COMPLETION REPORT ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE CULTURA EXPLORATION OF THE INCA TRAIL, EAST FLANK OF & PALYNOLOGY OF TERRACES

Wright Water Engineers, Inc. Wright Paleohydrological Institute May 2000 COMPLETIONCOMPLETION REPORTREPORT INSTITUTOINSTITUTO NACIONALNACIONAL DEDE CULTURACULTURA ARCHAEOLOGICALARCHAEOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONEXPLORATION OFOF THETHE INCAINCA TRAIL,TRAIL, EASTEAST FLANKFLANK OFOF MACHUMACHU

PICCHUPICCHU && PALYNOLOGYPALYNOLOGY OF OF Kenneth R. Wright, P.E.; TERRACESTERRACES Alfredo Valencia Zegarra, Ph.D.; Christopher M. Crowley

With: Ives Bejar Mendoza, Licenciado; Ruth M. Wright, J.D.; Scott A. Marshall, P.E.; . Linda Scott− Cummings, Ph.D.

Scientific Consultant: Dr. Gordon McEwan WrightWright WaterWater Engineers,Engineers, Inc.Inc. WrightWright PaleohydrologicalPaleohydrological InstituteInstitute MayMay 20002000 PRÓLOGO PREFACE

Este informe de exploración arqueológico al Instituto Nacional de Cultura (INC) describe el camino Inca This archaeological exploration report to the Instituto Nacional de Cultura (INC) describes the primary principal que va desde Machu Picchu hasta el Río Vilcanota. Este camino se considera como una Inca trail leading from Machu Picchu to the Vilcanota River. This trail is judged to be an extension of the extensión del camino Inca muy frequentada que va desde el kilómetro 88 hasta Machu Picchu. well-traveled Inca trail from kilometer 88 to Machu Picchu. Nuestra exploración arqueológica de septiembre de 1999 fue un seguimiento lógico a las excavaciones Our archaeological exploration of September 1999 was a logical follow through to the excavations of five realizadas en las cinco fuentes inferiores del flanco oriental en 1998. En aquel entonces, nos dimos lower east flank fountains in 1998. At that time, we realized that a wide granite stone built trail cuenta de que un camino ancho y construido de piedra de granito conectaba tres de las cinco fuentes y connected three of the five fountains and that this trail had to be an important trail down from Machu que ese camino tenía que ser un camino importante que bajaba de Machu Picchu debido a su gran Picchu because of its grand character. carácter. During the archaeological exploration the Machu Picchu Paleohydrological Project Team was impressed by Durante la exploración arqueológico de Machu Picchu se impresionó muchisimo por la lejanía del flanco the apparent remoteness of the east flank of Machu Picchu even though it is so close to the main site with oriental a pesar de su cercanía al sitio principal que contaba con tanta gente. La abundancia de so many people. The abundance of snakes, birds and all sorts of insects, coupled with the dense forest serpientes, aves, y todo tipo de insectos y además un bosque denso y el muy poco frequente Oso and rare Bespectacled Bear was testimony to the wilderness-like nature of the east flank. Manchado fue testimonio al estado virginal del flanco oriental. While this Inca trail is a likely future tourist attraction and a potential alternative route up to Machu Picchu A pesar de que este camino Inca sea una probable atracción turística en el futuro además de ser una for eco-tourists, it would seem prudent to maintain the east flank habitat as a place for the Bespectacled potencial ruta alternativa para que los eco-turistas suban a Machu Picchu, parecería prudente mantener el Bear to live and thrive. habitat del flanco oriental como un sitio donde el Oso Manchado pueda vivir y prosperar. The authors of this report are indebted to the INC for the issuance of archaeological permits and their Los autores de este reporte están endeudados con el INC por los permisos arqueológicos y su ayuda tan unselfish and generous assistance throughout the entire Paleohydrological investigations, starting in 1994. generosa a través de todas las investigaciones Paleohidrólicas iniciaron en 1994. Appreciation is expressed to Mayor Dr. Jose Soto of Aguas Calientes and Vice Mayor Sr. Ferman Diaz who Se extiende un agradecimiento especial al Presidente Municipal Dr. José Soto de Aguas Calientes y El provided encouragement and the hospitality of Aguas Calientes that was the base of our operations. Vicepresidente Municipal Sr. Fermín Diaz que proporcionaron el apoyo y hospitalidad de Aguas Calientes The authors are also indebted to Wright Water Engineers, Inc. and the Wright Paleohydrological Institute que fue la base de nuestras operaciones. for their funding of archeological exploration and for providing both technical assistance and financial Los autores también están endeudados con Wright Water Engineers Inc. y con Wright Paleohydrological support for this report. Institute por las donaciones a la exploración arqueológica y por proporcionar tanto la ayuda técnica y el and Wright Paleohydro The beauty and strength of and engineering on this east flank trail to the Vilcanota River apoyo económico para este informe. is an inspiration to us today. La bellaza y la fuerza de la arquitectura e ingeniería Inca que se encuentra enlogical este Institute. camino del flanco oriental hacía el Río Vilcanota es una gran inspiración para todos nosotros hoy día. The Authors May 2000 Los Autores Mayo 2000

This report has been registered with the United States Library of Congress for copyright purposes in May 2000.

This report may be freely quoted and copied ght Water Engineers, Inc.

without permission but with credit to Wri

Page i TABLES TABLES

L, AND PROCEDURE ______21 sults From September 26, 1998 7

CHU PICCHUCHU ______18

TERRACES ______15 4.7 Trail To the Temple of the Moon4.8 ______15 Trail Picchu to Huayna ______15 Table 3 Pollen at Machu Picchu Table 4 Plants Identified as Possible Species in Pollen Testing at Machu Picchu 20 19 5.0 5.1 POLLEN SAMPLE COLLECTION PROGRAM FOR MACHU PICCHU AGRICULTURAL 1998 Pollen Samples5.2 ______15 1999 Pollen Samples6.0 ______15 7.0 RESULTS TESTING POLLEN 8.0 FAUNA ______16 ______21 PERSONNE MA OF FLORA 9.0 10.0 AUTHORITY, PICCHU MACHU OF FLANK EAST ON THE TRAIL INCA THE OF FUNCTION 10.1 Authority _____21 ______21 10.2 Personnel ______22 10.3 Procedure ______22 11.0 RECOMMENDATIONS ______22 12.0 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS______22 BIBLIOGRAPHY ______23 Table 1 Inca Trail Measurements Table 2 Water Quality Sample Re 3

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TEAGA DWELLING PLACE DWELLING TEAGA ______14 TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE 14+50 to Inca House at 13+00) ______11 CHU PICCHU TRAILS PICCHU CHU ______14 ains 3, 4, and 5______5

ORATION ______3 2.41 Excavation of Fount 2.91 The First Section (Qolqas at 2.42 Hydraulics ______9 2.92 The Second Section (13+00 to 10+88)2.93 ______11 The Third Section (10+88 to 8+60)______2.94 12 The Fourth Section (8+60 to 7+28)______2.95 12 The Fifth Section (7+28 to 3+40)2.96 ______12 The Sixth Section (3+40 to 00+00) ______13

1.0 INTRODUCTION ______1 1.1 Terraces ______2 East Flank Inca Trail1.2 Agricultural ______EXPL 1 1.3 Fountains ______2 2.0 TRAIL 2.1 Views ______4 Field Instrument of Survey Trail______2.2 Trail 3 2.3 Trail Picchu Connections in Machu 2.4 Fountains ______5 5 Innovation ______9 2.5 Hydraulic Quality______9 2.6 Water 2.7 Stability ______10 at Hydraulics River Landing______2.8 Trail 9 2.9 Trail Summary Description ______10 3.0 4.0 AR AND THE PAMPA MANDOR 4.1 MA THE OF SUMMARY Trail The Main (“Hatan Picchu Ñan”) —Machu 4.2 ______14 The Inca Bridge Trail4.3 ______14 The Bridge San Miguel Trail4.4 ______14 East Flank Lower Trail______4.5 14 Trail From the Left Bank of the Vilcanota River______4.6 15 Trail on the Right Bank of the Vilcanota River______15

conclusion of the exploration and mapping conclusion

Conjunto 1 near the outer wall. outer the 1 near Conjunto ______16 ographed high above the Machu Picchu Tourist ographed high above the Machu Picchu DRAWINGS DRAWINGS ion 6, Stations 0+00 to 0+10 ion 6, Stations 0+10 to 0+39 ion 6, Stations 0+39 to 1+25 ion 6, Stations 1+25 to 1+64 ion 6, Stations 1+64 to 2+05 ion 6, Stations 2+05 to 2+52 ion 6, Stations 2+52 to 2+95 ion 6, Stations 2+95 to 3+46 ion 5, Stations 3+46 to 3+64 ion 5, Stations 3+64 to 3+86 ion 5, Stations 3+86 to 4+35 ion 5, Stations 4+35 to 4+81 ion 5, Stations 4+81 to 5+22 tructed stairways near the summit of .___15

Scott Cummings.Scott ______18

ght Trail.ght ______21

ca (Polmoniacea).______18ca Soil Samples. Soil ______17

Intipunko and Cusco, the stairs on the right lead to the Inca Bridge. Inca the to lead right on the stairs the Cusco, and Intipunko ______14 was location 1998 sample The Picchu. Machu at terraces of variety a representing flank in lower east terrace on a Cummings.______17 Scott Linda Linda by analyzed ______19 Train. Zegarra-Wri the

the to leads left the going to trail The Guardhouse, and the Terraces 23—Agricultural Figure 24—Sturdy and well-cons Figure locations divergent four in 1999 at collected Locations Sample 25—Pollen Figure of 26—Profile Figure by analyzed Engineers, Water by Wright collected samples diagram, soil 27—Pollen Figure Engineers, Water by Wright collected samples 28—Modified pollen diagram, soil Figure del In 29—Flor Figure 30. The rare Spectacled Bear phot Figure gods" at the to the "Inca 31—Ceremony Figure 1 No. Drawing 2 No. Drawing 3 No. Drawing Map Legends 4 No. Drawing East Flank, Sect 5 No. Drawing East Flank, Sect 6 No. Drawing East Flank, Sect 7 No. Drawing East Flank, Sect 8 No. Drawing East Flank, Sect 9 No. Drawing East Flank, Sect 10 No. Drawing East Flank, Sect 11 No. Drawing East Flank, Sect 12 No. Drawing East Flank, Sect 13 No. Drawing East Flank, Sect 14 No. Drawing East Flank, Sect East Flank, Sect East Flank, Sect

Page iii

a central wayrona (see

left of trail. of left ______6

mmended due to hazards. A series of mmended due to hazards. ockwise. ______4 flank Inca Trail landing on the right side of side right landing on the Trail Inca flank

te the trail along the Vilcanota River, the of stonework6 high quality Note Trail. Inca Landing (see River the wall at of an Inca Qolqas in Conjunto 11 are to the right and Qolqas in Conjunto o 13 that served as th Wright on the S-staircase near Station

o of Machu Picchu showing locations of the Inca of the Inca locations showing o of Machu Picchu hu showing numerous tombs in the general

rraces for stability to to stability for rraces FIGURES

owing countercl ion Team at Cave No. 3. Cave at ion Team ______13

Trail. ______5

4 Plan and Profile. and 4 Plan ______7

an and Profile. and an ______7 otograph______6

h water.______8 Surveyed Surveyed cross section.cross ______10

Trail on the east flank uncovered during the 1998-99 field trips. The Vilcanota Vilcanota The trips. 1998-99 field during the uncovered flank east on the Trail fl site the encircles River vicinity of the east flank Inca Trail. No Inca Trail to Intipunku on the ridge, and two trails leading down from Machu river. the to Picchu ______4 ph the of out the with bottle water his fills Wright Here, supply. water crew’s the as used was fres clear, the photograph. River fording is not reco downstream. lies cascades ______10 34).______Drawing 11 9+65. ______12 2).______Drawing 13 Picchu. Huayna of base the from across River Vilcanota the of bank right ____ 13

