DOCSLIB.ORG

Extinction of Cocaine Self-Administration Reveals Functionally and Temporally Distinct Dopaminergic Signals in the Nucleus Accumbens

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Extinction of Cocaine Self-Administration Reveals Functionally and Temporally Distinct Dopaminergic Signals in the Nucleus Accumbens Neuron, Vol. 46, 661–669, May 19, 2005, Copyright ©2005 by Elsevier Inc. DOI 10.1016/j.neuron.2005.04.036 Extinction of Cocaine Self-Administration Reveals Functionally and Temporally Distinct Dopaminergic Signals in the Nucleus Accumbens Garret D. Stuber,1 R. Mark Wightman,1,3 2004), which can then become associated with neutral and Regina M. Carelli1,2,* environmental stimuli. Because of this, dopaminergic 1Curriculum in Neurobiology transmission within the NAc may promote the formation 2 Department of Psychology of an unnatural relationship between drugs of abuse 3 Department of Chemistry and Neuroscience Center and environmental cues (O’Brien et al., 1993; Everitt et The University of North Carolina al., 1999; Hyman and Malenka, 2001; Wise, 2004). How- Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 ever, because cocaine has a potent pharmacological effect to inhibit monoamine uptake (Jones et al., 1995; Wu et al., 2001), it has been difficult to separate in- Summary creases in dopamine due to either the primary pharma- cological or secondary conditioned effects of the drug. While Pavlovian and operant conditioning influence Microdialysis studies in self-administrating animals drug-seeking behavior, the role of rapid dopamine have shown that NAc dopamine decreases over min- signaling in modulating these processes is unknown. utes leading up to a lever press for cocaine and then During self-administration of cocaine, two dopami- increases slowly after the drug infusion (Wise et al., nergic signals, measured with 100 ms resolution, oc- 1995). When dopamine changes are examined with curred immediately before and after the lever press greater temporal resolution, electrochemical studies (termed pre- and postresponse dopamine transients). have revealed phasic changes in dopamine (lasting Extinction of self-administration revealed that these only a few seconds), which are time locked to the oper- two signals were functionally distinct. Preresponse ant response for the drug (Phillips et al., 2003b; Stuber transients, which could reflect the motivation to ob- et al., 2005). Consistent with this, subsequent exposure tain the drug, did not decline during extinction. Re- to drug-associated cues led to an increase of dopa- markably, postresponse dopamine transients attenu- mine within the NAc (Ito et al., 2000; Phillips et al., ated as extinction progressed, suggesting that they 2003b) and can lead to the relapse of drug taking, thus encode the learned association between environmen- playing an important role in the manifestation and tal cues and cocaine. A third type of dopamine tran- maintenance of addiction (Weiss et al., 2001; Crombag sient, not time locked to overt stimuli, decreased in et al., 2002). frequency during extinction and correlated with cal- While reward-related learning utilizes dopaminergic culated cocaine concentrations. These results show transmission to associate environmental stimuli with a that dopamine release transients involved in different primary reinforcer (Schultz, 1998; Ito et al., 2000), the aspects of cocaine self-administration are highly precise role that dopaminergic signaling plays during plastic—differentially governed by motivation, learned drug self-administration remains unknown. To address associations linked with environmental stimuli, and this, cyclic voltammetry with 100 ms temporal resolu- the pharmacological actions of cocaine. tion was used to monitor rapid dopamine release dur- ing regular cocaine self-administration (maintenance), Introduction extinction, and reinstatement. The superb temporal res- olution of this technique revealed that dopaminergic Dopaminergic neurons originating in the ventral teg- signals play three temporally and functionally distinct mental area and projecting to the amygdala, prefrontal roles that are differentially influenced by extinction. cortex, and nucleus accumbens (NAc) are hypothe- sized to relate information about a primary reinforcer, Results such as cocaine, with goal-directed behavior and/or environmental stimuli (McClure et al., 2003; Schultz, Cocaine Self-Administration during 2004). This idea is supported by electrophysiological Extinction/Reinstatement studies in behaving animals, which have demonstrated Intravenously catheterized rats were initially