Investigation of Animal Anthrax Outbreaks in the Human–Animal Interface at Risky Districts of Bangladesh During 2016–2017 SK Shaheenur Islam1, Shovon Chakma2, A
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JOURNAL OF ADVANCED VETERINARY AND ANIMAL RESEARCH ISSN 2311-7710 (Electronic) http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2018.e290 December 2018 A periodical of the Network for the Veterinarians of Bangladesh (BDvetNET) VOL 5, No. 4, PAGES 397–404 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Investigation of animal anthrax outbreaks in the human–animal interface at risky districts of Bangladesh during 2016–2017 SK Shaheenur Islam1, Shovon Chakma2, A. H. M. Taslima Akhter3, Nelima Ibrahim1, Faisol Talukder4, Golam Azam Chowdhuary5 1Department of Livestock Services, KrishiKhamar Sarak, Dhaka, Bangladesh 2Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Emergency Center for Transboundary Animal Disease (ECTAD), Bangladesh 3FAO Food Safety Program, Food and Agriculture Organization, IPH Building, Dhaka, Bangladesh 4FETP, B fellow (3rd Cohort) Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka, Bangladesh 5Central Disease Investigation Laboratory (CDIL), Dhaka, Bangladesh ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY Objective: The objective of the study was to explore the outbreak situation in terms of animal, Received May 26, 2018 place, and time towards minimizing the risk of animal infection at the source in future and subse- Revised September 05, 2018 quent spillover in human in the endemic rural settings. Accepted August 06, 2018 Methodology: An outbreak investigation team from the Department of Livestock Services visited Published December 02, 2018 in each of the outbreak sites to explore the event towards strengthening the control program in KEYWORDS the future. Meat samples of the infected slaughtered animals were collected to confirm the causal agent of the animal outbreak using polychrome methylene blue microscopic examination tech- Animal anthrax; Bangladesh; outbreak nique. Participatory epidemiology tool such as semi-structured interview had been used in these investigation investigations to realize the knowledge and practices of local people/cattle keepers on anthrax control and prevention in animal and human as well. Results: All identified affected human cases had been confirmed as a history of contact with the animal carcasses or handling/processing with infected meat. The level of awareness at the commu- This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the nity level was not satisfactory for the prevention and control of anthrax at the source and further Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 spillover in human. The infected slaughtered animals found to be in non-vaccinated status during Licence (http://creativecommons.org/ the outbreak investigation and uncontrolled animal movement is considered to be responsible for licenses/by/4.0) new outbreaks in a vaccinated zone where enforcement of veterinary legislation is inadequate. Conclusion: A comprehensive preparedness and response strategy is to be obligatory for pre- vention, control and respond on anthrax in Bangladesh. Maximum vaccination coverage in the animal, increase community awareness of animal and human anthrax are also demanded for transmission of anthrax from animal to human. Introduction occurrence and epizootics of anthrax occur among live- Anthrax is an acute infectious disease caused by the bac- stock and wild herbivores in the United States, southern terium Bacillus anthracis, which can affect herbivores ani- and eastern Europe, and Canada and outbreaks at the mals [1,2]. Animals can obtain infection through contact animal–human interface are reported from countries in with soil borne spores of B. anthracis while humans obtain Africa, the Middle East, and Asia [3–8]. In southern Asia, infection through contact with diseased animals or with anthrax is considered to be highly enzootic in India and the carcasses during slaughtering or processing infected Bangladesh and continual outbreaks occur in both animals animal or byproducts of infected animals [1]. Sporadic and humans [3,5,9]. Correspondence SK Shaheenur Islam [email protected] Department of Livestock Services, KrishiKhamar Sarak, Dhaka, Bangladesh. How to cite: Islam SKS, Chakma S, Akhter AHMT, Ibrahim N, Talukder F, Chowdhuary GA. Investigation of animal anthrax outbreaks in the human–animal interface at risky districts of Bangladesh during 2016–2017. J Adv Vet Anim Res 2018; 5(4):397–404. http://bdvets.org/javar/ Islam et al./ J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 5(4): 397–404, December 2018 397 In Bangladesh, animal anthrax has been presumed to this study was to survey the outbreak situation in terms of be enzootic for long before; however, it was recognized animal, place, and time and to know the level of knowledge as a zoonotic disease in this country during the year of