Picchu. Huayna of summit the from Trail ______Inca flank east the of 1—View Figure 2 1999 excavation. the following Trail Inca flank east of 2—Section Figure ______2 Trail. U.S. Airforce phot 4—New Inca Figure 5—Early Bingham map of Machu Picc Figure of 6—Profile Figure 7—Ruth Wright on staircase east flank Figure te showing Trail Inca flank 8—East Figure 13. 9—Long sloping stairway at Conjunto Figure 3 and 10—Fountains Figure 5 Pl 11—Fountain Figure fountain The 1998 excavation. the after functional made easily 4 was 12—Fountain Figure Figure 13—Fording the Vilcanota River to the east 14—Stream Figure Building below Conjunt at Inca 16—Crew Figure 17—Alfredo Valencia, Ken Wright and Ru Figure 9). Drawing (see 3+14 Station 3 near Cave at wall retaining 18—Curved Figure ______12 Explorat 1999 Trail 19—The Figure examining the remains Crowley 20—Chris Figure on the situated Mandor Pampa dwelling place at old Arteaga plan of the 21—Floor Figure dwelling place. Arteaga wall of the the with Mandor Pampa at Wright 22—Ruth Figure _ 14

Page iv Page Trail on the East Flank of Machu Picchu APPENDICES APPENDICES de Cultura Authority Documents ion 5, Stations 5+22 to 5+64 ion 5, Stations 5+64 to 6+05 ion 5, Stations 6+05 to 6+48 ion 5, Stations 6+48 to 6+88 ion 5, Stations 6+88 to 7+04 ion 5, Stations 7+04 to 7+38 ion 4, Stations 7+38 to 7+76 ion 4, Stations 7+76 to 8+10 ion 4, Stations 8+10 to 8+36 ion 4, Stations 8+36 to 8+73 ion 3, Stations 8+73 to 9+13 ion 3, Stations 9+13 to 9+50 ion 3, Stations 9+50 to 9+92 ion 3, Stations 9+92 to 10+27 ion 3, Stations 10+27 to 10+78 ion 2, Stations 10+78 to 11+48 ion 2, Stations 11+48 to 11+85 ion 2, Stations 11+85 to 12+36 ion 2, Stations 12+36 to 12+94 ion 1, Stations 12+94 to 13+53 ion 1, Stations 13+53 to 14+11 ion 1, Stations 14+11 to 14+50 al Map of Machu Picchu Drawing No. 16 No. Drawing 17 No. Drawing 18 No. Drawing East Flank, Sect 19 No. Drawing East Flank, Sect 20 No. Drawing East Flank, Sect 21 No. Drawing East Flank, Sect 22 No. Drawing East Flank, Sect 23 No. Drawing East Flank, Sect 24 No. Drawing East Flank, Sect 25 No. Drawing East Flank, Sect 26 No. Drawing East Flank, Sect 27 No. Drawing East Flank, Sect 28 No. Drawing East Flank, Sect 29 No. Drawing East Flank, Sect 30 No. Drawing East Flank, Sect 31 No. Drawing East Flank, Sect 32 No. Drawing East Flank, Sect 33 No. Drawing East Flank, Sect 34 No. Drawing East Flank, Sect 35 No. Drawing East Flank, Sect 36 No. Drawing East Flank, Sect East Flank, Sect East Flank, Sect 15 No. Drawing East Flank, Sect Appendix A Instituto Nacional Appendix B Appendix C Appendix Archaeologic Inca Map of the Archeological lynology report on the in 1996 by Wright Water lder, CO 80304. Member, Institute for Andean to three of the five fountains. This trail, long trail, This to three of the five fountains. (Wright, 1999 and 2000). this paper along with a pa ploration that commenced hu Picchu ridge, five fountain sites were excavated in rological Institute

3

8 ; 4 , P.E.; 6 , Ph.D. , Ph.D. 7 , P.E.; 1 e for Andean Studies. Studies. Andean e for 1.1 Trail Inca Flank East Far down the steeply sloping eastMac face of the 1998 along with an adjacent Inca Trail that was common 3.3 to ranging stairways granite with wide 2 meters about to be tended forest, rain thick under buried 1999. The new Inca Trail findings are presented in Engineers, Inc. and the Wright Paleohyd Machu Picchu terraces. The report summarizes the ex Page 1 Page 1

, Ph.D.; and Christopher M. Crowley and Christopher , Ph.D.; 2 , J.D.; Scott A. Marshall Scott , J.D.; 5 By: Kenneth R. Wright And Linda Scott-Cummings COMPLETION REPORT TO COMPLETION ological Institute. With: Ives Bejar Mendoza, Licenciado Scientific Consultant: Dr. Gordon McEwan Ruth M. Wright k became the focus of INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE CULTURA AND ON PALYNOLOGY OF TERRACES Alfredo Valencia Zegarra e (WPI) efforts in 1998 and ON ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXPLORATION OF THE neglect the east flank of Machu of flank neglect the east INCA TRAIL ON THE EAST FLANK OF MACHU PICCHU rector, Wright Paleohdr 1450 A.D. and was finally abandoned rtheless, the east flan Avenue, Suite 100A, Denver, CO 80211, (303) 480-1700, [email protected]. President, Wright Paleohydrological Institute, Bou Paleohydrological Institut th Pachacuti (Rowe 1990), is a monument to the ancient Avenue, Suite A, Golden, CO, 80403, (303) 277-9848, [email protected]. th rest and steepness. Neve le. Machu Picchu was started in Machu Picchu since 1912 has tended to

nd; Member, Institute for Andean Studies; Di Studies. President, Wright Water Engineers, Inc., 2490 W. 26 . San Antonio Abad, Cusco, Universidad Inc. Water Engineers, Wright Archaeological Consultant, Urb. Miraflores B-1 Wanchaq-Cusco, Peru, [email protected]. Vice President, Wright Paleohydrological Institute, 1440 High Street, Boulder, CO, 80304, [email protected]. Member, Institut Inc. Water Engineers, Wright PaleoResearch Laboratories, 15485 W. 44 Wagner College, Staten Isla

engineering skills of the Inca peop 1.0 INTRODUCTION Machu Picchu, the royal estate of Inca Ruler 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 in 1572 (Rowe 1990, 1997). Exploration and scientific work at Picchu, likely because of its thick fo the Wright Water Engineers, Inc. (WWE) and Wright rich planting soils on otherwise impossibly steep surface for food production; they protected against protected they for food production; surface Trail following the 1999 excavation. workers (Drawings 4, 20, and 23). Two were made ns (one found in 1999) were well located to provide n in the area (Figure 3). ird was found flowing in 1999.

Figure 2—Section of east flank Inca 1.3 Fountains 1.3 Fountains fountai four The Inca Trail infrastructure includes agricultural and drinking water for the Inca traveler functional in 1998, and the th 1.2 Agricultural Terraces 1.2 Agricultural The agricultural terraces of Machu Picchu provided flat ground provide terraces only did the Not slopes. erosion and landslides commo Page 2 Page 2

pe at the rear of this s performed in 1999 that ipitous slopes hanging above near logical Map” in the envelo scription of the newly discovered east flank Inca tailed trail exploration wa ver (also known as the ) valley below. below. valley River) Urubamba the as known (also ver all slippage and failure on the prec ing further downstream. This trail was judged to be the main trail from Machu Picchu to the Urubamba River and the fertile fertile the and River Urubamba to the Picchu Machu from trail main the to be judged This was trail agricultural region ly meters in width. (See Figures 1 and 2.) The de The trail was well stabilized to forest vertical cliffs that dropped down to the Vilcanota Ri Vilcanota down to the that dropped vertical cliffs included field surveying and mapping. A complete de and mapping. A complete surveying field included Trail is provided on the 1:1000 drawing entitled “Archaeo report. Picchu. Huayna of summit the from Trail Inca flank east the of 1—View Figure with special views, with special portant Inca trail. trail. Inca portant eys was utilized in ore, compass bearings to known bearings compass ore, the ability to provide line-of-sight provide the ability to security control from various control points and the abundance of tombs along its route all testify to the east flank trail being an im quality, directness, width, modest slope slope modest width, quality, directness, and infrastructureas that would qualify of out trail Inca the of extension the Machu Picchu. as served also trail the times Inca During the main access to the numerous east by identified were that tombs flank exploratory Hiram Bingham in his 1912 work (1913, 1930) (Figure 5). The ceremonial fountains, the extensive high quality terrace systems, the numerous wide granite staircases, the formalized rest stops 2.1 of Field Instrument Survey Trail measuring and The Brunton compass tape method of surv the from Trail Inca to the the field map to River left bank of the Vilcanota of site archeological Conjunto 11 of the Machu Picchu. Theelevation vertical gain of each and horizontal distance recorded. and was computed segment locations at various intervals along the trail. trail. the along intervals various at locations TABLE 1 Inca Trail Measurements Measurements Trail Inca sulting trail alignment. Furtherm the rear of this report. Slope length Horizontal length Point-to-point map distance Vertical rise Average slope 0.95 km 1.45 km 1.80 km 525 meters 35 percent (3:1) Soil Fill G. Usually a pueblo. accompanied byand buildings storage H. Come in multiples usually one solo. not terrace A. Good polished. workstone not but B. dark developed rich Well soil medium. terrace. of face to back from Sloped C. edge. on "lip" Small D. outfall. stable to runoff direct face wall in holes Drainage E. F. and Rock material on site fragments local in fill. used Rock Fill Due to the fact that the compass independently determined the azimuth of each segment, there are no accumulated angle errors in the re for checking a procedure points provided independent the presentedResultsin of theare field instrumentand surveyingTable1 in ofsummarized the trail are drawing in the envelope at Natural Ground Page 3 Page 3 0.1 to 0.2m0.1 "Lip" top with flush not wall. of

in Figure 4. 11. (A conjunto is an ft bank of the Vilcanota Vilcanota ft bank of the of 1.85 kilometers and a is the only one of such high of such only one is the ail. It led to Mandor Pampa and aerial photograph 1 to 3m Soil Fill Soil 3m to 1 Rock Fill pped to a landing on the le to a landing on the pped ss to the Vilcanota River’s right-bank trail from from trail right-bank River’s Vilcanota ss to the cascades situated at the base of the Huayna Picchu route uphill over a distance Machu Picchu in Conjunto No. Natural Ground 0.1 to 0.1 to 0.2m "Lip" not with flush top of wall. own trails out of Machu Picchu, this Picchu,own trails out of Machu on of the Cusco–Machu Picchu Inca Tr Inca Picchu Cusco–Machu on of the illustrated on the U.S. Air Force 1963 ters upstream of Mandor Pampa.

