but constructive and loyal . 54 4. Civic Democratic Party (ODS): Clear position, weak critique of the government and conflict with Klaus . 55 5. Communist party (KS»M): Weak in influence but strong in rhetoric . 57 6. Conclusion . 59 7. Annexes. (in Czech version only) 3 Executive Summary EXECUTIVE SUMMARY David Kr·l has been the chairman of EUROPEUM Institute for European Policy since ■ The Czech government expressed political support for the general objectives of 2000 where he also serves as the director of EU policies programme.
    [Show full text]
  • How to Characterise the Discourse of the Far-Right in Digital Media? Interdisciplinary Approach to Preventing Terrorism
    How to characterise the discourse of the far-right in digital media? Interdisciplinary approach to preventing terrorism. S. Alava, N. Chaouni To cite this version: S. Alava, N. Chaouni. How to characterise the discourse of the far-right in digital media? Interdisci- plinary approach to preventing terrorism.. Procedia Computer Science, Elsevier, 2020, 176, pp.2515- 2525. 10.1016/j.procs.2020.09.324. hal-03092971 HAL Id: hal-03092971 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03092971 Submitted on 3 Jan 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Distributed under a Creative Commons CC0 - Public Domain Dedication| 4.0 International License Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Available onlineScienceDirect at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Procedia Computer Science 00 (2020) 000–000 www.elsevier.com/locate/pr Procedia ScienceDirectComputer Science 00 (2020) 000–000 ocedia Procedia Computer Science 176 (2020) 2515–2525 www.elsevier.com/locate/pr ocedia 24th International Conference on Knowledge-Based and Intelligent Information & Engineering 24th International Conference on KnowledgeSystems-Based and Intelligent Information & Engineering Systems How to characterise the discourse of the far-right in digital media? How to Icharacterinterdisciplinaryse the discourse approach ofto thepreventing far-right terrorism.
    [Show full text]
  • FAKE NEWS!”: President Trump’S Campaign Against the Media on @Realdonaldtrump and Reactions to It on Twitter
    “FAKE NEWS!”: President Trump’s Campaign Against the Media on @realdonaldtrump and Reactions To It on Twitter A PEORIA Project White Paper Michael Cornfield GWU Graduate School of Political Management [email protected] April 10, 2019 This report was made possible by a generous grant from William Madway. SUMMARY: This white paper examines President Trump’s campaign to fan distrust of the news media (Fox News excepted) through his tweeting of the phrase “Fake News (Media).” The report identifies and illustrates eight delegitimation techniques found in the twenty-five most retweeted Trump tweets containing that phrase between January 1, 2017 and August 31, 2018. The report also looks at direct responses and public reactions to those tweets, as found respectively on the comment thread at @realdonaldtrump and in random samples (N = 2500) of US computer-based tweets containing the term on the days in that time period of his most retweeted “Fake News” tweets. Along with the high percentage of retweets built into this search, the sample exhibits techniques and patterns of response which are identified and illustrated. The main findings: ● The term “fake news” emerged in public usage in October 2016 to describe hoaxes, rumors, and false alarms, primarily in connection with the Trump-Clinton presidential contest and its electoral result. ● President-elect Trump adopted the term, intensified it into “Fake News,” and directed it at “Fake News Media” starting in December 2016-January 2017. 1 ● Subsequently, the term has been used on Twitter largely in relation to Trump tweets that deploy it. In other words, “Fake News” rarely appears on Twitter referring to something other than what Trump is tweeting about.