trained to that dopaminergic neurons are initially activated by pri- self-administer cocaine (0.33 mg/infusion; delivered mary reinforcers but adapt over repeated pairings to over 6 s) in 2 hr daily sessions and were surgically pre- respond to conditioned stimuli that are associated with pared for monitoring rapid dopamine signaling in the the reinforcer (Schultz, 1998). Furthermore, the degree NAc core after 2–3 weeks of training. Following recov- of phasic activity of dopamine neurons is a function of ery from surgery and 3–5 days of retraining, rats un- the probability in which a conditioned stimulus predicts derwent a within-session extinction/reinstatement ex- a subsequent reward (Fiorillo et al., 2003), suggesting periment conducted in three phases. In phase one that dopaminergic transmission can adapt to changing (termed maintenance), rats completed two to four lever degrees of uncertainty of which a cue can predict a press responses in quick succession followed by five reward. lever presses with mean interinfusion intervals of 439 ± Virtually all drugs of abuse cause the release of dopa- 33 s. During maintenance, each lever press resulted in mine in the NAc (Di Chiara and Imperato, 1988; Wise, an intravenous cocaine infusion (0.33 mg, 6 s) paired with drug-associated cues (20 s). Lever pressing beha- *Correspondence: [email protected] vior remained stable throughout maintenance, with no Neuron 662 Figure 1. Lever Press Behavior during Main- tenance, Extinction, and Reinstatement of Cocaine Self-Administration (A) Representative behavioral response rec- ord from one animal throughout the three ex- perimental phases. Each vertical tick mark represents a lever press response. The ani- mal was reinstated to self-administer co- caine after extinction by issuing a noncontin- gent “priming” infusion of cocaine paired with a 20 s presentation of the drug-associ- ated cues (indicated by the arrow). (B–D) Interresponse intervals for lever presses in maintenance, extinction, and reinstatement. significant difference in the interresponse interval over dopamine signaling relates to the association of lever the trials [F(4, 39) = 0.48; p = 0.74; Figures 1A and 1B]. press responding and the cues that predict cocaine de- In phase two (extinction), saline was substituted for co- livery (Phillips et al., 2003b). Therefore, we hypothe- caine. Each lever press resulted in saline infusion (6 s) sized that the preresponse phasic dopamine signal paired with the drug-associated cues (20 s). This led to would remain during extinction, while the postresponse a dramatic increase in the rate of responding measured dopamine signal would attenuate as the learned asso- over the first ten trials of extinction [F(9, 79) = 6.2; p % ciation between the reinforcer and the drug-associated 0.0001; Figures 1A and 1C] and the eventual cessation cues decreased across extinction trials. For analysis of responding after 20.3 ± 3.0 trials. Following 30 min purposes, extinction was broken up into early (first ten) of no responding, phase three (reinstatement) was initi- and late (last five) lever presses. Figure 3A shows a sin- ated. Specifically, self-administration behavior was re- gle trial in early extinction. Even though each lever established by a noncontingent intravenous infusion of press resulted in a saline infusion paired with the drug- cocaine (0.33 mg, 6 s) paired with the same drug-asso- associated cues, both the pre- and postresponses ciated stimuli. During the reinstatement phase, rats were associated with the lever press. A repeated mea- were allowed to respond five times, in which each response resulted in cocaine paired with the drug- sures ANOVA revealed that preresponse DA transients associated cues, as in maintenance. Response rates remained remarkably stable in amplitude throughout decreased and eventually stabilized over the five early extinction and were not significantly different rela- reinstatement trials [F(4, 39) = 3.1; p < 0.05; Figure 1D]. tive to the maintenance phase [F(10, 87) = 0.83; p = 0.60; Figure 3B]. In contrast, the amplitude of postre- Phasic Dopamine Signals Are Associated with the sponse dopamine transients was maintained during Operant Response during Maintenance early extinction (Figures 3A and 3C) but significantly de- Phasic dopamine time locked to a single operant re- clined as extinction proceeded [repeated measures sponse during maintenance is shown in Figure 2A. As ANOVA; F(10, 87) = 2.44; p % 0.05; Figure 3C]. Post hoc reported previously (Phillips et al., 2003b; Stuber et al., comparisons revealed that the postresponse dopamine 2005), dopaminergic signals at the lever press in main- signal on trial 10 was significantly less than the average tenance have two distinct components: an initial in- dopamine signal during the maintenance phase (p % crease in dopamine in the time interval 10 s before the 0.05). lever press response (termed preresponse) followed by As the extinction phase proceeded, a clear dissoci- a larger increase within 10 s after the response (termed ation between pre- and postresponse dopamine tran- postresponse). The mean preresponse dopaminergic sients became apparent. Figure 3D shows a single lever signal was 52.6 ± 6.2 nM and remained stable in ampli- press response (from