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5 Figure 3—Agricultural Terrace Sketch, Typical Section of Terraces Below Machu Picchu. EXPLORATION 2.0 TRAIL The Machu Picchu east flank trail was identified and ma River at a point immediately upstream of a series cliff. The landing is 1.2 kilome From the landing trail follows a torturous zigzag rise of 525 meters to the qolqas (storehouses) enclosure or group.) The trail is The east flank trail is a continuati acce as providing direct as well points downstream . Of all the other kn E. ° Copied by Copied A.B.C. Mott A.B.C. ecial attention. It is The direction of the view is N20 however, one deserves sp g numerous tombs in the general vicinity of the the of vicinity general the in tombs g numerous

R E V

I Mt. Picchu Machu R Ruins of Machu Picchu Machu of Ruins Huayna Picchu UNDER THE AUSPICES OF AUSPICES THE UNDER

HIRAM BINGHAM, DIRECTOR

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N Locations 27 24,& 25,26 23, BCamp of the Expedition Hut Hut the of ABCamp SacredPlaza CAlvarez DRichartes 26 with Terrace Rock−Sheltered 4043 & 41, 42 Also Locations 45 46 Also Location Surveyedby Robert Stephenson located immediately above Figure 5—Early Bingham map of Machu Picchu showin and ridge, the on to Intipunku Trail Inca the River, Trail. Inca east flank Vilcanota the trail Note along the river. to the Picchu Machu from down leading trails two Views 2.2 Trail Several viewing platformstrail; the are associatedwith Page 4 Page 4

of the Inca Trail on the Trail on the Inca of the Aguas Calientes

River encircles the site flowing Pampa Mandor tails are shown on Drawing 21. Picchu Huayna average of about 1.8 meters. The larger width is

chu Picchu showing locations River

1998-99 field trips. The Vilcanota at the Vilcanota River landing. Vilcanota Hiram ures 7 and 8). Inca Trail de Highway Bingham

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S Mountain C U found on special staircases (Fig The trail width ranges from 1.0 to 3.3 meters with an with The trail width ranges from 1.0 to 3.3 meters photo of Ma Trail. U.S. Airforce Inca 4—New Figure east flank uncovered during the counterclockwise. Surveys and measurements were made for special featuresA along the route6). of (Figure the trail hydrographic survey was also made s, and other associated series of landslides coming from ion of the 1998 excavations of the presented in Figures 10 and 11. in Figures presented ain 5 was discovered in 1997. All three were ctures, their relationship annel, the section of the trail and the terrace, were were terrace, the and trail the of the section annel, rmit in September 1998. A descript pre-Hispanic cultural content. il and dense vegetation along with a vegetation il and dense w in detail, and drawings are and drawings are w in detail, and their drainage routes. routes. drainage and their elements. distribution of the fountains 2.4 Fountains 2.4 Fountains fount and Fountains 3 and 4 were discovered in 1996 excavated under an archeological pe three fountains is presented belo Fountains 3, 4, and 5, as well a lateral drainage ch 2.41 5 3, 4, and Fountains of Excavation topso of layer thick a with covered above. We cut the vegetation and cleared the surface of this area. Objectives were as follows: a. stru the of form architectural the To determine b. stratigraphy and To study the c. To uncover structures that have been buried. d. and channels its and spring the of location through water, the of use of method the To determine Page 5 Page 5

Surveyed Trail.

Figure 6—Profile of 6—Profile Figure its left to a rock ramp just below a path. To the the To path. a below just ramp rock a to left its (storehouses), each two stories high. There are two entrances for se of Conjunto No. 11, the storehouses. storehouses. of Conjunto No. 11, the se 2.3 Trail Connections in Machu Picchu Picchu: Machu within trail to the access of points known three are There Intimachay. 1. Via 2. Via Conjunto 13. 3. Via Conjuntos 10-11. A steep granite staircase emerges from the forest just to the east of Building Nos. 8 and 9 of Conjunto No. 13, as shown in Figure 9. The staircase angles to north of the staircase is a series terraces. both on terraces with staircase, granite steep very to a northwest curves path the ramp rock the Along sides. This staircase leads to the ba Conjunto No. 11 consists of six qolqas each of the qolqas: one at the lower level and one at the upper level. There are horizontal paths between thebetweenstairway qolqaslong a for easyConjunto11, access.No. Fromof the base the completing pathways, entrance qolqa the of to all access 11 provides 10 and Nos. Conjunto connection between the qolqas and the east flankflank trail. east theproducts Agricultural on grown Picchu. Machu of parts other through passing without qolqas to the transported be easily could terraces rved granite of preservation, although of preservation, a monolithic ca collapse, for which reason it is of the fountain is quadrangular, rdered on its west side by a small such a manner that the water could could water the that manner a such 3. Both are linked through the flow of the the of flow the through linked are 3. Both is in an ordinary state state ordinary an in is unded by four walls, being accessible through a accessible by four walls, being unded is a receptacle. In the base of the fountain is a

lqas in Conjunto 11 are to the right and out of the the of out and right to the 11 are Conjunto in lqas rth is a doorway, and along the east is a small wall small a is rth is a doorway, and along the east fountain, is made up of to the surface of stone—the free fall water has one wall with a small niche (about 28 centimeters fountain 3 on the level immediately below. side. The terminal of the small channel, through which the water water the which through channel, small the of terminal The side. fountain is adjacent to the main trail. al inclination and are in danger of all trapezoidal niches. The base h is a slight inward inclination, in h is a slight inward inclination, fountain 3. It is rectangular and bo n of the water in ceramic vessels. vessels. ceramic in water the of n mmon spring (Figure 12). Fountain 4 is located immediately above fountain Fountain 3 is in the form of a cube surro bordered by three large stones placedemptiedthrough on thewas level, water with The no stone base. a corner of thestones,granite basecarved towardsentirelyof built the was exteriorIt drainage channel. well fitted with a few wedges and a fine clay mortar. It origin their the side walls have lost urgent to carry out restoration. This Fountain 4. terrace that is a viewing platform; on the south it [cm.]), which is above a drainage outlet. On the no form. trapezoidal in niches two with On thethrough westcarved is a largebeen carved stonehas on thechannel upper partsmall of which a which base, quadrangular to the falls water the which small channel, which conducts the water to small opening located on the north the of quadrangular base to the from above flowed stone, on the outside surface of whic fall freely from the sink or spillway without adhering in a thin stream allowing collectio In its south and east walls are sm water coming from a co This fountain is slightly larger than Figure 9—Long sloping stairway at Conjunto 13. Qo photograph Fountain 3. Page 6 Page 6

te high quality of high quality te

east on staircase on Wright 7—Ruth Figure flank Inca Trail. No stonework

Trail showing terraces for

Inca flank 8—East Figure stability to left of trail. A Reference Level 0.00 Level Reference Inca River Inca Trail Trail to Trail Vilcanota PLAN Area Rockfall Area Rockfall

Figure 11—Fountain 5 Plan and Profile. PROFILE Spring Water Tunnel Water A Cave Walled Page 7 Page 7

2 Meter Drop-off Reference Level 0.00 Level Reference Inca River Trail to Inca Trail Vilcanota Picchu Inca Trail Inca 3 from Machu from 3 Stairway Plan At 4 Figure 10—Fountains 3 and 4 Plan and Profile. Fountain Channel Fountain 4 Fountain Upstream

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Viewing a

Platform W PROFILE

r he added that, of all that, of added r he vertheless, we found some yer was very complex complex very was yer in the north end of Conjunto 4 ty of the pass where trail to which I have the honor of naming um, and small granite stones stones um, and small granite h Museum (Natural History)." (Eaton 1990 terraces and a walled cave in addition to the ted in Machu Picchu,. Late Nevertheless, we were able to penetrateto Nevertheless, we were able belonged to an adult animal with a great deal of 91 mm. We believe the study of this type of fauna fauna of type this of study the believe We 91 mm. om this new type of rodent described for the first for the described of rodent type om this new annel, which is connected toand fountains 3 . Removal of this la l material, and loose soil that contains some cm. we found a channel that goes along the at the back and the lower mandible was not found; om kitchen waste on the eastern edge of the urban up to this time under the genus Agouti. Therefore, I I Therefore, Agouti. genus the under time to this up of the upper mandible). Ne s well preserved and was a greenish color. color. and was a greenish preserved s well tion revealed three layers as follows. de, crossing the retaining wall. 1 is made up of large, medi large, of up made is 1 ed structure, along which the duct continues to the terrace urement we took on the skull found ological equilibrium of Machu Picchu. as the type of the new species, as the type of new illside above, likely from the vicini orge orge Eaton eight reported to at least that belonging found bones he was in good condition. It was in good condition. in honor of Oldfield Thomas of the Britis The fountain 5 area contains a water tunnel, Layer II is a thin layer located on the plane of contact between layer 1 and the terrace; it terrace; the and 1 layer between contact of plane the on located layer thin is a II Layer has clear brown soil and contains some small stones. In the southeast corner at a depth of 0.15 whole east profile with an average width of 10 cm. Next to the southeast corner we found the spring which furnishes the water for the ch 4 and with a drain on the east si Excavation showed that Layer that Layer showed Excavation that cover nearly all the surface of the area immediately below. below. immediately vegeta rotted up of topsoil, is made II Layer small stones. Layer III is made up of lightly compacted brown soil directlythe of covering the surface excavated area. There, next to a large rock, thefound,seemingly skull of a rodentwas crushed by the rockslide. This skull wa because of the enormous dimensions of the stones and for safety reasons, since loose stones could produce major rockslides below. below some of the stones and observedstructure,the middleof a small terrace in the which forms part of this collaps Fountain 5. Huayna Picchu Mountain starts. The excava of the lower terraces of Machu Picchu, which is almost the to due extinction of process the in be may animal the since sciences, natural to the interest great is of fires that have gravely affected the ec [1916:62]) In the fountain 5 excavation, we also found a skull fr time by Eaton.deteriorated The skull we found was nevertheless, the front part wear and tear on its eight teethside (four at each differences by comparing the zygomatic width of the sierra Agouti (Venezuela), which is about 81 millimeters (mm), with the same meas fountain area, as shown on Drawing 20. The presence of large rocks in the middle of the fountain area made the excavation difficult. These rocks came from a rockslide the h In regard to the rodent skull, Ge rodents in the burial caves and trash heaps he excava this material, he selected a skull from the genus Agouti, found in an average state of preservation, and that he found itfr in a small trash heap generated center of Machu Picchu—that is to say, in the upper part of the eastern slope terraces. Eaton states that: described species the of than all ". . it is different have selected this skull (C.O. 3227) Agouti Thomasii Page 8 Page 8

surface humus of a dark

Wright fills his water bottle possibly was a tool used by and small plants. Near the northeast edge, edge, northeast the and small plants. Near vegetal decomposition, a dark gray color, color, gray a dark decomposition, vegetal ve fallen from the adjacent walls, and a large-sized ve fallen from the adjacent walls, and a It was covered by a layer of by a layer was covered It