    [Show full text]
  • The European Election Results 2009
    EUROPEAN PARLIAMENTARY ELECTION FOR THE EASTERN REGION 4TH JUNE 2009 STATEMENT UNDER RULE 56(1)(b) OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENTARY ELECTIONS RULES 2004 I, David Monks, hereby give notice that at the European Parliamentary Election in the Eastern Region held on 4th June 2009 — 1. The number of votes cast for each Party and individual Candidate was — Party or Individual Candidate No. of Votes 1. Animals Count 13,201 2. British National Party – National Party – Protecting British Jobs 97,013 3. Christian Party ―Proclaiming Christ’s Lordship‖ The Christian Party – CPA 24,646 4. Conservative Party 500,331 5. English Democrats Party – English Democrats – ―Putting England First!‖ 32,211 6. Jury Team 6,354 7. Liberal Democrats 221,235 8. NO2EU:Yes to Democracy 13,939 9 Pro Democracy: Libertas.EU 9,940 10. Social Labour Party (Leader Arthur Scargill) 13,599 11. The Green Party 141,016 12. The Labour Party 167,833 13. United Kingdom First 38,185 14. United Kingdom Independence Party – UKIP 313,921 15. Independent (Peter E Rigby) 9,916 2. The number of votes rejected was: 13,164 3. The number of votes which each Party or Candidate had after the application of subsections (4) to (9) of Section 2 of the European Parliamentary Elections Act 2002, was — Stage Party or Individual Candidate Votes Allocation 1. Conservative 500331 First Seat 2. UKIP 313921 Second Seat 3. Conservative 250165 Third Seat 4. Liberal Democrat 221235 Fourth Seat 5. Labour Party 167833 Fifth Seat 6. Conservative 166777 Sixth Seat 7. UKIP 156960 Seventh Seat 4. The seven Candidates elected for the Eastern Region are — Name Address Party 1.
    [Show full text]
  • It-Tlettax-Il Leġiżlatura Pl
    IT-TLETTAX-IL LEĠIŻLATURA P.L. 730 Dokument imqiegħed fuq il-Mejda tal-Kamra tad-Deputati fis-Seduta Numru 55 tal-21 ta’ Novembru 2017 mid-Deputat Prim Ministru u Ministru għas-Saħħa, f’isem il-Prim Ministru. ___________________________ Raymond Scicluna Skrivan tal-Kamra ANNUAL REPORT 2016 Published in 2017 by the Broadcasting Authority 7 Mile End Road Ħamrun HMR 1718 Malta Compiled, produced and designed by: Mario Axiak B.A. Hons (Business Management), M.B.A. (Maastricht) Head Research & Communications The Hon. Dr Joseph Muscat KUOM, Ph.D., M.P Prime Minister Office of the Prime Minister Auberge De Castille Valletta June 2017 Honourable Prime Minister, Broadcasting Authority Annual Report 2016 In accordance with sub-article (1) of article 30 of the Broadcasting Act, Chapter 350 of the Laws of Malta, we have pleasure in forwarding the Broadcasting Authority’s Annual Report for 2016. Yours sincerely, ______________________________ ______________________________ Ms Tanya Borg Cardona Dr Joanna Spiteri Chairperson Chief Executive BROADCASTING AUTHORITY MALTA ANNUAL REPORT 2016 CONTENTS 1. Review of the Year 7 1.1 The Broadcasting Authority 7 1.2 Għargħur Transmitting Facilities 7 1.3 Sponsorship - Certificate Course in Proof Reading 7 1.4 Sponsorship - Malta Journalism Awards 8 1.5 Thematic Reports compiled by the Monitoring Department 8 1.6 Reach-out 8 1.7 Political Broadcasts 9 1.8 Equality Certification 9 1.9 Wear it Pink 9 2. Administrative Offences 11 3. Broadcasting Licences 13 3.1 Radio Broadcasting Licences 13 3.1.1 Community Radio Stations 13 3.1.2 Drive-In Cinema Event 13 3.1.3 Nationwide Analogue Radio (FM/AM) 13 3.1.4 Digital Radio Platform 13 3.1.5 Request for a Medium Wave Radio Station 13 3.2 Nationwide Television and Satellite Stations 13 3.2.1 Television Stations 13 3.2.2 Satellite Licences 15 4.