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Extinction Learning in Humans: Role of the Amygdala and Vmpfc
    Neuron, Vol. 43, 897–905, September 16, 2004, Copyright 2004 by Cell Press Extinction Learning in Humans: Role of the Amygdala and vmPFC Elizabeth A. Phelps,1,* Mauricio R. Delgado,1 CR). Extinction occurs when a CS is presented alone, Katherine I. Nearing,1 and Joseph E. LeDoux2 without the US, for a number of trials and eventually the 1Department of Psychology and CR is diminished or eliminated. Behavioral studies of 2Center for Neural Science extinction suggest that it is not a process of “unlearning” New York University but rather is a process of new learning of fear inhibition. New York, New York 10003 This view of extinction as an active learning process is supported by studies showing that after extinction the CR can return in a number of situations, such as the Summary passage of time (spontaneous recovery), the presenta- tion of the US alone (reinstatement), or if the animal is Understanding how fears are acquired is an important placed in the context of initial learning (renewal; see step in translating basic research to the treatment Bouton, 2002, for a review). Although animal models of of fear-related disorders. However, understanding how the mechanisms of fear acquisition have been investi- learned fears are diminished may be even more valuable. gated over the last several decades, studies of the We explored the neural mechanisms of fear extinction mechanisms of extinction learning have only recently in humans. Studies of extinction in nonhuman animals started to emerge. Research examining the neural sys- have focused on two interconnected brain regions: tems of fear extinction in nonhuman animals have fo- the amygdala and the ventral medial prefrontal cortex cused on two interconnected brain regions: the ventral (vmPFC).
    [Show full text]
  • The Importance of Sleep in Fear Conditioning and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
    Biological Psychiatry: Commentary CNNI The Importance of Sleep in Fear Conditioning and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Robert Stickgold and Dara S. Manoach Abnormal sleep is a prominent feature of Axis I neuropsychia- fear and distress are extinguished. Based on a compelling tric disorders and is often included in their DSM-5 diagnostic body of work from human and rodent studies, fear extinction criteria. While often viewed as secondary, because these reflects not the erasure of the fear memory but the develop- disorders may themselves diminish sleep quality, there is ment of a new safety or “extinction memory” that inhibits the growing evidence that sleep disorders can aggravate, trigger, fear memory and its associated emotional response. and even cause a range of neuropsychiatric conditions. In this issue, Straus et al. (3 ) report that total sleep Moreover, as has been shown in major depression and deprivation can impair the retention of such extinction mem- attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, treating sleep can ories. In their study, healthy human participants in three improve symptoms, suggesting that disrupted sleep contri- groups successfully learned to associate a blue circle (condi- butes to the clinical syndrome and is an appropriate target for tioned stimulus) with the occurrence of an electric shock treatment. In addition to its effects on symptoms, sleep (unconditioned stimulus) during a fear acquisition session. disturbance, which is known to impair emotional regulation The following day, during extinction learning, the blue circle and cognition in otherwise healthy individuals, may contribute was repeatedly presented without the shock. The day after to or cause disabling cognitive deficits. For sleep to be a target that, extinction recall was tested by again repeatedly present- for treatment of symptoms and cognitive deficits in neurop- ing the blue circle without the shock.