people at the outbreak areas towards minimizing the risk 2009–2010 [3]. Anthrax outbreaks have persistent to be of animal infection and subsequent spillover in human. recorded in both animal and human from different areas of the country [3]. Anthrax infection in livestock popula- Materials and Methods - mity with the standards set by the World Organization for Outbreak details and investigation Animaltion of BangladeshHealth (OIE). has In beenrural notifiedareas of regularlyBangladesh, in conforpeople Two animal anthrax outbreaks in Sirajganj district commonly slaughter sick animals infected with anthrax to (Kamrakand and Shahajadpur Upazila) and one outbreak in Tangail district (Gopalpur Upazila) during April–June for anthrax transmission from animal to humans. 2016 along with a single outbreak in Rajbari district recuperateAs a part their of control financial and loss,prevention which createsactivities a ofpossibility the gov- - ernment, Department of Livestock Services (DLS) is doing tle and investigated by the outbreak investigation teams annual animal immunization routinely in the endemic dis- (Fig.(Kalukhali 1). Upazila) in August 2017 were confirmed in cat tricts and conducts the awareness campaign for boosting knowledge of cattle keepers and general people to some animals were suddenly ill with fever since May 13, 2016 in JamtailDLS received village informationof Kamarkand from Upazila the fieldof Sirajganj office thatdis- animal vaccination at the Upazila level and the absence of trict. The DLS team investigated the outbreak on May 26, aextent. dedicated Since program the lack ofon sufficient anthrax, paravetsthe prevention and logistics and con for- 2016 and documented that a bull on May 13, 2016 and trol program has faced challenges. However, due to the lack a cow on May 24, 2016 were reported moribund with of proper awareness (100%) in the community level, the a high fever. Both animals were reported to be slaugh- outbreak may happen in the same Upazila with changing tered, dressed, and sold in the community in <24 h of ill- the location (annon/personal collection). We present in ness onset. The meat was sold in the village at the lower price (BDT 250/kg) and 12 people had skin lesions, who of anthrax outbreaks that took place at the human–animal involved directly in the slaughtering of ill animal and interfacethis paper in the the findings remote areasof an ofepidemiological Bangladesh. The investigation purpose of Figure 1. Map showing four anthrax outbreak investigation sites (Sirajganj-2, Tangail-1, Rajbari-1) during 2016–17. http://bdvets.org/javar/ Islam et al./ J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 5(4): 397–404, December 2018 398 processing of raw meat in their household. The team fol- the clotted blood of refrigerated meat of infected slaugh- low-up the event on June 1, 2016 and documented a sim- tered animal contains rod-shaped bacilli that were found ilar animal and human illness history in the same village using the polychrome methylene blue (PMB) staining tech- of Kamrakand Upazila: a bull was fallen down suddenly nique under the microscope with high power objective in a Hindu community, sold immediately to the Muslim (×100) using immersion oil [1]. neighbors. The ill bull was slaughtered and dressed and Data collection, management, and for statistical analysis the meat was sold at a lower price. Nine people had got skin lesions who involved with animal slaughtering and Data for both animal and human cases were captured and meat processing. A total of three animals (two bulls and recorded separately in Excel worksheets and descriptive one cow) got sick and slaughtered in the same village statistics were accomplished using Microsoft Excel® tools. within 1/2 km radius of Jamail cluster. The DLS team was informed of an additional human Results anthrax outbreak in Bholarhat village of Tangail district on June 15, 2016 and North Mosipur village of Shahajadpur Animal anthrax Upazila of Sirajganj district on July 10, 2016 after slaugh- Six animals (two bulls and four cows) were reported sick tering of single ill cow in each of the villages with a history and documented in the three outbreak events. The median similar to anthrax in Jamail village of Kamarkand Upazila age of cattle was 27 months (range: 18–48 months). All in Sirajganj district. The outbreak sites were investigated (100%) cattle were slaughtered in <24 h of illness onset. on June 16, 2016 and July 11, 2016, respectively. The The most common clinical history was high temperature, investigation teams documented that a total of 23 people falling down, and lack of appetite (Table 1). The blood of in Bholarhat village of Gopalpur Upazila of Tangail district the slaughtering animal was found to be unclotted was and nine people in North Mosipur village of Shahajadpur Upazila of Sirajganj district had got skin lesions who involved actively in animal slaughtering, butchering, and casesconfirmed (Shahajadpur