Figure 12—Fountainafter 4 was easily made functional the as used the 1998 excavation. The fountain was Here, crew’s water supply. with the clear, fresh water. instrument (10 by 8 cm.), which Excavation revealed the following: following: the revealed Excavation with a certain care, rners that served to ng to collapse at the those who worked there. In the northeast corner we found one step from the stairway for platform. to the access Layer 1 is a layer composed of loose soil from of loose composed 1 is a layer Layer and humus; also present are roots from bushes stone we found a green diorite The water arrives at the fountain by means of a narrow channel that, after running along the the collects terrace, upper of the south side spring water. The doorway is narrow, in an average state of stairway for to the preservation, and is next the conjunto of fountains.in Its north wall is 50 about and is of conservation a poor state collapsed. percent The workmanship in the building of fountain was average, and its stone components were worked The small viewing platform is west of the fountains. joined togethereast The mortar. with clay wall has a niche, with clear loss of vertical starti stability, and is a is corner southwest the part. Near upper which wide, cm. about 10 channel drainage in used water of volume the to control served the fountains. Its walls were constructed with mortar. clay with joined stones with care some On the southeast and southwest profile is a carved rock with 12 co support a channel carved in an average-sized granite stone;the thehas carved channel long, 4 cm. following 20 cm. dimensions: part, middle the in cm. and 6 end, at the wide with an average height of 3 cm. brown color, branches and dry leaves, stones that ha stones and dry leaves, branches brown color, from above. that has fallen stone

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 oximately 1.2 kilometers Fountain 6 original Inca protective wall was wall original Inca protective during periods of low flow of the of low flow the during periods --- ± 4 was determined to be good as shown in Table 2. 2. good as shown in Table to be was determined downstream from the bridge at the abandoned abandoned the at bridge from the downstream 7.0 mated to be 72 cms. The 1998-99 peak flow has own on 2 is appr Drawing 0.98 NT ± 2

TABLE 2 Fountain 1 Fountains 3 &

the peak flow period of 1998-99, where crossing on foot can be made made be on foot can crossing where East Flank Water Quality Sample Results from September 26, 1998 1998 26, September from Results Sample Quality Water Flank East Parameters Tested Parameters Tested Units pH --- 7.0 NT NT 0.41 0.49 pH --- Flow NT <0.25 Inorganics <0.25 Total Dissolved Solids 3.1 Total Alkalinity NT mg/L Chloride mg/L 2.6 3.0 Sulfate mg/L Dissolved Metals U 1.4 L/min. NT Sodium mg/L mg/L 36.0 1.3 mg/L Potassium 0.35 1-10 L/min. Calcium mg/L Magnesium mg/L 9 56.0 8 L/min. 10 L/min. 16.2 24 NT NT = not tested. not = NT limit. reporting at the detected not = U 1 2 2.6 Water Quality Quality 2.6 Water Trail Inca the along fountains the of quality water The The low dissolved solids that range from 36 to 56 mg/Lmodestonly represent of the presence constituents, as would be expected close to the recharge area of the granite bedrock. 2.7 Landing at Hydraulics River The documented lower terminus of the Inca Trail sh upstream of Mandor Pampa and about 1.5 kilometers Ruinas railroad station at a location Vilcanota River (Figures 13 and 14). esti was 1999 The river discharge on September 26, been estimated at 230 cms. During 10 cm. by approximately level water river by the overtopped Page 9 Page 9

on of rainwater. es with fitted joints and and joints fitted with es while in 1998 the same ss section and was built on It was not excavated. This ffort to improve the reliability of This would have protected the ich allowed filtrati a small walled cave. Exploration allowed us to rrace, reaching towhere the face of a large rock and 4 represent special care taken to manage trail trail to manage taken care and 4 special represent The fountain appeared to be a simple structure for characteristics of the water jet during low flow flow low during jet water the of characteristics ring was completely dry, untains 3 and 4. Both approach channels were creases from 6.0 to 4.0 cm over a length of 20 cm, presence of stone walls that form the tunnel with a g. In 1998 water also poured out through a corner furcation allows the proper amount of water into the the into water of amount proper the allows furcation a thick wall of granite ston rtion of the water tunnel is estimated at 1.6 meters. rtion of the water tunnel is estimated at 1.6 meters. unnel and has destroyed the fountain, leaving only a ain 4 approach is a channel with a unique bifurcation me as that found in the bottom of the water tunnel transversal quadrangular cro Trail located south of fountains 3 and 4. its upper part. its upper e operating fountain is shown in Figure 12 ill at Station 0+75 on Drawing 4. Drawing on ill at Station 0+75 uld have been to attain stability. ates the technology used in an e flow is rejected to a wasteway that discharges into the adjacent adjacent the into discharges that wasteway a to rejected is flow s and the damaged Inca Trail. d immediately below the water tunnel. a backfill of gravel on the inside, wh mous lintels in t of the Inca Trail. Trail. Inca the t of Fountain 6 is situated downh Fountain 6. has deteriorated. stonework fountain was flowing; the use of a natural water source to provide a routine drinking water supply. season about 40 liters a minute of water were flowin were season about 40 liters a minute of water and upper part of the terrace locate Immediately above the water tunnel and fountains is confirm that the rock serving as its base is the sa where the spring flows out. This cave is covered by placed at the sides where the largeunstable;the rocks ofare therefore, are located. rocksoneThese reasons for building the masonry wall co spring located immediately below, the function of which was vital to the Incas. This assumption is assumption This Incas. to the vital was which of function below, the spring immediately located reinforced by the fact that there is a base of large stones, with enor sp the 1999 September In The water flow is irregular. thethe groundwater supply.with This is exemplified flat cut slab roof. The heightpo of the downstream Unfortunately, a rockfall has severely damaged the t walled cave, tunnel remains, terrace Innovation 2.5 Hydraulic Most notable are the two approach channels for fo flow to improve principle Venturi using the designed conditions. In fountain 4, the width of the channel de formula hydraulic basic to a relating to increase, velocity water the serving as a causes form that of nozzle fount of the of Just upstream = flow/area. velocity 2. 3. Water tunnel of cut stones at fountain 5. Channels of fountains 3 and 4. The drainage channel and conduit south of fountains 3 built inside the wall so that excess The water tunnel is large and was built beneath the te Three notable features represent the hydraulic characteristics and care associated with the east flank Inca Trail: 1. Drainage channel and conduit for the Inca the source of the spring water is located. It has a a has It is located. water spring of the the source 2.42 Hydraulics midpoin the near drainage The water tunnel at fountain 5 demonstr bi the flow, of excess times During channel. drainage Venturi channel for optimum water jetting. Th ical wall also provides ical wall also ntrol section immediately ntrol section tes supercritical flow velocities velocities flow supercritical tes helps to direct flow straight which is a view from the top of t in Conjunto 4 and Conjunto 6. 6. t in Conjunto 4 and likely nearly continuous from the 2.9 Trail Summary Description The Inca Trail is a magnificent work of and old-fashioned engineering high with a workmanship performed continuousstandard of care. It is a whole; however, for presenting a trail into divided it is summary description, below. six parts as described base of the Inca Trail stairway provides flow Trail stairway provides Inca of the base river currents. The vert s, particularly during high flow periods. during high flow periods. s, particularly fluctuations. gully form a hydraulic co e Huayna Picchu gully forms the left bank cove. section provides benefits as follows: ver water level rminating in several cascades crea ylanding upstream of the Inca Conjunto 4 is illustrated in Figure 1, ection and trail stability was eviden njunto 4, terracing in Conjunto 6 is protection to the landing during most of the year. year. the of most during landing to the protection and a dampening of upstream water level function level water of upstream and a dampening downstream of the landing. The control downstream by providing a deflection wall for the wall for the by providing a deflection downstream for improved Inca Trail security control. 1. from th deposit debris and earth rock A large 2. at the bar deposit (0.6-meter-diameter) A boulder 3. te A steep river slope downstream 4. of the base at the deposited rocks large The - 5. A vertical wall cliff immediatel It creates a pooling phenomenon upstream. - It limits the magnitude of ri The successful system of terracing at Huayna Picchu. While not as concentrated as in Co lowest gully toconfined Cave 3.a Here,created the steepcliff PicchuHuayna slope the at of the base south. the on river to the drop-off steep the and north the on cliff the with trail the for location 2.8 Trail Stability Stability 2.8 Trail The use of terraces for erosion prot Page 10

cascades lies downstream.

hazards. A series of of A series hazards.

r to the east flank Inca Trail landing on the right side of the the of side right the on landing Trail Inca flank east r to the Inca river landing are as follows:

Rive Vilcanota Figure 13—Fording the to due fording is not recommended photograph. River Figure 14—Stream cross section. The primary natural features of the th of 5.0 meters and a

l wayrona (see Drawing 34). ctangular plan with a leng It has a rock for support of its back wall, where where wall, back its of support for rock a has It lls of each one of the terraces (sometimes called that served as a centra osion. (See Drawings 30 to 34 for details and an aces where, at times,foot one can onlya place Figure 16—Crew at Inca Building below Conjunto 13 ess of 10 ess Staircase wall A Grand north side. on the d 4, which were explored in previous years. years. in previous explored were d 4, which aircase (12+75 to 12+50) with four turns. Then, at aircase (12+75 to 12+50) with four turns. Then, nt to the Inca building previously described. described. building previously Inca nt to the 4 meters long, 1.40 meters high, and 1.78 meters wide. The steps steps The wide. high, and 1.78 meters long, 1.40 meters 4 meters ort ramps or inclined planes. This enclosure (Figure 16) has a somewhat irregular re there also is a cave. There is no evidence of a front wall, so likely it was a wayrona, such as those seen along all the Inca trails and between Huayllabamba Machu Picchu.no There is evidence of any niches or due windows either—probably of poor state to the preservation. This small enclosure is adjacent tothe and above found Inca Trail. In 1998 we as nearby peg a stone evidencedouble-sloped of a stretch short a roof, as well of stairway, which indicates passed that the original trail below this building. width of 2.7 meters. The walls are 0.50 meters wide. The stone elements of the long granite staircase are granite blocks in an irregular parallelepiped form. The stone elements of the long granite staircase are graniteparallelepiped blocksform.irregular in an Each step consists of three to five carefully placed stones—sometimessmaller another a largeand stone one together. Steps vary in accordance with the slope of the terrain. There are wide ones from 35 to 40 cm with a similar height and very narrow surf sideways. One also encounters sh terraces, of conjunto small to a trail short a of beginning is the stairway the and House Inca the Between of connectedmeans byterraceswhich we called 3A. This12 small conjuntosome ofconsists of terraces wa out from the cantilevered “sarutas” or long stones of wall outer exterior the joins that old pathway is an terrace lower the of foot At the stairways"). "flying the lower east flank Conjunto 1 with Conjuntos 3 an Down the trail from Inca House is a spiral st The function of this section of the trail is to connect the main trail with the urban center of Machu Picchu and for control of access from the trail adjace 2.92 10+88) to (13+00 Section Second The buttr a with ramp paved rock long is a 11+50, there steps is located at 10+92 which have an average height of 0.30 meters, and the stairwayelements,stone is madelarge up entirelyof nearly monolithic. The large blocksa fittedusing been are well set, have and stones itthe seems that clay mortar, which has almost disappeared through er overview on the large-scale map in the pocket.) Page 11

and well constructed. This constructed. and well Natural Ground . done to enable the reader Small Rock Small for Drainage Machu Picchu. Machu Fill own and long established as shown on the large own and long established as shown on the Soil Trail Surface Trail anite staircase is sturdy 1 to 3 m wide 1 to 3 m Sand Gravel East Flank of of Flank East envelope at the rear of report. wide ±1m standard mapping practice. This is ing at Station 13+00 (Control Wayrona) that is preserved only to a Trail on the