    [Show full text]
  • ESS9 Appendix A3 Political Parties Ed
    APPENDIX A3 POLITICAL PARTIES, ESS9 - 2018 ed. 3.0 Austria 2 Belgium 4 Bulgaria 7 Croatia 8 Cyprus 10 Czechia 12 Denmark 14 Estonia 15 Finland 17 France 19 Germany 20 Hungary 21 Iceland 23 Ireland 25 Italy 26 Latvia 28 Lithuania 31 Montenegro 34 Netherlands 36 Norway 38 Poland 40 Portugal 44 Serbia 47 Slovakia 52 Slovenia 53 Spain 54 Sweden 57 Switzerland 58 United Kingdom 61 Version Notes, ESS9 Appendix A3 POLITICAL PARTIES ESS9 edition 3.0 (published 10.12.20): Changes from previous edition: Additional countries: Denmark, Iceland. ESS9 edition 2.0 (published 15.06.20): Changes from previous edition: Additional countries: Croatia, Latvia, Lithuania, Montenegro, Portugal, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden. Austria 1. Political parties Language used in data file: German Year of last election: 2017 Official party names, English 1. Sozialdemokratische Partei Österreichs (SPÖ) - Social Democratic Party of Austria - 26.9 % names/translation, and size in last 2. Österreichische Volkspartei (ÖVP) - Austrian People's Party - 31.5 % election: 3. Freiheitliche Partei Österreichs (FPÖ) - Freedom Party of Austria - 26.0 % 4. Liste Peter Pilz (PILZ) - PILZ - 4.4 % 5. Die Grünen – Die Grüne Alternative (Grüne) - The Greens – The Green Alternative - 3.8 % 6. Kommunistische Partei Österreichs (KPÖ) - Communist Party of Austria - 0.8 % 7. NEOS – Das Neue Österreich und Liberales Forum (NEOS) - NEOS – The New Austria and Liberal Forum - 5.3 % 8. G!LT - Verein zur Förderung der Offenen Demokratie (GILT) - My Vote Counts! - 1.0 % Description of political parties listed 1. The Social Democratic Party (Sozialdemokratische Partei Österreichs, or SPÖ) is a social above democratic/center-left political party that was founded in 1888 as the Social Democratic Worker's Party (Sozialdemokratische Arbeiterpartei, or SDAP), when Victor Adler managed to unite the various opposing factions.
    [Show full text]
  • MALTESE E-NEWSLETTER 7 January 2018 1
    MALTESE E-NEWSLETTER 7 January 2018 1 MALTESE E-NEWSLETTER 7 January 2018 Annual Festivals & Traditions The Maltese Islands have a number of religious festivities and cultural events that take place every year. Feast days are the life of the Islands and some holy days are actually national holidays, such as the feast of Santa Marija in mid-August. Others, such as the harvest festival of Mnarja at the end of June, are steeped in folklore. However, the most important events to all villages are their individual festas, honouring their parish patron saint. Religious holidays, such as Christmas and Easter, are highly celebrated, with the traditional festivities that go along with them. As families tend to be quite close-knit, the holidays are a time to strengthen the sense of community as well as reinforce family bonds. Church services play a large role during this time of year and during the Holy Week of Easter, many flock to the churches in great numbers for the‘seven visits', the visit of seven churches, to pay homage to the Altars of Repose. The festive commemorations are also a time of food, drink and merriment which brings out the Mediterranean roots of the locals. Families prepare large Christmasand Easter lunches; giving thanks for all that they have with their relatives. During these festas the streets are lined with carts, selling a wide assortment of differentfoods as well as the more traditional sweets and delicacies. Introduced relatively recently, cultural events such as the Malta Fireworks Festival, the Malta International Arts Festival, Notte Bianca, the Malta Jazz Festival , the Malta World Music Festival and Mediterranea in Gozo are becoming traditions in their own right.
    [Show full text]