    [Show full text]
  • Noradrenergic Blockade Stabilizes Prefrontal Activity and Enables Fear
    Noradrenergic blockade stabilizes prefrontal activity PNAS PLUS and enables fear extinction under stress Paul J. Fitzgeralda,1, Thomas F. Giustinoa,b,1, Jocelyn R. Seemanna,b,1, and Stephen Marena,b,2 aDepartment of Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843; and bInstitute for Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 Edited by Bruce S. McEwen, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, and approved June 1, 2015 (received for review January 12, 2015) Stress-induced impairments in extinction learning are believed to preferentially involved in fear extinction (32–34). Stress-induced sustain posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Noradrenergic sig- alterations in the balance of neuronal activity in PL and IL as a naling may contribute to extinction impairments by modulating consequence of noradrenergic hyperarousal might therefore con- medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) circuits involved in fear regula- tribute to extinction impairments and the maintenance of PTSD. tion. Here we demonstrate that aversive fear conditioning rapidly To address this question, we combine in vivo microelectrode re- and persistently alters spontaneous single-unit activity in the cording in freely moving rats with behavioral and pharmacological prelimbic and infralimbic subdivisions of the mPFC in behaving manipulations to determine whether β-noradrenergic receptors rats. These conditioning-induced changes in mPFC firing were mediate stress-induced alterations in mPFC neuronal activity. mitigated by systemic administration of propranolol (10 mg/kg, Further, we examine whether systemic propranolol treatment, i.p.), a β-noradrenergic receptor antagonist. Moreover, proprano- given immediately after an aversive experience, rescues stress- lol administration dampened the stress-induced impairment in ex- induced impairments in fear extinction.
    [Show full text]
  • Impaired Learning, Memory, and Extinction in Posttraumatic Stress
    medRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.07.19.21260790; this version posted July 22, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under a CC-BY 4.0 International license . Title page Title: Impaired learning, memory, and extinction in posttraumatic stress disorder: translational meta-analysis of clinical and preclinical studies Running title: cross-species meta-analysis of learning/memory in PTSD Milou S.C. Sep, MSc. [1][2] * Elbert Geuze, PhD. [1][3] # Marian Joëls, PhD. [2][4] # [1] Brain Research and Innovation Centre, Ministry of Defence, Utrecht, the Netherlands [2] Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, The Netherlands [3] Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands [4] University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands * Corresponding author: Milou S.C. Sep; @: [email protected]; T: +31 30 250 26 91; Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands. # These authors contributed equally and share senior authorship. Keywords: PTSD; Learning; Memory; Extinction; Systematic Review; Random Forest NOTE: This preprint reports new research that has not been certified by peer review and should not be used to guide clinical practice.1 medRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.07.19.21260790; this version posted July 22, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity.
    [Show full text]
  • THEORETICAL BEHAVIORISM John Staddon Duke University “Isms”
    Behavior and Philosophy, 45, 27-44 (2017). © 2017 Cambridge Center for Behavioral Studies THEORETICAL BEHAVIORISM John Staddon Duke University Abstract: B. F. Skinner’s radical behaviorism has been highly successful experimentally, revealing new phenomena with new methods. But Skinner’s dismissal of theory limited its development. Theoretical behaviorism recognizes that a historical system, an organism, has a state as well as sensitivity to stimuli and the ability to emit responses. Indeed, Skinner himself acknowledged the possibility of what he called “latent” responses in humans, even though he neglected to extend this idea to rats and pigeons. Latent responses constitute a repertoire, from which operant reinforcement can select. The paper describes some applications of theoretical behaviorism to operant learning. Key words: Skinner, response repertoire, teaching, classical conditioning, memory “Isms” are rarely a “plus” for science. The suffix sounds political. It implies a coherence and consistency that is rarely matched by reality. But labels are effective rhetorically. J. B. Watson’s 1913 behaviorist paper (Watson, 1913) would not have been as influential without his rather in-your-face term. Theoretical behaviorism accepts the “ism” with reluctance. ThB is not a doctrine or even a philosophy. As I will try to show, it is an attempt to bring behavioristic psychology back into the mainstream of science: avoiding the Scylla of atheoretical simplism on one side and the Charybdis of scientistic mentalism on the other. John Watson was both realistic and naïve. The realism was in his rejection of the subjective, of first-person accounts as a part of science. ‘Qualia’ are not data and little has been learned through reports of conscious experience.