Rocks Placed

l l t a 1

t o

3 m A. Rough utilitarian stone work - not polished with tight fit. tight with polished not - work stone utilitarian A. Rough hand. on material and stone of worked - chips bulk for fill rock B. Mostly route. - easiest paths foot probable on landscape C. Fit also. used features pedestrian other and stairs D. Ramps, typically. size 0.25m to 0.1 stones of up made Revetment or E. Wall stones. between voids through drainage - drains weep F. No begin at a well-known point of reference. Therefore, the stationing for locations is from 14+50 at the qolqas to 0+00 at the river. Figure 15—Typical section of Inca The reader should note that the description begins at Machu Picchu, although the survey starts at the the at starts survey the although Picchu, Machu at begins description the that note should reader The river and proceeds uphill according to For the purposes of this description, the reader should refer to the drawings attached that are at a scale of 1:100 and the large map at 1:1000 in the Between 14+50 and 13+50 most of the trail is well kn 2.91 13+00) at House Inca to 14+50 at (Qolqas Section First The gr steep and long 34 to 36. The map and on Drawings build Inca to the goes section first height of 0.5 meters. be a geologic fault. fault. a geologic be floor plan and is limited s. Beyond the rockslide rrace Conjunto 5 that Dr.

ation 3+14 (see Drawing 9). Station 4+60. This cave has a trapezoidal floor at is considered hazardou Cave 3 has a rectangular hillside north of the te entirely covered in fine masonry. One also sees sees also One masonry. fine in covered entirely

g wall at Cave 3 near St massif fissure, which seems to d its terraces are shown on Drawing 9. is partially shown on Drawing 11. terraces and along the south by a conjunto of medium-sized rocks;

Drawings 9 to 20. 20. to Drawings 9 Figure 18—Curved retainin Station 5+10 is a rockslide th retaining wall some 19 and after a 2-meter-high wall one comes to Cave Two at plan, and three of its interior sides have been almost been have sides of its interior plan, and three small niches and severalbeen loose have carved stoneswall the on the interior.of sections Some Two an of Cave details The destroyed. From Cave Two the survey route descends steep Valencia documented in 1969, which At Station 4+27, the survey routethey andnorth, where thetheto trail bend takeangleright a sharp lead to the cathedral-like Cave ThreeStation3+40. at along the east by means of some along the north and west sides one sees the granite On its interior, there are two large carved rocks placed in a manner of large seats. One of them has a One of the stairways on this trail has nine nine has trail this on stairways the of One wide meters 3.3 being one upper steps—the with a of height It is made of .25 cm. carefully placed stones. For example, the of height a cm, 0.40 lower step has a tread of well-placed of five and consists 0.26 cm, stones. This section of the trail can be fountains with three as magnificent described finest and of the platform with one a viewing views one could expect (see Frontispiece). 2.95 3+40) to (7+28 Section Fifth The This section extends between fountain 5 at the north end of Conjunto 4 at Station 7+28 at 5 to Cave 3 (Drawing 13) of Conjunto Station 3+40, as shown on It connects Conjunto 4 with Conjunto 5. At Station 7+00, a double of by 93 meters followed long begins, meters survey line where there was noof evidence is trail the the trail. Then, at Station 5+87, boulder again with 10 staggered evident steps, and at Station 5+76 a double retaining Seven trail.wall again appears above the 38- meters further downhill commences a boulder random meter-long section of placement at Station 5+60. Uphill of the survey line at Page 12

It is constructed with a a with It is constructed own on Drawings 24 to 30. the INC dated October 1998. excavation 2.50 by meters on. It could be an incomplete Inca to 24. It is an extraordinary sample of Inca Inca of sample extraordinary an is It 24. to a large ramp at 10+47. at Conjunto 4, passing by Fountains 3 and 4 to st end of Conjunto 4. The WWE Machu Picchu Machu WWE Thest end of Conjunto 4. ase to Conjunto 4; it is sh in detail a report to 00) on the north side, there is an is there 00) on the north side, , Ken Wright and Ruth Wright on the S-staircase near Station 9+65. cult to pinpoint its cultural affiliati te that this rockfall rockfall this that te ll-seated rocks. This ll-seated rocks. serious destruction of oject described this area the Bingham party from 1912. ntral part of Conjunto 4

Figure 17—Alfredo Valencia Section 3 of the Inca Trail goes from the Grand Stairc Some meters above Conjunto 4 (at 9+ This fourth section extends between Station 8+60 After coming down the Grand Staircase, one arrives at retaining wall with flat we preservationinclinedgoodof planestate is in a engineering. good Inca and represents In the lower part of the ramp there is an old rockfall which has caused part of the trail. One also sees enormous rocks of evidence and lianas of with vegetation covered indica which trees, broken occurred some 10 to 20 years ago. A narrow gully follows the rockfall. Then at 10+11 is a branch trail to the west that represents a possibleof connectionarea the to the Sacred Rock; however, the branch trail remains unexplored. 9+55 to staircase At 9+72 begins a unique “S” that seems toengineeredcurves be laidwith out form to positioned carefully with individual steps trail the smooth point, curves. this From descends in a straight manner by a narrow stairwayit in a poor state until of preservation enormous of group of a site at the arrives ce the form that terraces at Station 8+61. 20 Drawings Conjuntoon 5. This section is shown engineering and the best preserved of the whole trail. This trail extends alongthe the upperof west side between runs trail The to west. east from of a approximately this following terraces pathway conjunto connects It wide. 2.80 meters some steps and 2 meters width with of an two average terraces, extensive fountains 3 and 4 to fountain 5 found at the we paleohydrological survey pr 2.93 8+60) to (10+88 Section Third The diffi is It with a depth of 1 meter. work or an excavation by 2.94 7+28) to (8+60 Section Fourth The a situated on the right bank of

the River Landing (see Drawing 2).

the remains of an Inca wall at

teaga dwelling place at Mandor Pamp

Figure 20—Chris Crowley examining

Finally, at the base of base Finally, at the (Station trail the 0+00) are the remains of a stairway and wall that have been subject the time of to ravages the and thethe forces of of during Vilcanota River of flood. periods It is likely (but no bank evidence exists) that continuedthe trail downstream along the left Vilcanota River several hundred yards to a bridge Inca potential crossing. Ar Figure 21—Floor plan of the old the Vilcanota River across from the base of Huayna Picchu. Page 13

t of terraces terraces t of 80. The walls are well impressive se lie between stations 1+30 il Station 1+50 where there ion of the trail is one most re one has a marvelous view of the that leads to an elaborate area of construction and part of Mandor Pampa. A highlight of the the of highlight A Pampa. Mandor of part and gs 2 to 9. This is an is gs 2 to 9. This airway was completely covered with vegetation and and vegetation with covered completely was airway commencing at Station 2+ monolithic carved stairway liff for some 120 meters unt ed that it has 14 steps. This port the other is rectangular. From he From the other is rectangular.

Figure 19—The 1999 Trail Exploration Team at Cave No. 3. that we named Conjunto 6. It is believed there are many terraces not yet cleared and surveyed that lie under the forest. The trail lies at the base of Huayna Picchu c are additional terraces and a 15-meter-long earth ramp south of a Huayna Picchu gully. The complex of terraces, fountain 6, and an in-situ fascinating because of the challenges faced by the Inca engineers. constructed and in good condition, as shown on Drawin st monolithic The and 0+50, as shown on Drawing 4. soil. After clearing work, we verifi stepped form on one of its sides; Downhill from Cave Three are five terrace walls narrow Vilcanota canyon, the base of Putucusi Mountain, Cave Three area is the curved wall that is 2 meters high with a near perfect radius of 21 meters. The wall was not completely cleared and, therefore, the survey and map do not show the curved wall in its entirety. 2.96 00+00) to (3+40 Section Sixth The east side. It has two tural evidence and burial uthwest of the lower agricultural the the on River left Vilcanota bank of the ogical monument along its 1 of the lower east flank terraces. This doorwayThis 1 of the lowerterraces. east flank p, and along its path architec nearly completely destroyed by the Hiram Bingham highway. (See conjunto of enclosures “E” to the so a forest fire some years ago, it joins 4.3 The San Miguel Bridge Trail The trail arrives at Machu Picchu by means of narrow stairways southwestThree of the Temple of the Windows. Discovered after found. been goods have 4.4 Trail Flank Lower East main archaeol the The wall protects zigzagging city Figure 23—Agricultural Terraces and the Guardhouse, The trail going to the left leads to the Intipunko Intipunko to the leads The trail left going and to the the Guardhouse, Terraces Figure 23—Agricultural Bridge. Inca to the lead right the on stairs the Cusco, and the southwest flank of Machu Picchu. It is very stee of vicinity in the doorways: one sector and another in the vicinity of Conjunto No. allowed likely It Picchu. Machu of part exterior to the terraces lower the from access direct permitted Inca the to as well as River, Vilcanota the of banks the on found terraces, river to the access pedestrian Trail in this area. was trail The lower portion of the Figure 4.) Page 14

banks of the Vilcanota present is in a state of his wife, Angelica Jauregui long and 5.2 meters wide July 24, 1911 there was an July 24, 1911 there was ipices on the west side of Machu Machu of side west the on ipices e morning.” (Bingham, 1930) ail joins with the main trail 90 meters 90 ail joins with the main trail

the Arteaga dwelling place. t past the Pampa de Anta and continued to the the to continued and Anta de Pampa the t past ated with a vast network of other Inca trails. Inca of other with a vast network ated On September 11, 1999, the River were explored as far as Mandor Pampa, where Lorenzo Alagon Santos and the of one asked They interviewed. Alagon, were de farm workers to take us "Arteaga's house." Hiram of a vicinity Bingham by the passed that he indicated hut with a straw roof, whose owner was Melchor the for inn of Arteaga. Thiskind hut, in its turn, was a occasional travelers who passed by the site. Bingham indicates that “At dawn on icy rain…when we asked him where the ruins were, he left mountain…I the top of pointed directly toward the the tent at 10:00 in th The Arteaga dwelling place at two with rectangle a of form ruin. the is in Its plan floor doorways. It is 9.9 meters with a preserved heightan of one meter.has The wall average width of 70 cm and has sloped walls. The of pre-Hispanic building, fragments of the dimensions stone a and stones, and carved worked finely ceramics, Arteaga's that conclusion exciting to the mortar led house was an Inca building (Figures 21 and 22). before Machu Picchu is along the prec uraqay, Phuyupatamarca,and Intipunku , Wiñay Wayna, s the easiest and most direct route to Machu Picchu from Cusco. There is a gap at the bridge. This tr

Mandor Pampa with the wall of 3.0 DWELLING PLACE ARTEAGA THE AND PAMPA MANDOR 4.0 PICCHU TRAILS OF THE MACHU SUMMARY The east flank Inca Trail of Machu Picchu is associ 4.1 Picchu The Main Trail (“Hatan Ñan”) Cusco—Machu The trail from Cusco to Machu Picchu went northwes Qollpa sites, Huayllabamba, Runk Machu Picchu. This main trail wa 4.2 Trail Bridge Inca The The Inca Bridge Trail’s last section from the main entrance to Machu Picchu and connects Machu Picchu with the Inca terraces found at the Miguel. San of vicinity the in valley river the of bottom Figure 22—Ruth Wright at Picchu Mountain (Figure 23). ank terrace of Conjunto chu Picchu Mountain. In : one in September 1998 ber 15, 1999 in conjunction ber 15, 1999 in 5 location to the north. on the main agricultural terraces of trail located in the high agricultural trail located in the high cted from a terrace located to the ained three parts: (a) surface to a locations represent widely divergent divergent widely represent locations set of samples (Site 3) was collected ptember 26, 1998 at a single location ca terrace surfaces as judged by INC INC by judged as surfaces terrace ca ing elevations ranging from about 2,520 urth set of samples (Site 5) was from a (INC) personnel including Machu Picchu Machu (INC) personnel including rred on the lower east fl rred on the lower east n known as Apucatintin and several snowy peaks. n known as Apucatintin and several snowy peaks. hu is seen with its great plaza, different conjuntos s conducted in two phases s conducted in two ward the south one sees Ma were selected on Septem 400 meters at the Site No. d Valdez (Figure 25).

