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Sri Lanka Agricultural Commercialization Improving Farmers’ Incomes in the Poorest Regions Public Disclosure Authorizedpublic Disclosure Authorized

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Sri Lanka Agricultural Commercialization Improving Farmers’ Incomes in the Poorest Regions Public Disclosure Authorizedpublic Disclosure Authorized Report No.48968-LK Report No. 48968-LK Sri Lanka Agricultural Commercialization Improving Farmers’ Incomes in the Poorest Regions Public Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure Authorized May 12, 2009 Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Sector Unit South Asia Region Sri Lanka Commercialization Agricultural Public Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure Authorized Document of the World Bank Public Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure Authorized TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ......................................................................................................................................... i 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................. 1 2 . THE POVERTY. GROWTH AND AGRICULTURE NEXUS ..................................................................... 8 3. GOVERNMENT POLICIES AND PROGRAMS ........................................................................................ 13 3.1. AGRICULTURAL POLICIES ............................................................................................................ 13 3.2. LANDTENURE POLICY ................................................................................................................ 15 3.3. AGRICULTURAL TARIFFS............................................................................................................. 16 3.4. OTHERPOLICY ISSUES................................................................................................................. 16 3.5. FUNDINGFOR AGRICULTUREIN THE MAHINDA CHINTANA ....................................................... 17 4 . MARKET TRENDS AND SUPPLY CONSTRAINTS................................................................................. 19 4.1. MARKETTRENDS.......................................................................................................................... 19 4.2. SUPPLY CONSTRAINTS: MESSAGESFROM STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATIONS .......................... 21 5 . VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS OF MAIZE. MILK. AND VEGETABLES.................................................. 23 5.1. IMPORTANCE OF MAIZE, MILK AND VEGETABLES FOR THE POOREST POPULATION SEGMENTS OF RURALSRI LANKA............................................................................................................ 24 5.2. MARKET PROSPECTS FOR MAIZE, MILK AND VEGETABLES ..................................................... 26 5.3. COMPETITIVENESS AND PROFITABILITY .................................................................................... 30 5.4 STRENGTHENING PRODUCTSPECIFIC VALUECHAINS .............................................................. 33 6. POLICY OPTIONS FOR STRENGTHENING COMMERCIALIZATION OF AGRICULTURE ....... 36 6.1. IMPROVINGPRODUCTIONTECHNOLOGY ................................................................................... 36 6.2. STRENGTHENING MARKETLINKAGES ........................................................................................ 37 6.3. IMPROVING ACCESSTO FINANCE................................................................................................ 40 6.4 IMPROVINGLANDMARKETS ....................................................................................................... 41 7. CONCLUSIONS AND SUMMING UP ......................................................................................................... 43 ANNEX 1: AGRICULTURAL RESOURCES .................................................................................................. 45 ANNEX2: KEY GOVERNMENTPOLICIES IN THE MILK, MAIZE AND VEGETABLE SUB-SECTORS ........ 48 ANNEX3: RATIONALE FOR THE CHOICE OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS FOR THE STUDY ..................50 Boxes Box 1: Product Specific Recommendations .............................................................................................. vii Box 2: Agro-Ecological Zones in Sri Lanka ............................................................................................... 9 Box 3 : Key Reasons for the Selection ofthe Three Specific Products ........................................................ 24 Box 4 . Considerations for Investments in Agricultural Market Infrastructure........................................... 40 Figures Figure 1: Real GDP Growth-Western Province vs . Rest of the Country .................................................. -1 Figure 2: GDP Per Capita by Province, 2006 ............................................................................................. 2 Figure 3: The Western Province’s Share of Total National GDP ............................................................... 2 Figure 4: Number of Draft Animals Per Agricultural Household .............................................................. 11 Figure 5: Distribution of Plot Sizes ...................1 ......................................................................................... 15 Figure 6: Agricultural Investment. Requirements ................................................................................ 17 Figure 7: Expected Sources of Future Funding ................................................................................ 17 Figure 8: Food Expenditure by Income Quintile and Product Group ........................................................ 20 Figure 9: International Prices for Maize & Milk Powder........................................................................... 21 Figure 10: Geographical Distribution of National Milk Herd .................................................................... 25 Figure 11: Percentage of National Milk Herd by Holding Size ................................................................. 25 Figures 12a and 12b: Districts in Uva and Sabaragamuwa, by Accessibility and Vegetable Cultivation.26 Figure 13: Maize Production Is Flat While Imports Have Boomed ........................................................... 26 Figure 14 . Vegetables: Typical Costs and Returns in Colombo Wholesale Market ................................. -29 Figure 15 . Maize: Typical Costs and Returns Using Traditional Seed ..................................................... -31 Figure 16 . Maize: Typical Costs and Returns Using F 1 Seed ................................................................... 31 Figure 17 . Producers’ Costs for Milk, 2005 ............................................................................................... 31 Figure 18 . Impact on Net Return of Change in Producer Prices of Vegetables........................................ 32 Tables Table 1: Policy Options for Strengthening Commercialization of Agriculture ............................................ vi Table 2: Poverty Head Count Index (1995/96-2006/07) ............................................................................... 3 Table 3 : Human Capital Indicators by Province 2003 ................................................................................. 4 Table 4: Provincial Access to Economic Infrastructure ............................................................................... 5 Table 5: Agriculture’s Share in Provincial GDP .......................................................................................... 5 Table 6: Average Annual Real GDP Growth, 1996-2005............................................................................ 8 Table 7: Composition of Agricultural GDP, 2002-2008 .............................................................................. 9 Table 8: Rural Household Distribution and Poverty Rates by Sector and Province, 2002 ........................ 10 Table 9: Poverty Rates, by Cultivation of Major Crops in Uva, Sabaragamuwa and Western Provinces . 11 Table 10: Real Per Capita Agricultural Income, by Size of Cultivated Land ............................................ 12 Table 11 : Poverty Rates (%), by Size of Cultivated Land .......................................................................... 12 Table 12: Composition of Household Food Expenditure........................................................................... 20 Table 13: Market Response to Maize Opportunities ................................................................................... 28 Table 14: Maize: Import and Farm Gate Prices ........................................................................................ 30 Table 15: Policy Options to Develop the Maize Sub-sector ...................................................................... 33 Table 16: Recommended Interventions to Develop the Milk Sub-sector .................................................. 34 Table 17: Recommended Interventions to Develop the Lowland Vegetable Sub-sector .......................... 35 Foreword The fundamental rationale for focusing policy research on agriculture is that the majority of poor people in Sri Lanka live in rural areas where agriculture is the mainstay of economic activity. Also, globally, as the World Development Report 2008 documents, GDP growth originating in agriculture can be at least twice as effective in reducing poverty as GDP growth originating outside of agriculture. By focusing on a few selected products-maize, milk and vegetables-and carefully analyzing the value chain in these sub-sectors, from farmers to wholesalers, this report attempts to draw out some general lessons about the key constraints to increased commercialization of Sri Lankan agriculture. The report is part of a broader
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