    [Show full text]
  • Fear Conditioning in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Evidence for Delayed Extinction of Autonomic, Experiential, and Behavioural Responses
    ARTICLE IN PRESS Behaviour Research and Therapy 45 (2007) 2019–2033 www.elsevier.com/locate/brat Fear conditioning in posttraumatic stress disorder: Evidence for delayed extinction of autonomic, experiential, and behavioural responses Jens BlechertÃ, Tanja Michael, Noortje Vriends, Ju¨rgen Margraf, Frank H. Wilhelm Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Institute for Psychology, University of Basel, Missionsstrasse 60/62, CH-4055 Basel, Switzerland Received 29 August 2006; received in revised form 26 February 2007; accepted 28 February 2007 Abstract Aversive conditioning has been proposed as an important factor involved in the etiology of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, it is not yet fully understood exactly which learning mechanisms are characteristic for PTSD. PTSD patients (n ¼ 36), and healthy individuals with and without trauma exposure (TE group, n ¼ 21; nTE group, n ¼ 34), underwent a differential fear conditioning experiment consisting of habituation, acquisition, and extinction phases. An electrical stimulus served as the unconditioned stimulus (US), and two neutral pictures as conditioned stimuli (CSþ, paired; CSÀ, unpaired). Conditioned responses were quantified by skin conductance responses (SCRs), subjective ratings of CS valence and US-expectancy, and a behavioural test. In contrast to the nTE group, PTSD patients showed delayed extinction of SCRs to the CSþ. Online ratings of valence and US-expectancy as well as the behavioural test confirmed this pattern. These findings point to a deficit in extinction learning and highlight the role of affective valence appraisals and cognitive biases in PTSD. In addition, there was some evidence that a subgroup of PTSD patients had difficulties in learning the CS–US contingency, thereby providing preliminary evidence of reduced discrimination learning.
    [Show full text]
  • Extinction of Pavlovian Conditioning: the Influence of Trial Number and Reinforcement History C
    1 Pre-print copy. The article has been published in Behavioural Processes, vol 141 (2017), pp 19-25. Doi: 10.1016/j.beproc.2017.04.017 Extinction of Pavlovian Conditioning: The Influence of Trial Number and Reinforcement History C. K. Jonas Chan and Justin A. Harris The University of Sydney Address correspondence to: Justin Harris School of Psychology The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006 Australia [email protected] Running head: Extinction of Pavlovian Conditioning Key words: Rat; magazine approach; variable interval; partial reinforcement. Acknowledgements. This research was supported by funding from the Australian Research Council, grant DP 150101274. 2 Abstract Pavlovian conditioning is sensitive to the temporal relationship between conditioned stimulus (CS) and unconditioned stimulus (US). This has motivated models that describe learning as a process that continuously updates associative strength during the trial or specifically encodes the CS-US interval. These models predict that extinction of responding is also continuous, such that response loss is proportional to the cumulative duration of exposure to the CS without the US. We review evidence showing that this prediction is incorrect, and that extinction is trial-based rather than time-based. We also present two experiments that test the importance of trials versus time on the Partial Reinforcement Extinction Effect (PREE), in which responding extinguishes more slowly for a CS that was inconsistently reinforced with the US than for a consistently reinforced one. We show that increasing the number of extinction trials of the partially reinforced CS, relative to the consistently reinforced CS, overcomes the PREE. However, increasing the duration of extinction trials by the same amount does not overcome the PREE.
