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Calamagrostis Deschamp- Sioides, Carex Subspathacea, C. Glareosa

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Calamagrostis Deschamp- Sioides, Carex Subspathacea, C. Glareosa 82 Лавриненко О.В., Лавриненко И.А. Классификация растительности УДК 581.553(1-924.81) PHYTODIVERSITY OF EASTERN EUROPE, 2018, XII (3): 82–143 DOI: 10.24411/2072-8816-2018-10028 КЛАССИФИКАЦИЯ РАСТИТЕЛЬНОСТИ СОЛЕНЫХ И СОЛОНОВАТЫХ МАРШЕЙ БОЛЬШЕЗЕМЕЛЬСКОЙ ТУНДРЫ (ПОБЕРЕЖЬЕ БАРЕНЦЕВА МОРЯ) О.В. Лавриненко, И.А. Лавриненко Ключевые слова Аннотация. Продромус растительности соленых и солоноватых маршей и пере- растительность ходных к тундрам местообитаний на юго-восточном побережье Баренцева моря соленые и солоноватые мар- содержит 13 ассоциаций (в т. ч. 17 субассоциаций, 8 вариантов и 2 сообщества); ши 3 ассоциации и 11 субассоциаций – новые. Травяные сообщества соленых мар- классификация Браун-Бланке шей традиционно отнесены к союзам Puccinellion phryganodis Hadač 1946 и Баренцево море Caricion glareosae Nordhagen 1954 класса Juncetea maritimi Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl. et al. 1952; синтаксоны с Carex salina, впервые описанные на солоноватых маршах, – к союзу Dupontion fischeri Hadač 1946 этого же класса; ценозы наиболее вы- соких уровней маршей и переходной полосы к тундрам с Salix reptans и S. glauca – к союзу Aulacomnio palustris–Salicion glaucae Sinelnikova 2001, оставленно- му вне класса; заросли гигро-, гидро- и гидатофитов на илистой осушке и в водо- емах – к союзам классов Phragmito-Magnocaricetea Klika in Klika et Novák 1941 и Potamogetonetea Klika in Klika et Novák 1941. Поступила в редакцию 13.08.2018 ВВЕДЕНИЕ тельности маршей западного побережья Бе- В зоне тундры на побережьях морей Север- рингова моря, сформированных в условиях ного Ледовитого океана растительность сурового субарктического климата, с соавт. (2014) проведен маршей (плоский, хорошо увлажненный ак- В.Ю. Нешатаевой сравнительный анализ синтаксономических кумулятивный ландшафт, формирующийся в единиц эколого-фитоценотической и флори- условиях периодического затопления при- стической классификаций, показавший их ливными и нагонными морскими водами, с большое совпадение на уровне ассоциаций и отложением илистого или песчаного мате- субассоциаций. Многие синтаксоны маршей, риала) наиболее хорошо изучена в Гренлан- образованные основными ценозообразую- дии, на Шпицбергене, в Фенноскандии, на щими травами (Calamagrostis deschamp- Кольском полуострове. Результаты класси- sioides фикации сообществ соленых и солоноватых , Carex subspathacea, C. glareosa, Puccinellia phryganodes), – циркумполярны, маршей Арктики в традициях школы Браун- или имеют небольшие дизъюнкции в ареалах. Бланке содержатся в многочисленных рабо- На побережьях морей в Российской Арк- тах, включая E. Hadač (1946, 1989), тике наиболее обширные площади маршей, R. Nordhagen (1954, 1955), J.G. de Molenaar освоенных высшей растительностью, пред- (1974), D. Thannheiser (1974, 1987, 1991), ставлены на пространстве от п-ова Канин до J. Siira (1987), I. Möller (2000), O. Lepping, Югорского полуострова (в администра- F. Daniëls (2006), Н.Е. Королева и др. (2011), К.Б. Попова и др. (2017). На примере расти- © 2018 Лавриненко О.В., Лавриненко И.А. Лавриненко Ольга Васильевна, канд. биол. наук, с.н.с. лаб. растительности Крайнего Севера, Ботанический инсти- тут им. В.Л. Комарова РАН; 197376, Россия, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Проф. Попова, 2; Нарьян-Марский филиал ФИЦКИА им. академика Н.П. Лаверова РАН; 166000, Россия, Нарьян-Мар, ул. Рыбников, 1а; [email protected]; Лавриненко Игорь Анатольевич, канд. биол. наук, с.н.с. лаб. географии и картографии растительности, Ботаниче- ский институт им. В.Л. Комарова РАН; Нарьян-Марский филиал ФИЦКИА им. академика Н.П. Лаверова РАН; [email protected] Фиторазнообразие Восточной Европы 2018, XII : 3 83 тивных границах Ненецкого автономного и малые (до 100 км дл.) реки Ярэйяха, Вакач- округа). В советское время здесь работали Шор, Коть-Шор, Пуучияха и Носияха обра- А.А. Корчагин (1935) – на побережье Чеш- зуют дельту до 30 км шир., проникающую ской губы в Канинской тундре, и А.И. Лесков вглубь на расстояние до 10 км. (1936) – в Малоземельской тундре. Их мате- В юго-восточной акватории Баренцева риалы, полученные в системе эколого- моря многолетняя соленость воды летом – фитоценотической классификации, учтены около 25‰. Диапазон от 8 до 1‰ образует Н.В. Матвеевой и О.В. Лавриненко (2011) биологический, седиментологический и гео- при описании галофитных сообществ на се- химический барьер между рекой и приемным веро-востоке Малоземельской тундры в тра- водоемом, а изогалина 1‰ соответствует пе- дициях школы Браун-Бланке. реходу воды от солоноватой к пресной (Ми- В этой статье приводятся результаты фло- хайлов, Горин, 2012). Губы заполнены осоло- ристической классификации растительности ненными водами с выраженной сезонной и маршей Большеземельской тундры и про- приливной изменчивостью. В Печорской губе дромус синтаксонов для соленых и солонова- соленость меняется от практически нулевой в тых маршей юго-восточной части Баренцева устье р. Печоры до 20–25‰ в мористой час- моря, позволившие заполнить пробел в зна- ти. Осолонение обычно наблюдается в конце ниях о циркумполярно распространенной лета, осенью и продолжается в течение зим- галофитной растительности бассейна Север- ней межени. По данным И.