rways near the summit of Huayna Picchu. No. 1 near Fountain 1. The 1999 phase was phase 1999 No. 1 near Fountain 1. The Machu Picchu at four locations from south to north. 5.1 Samples 1998 Pollen Three soil samples were collected on Se the on 1 fountain of east 30 meters and above terrace third the 1) on Site (Test lower east flank about one-third the distance down to the river at an elevation of about 2,250 meters. The soil sample cont depth of 5 cm, (b) cm to 15 and (c) 20 cm. 5.2 Samples 1999 Pollen Four pollen sample sites with Instituto Nacional de Cultura de with Instituto Nacional Manager Wilfredo Yepe The soil samples were from original In sample The Valencia. and Dr. personnel areas from south to north and from vary meters at the south to 2, The first 1999 samples (Site 2) were colle main the of side lower the on and northeast sector of the Machu Picchu.second The third The sector. agricultural lower the of in located from a the middle terrace part middle the in located terrace a from set of extracted samples (Site 4) was of the lower agricultural sector. The fo that stairway the of stretch first the of side one at located terrace narrow short shallowest the location, sample For each flank. east the on terraces leads to the sample is designated as A and the deepest as C. AGRICULTURAL TERRACES TERRACES AGRICULTURAL From this point oneTo sees a wonderful landscape. Picc of Machu site the foreground archaeological the and sectors. Toward the west one sees the deep San Miguel Valley. Toward the north appears the Vizcacha Mountain and, further off, the high mountai Putucusi. of summit rounded the arises northeast To the and the second in September 1999. The 1998 phase occu 5.0 PICCHU FOR MACHU COLLECTION PROGRAM POLLEN SAMPLE The pollen field-testing program at Machu Picchu wa Page 15

stai 24—Sturdy and well-constructed Figure two longitudinal two w, dangerous steps means of two Inca bridges. bridges. of two Inca means t metal tourist bridge, and the other probably was probably other the and tourist bridge, t metal c. until it arrived at the terrain inue to other points before arriving ant of the Machu Picchu trails. It is fine expressions of Inca architecture ughness of the rocky massif, crosses through a small tunnel nearly at the This trail permits access to a large, e Sacred Rock. Here stairway with narro stairway with ilcanota River connects the agricultural terraces on this bank as well of the Vilcanota River by River Vilcanota of the passages and stone stairways. summit, it permits access to the summit of this mountain. Here one sees sees one Here mountain. this of summit to the access it permits summit, several enclosures as well (Figure 24). After allowing passage 4.5 River Vilcanota of the Bank Left the From Trail the of foot the at since, terrain the of condition topographical to the due short is relatively trail The mountain where Machu Picchu was built, there are nearlythe vertical from precipices,mostlyacross present day townwas of Aguastrail Calientes as well downstreamThis from the presentmuseum. site right bank from the accessible One of these bridges was upstream from the presen further upriver. V the of bank left the on trail The has one here From museum. site those in found present the of vicinity the east the from trail the following Picchu Machu of part upper to the access discussed. flank previously 4.6 Trail on the Right Bank of the Vilcanota River This pathway is one of the most import likely that it united Ollantaytambo and Machu Picchu, passing by Piscacucho, Salonniyoq, Kanabamba, et presently occupied by the Town of Aguas Calientes (ancient site of La Maquina). From there, it likely continued behind the rocky summit of Putucusi (Media Naranja) or along the bank of the river at least as far Mandor Pampa. (See Figure 5.) 4.7 Trail To the Temple of the Moon This trail begins in the conjunto of th trails join together: the trail from the west and one from the east. east. the from one and west the from trail the together: join trails separates that ridge narrow a crosses Moon the of Temple to the trail The bifurcates trail the altitude, medium At a granite. of mass rocky large the other the and Moon, the of Temple to the continues one into two branches: ascends by means of a narrow stairway to the summit of Huayna Picchu. ro to the due and, is narrow trail The deep precipices past carved rock. cavernous enclosure, in whose interior interior in whose enclosure, cavernous doorway tall double-jamb a very have are constructed. been beyond Just and other structures. The trail may cont on the left bank of the Vilcanota River. River. Vilcanota bank of the left on the 4.8 Trail to Huayna Picchu This trail is almost totally a large

chicha ). e scan of each saliva , representing cultivated llen record is that pollen ), and aloe ( Recovery of maize pollen in e mint family also grew on this this on grew also family mint e looking for evidence of maize,

ortiga In beans. from cultivated ght be recovered during th Zea mays The dominant element of the pollen the The dominant element of various members of the mint family, various various members of the mint family, production. As reference databases expand, databases As reference production. in interpreting this po this interpreting in d grass short and long cells (Figure 27). these sediments for phytoliths. Phytoliths were were for phytoliths. Phytoliths sediments these from Site 1, suggesting that potatoes were grown were that potatoes 1, suggesting from Site chicha (the ceremonial beer). mples examined and was absent in the uppermost s on evidence for agricultural crops along with plants cinal properties, whether grown intentionally or used scroph families, nettle (

chicha the pollen analysis at the PaleoResearch Laboratory of Golden, lly cultivated beans. Members of th cañihua, pega pega, pega, pega cañihua, mi hair hook-shaped This 1. Site vered in the samples is that of sample was scanned at low power x with soil samples a from the wide variety recovered types of pollen dominated by silicifie only a portion of the record. of the agricultural terraces examined supports the theory that maize or other evidence of agriculture. of agriculture. evidence or other the modern growth of grasses on the agricultural terraces. An An terraces. agricultural the on grasses of growth modern the astwas abundant in Hole 4, where it or d for medicinal use (Figure 28). s not significant (Wright, 1999). for phytolith evidence of publication. Here we focu we publication. Here members of the rose and

celedonia, paico celedonia, intentionally.

sambo corota, these samples should propel field research into the storage of maize and examination of probable vessels or vessel fragments vessels or vessel Recovery of maize pollen from all was grown at Machu Picchu, likely for making maize. Maize pollen was recovered in 14 of 15 sa sample (5A) from Site 5. It was le Each count. the in not but sample, other larger pollen starch granules we expect to use this technique to identify specific races of maize used at Machu Picchu. medi their for exploited been have might that Plants and composite the of members various Apiaceae, walnut, include vegetation natural as part the of mustard families, 6.0 POLLEN TESTING RESULTS RESULTS TESTING 6.0 POLLEN Dr. Linda Scott Cummings conducted Colorado (Wright, Wright & Cummings 2000). Although the pollen record is comple (Figure 26), this report focuses on wind by the transported or pollen terraces plants the grown on represents terraces from these recovered from pollen of transport water for potential the to discard is important It vegetation. surrounding from terraces. lower the along terraces top the from record pollen the smear would that to another terrace one was capacity infiltration that and irrigation no was there that determined and terraces the WWE studied so high that surface runoff wa reco type most important pollen The record is grass pollen, reflecting abundance of grass is substantiated by examination of extremely abundant and thoroughly Interpretation of the pollen record for evidence of typical trees, shrubs, herbs and lianas expected in the High is left for later that might have been harveste In the modified pollen diagram (Table 4), one can see evidence of a variety of plants that might have been grown as agricultural crops and others that might have been present either intentionally or as part assumption important An complex. plant of the weedy grasses, Evidence for growth of other plants on the Machu Picchu agricultural terracesa includes theof presence legume in the lowest sample (1C) from recovered addition, were granules potato-type starch includes terrace this on plants agricultural for evidence total Therefore, terrace. remote particular this on potentia and a legume, potatoes maize, terrace, perhaps Page 16

north of Intimachay.

cations representing a variety of

Site 5—Terraces 77 meters

s on a terrace in lower east flank Conjunto 1 near

llected in 1999 at four divergent lo divergent llected in 1999 at four

2—Southerly sample near the Inca Site 3—Sixty meters northeast of the Guardhouse.

Site Trail, 182 meters from the Guardhouse Temple the of meters southeast 4—Eighty Site of the Sun. Figure 25—Pollen Sample Locations co wa location terraces at Machu Picchu.sample The 1998 wall. outer the HOLE NO. HOLE Hole 5 Hole Hole 1 Hole 2 Hole 3 Hole 4

550 448 TOTAL POLLEN CONCENTRATION POLLEN TOTAL 4479 2280 2871 8529 3936 4557

11630 25335 12667 13057 18275 51171 10556

POLLEN SUM POLLEN 51 51 99

101 100 104 101 102 100 101 100 116 100 100 100

ASTERACEAE TISSUE FRAGMENT TISSUE ASTERACEAE

TOTAL STARCH TOTAL

STARCH HOLLOW STARCH

Starch angular w/ hilum w/ angular Starch

Solanum-type starch Solanum-type

STARCHES starch Hordeum-type

Dot starch Dot

Unidentified TP psilate ca. 40 microns 40 ca. psilate TP Unidentified

Tiny TCP smooth TCP Tiny

TCP tiny w/ round pare round w/ tiny TCP

TCP Small Reticulate Small TCP

TCP round pore 27 u 27 pore round TCP

Fine reticulate 3T? reticulate Fine

INDETERMINATE

Zea mays Zea

cf. Tillandsia cf.

Physalis/Solanum

cf. Persea cf.

FABACEAE-TYPE HOOK-SHAPED HAIR HOOK-SHAPED FABACEAE-TYPE

FABACEAE? W/LIPS FABACEAE?

FABACEAE (3P) FABACEAE

cf. AGRICULTURAL Aloe

Urtica-type

SCROPHULARIACEAE

ROSACEAE

Polygala

Monnina POLEMONIACEAE CLAVATE POLEMONIACEAE

POLYGALACEAE

POACEAE

ONAGRACEAE

Myzodendron-type

MALVACEAE

Lonicera-type (4c) Lonicera-type

LAMIACEAE Cuminia-type LAMIACEAE

LAMIACEAE 5 COLPI 5 LAMIACEAE

LAMIACEAE Ipomoea

LAMIACEAE s collected by Wright Water Engineers, analyzed by LindaScott GUNNERACEAE

Mimosa

cf. Desmodium (pega pega) (pega Desmodium cf.

FABACEAE

Ephedra torreyana-type Ephedra

FABACEAE

Desfontainea

CYPERACEAE

Cleome-type

Alternanthera-type

CHENO-AM CARYOPHYLLACEAE

CHENO-AMS

Calandrinia-type

BRASSICACEAE CLAVATE-TYPE BRASSICACEAE

BRASSICACEAE

LOW-SPINE ASTERACEAE LOW-SPINE

HIGH-SPINE ASTERACEAE HIGH-SPINE Artemisia

ASTERACEAE

APIACEAE

cf. Xylosma cf.

Zanthoxylulm-type

RUTACEAE (rounder) RUTACEAE

cf. Rubia cf.