    [Show full text]
  • Hunger Promotes Fear Extinction by Activation of an Amygdala Microcircuit
    OPEN Neuropsychopharmacology (2016) 41, 431–439 © 2016 American College of Neuropsychopharmacology. All rights reserved 0893-133X/16 www.neuropsychopharmacology.org Hunger Promotes Fear Extinction by Activation of an Amygdala Microcircuit 1,4 1,4 1,2 3 1 ,1 Dilip Verma , James Wood , Gilliard Lach , Herbert Herzog , Guenther Sperk and Ramon Tasan* 1 2 Department of Pharmacology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, Brasília, 3 Brazil; Neuroscience Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia Emotions control evolutionarily-conserved behavior that is central to survival in a natural environment. Imbalance within emotional circuitries, however, may result in malfunction and manifestation of anxiety disorders. Thus, a better understanding of emotional processes and, in particular, the interaction of the networks involved is of considerable clinical relevance. Although neurobiological substrates of emotionally controlled circuitries are increasingly evident, their mutual influences are not. To investigate interactions between hunger and fear, we performed Pavlovian fear conditioning in fasted wild-type mice and in mice with genetic modification of a feeding-related gene. Furthermore, we analyzed in these mice the electrophysiological microcircuits underlying fear extinction. Short-term fasting before fear acquisition specifically impaired long-term fear memory, whereas fasting before fear extinction facilitated extinction learning. Furthermore, genetic deletion of the Y4 receptor reduced appetite and completely impaired fear extinction, a phenomenon that was rescued by fasting. A marked increase in feed-forward inhibition between the basolateral and central amygdala has been proposed as a synaptic correlate of fear extinction and involves activation of the medial intercalated cells.
    [Show full text]
  • Latent Cause Inference During Extinction Learning in Trauma-Exposed Individuals with and Without PTSD
    Latent cause inference during extinction learning in trauma-exposed individuals with and without PTSD Agnes Norbury1*, Hannah Brinkman1, Mary Kowalchyk1, Elisa Monti1, Robert H Pietrzak2,3, Daniela Schiller1,4, Adriana Feder1 1Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA 2Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA 3Unite States Department of Veterans Affairs National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Clinical Neurosciences Division, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA 4Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA *Corresponding author: Agnes Norbury, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Department of Psychiatry, Box 1230, New York, NY 10029, USA. Email: [email protected] Abstract Background Problems in learning that sights, sounds, or situations that were once associated with danger have become safe (extinction learning) may explain why some individuals suffer prolonged psychological distress following traumatic experiences. Although simple learning models have been unable to provide a convincing account of why this learning fails, it has recently been proposed that this may be explained by individual differences in beliefs about the causal structure of the environment. Methods Here, we tested two competing hypotheses as to how differences in causal inference might be related to trauma-related psychopathology, using extinction learning data collected from clinically well-characterized individuals with varying degrees of post-traumatic stress (N=56). Model parameters describing individual differences in causal inference were related to multiple PTSD and depression symptom dimensions via network analysis. Results Individuals with more severe PTSD were more likely to assign observations from conditioning and extinction stages to a single underlying cause.