В. Мискевич (цит. ного Ледовитого океана. по Мосеев, 2015), в устье р. Дресвянки, впа- дающей в Печорскую губу на востоке, соле- ПРИРОДНЫЕ УСЛОВИЯ ность в летнюю межень колеблется от 8 до РАЙОНОВ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ 14‰. А, например, в июле 2015 г. в устье В Большеземельской тундре многие реки, р. Хыльчую в течение всего приливного цикла текущие с юга на север, впадают не непосред- сохранялись пресные воды, из-за аномально ственно в Баренцево море, а в заливы (или высокого распреснения морских вод в Пе- губы) и формируют дельты. Растительность чорской губе (Мосеев, 2015). Наибольшие изучена в дельтах и приустьевых частях рек на величины распреснения наблюдаются в Бол- побережье Болванской, Печорской, Паханче- ванской губе, поскольку на него влияет сток ской и Хайпудырской губ (рис. 1). В Болван- рек, не только впадающих непосредственно в скую губу с юга поступают воды рек Нерута эту губу, но и расположенной рядом (107 км дл.), распадающейся на рукава (Су- р. Печора. Распреснение воды в Хайпудыр- хая и Новая Нерута), и Ячей (50 км дл.), об- ской губе происходит под действием матери- разующих обширную (15 км шир.) дельту, кового стока малых рек и крупной р. Море- проникающую вглубь материка на расстоя- Ю. Соленость воды в Паханческой губе из-за ние до 10 км. В Печорскую губу с востока ее открытости морю и стока в нее только ма- впадают реки Хыльчую (139 км дл.) и Малая лых рек, по-видимому, самая высокая, по Хыльчую (10 км дл.), которые вместе с безы- сравнению с другими губами. мянными водотоками образуют небольшую Средняя величина правильных полусуточ- (8 км шир., 4 км вглубь) дельту, а севернее их ных приливов в губах – 0,6 м. При сезонно- – р. Большая Двойничная (12 км дл.), устье нагонных ветрах изменение уровня моря дос- которой простого типа, однорукавное. В Па- тигает 1,5 м. В нижнем течении впадающих в ханческую губу впадают только малые реки губы рек дважды в сутки, с учетом приливов и Бачурка, Фотей, Луцаяха и Енцотаяха, свя- отливов, направление течения меняется на занные между собой многочисленными про- противоположное, поэтому вода в них соле- токами в единую дельту (до 25 км шир. и 7 км ная или солоноватая. В нижнем течении ос- вглубь). Впадающие в Хайпудырскую губу на новного русла р. Печора дальность проник- юго-востоке крупная (272 км дл.) р. Море-Ю новения приливных волн в период половодья 84 Лавриненко О.В., Лавриненко И.А. Классификация растительности Рис. 1. Места полевых работ авторов в дельтах и приустьевых частях рек: 1 – Новая Нерута–Ячей на юге Болванской губы; 2 – Хыльчую и 3 – Большая Двойничная на восточном побережье Печорской губы; 4 – Фатей–Луцаяха на юге Паханческой губы; 5 – Море-Ю–Вакач-Шор на юго-востоке Хай- пудырской губы. Звездочкой обозначены метеостанции. Подзоны и полосы: I – типичные тундры, II – южные тундры, III – северная лесотундра. Field sites by authors in the deltas and near-mouth parts of the rivers: 1 – Novaya Neruta–Yachei in the south of the Bolvanskaya Bay; 2 – Khylchuyu and 3 – Bolshaya Dvoinichnaya on the eastern coast of the Pechorskaya Bay; 4 – Fatey–Lutsayakha in the south of the Pahancheskaya Bay; 5 – More-Yu–Vakach- Shor in the southeast of the Haipudyrskaya Bay. An asterisk denotes the weather stations. Subzones and stripes: I – typical tundra, II – southern tundra, III – northern forest-tundra ограничена длиной 10–15 км, а во время лет- стороны материка они окаймлены аккумуля- ней межени она увеличивается до 160 км тивными террасами или абразионными усту- (Полонский, 2012). В малых реках приливные пами поздне- и послеледниковой морских явления сказываются на расстоянии 5–15 км трансгрессий, которые свидетельствуют о от устья. происходивших в то время колебаниях бере- Ширина илистых осушек вдоль берегов говой линии. губ – 0,5–4,0 км, материал для их образования Марши находятся под постоянным воз- поставляется стоком рек и абразией; ее ос- действием соленых и/или солоноватых вод, ваивают пионерные сообщества. Низменные влияние которых на растительность и почвы (до 3 м выс. над ур. м.) аккумулятивные тер- осуществляется несколькими путями: затоп- расы в дельтах рек, рельеф которых осложнен лением приливами, штормами и нагонами, мелкими водоемами – плоскодонными ван- импульверизацией и через грунтовые воды, нами и озерами, соединенными многочис- которые гидравлически связаны с морем. Это ленными узкими и, зачастую, глубокими (1,0– сложная система, где типы сообществ опре- 1,5 м) протоками в единую имеющую непо- деляются множеством связанных
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