RUTACEAE Relbunium cf. RUBIACEAE

Orites (PROTEACEAE spiny) (PROTEACEAE Orites

Pinus

Picea Page 17

PALMAE Figure 27—Pollen diagram, soil sample Cummings.

MALPIG Dinemandra-type MALPIG

Juglans

cf. Broussonetia (diporate) Broussonetia cf.

BORAGINACEAE

Alnus

ARBOREAL POLLEN ARBOREAL SAMPLE NO. SAMPLE 1A 1B 1C 2A 2B 2C 3A 3B 3C 4A 4B 4C 5A 5B 5C COMPACTED SOIL SAMPLE 5 DEPTH 0 - cm 0 - 5 DEPTH 5 - 15 cm 5 0 - 5 cm 0 - 5 - 15 cm 15- 25 cm 15- 25 cm

HUMUS LAYER SOILLOOSE Soil Samples. GRAVELS SAMPLE 4 SAMPLE 2-ASAMPLE 3-A SAMPLE

of 26—Profile Figure were also was also

pega pega pega

). Pega Pega and maize. A member of eties of maize were grown

Desmodium ( ified by comparison to a reference nly this analysis points to growth of of to growth points nly analysis this as well sampling additional terraces

pega pega pega of identifying what vari family level at this time) unidentified member of the legume family, perhaps family, perhaps legume of the member unidentified Again, members of the mint family and pollen suggest cultivation of these plants. ion of an unidentified legume (ident ecial interest found in the was a plant known locally as e bibliography section by bibliography section e ltivation of maize. study of pollen samples, 12 resulting in mixed pollen signals. Certai ent in small quantities. quantities. small in ent vessels and maize cobs for phytoliths, cobs and maize vessels qaqa suncja

chi cha present. This terrace yielded the most evidence for the mint family. Site 4 yielded little evidence of agriculture. Maize was recorded only during the scan of the sample, and mint family pollen was pres the on grown been have might that plants of record pollen the in diversity most the 5 contained Site sampled. terraces an aloe, addition to maize, In avocado, potatoes and Site 3 exhibits evidence of cu specimen collected in Peru, but identified only to the the mint family was present, as Site 2 yielded evidence of cultivat 7.0 PICCHU OF MACHU FLORA samples pollen the products, addition to agricultural In from Machu Picchuflora. represent manyof types sp of However, the flora pollen Machu Picchu soil samples are shown in Table 3. and From the original scan standout species known to inhabit Machu Picchu and known to possess specialidentifiedwith properties are their uses (Table 4). lists, the to obtain used were Many references and nomenclature, descriptions for 3 and 4. These Tables references are listed in th authors. present. The diversityvarietyof wide of the pollena that recordhints suggesting area this agriculture in plants may have been cultivated at Machu Picchu. the of much that indicates Picchu Machu of terraces agricultural the from obtained record pollen first This terrace system could have been used to grow maize at any one time. Perhaps crops were rotated on some (or all) of the terraces, task the with left maize atnow Machu Picchu. We are by sampling here such as at the Intiwatana pyramid to identify other plants plants other identify to pyramid Intiwatana the at as such medicinal with those including terraces, the on grown uses. Figure 29—Flor del Inca (Polmoniacea). Page 18

HOLE NO. HOLE

Hole 1 Hole 2 Hole 3 Hole 4 Hole 5 Hole

CONCENTRATION TOTAL POLLEN TOTAL 448 550 4479

2280 2871 8529 3936 4557

11630 25335 12667 13057 18275 51171 10556 POLLEN SUM POLLEN

51 51 99

101 102 100 101 100 116 100 100 100 101 100 104

Starch angular w/hilum angular Starch

Solanum-type starch Solanum-type

Hordeum-type starch Hordeum-type

Zea mays Zea

cf. Tillandsia cf.

Physalis/Solanum

cf. Persea cf.

FABACEAE-TYPE HOOD-SHAPED HAIR HOOD-SHAPED FABACEAE-TYPE FABACEAE? W/LIPS FABACEAE?

ter Engineers, analyzed by Linda terby Engineers, analyzed FABACEAE (3P) FABACEAE

Aloe

Urtica-type

SCROPHULARIACEAE

ROSACEAE

Monnina

POACEAE

MALVACEAE

LAMIACEAE Cuminia-type LAMIACEAE

LAMIACEAE 5 COLPI 5 LAMIACEAE LAMIACEAE

LAMIACEAE AGRICULTURAL cf.

Ipomoea GUNNERACEAE

soil samples collected by Wright Wa cf. Desmodium (pega pega) (pega Desmodium cf.

FABACEAE

Cleome-type

CHENO-AM

CARYOPHYLLACEAE

BRASSICACEAE CLAVATE-TYPE BRASSICACEAE

BRASSICACEAE

LOW-SPINE ASTERACEAE LOW-SPINE

HIGH-SPINE ASTERACEAE HIGH-SPINE

ASTERACEAE Artemisia

APIACEAE

Juglans

Cf. Broussonetia (diporate) Broussonetia Cf. SAMPLE NO. SAMPLE 1A 1B 1C 2A 2B 2C 3A 3B 3C 4A 4B 4C 5A 5B 5C

diagram, pollen 28—Modified Figure Scott Cummings. Figure 30. The rare Spectacled Bear photographed high above the Machu Picchu Tourist Train. Page 19

primrose family

—Sunflower family

LARIACEAE—Figwort family family LARIACEAE—Figwort

Rubia spp. spp. Zanthoxylum Xylosmia spp. Artemisia spp. spp. Sphaeralcea Mimosa spp. Poa spp. Cantua spp. Spp. Urtica Aloe vera Tilladsia spp. Zea mays ELIACEAE—Pineapple family RUBIACEAE—Madder family family RUBIACEAE—Madder ASTERACEAE (Sage) LEGUMINOSAE—Pea family spp. ONAGRACEAE—Evening Fuchia family POACEAE—Grass POLEMONIACEAE—Phlox family spp. POLYGONACEAE—Knotweed family Monina ROSACEAE—Rose family URTICACEAE—Nettle family TABLE 3 Pollen at Machu Picchu MALVACEAE—Mallow family MALVACEAE—Mallow

spp. lpomoea spp. Loniceria Solanum spp.

Alnus spp. Schinus molle spp. Broussonetia spp. Julglans spp. Orites spp. Picea Pinus spp. Rauwolfia spp. High Low Calandrimia spp. spp. Alternanthera spp. Cleome spp. Desfontainea spp. Ephedra spp. Desmodium spp. Stachys spp. Kageneckia Cuminium spp. BETULACEAE—Birch family

ASTERACEAE—Sunflower family

ANACARDIACEAE—Sumac family BORAGINACEAE—Borage family JUGLANACEAE—Hickory family RUTACEAE—Citrus family PROTEACEAE—Protea family PALMAE—Palm family PINACEAE—Pine family APOCYNACEAE—Dogbane family BRASSICACEAE—Mustard family CARYOPHYLLACEAE—Carnation family CAPPARARIDAEA—Caper family CYPERACEAE—Sedge family EQUISETACEAE—Horsetail family FABACEAE—Pea family GUNNERACEAE family LAMIACEAE—Mint SCROPHU CAPRIFOCIACEAE—Honeysuckle GRAMINAE family APIACEAE—Parsley family BROM

CONVOLVULACEAE—Morning glory family SOLANACEAE—Nightshade family

spp. Equisetum spp. Persea TREE POLLEN TREE SHRUB POLLEN FLOWER POLLEN

Ephedra Ephedra ) inary tract infection (also known as ble); petals used in adornment of hair and necklaces, and nervous systems; used to make checha beer tion, mild burns, dermatitis applied to open wound; mint/herb wound; mint/herb to open applied and cloth; tea used to relieve stomach disorders

americana in Peruvian texts flowers for rituals; most common cultivar in Peru for skin painting (water solu skin smooth; smoothes wood and clay, ur wood and clay, skin smooth; smoothes

Page 20 TABLE 4 Name and Uses Properties Special ROSACEAE Black dye; wood for tools; tans leather; antimalarial GRAMINAE Vitamins for muscles; good for the brain LAMIACENE Anti-infection poultice poultice Anti-infection LAMIACENE ASTERACEAE ASTERACEAE Petals used as a laxative, dyes rheumatism for poultice as rubbed fever; for treatment malaria; infections; tract Urinary SOLANACEAE Edible tuber; 138 genus in Peru ONAGRACEAE Baths for skin irrita EQUISETACEAE Scouring plant; scrubs POLYGONACEAE Dandruff control; grows hair; edible fruits; blue dye ANACARDIACEAE Dark green dye; ingredient in checha beer; sweetener POLEMONIACEAE Frequently depicted in art; sacred flowers of the Inca God of the Sun; yellow dye; branches used to build baskets CAPPARARIDAEAE CAPPARARIDAEAE on pottery pigment as a black Used Plants Identified as Potential Species in Pollen Testing at Machu Picchu

arioides Baccharis Zea mays Aster spp. Aster lanceolata Equisetum Kageneckia bogotensis Cleome spp. Cleome genistelloides Solanum spp. Schinus molle Monina crotal- Fuchia boliviana Cantua buxifolia Scientific Name Scientific Family Scientific Stachys bogotensis bogotensis Stachys family Common Common Mint family Family Name Family Horsetail family Knotweed family Nightshade family Nightshade Cancer Caballo Cheehua Cheehua Common Common Sambo Corota Indian Name --- Molle Sumac family and Sumac --- Molle --- Monina family Rose --- Lloque Mint Hierba de de Mint Hierba Aster Flora buena Sunflower family Maize Choclo --- Name English English Primrose Fuxia Evening primrose Evening Primrose Fuxia Bee plant --- Caper family Groundsel Kinsa Kucho Sunflower family Common Common Scour rush Cola de Inca flower Flor de Inca Phlox family Wild potato Wild potato Papa

8.0 FAUNA 9.0 FUNCTION OF THE INCA TRAIL ON THE EAST FLANK OF MACHU PICCHU Fauna of Machu Picchu include the Mayu Puma (river nutria), serpents, rock hens, hummingbirds, ground snails, bats, lizards, coleopteras (beetles), grasshoppers and dragonflies. During the Machu Picchu east The east flank Inca Trail of the 1998-99 archaeological exploration is the continuation of the main trail flank trail exploration, vizcachas (Lagidium peruvianum), Spectacled bear (Figure 30), a large variety of which joined Cusco with Machu Picchu and which continued to Mandor Pampa, joining with the Inca Trail butterflies, deer, mountain turkey and capizo were noted along with a large variety of birds, serpents, on the right bank of the Vilcanota River in such a way that one could continue on downriver as far as the many ants and spiders. deepest part of the jungle. Likewise, one could return to the upper part of the valley as far as Cusichaca, Ollantaytambo or Cusco by another route.

The Inca Trail which joins Conjunto 11 (Qolqas) in Machu Picchu with the left bank of the Vilcanota River has several branches like the one leaving from Conjunto 4, which went toward Conjuntos 1, 2 and 3, and the entrance, which faced the trail on the east flank. One also sees other small branches that connected the main trail, by means of stairways, with several sectors of each of the conjuntos of terraces.

It also fulfilled a ceremonial and sacred role since it joined the Machu Picchu urban sector with two burial groups. The first group was located northeast of the point where the east flank trail begins at the stairway to the qolqas, where Hiram Bingham found tombs 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 13, 14, 15, 16, 45, 47 and 48. Mr. Bingham found the second group to the southeast of this same former point. The second group was made up of tombs 28 through 40 (Figure 5). The caves, which are found along the trail, may correspond to the structures of some of these tombs.