    [Show full text]
  • Basics of Cognitive Behavior Therapy with Children and Adolescents: Social Learning Theory
    The Society for Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology (SCCAP): Initiative for Dissemination of Evidence-based Treatments for Childhood and Adolescent Mental Health Problems With additional support from Florida International University and The Children’s Trust. Keynote Basics of Cognitive Behavior Therapy with Children and Adolescents: Social Learning Theory Anne Marie Albano, PhD, ABPP Associate Professor of Clinical Psychology in Psychiatry Director, Columbia University Clinic for Anxiety and Related Disorders Cognitive-Behavioral Approach • Integrationist perspective Internal <-> External Environment – Emphasis on learning process • Environmental Contingencies, Modeling – Parent-Child interaction • Both parties shape each other’s behavior Some Myths About CBT • Mechanistic: all clinical procedures take place within an interpersonal context • Superficial: do not ignore the private internal life of the patient • Ahistorical: past history is very significant in determining present behavior • Simplistic: successful therapy calls for knowledge beyond basic techniques From M.R. Goldfried & G.C. Davison (1994) Clinical Behavior Therapy. Wiley, New York. Principles Underlying CBT • Social Learning Theory • Reinforcement/Learning Theories Guiding Principles • Assess and formulate conceptualization • Collaborative empiricism and therapeutic alliance • Set observable and measurable goals • Present CBT model and provide corrective information • Home-based monitoring and experiments/exposure facilitate process, insight and change Social Learning
    [Show full text]
  • Extinction Learning As a Model of Drug Treatment and Relapse: a Behavioral Overview John J
    The Open Addiction Journal, 2010, 3, 57-62 57 Open Access Extinction Learning as a Model of Drug Treatment and Relapse: A Behavioral Overview John J. Widholm* Department of Psychology, College of Charleston, Charleston, SC 29424, USA Abstract: Extinction is the process by which a previously established stimulus relationship is broken by the removal of reinforcers and/or biologically relevant stimuli, causing a reduction in responding. Given the importance of this phenomenon in terms of understanding not only learning and behavior, but also of enhancing our understanding of drug addiction and treatment, there is renewed attention being given to the study of extinction in the behavioral, neuroscientific, and therapeutic disciplines. The purpose of the current review is to provide an overview of the basic Pavlovian extinction paradigm and its relevance for treating drug addiction and discuss the typical “threats to extinction” as they model the tendency for drug relapse. Keywords: Pavlovian learning, drug addiction, cue-based therapy, contextual control, spontaneous recovery, renewal, reinstatement, rapid reacquisition. INTRODUCTION predict and provide information about the occurrence of a US, they become Conditional Stimuli (CS; their ability to Extinction is an important process of learning that is elicit a response is conditional on being predictive of a US) typically defined as the removal of reinforcers and/or and the corresponding response is called the Conditional biologically relevant stimuli from a previously established Response (CR). This process of conditioning CRs is referred stimulus relationship that results in the reduction in to as acquisition. Modern Pavlovian theory views responding. This historically important behavioral endpoint conditioning as an active process whereby the organism is an [1] is receiving renewed attention [2-7], causing a change in “information seeker” and conditioning results, not because our understanding of the phenomenon.
    [Show full text]
  • New Perspectives on Adolescent Motivated Behavior: Attention And
    Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience 1 (2011) 377–389 View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE Contents lists available at ScienceDirect provided by Elsevier - Publisher Connector Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience j ournal homepage: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/dcn Review New perspectives on adolescent motivated behavior: Attention and conditioning a,∗ a b Monique Ernst , Teresa Daniele , Kyle Frantz a Emotional Development and affective Neuroscience Branch, NIMH/NIH/DHHS, United States b Neuroscience Institute & Department of Biology Georgia State University, United States a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Article history: Adolescence is a critical transition period, during which fundamental changes prepare Received 14 April 2011 the adolescent for becoming an adult. Heuristic models of the neurobiology of adolescent Received in revised form 19 July 2011 behavior have emerged, promoting the central role of reward and motivation, coupled with Accepted 21 July 2011 cognitive immaturities. Here, we bring focus to two basic sets of processes, attention and conditioning, which are essential for adaptive behavior. Using the dual-attention model Keywords: developed by Corbetta and Shulman (2002), which identifies a stimulus-driven and a goal- Adolescent driven attention network, we propose a balance that favors stimulus-driven attention over Goal-directed attention Stimulus-driven goal-driven attention in youth. Regarding conditioning, we hypothesize that stronger asso- Appetitive conditioning ciations tend to be made between environmental cues and appetitive stimuli, and weaker Saccadic eye movement associations with aversive stimuli, in youth relative to adults. An attention system geared Development to prioritize stimulus-driven attention, together with more powerful associative learning with appetitive incentives, contribute to shape patterns of adolescent motivated behavior.
    [Show full text]