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Of Sri Lanka •o TAL ,o A SURVEY OF THE COASTAL ZONE OF SRI LANKA BY C. M. MADDUMA BANDARA DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY, UNIVERSITY OF PERADENIYA COAST CONSERVATION DEPARTMENT . .. .1989 This Report is being printed for the Coast Conservation Department of Sri Lanka tinder he Sri Lanka Coastal Resources Management Project. This project is funded by the Office of Forestry, Environment and Natural Resources, the itureau of Science and Technology and the U.S. Agency for International Development through a co-operative agrecment with the Coastal Resources Center at the University of Rhode Island. A SURVEY OF THE COASTAL ZONE OF SRI LANKA BY C. M. MADDUMA BANDARA DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY, UNIVERSITy OF PERADENIYA COAST CONSERVATION DEPARTMENT PREFACE The Survey of the Coastal Zone of Sri Lanka which led to this Report was undertaken by the University of Colombo at the request of the Coast Conservation Division of the Ministry of Fisheries. The field programme which encompassed the entire coastal zone of the Island was started in August 1981 and continued till February, 1982. The base maps for field investigations were prepared at the Departments cf Geography in Colombo and Matara. The training of field investigators, monitoring and supervision of field work, data processing, preparation of final maps and the Survey! Report were handled by the author at the Department of Geography of the University of Peradeniya. The original draft of this report was in three volumes, namely; Vol. I The Descriptive Text Vol. II • Appendix Tables Vol. III Map Folders The present publication is an edited version of the descriptive text with some s!atistical data given in Appendix Tables from the Volume II. There were 362 coloured maps at the scale of 1: 6500 in Volume III, covering the entire coast !ine of Sri Lanka. The interested reader may refer to these maps which are available at the Coast Conservation Department. Over 60 persons from different universities in the Island have participated in the survey activities. Their names and the functions they performed in the Project are given below: Coordination Dr. W. P. T. Silva, (Head of the Department of Geography, University of Colombo). Project Staff Dr. Leo de Graaffe, NUFFIC Project, University of Colombo. Dr. M. D. C. Abeyratne, University of Sri Jayawardenepura. Dr. (Mrs.) Kanthi Abeynaike, University of Colombo. Supervisors Mr. W. N. Wilson, University of Colombo, Eastern Coast. Mr. R. M. Dissanayake, University of Colombo, Northeastern Coast. Mr. R. Sri Kanthan, University of Colombo, Northern Coast Et Islands. Mr. A. H. Dhanapala, University of Colombo, Western Coast. Mr. J. Katupotha, University of Sri Jayawardenepura, Scuthwestern Coast. Mr. L. A. Premadasa, Ruhuna University College, Matara, Southern Coast. Mr. U. C. de S. Weerakkody, Ruhuna University College, Matara, Southeastern Coast. Mr. S. H. Hashbullah, University of Peradeniya, Northwestern Coast. oi=11 Investigators Western Coastal Zone Southeastern Coastal Zone 1. P. M. Karunaratne 1. A. M. Weerasena 2. U. H. G. J. K. Wijesinghe 2. D. M. M. B. Dissanayake 3. H. W. Karunasena 3. B. M. U. D. l3asnayake 4. W. R. V. Wickramanayake 4. M. M. Ariyaratna Banda Northwestern Coastal Zone Southern Coastal Zone 1. J. A. Croos 1. S. Rathugama 2. S. '^. Caroos 2. A. Edirisinghe 3. S. Kanapathyppillai 3. K. S. Somaratne 4. S. Sebamalai 4. H. A. Nandasena 5. W. H. Senadeera Northern Coastal Zone 6. H. R. P. Chandrasena 1. A. Ariyaratnam 2. K. Kanapathy Southwestern Costa/Zone 3. N. Balachandran 1. R. M. Kaunaratne 4. K. Kanagarajah 2. J. M. A. J. Karunaratne 5. S. Shanmuganathan 3. K. A. Sherwin Senadeera 6. S. P~inniyaseelan 4. M. Bandusena 5. P. H. Punyawardena North eastern Coastal Zone 6. P. G. Gunaratne, 1. W. L. Herath 2. M. Rajakumar Data Processing Assistants 3. W. Karunaratne 1. M. Rajakumar 4. B. M. Gunapala 2. W. B. Herath 3. Priyani Wijesinghe Eastern Coastal Zone 4. W. M. Weerakoon 1. T. Viveganandan 5. Lakshmie de Silva 2. W. MI.Weerakoon 3. W. M. Wijesinghe Cartographers 4. W. S. M. Herath Banda 1. S. M. B. Amunugama 5. P. K. Amerasinghe 2. Swarna Seneviratne 6. M. G. Dharmapala 3. Sunethra Gamagedera In addition to the persons mentioned above, several officers of the Coast Conservation Division of the Ministry of Fisheries also actively participated in the survey activities. They included Mr. Renton de Alwis Mr. H. V. Dayananda Mr. P. Amarasinghe and Mr. Indra Ranasinghe I must express a special word of thanks to Mr. Renton de Alwis, former Deputy General Manager, Planning, Coast Conservation Division who initiated interest in this Project and worked with great enthusiasm and dedication to see it through. Finally, I must record my gratitude to the late Prof. S. Wijesundra, then Vice-Chancellor, University of Colombo and the former Director, Coast Conservation, Mr. S. R. Amarasinghe for providing us with the raie opportunity of seeing with our own eyes the entire coastal Zone of Sri Lanka, including the islands off the Jaffna Peninsula. C. M. Madduma Bandara Department of Geography, University Park, Peradeniya. November, 1989. iv CONTENTS PAGES Preface .......... ........................ iii Chapter I Introduction .................. 01 Chapter II : Objectives and Scope of the Survey ... ........... .. 08 Chapter III Survey Methodology ..... ............... 11 Chapter IV The Western Coastal Zone ........... 17 Chapter V The Northwestern Coastal Zone ... ............ 21 Chapter VI The Northern Coastal Zone .... ............. .. 26 Chapter VII: The Northeastern Coastal Zone ... ............ 32 Chapter VIII: The Eastern Coastal Zone .... .............. 36 Chapter IX The Southeastern Coastal Zcne ... ............ 40 Chapter X • The Southern Coastal Zone .... ............. .44 Chapter XI • The Southwestern Coastal Zone ... ............ .. 49 Chapter XII: Water-front Structures ..... ............... 55 Chapter XIII: Land Utilization ................. 61 Chapter XIV: Summary and Conclusions .... .............. .67 Bibliography ....................... 72 Appendix Tables ..... .............. 74 V CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Location and Historical Significance The Island Republic of Sri Lanka, located in the Indian ocean between the latitudes of 5°55'N and 9051 N and the longitudes of 79'41 E and 81'53 E,covers an area of 65610 square kilometres. It consists mainly of an elongated pear-shaped tropical island with a maximum length of 434 kilometres from Dondra Head on the South to Point Pedro on the North, and a maximum width of 227 kilometres from Colombo on the West Coast to Kalmunai on the East Coast. There are also a few small islands scattered along its coast. The midway location of Sri Lanka astride the sea routes between West and East facilitated its use as a stepping stone across the great Indian ocean by people of many nations throughout the ages. The coastline of Sri Lanka with its numerous bays, anchorages and natural harbours afforded adequate shelter for the sailing ships of ancient and medieval times. Since the second century A.D., when the Island first became familiar to Greek and Arab sailors, it has been a port of call and an emporium of sea­ borne trade between the West and the East. At Mahatittha (modem Mantai) on the mainland opposite Mannar,ships from various countries sold and exchanged merchandise and also took away pearls, precious stones and many other products of Sri Lanka. Due to its midway location it was also po,',sible for many travellers to visit Sri Lanka from early periods of her history. Probably no island in the world has been more frequently mentioned in the records of travellers than Sri Lanka (Cook, 1951). Thus travellers from the Far East like Fa-hsien (411 A.D) and those from the West like Marco Polo (1293 A.D.) and those from the Arab world like Ibn Batuta (1344 A.D.) gave a special place to Sri Lanka in their travel records. MariInolli, the Papal envoy to China who visited Sri Lanka in the early 14th century, reported that pmradise" itself existed in Sri Lanka, while Marco Polo referred to it as the "best island for itssize in the world." In olden days, Sri Lanka was so well known to western civilization, that Ptolemy-the veteran map maker of the 2nd century A.D. was compelled to depict Sri Lanka as an extra­ ordinarily large equatorial island occupying the area that should have at least partly been occupied by peninsular India. His map was the earliest to show the coastal areas of Sri Lanka in some detail (Fig. 1). For Ptolemy the entire coastliae of Sri Lanka consisted of capes, bays (havens) and headlands. It is clear that details of the coastline were obviously better documented, than most topographical information given fcr the interior parts of the country. Several centuries later when Robert Knox visited Sri Lanka in the 17th century more information on the coastline was available to the navigators. (Fig. 2) it is interesting to note how Knox's map depicts Kalpitiya peninsula as a separate island on the west coast. Some of the coastal features, particularly lagoons, are also not properly represented in Knox's map. In spite of these minor deficiencies Knox's map reflects the remarkable knowledge of the coastline possessed by the Dutch in the 17th century. The vestiges of Dutch rule in Sri Lanka are still seen in the physical structures preserved at numerous points along the coastline The political and commercial interest shown in Sri Lanka by the leading maritime nations of the West since the beginning of the sixteenth century resulted in the mapping of its coastal areas in greater detail and with greater accuracy than for many other tropical islands. The British Admiralty Charts and old topographic maps provide information useful even today on off-shore phenomena as well as on coastal features. 1.2 Environmental Setting Physiographically, Sri Lanka is an extension of peninsular India,from which it is separated by ;;hallow sea. It is thought that the separation took place during the Miocene times when a belt of the Miocene sea covered the South-eastern part of South India.
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