By way of example, Eaton indicates in regard to tomb 1: “The first burial site visited was an artificial cave below a large cliff, near the trail descending from the side of the mountain and to the northeast of the ruins. . . .” (Eaton, 1990 [1930]: 5.) This undoubtedly refers to the beginning of the trail which we have documented. The structure was a cave found below a large rock, whose entrance is in the form of a triangle, protected by means of a rock wall. The skeleton (found in a flexed position) was that of a woman approximately 35 years old. The associated burial goods consisted of two pots with pedestals that Mr. Bingham described as beaker shaped (Bingham, 1930: 119). The pots were stained with pot black—evidence of their use in cooking.

This trail filled an important economic function by connecting the six large conjuntos of agricultural terraces and other smaller ones, assuring the cultivation and harvest of useful food plants such as corn, potatoes, and likely beans. It also assured the provision of water by means of five springs along the main trail and its branch trails located in Conjuntos 1, 3, 4, and 6 and by providing easy direct access to the river below. 10.0 AUTHORITY, PERSONNEL, AND PROCEDURE

10.1 Authority

The authority for the archaeological exploration is represented by the four attached documents as follows:

1. 1994 Permit.

Figure 31—Ceremony to the "Inca gods" at the conclu 2. Letter from Gustavo Manrique Villalobos, Director General of the Instituto Nacional de Cultura. Wright Trail. 3. 1998 Pollen Permit.

4. Opinion No. 129-99-INC-C/CTCPAA dated October 6, 1999.

sion of the exploration an Page 21

d mapping of the Zegarra-

10.2 Personnel 1. Consult with knowledgeable biologists and ecologists concerning the Spectacled bear (Andean bear) forest habitat on the east flank of Machu Picchu. It may be important to the wildlife officials Personnel included the following: of the Peruvian government that the Spectacled bear (that avoids people) population be protected. In that case, the 1999 Inca Trail should be kept closed to tourists, and access would be made Kenneth R. Wright Director and Chief Engineer available only to limited parties for scientific research. Dr. Alfredo Valencia Zegarra Chief Archaeologist 2. Conduct additional archaeological research along and adjacent to the trail to define additional Ives Bejar Mendoza Deputy Archaeologist terraces, buildings, and hydraulic works.

Christopher M. Crowley Engineering Surveyor 3. Conduct botany, zoological, and ecological studies of the east flank.

Scott A. Marshall Engineering Surveyor 4. Examine the geotechnical characteristics of the east flank Inca Trail and its terrace infrastructure. Ruth M. Wright Historian and Photographer 5. Consider restoration of the Inca Trail and its fountains. The terrace walls, for the most part, are in Patricia A. Pinson Document Control good condition and would require little or only modest work in regard to restoration. Dr. Gordon McEwan Scientific Advisor 6. In the event that maintenance of the east flank Inca Trail environment in a continued pristine condition was not considered crucial to the wellbeing and preservation of the Spectacled bear and 10.3 Procedure its habitat, the 1999 Inca Trail should be analyzed for the potential of a new tourist route and attraction at Machu Picchu. The methodology employed for the archaeological exploration included the systematic search for archaeological evidence through the study of aerial photographs and maps from the INC, examination of The east flank Inca Trail is a pleasant walk with impressive vistas and sights from end to end. the specialized bibliography, physical exploration and confirmation on the ground from evidence Potable water supplies exist along its route. It would be a significant attraction to many tourists. presented by the Inca Trail. The written archaeological record consisted of graphics (sketches and survey maps), photography (color photographs and slides), and video. This group of techniques is included 7. Further field archaeological exploration should be conducted from the foot of the long granite under the method of archaeological observation as well as the later analyses of the data, formulation of staircase at Conjunto 13 to the zigzag outer wall below the row of qolqas and residences of the the results, and recommendations. Fifteen soil samples were collected from five sites. One site was on a Lower Agricultural Sector. Historian Ruth Wright postulates that the long granite stairway is too lower east flank terrace. Four sites were on the Inca terraces in the urban center of Machu Picchu, narrow and steep for the upper end of the main Inca Trail of the east flank and that a yet including two from the high agricultural sector, one from the low agricultural sector, and one from a small unknown route from the base of the stairway to the outer wall is likely to connect into the wide terrace next to a stairway where the Inca Trail begins on the northeast flank of Machu Picchu. stairway that exists near the base of the row of buildings in peripheral area E. The authors may submit an application to the INC Director General to perform supplemental archaeological The exploration was first carried out on the right bank of the Vilcanota River, with the object of locating explorations for this potential route along with that of the Sacred Rock area. remains of an Inca bridge that likely existed in Inca times. The exploration was near the point on the left bank of the river at the lower terminus of the eastern flank trail. There was no evidence of an Inca 12.0 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS bridge, likely due to floods of the Vilcanota River. The INC of the Cusco department headed by Sr. Architect Gustavo Manrique Villalobos is responsible for The exploration work was comprehensive, consisting of archaeological exploration and topographic this archaeological exploration via its assistance, cooperation, and general support. The authors express surveying of the trail. The Inca trail was explored and cleared from the stairway that begins in the qolqas sincere appreciation to the entire INC staff and, in particular, the following people. sector in Machu Picchu descending to Conjunto 4 of the lower terraces of the east flank of Machu Picchu. Concurrently, similar work commenced from the left bank of the Vilcanota River and ascended to • Sr. Architect Gustavo Manrique Villalobos Conjunto 4 in the middle. • Sr. Wilfredo Yeped Valdez The archaeological exploration proceeded concurrently with engineering and surveying in a manner that • Sr. Ferdinand Astete produced synergistic benefits and thorough documentation. Such teamwork can be successfully used as a • Srta. Lorena Alvarez Saavedra template for future archaeological exploration. • Sr. Carlos Ivan Barrio Vargas 11.0 RECOMMENDATIONS • Srta. Sabino Hancco The recommendations of the Wright Paleohydrological Institute and Wright Water Engineers, along with • Srta. Amelia Valencia Dr. Alfredo Valencia Zegarra and Licenciado Ives Bejar Mendoza, are as follows: • Pedro Ortiz

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Appreciation is expressed to the remarkable couple (Lorenzo Alagon Santos and Angelica Jawregu de BIBLIOGRAPHY Alagon) of Mandor Pampa for their hospitality and assistance in finding the 1911 Arteaga dwelling place where Hiram Bingham learned of Machu Picchu. The authors are indebted to them for a fine lunch of Balick, Michael J. and Paul A. Cox, 1999, Plants, People, and Culture—The Science of Ethnobotany avocado and bread, coupled with an informative discussion. Scientific American Library.

Special thanks are given to the elected officials of the Municipal District of Machu Picchu for their Bingham, Hiram, 1953, La ciudad Perdida de los Incas, Universidad de encouragement, hospitality, and assistance. In particular, we thank: Mayor Jose Soto Vera and Vice Yale y la National Geographic Society, Editorial Zig-Zag: de . Mayor Fermin Diaz. Made in 1911, 1912 and 1915 Under the Auspices of Ya Bingham,Society. Hiram, 1930, Machu Picchu, a citadel of the Incas. Report of the Explorations and Excavations Special acknowledgement is made to Srta. Arminda Gibaja Oviedo of the INC for her long and unwavering La expedicion peruana de 1912. support of the work of the Machu Picchu paleontological survey project and for sharing her vast New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. knowledge of Machu Picchu and the . De Esquirrel, Dina Pantigozo, 1995, Yachasun—Experienceas en Me Cruz Rosa We thank Sr. Carlos Milla of Milla Tourisma for his assistance on travel arrangements and de Alemania accommodations. le University and the Finally we thank the fine, capable, and energetic workers of Aguas Calientes who probed the floor of the Duke, James A., 1997, The Green Pharmacy. Rodale Press. forest with their machetes, cleared the forest, assisted us in all ways, and were primarily responsible for dicina Tradicional Andina. Dunmire, William W. and Gail D. Tierney, 1995, Wild Plants of the Pueblo Province. Museum of New the success of this archaeological exploration. These people, listed below, are to be highly complimented: National Geographic Mexico Press • Daniel Huillca Huillca Eaton, George F., 1916, The Collection of Osteological Material from Machu Picchu. Memoirs of the • Freddy Carbajal Francisco Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, Volume V, May. • Julio Huillca Huillca Herrera, Fortunato L., 1941, Sinopsis de la Flora del Cuzc . Peruano Gobierno • Angel Quispe Cruz Publicacion. • Luis Quispe Salazar Joyce, David, 1998, The Perfect Plant. Stewart Tabori and Chang. • Teófilo Huaman o, Tomo 1 Parte Sistematica • Leónidas Huari Chuquisaca Kolff, Helen and Kees., 1997, Flores Silvestres de The Mountain Institute. • Epifanio Molina Cáceres. Rowe, J.H., 1997. Personal Correspondence to the Authors, January 1997. la Cordillera Blanca. Submitted by, Rowe, J.Conservación H., 1990. “Machu del Monumento Picchu a la Arqueoluz de documentos de siglo XVI.” Historica, 14(1), pp. 139-154.

______Smith, James Payne, Jr., 1997, Vascular Plant Families. Mad River Press Inc. Kenneth R. Wright, P.E. Squier, George, 1973, Un Viaje por Tierras Incaicas, Crónica . Director, Machu Picchu Paleohydrological Project Editorial Los Amigos de Libro: La Paz-.lógico despuès de Hiram Bingham

Valencia Zegarra, Alfredo and Arminda Gibaja Oviedo, 1992, Machu Picchu, La investigación y ______, Municipalidad del Qosqo: Alfredo Valencia Zegarra Cusco, Perú de una expedicion arqueologica (1863-1865) Chief Archaeologist Weber, William A. and Ronald C. Wittmann, 1990, Colorado Flora—Eastern Slope. University of Colorado Press.

Wright, K.R., R.M. Wright, and L. Scott-Cummings, 2000, “Machu Picchu: Pollen Study and Update On the New Inca Trail” presented at The Institute of Andean Studies 40th annual meeting in Berkeley, California (January 7)

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Wright, K.R. 2000. “Inca Trail Discovery at Machu Picchu.” South American Explorer, Winter.

Wright, K.R., A. Valencia Zegarra. 1999. “Ancient Machu Picchu Drainage Engineering.” ASCE Irrigation Journal, Vol. 125, No. 6, pp. 360-369.

Wright, K.R., K.A. Loptien. 1999. “Machu Picchu Soil Stewardship.” Erosion Control, Vol. 6, No. 2, March 1999, pp. 60-67.

Wright, K.R., R.M. Wright, M.E. Jensen, and A. Valencia Zegarra. 1997a. “Machu Picchu Ancient Agricultural Potential.” Applied Engineering in Agriculture, Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 39-47.

Wright, K.R., G.D. Witt, and A. Valencia Zegarra. 1997b. “Hydrogeology and Paleohydrology of Ancient Machu Picchu.” Ground Water, vol. 35, No. 4, July-August, pp. 660-666.

Wright, K.R., J.M. Kelly, and A. Valencia Zegarra. 1997c. “Machu Picchu: Ancient Hydraulic Engineering.” Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, Vol. 123, No. 10, October, pp. 838-843.

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