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Fisheries and Environmental Profile of Chilaw Estuary

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Fisheries and Environmental Profile of Chilaw Estuary REGIONAL FISHERIES LIVELIHOODS PROGRAMME FOR SOUTH AND SOUTHEAST ASIA (RFLP) --------------------------------------------------------- Fisheries and environmental profile of Chilaw lagoon: a literature review (Activity 1.3.1 Prepare fisheries and environmental profile of Chilaw lagoon using secondary data and survey reports) For the Regional Fisheries Livelihoods Programme for South and Southeast Asia Prepared by Leslie Joseph Co-management consultant June 2011 DISCLAIMER AND COPYRIGHT TEXT "This publication has been made with the financial support of the Spanish Agency of International Cooperation for Development (AECID) through an FAO trust-fund project, the Regional Fisheries Livelihoods Programme (RFLP) for South and Southeast Asia. The content of this publication does not necessarily reflect the opinion of FAO, AECID, or RFLP.” All rights reserved. Reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product for educational and other non-commercial purposes are authorized without any prior written permission from the copyright holders provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of material in this information product for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without written permission of the copyright holders. Applications for such permission should be addressed to: Chief Electronic Publishing Policy and Support Branch Communication Division FAO Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy or by e-mail to: [email protected] © FAO 2011 Bibliographic reference For bibliographic purposes, please reference this publication as: Joseph, Leslie (2011). Fisheries and environmental profile of Chilaw lagoon, Sri lanka: A literature review. Regional Fisheries Livelihoods Programme for South and Southeast Asia (GCP/RAS/237/SPA) Field Project Document 2011/LKA/CM/05. 2 CONTENT 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................... 6 2. Socio-economic profile .............................................................................................................................................. 8 3. Water resources management ................................................................................................................................ 12 4. Land and resource utilization .................................................................................................................................. 14 5. Fisheries in Chilaw estuary ...................................................................................................................................... 17 5.1 Fish resources .................................................................................................................................................... 17 5.2 Fishing fleet........................................................................................................................................................ 19 5.3 Fishing gear and methods .................................................................................................................................. 19 5.4 Fish production .................................................................................................................................................. 21 5.5 Fisheries for Bivalve (Mollusca) resources ......................................................................................................... 23 5.6 Fisheries management ....................................................................................................................................... 24 6. Shrimp aquaculture associated with Chilaw estuary ............................................................................................... 24 7. Environmental profile of Chilaw estuary ................................................................................................................. 26 7.1 Geology and geomorphology ............................................................................................................................ 26 7.2 Soils .................................................................................................................................................................... 27 7.3 Climate ............................................................................................................................................................... 28 7.4 Hydrology and water quality ............................................................................................................................. 31 7.5 Mangroves and other aquatic vegetation ......................................................................................................... 32 7.6 Fauna ................................................................................................................................................................. 34 8. Threats and conservation ........................................................................................................................................ 35 Bibliography ................................................................................................................................................................. 39 3 LIST OF TABLES 1. Population distribution in DS divisions bordering Chilaw estuary, 2009 2. Employment status in Chilaw DS Division in 1981 3. Status of employment in DS divisions surrounding the Chilaw estuary, 2009 4. Sector-wise employment in DS divisions surrounding the Chilaw estuary, 2009 5. Employment characteristics of the work force in DS divisions surrounding the Chilaw estuary, 2009 6. Socio-economic profile of fishing communities in Chilaw DS Division in 1989 7. Basic data/information on marine fisheries in Arachchikattuwa, Chilaw, Madampe and Mahawewa DS divisions, 2009 8. Basic data/information on shrimp farming in Arachchikattuwa, Chilaw, Madampe and Mahawewa DS divisions, 2009 9. Basic data/information on fresh water fisheries in Arachchikattuwa, Chilaw, Madampe and Mahawewa DS divisions, 2009 10. Fishing population associated with Chilaw estuary, 2010. 11. Land use in relation to water resources in the DS divisions bordering the Chilaw estuary during 2009 (ha) 12. Large scale industries operating in Arachchikattuwa, Chilaw, Madampe and Mahawewa DS divisions, 2009 13. Small and medium-scale industries operating in Arachchikattuwa, Chilaw, Madampe and Mahawewa DS divisions, 2009 14. Land use in Arachchikattuwa, Chilaw, Madampe and Mahawewa DS divisions, 2009 (ha) 15. Areas under “other economic crops’ (ha) in Arachchikattuwa, Chilaw, Madampe and Mahawewa DS divisions, 2009 16. Species of finfish reported from Chilaw estuary 17. Commercial crustaceans recorded by CEA (1994) from Chilaw estuary 18. Fishing fleet development in Chilaw estuary 19. Fishing fleet distribution in Chilaw estuary by FI area, 2010 20. Fishing gear and methods used in Chilaw estuarine fisheries 21. Major fisheries conducted in Chilaw estuary in different seasons (percentage distribution of fishing effort) 22. Annual fish production in Chilaw estuary by gear type (MT) 23. Major contributors to the finfish catch in Chilaw estuary 24. Fish production from Chilaw estuary in 2010 (MT) 25. Catch and earnings from Chilaw estuarine fisheries 26. Composition of variable costs – Chilaw estuarine fisheries (Rs.) 27. Analysis of profitability – Chilaw estuarine fisheries (Rs.) 28. Location and characteristics of major soil types found in and around Chilaw estuary 29. Annual rainfall (mm) in DS divisions surrounding the Chilaw estuary 30. Annual mean temperature (0C) in DS divisions surrounding the Chilaw estuary 31. Recorded physico-chemical characteristics of Chilaw lagoon 32. Aquatic vegetation in Chilaw estuary 4 LIST OF FIGURES 1. Chilaw estuary and environs showing land use (Source: CEA, 1994) 2. Some resource uses of Chilaw estuary and its immediate environs (Source: CEA, 1994) 3. Rainfall zones in west Sri Lanka and average monthly rainfall for Chilaw (Anon, 1988) 4. Monthly maximum, minimum and average temperature (0C) around the Chilaw area as extrapolated from the National Atlas (CEA, 1994) 5. Zonation profiles of mangrove dominated vegetation at four locations around Chilaw estuary (CEA, 1994) 6. Disturbances and threats to the Chilaw estuary and environs (CEA, 1994) LIST OF ANNEXES 1. Shrimp farm statistics of Chilaw DS Division, 2001 ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS CEA - Central Environment Authority DS - Divisional Secretary DSD - Divisional Secretary’s Division FI - Fishery Inspector ha - Hectare km - Kilometer MT - Metric ton NARA - National Aquatic Resources Research and Development Agency SDC - Sustainable Development Consultants UC - Urban Council VOA - Voice of America 5 1. INTRODUCTION The Chilaw lagoon, which is technically an estuary (and will be referred to as the Chilaw estuary in this report), is located about 80 km north of Colombo, on Sri Lanka’s west coast in the Puttalam district of the North Western Province. It is about 29.5 km in length and 02 km wide at its broadest end, with a surface area of approximately 1,800 ha and a depth range of 0.9-3.0 m (CEA, 1994). The depth varies in time due to both tidal movement and heavy rainfall in the catchment area. The greatest depth recorded at high water level (after heavy rains) was 3.9 m (Jayawickrema and Sideek,1986). Tidal influences are small; extensive mud flats are exposed at low water level. There are two fresh water inlets into
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