The Auk 112(3):633-648, 1995

COMMENTS ON THE STATUS OF REVIVED OLD NAMES FOR SOME NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

RICHARD C. BANKS AND M. RALPH BROWNING NationalBiological Service, National Museum of Natural History, MRC 111, Washington,D.C. 20560, USA

AnSTRACT.--Wediscuss 44 instancesof the use of generic, specific,or subspecificnames that differ from those generally in use for North American (sensuAOU 1957) birds. These namesare generally older than the namespresently used and have been revived on the basis of priority. We examine the basisfor the proposedchanges and make recommendationsas to which namesshould properlybe usedin an effort to promotenomenclatural stability in accordancewith the InternationalCode of ZoologicalNomenclature. Received 22 February1994, accepted5 September1994.

THEINTERNATIONAL COMMISSION of Zoological su AmericanOrnithologists' Union [AOU] 1957) Nomenclature (I.C.Z.N. 1985) promotesstabil- birds. ity in scientificnames of animals through the We do not discuss the use of old names that use of the InternationalCode of ZoologicalNo- are necessarilyrevived becausea taxon is di- menclature(hereinafter the Code). A primary vided into two or more taxa, unless there is an tenet of the Codeis the principle of priority, additional problem involved. Those situations which statesthat the earliestvalidly proposed are no less important, but require an analysis name for a genus or speciesshould be used, of validity of the basisof the "split," which is although some exceptionsare possible.There beyondthe scopeof this study.We do not dis- are, however, differencesof opinion about the cusschanges necessitated by decisionsof the validity and applicability of some early-pro- International Commissionon Zoological No- posednames. Furthermore, some sources of sci- menclature (hereinafter, the Commission) not- entific nameswere published before or after the ed by and incorporatedby the AOU (1973,1983) generally accepteddate of publication (Brown- unlessthe decisionhas been violated by an au- ing and Monroe 1991), a situation that can alter thor after 1973. Also, we do not discuss name the priorityof namesderived from thosesources. changesabove the level of genus. The discoveryand use of an older name for a For brevity, Opinions of the Commissionare taxon often createsa conflictbetween the prin- cited here only by number and year of publi- ciple of priority and the stability that derives cation. Before December 1959, these appeared from the continueduse of a name that has long in Opinionsand DeclarationsRendered by the In- been establishedand used (seeOlson 1987). The ternationalCommission on Zoological Nomenclature. concurrent use of more than one scientific name From December 1959 to the present they have for a speciesin the literature can be confusing been in the Bulletinof ZoologicalNomenclature. for amateursand for biologistswho do not spe- Both are official publications of the Commis- cialize in nomenclatural matters. sion. Eachproposed change resulting from the re- Names are discussed in the order of the AOU vival of an old name should be evaluated crit- (1983) Check-list.Each sectionis headed by the ically to determine whether the basisis sound revived and current names of the taxon. We set and whether it is likely to lead to nomenclatural forth the basisfor the difference, followed by stability. Although someproposed changes im- our analysis. Finally, we recommend accep- plicitly have been rejected,by being ignored, tanceor rejectionof the proposalwith a citation only a few have receiveda thoroughpublished of what we believe is the properly used name. evaluation.The purposeof this paper is to pro- In someinstances, we alsosuggest that a ruling vide such an evaluation and to make recom- by the Commissionwould be appropriate.Since mendations on which of the alternative names the junior author beganwork on this paper sev- shouldbe usedin instanceswhere changeshave eral yearsago, some of the problemshave been been proposedthat affect North American (sen- resolved in other reports. We mention those 633 634 BANKSAND BROWNING [Auk,Vol. 112

briefly to provide a full record of proposed synonym of Circus.Amadon (1954) gave reasonsfor changesof which we are aware. the continued use of Polyborus,and has been followed (AOU 1983,Sibley and Monroe 1990).However, Banks Podicepscaspicus (Hablitzl, 1783)vs. P. nigricollis(Brehm, and Dove (1992) have shown that the type speciesof 1831).--Oberholser(1974) usedthe specificname cas- Polyborus,Falco brasiliensis of Buffon, is not identifiable picusfor the Eared Grebe (in the genus Proctopus) and that the genericname thereforehas no standing. despitethe fact that it had been suppressedby the Caracara Merrem is the earliest available name for the Commission(Opinion 406, 1956;see AOU 1973). This genus (Hellmayr and Conover 1949) and should be and someother casesof the use of suppressednames used (AOU 1993). by Oberholser(1974) may be becausehis manuscript Falcogyrfalco Linnaeus, 1758 vs. F. rusticolusLin- on the birds of Texas(published posthumously) was naeus,1758.--Portenko (1972:264)used Falco gyrfalco not completelyrevised and updated by the editor. for the Gyrfalcon,a name proposedon a later page The name nigricollisshould be usedfor this grebe. than Falcorusticolus (Linnaeus 1758). Although Por- Sulapiscator (Linnaeus, 1758) vs. S. sula(Linnaeus, tenko gave no reason for his use of that name, he 1766).--Oberholser (1974:86, 970) used the specific apparently followed Dementieff [sic] (1938), De- name piscatorfor the Red-footed Booby, admitting ment'ev and Gladkov (1951), and other Russianwork- that four specieswere confusedin the original de- ers. Most others have followed the AOU (1910) and scription and that the name had been rejected by Harteft (1915);the latter showedclearly that the two earlier authors (e.g. Peters 1931) as indeterminable. names apply to the same speciesand that rusticolus, Oberholser'sdiscussion suggests that he had reser- althoughprovided a meagerdescription, has priority. vations about the use of piscatorand that he was fish- More recently,Hudec and Cerny (1977)used rusticolus ing for a justificationfor that name. We recommend relative to the Russian birds. We recommend the con- the continued use of Sula sulafor this species. tinued use of Falcorusticolus for the Gyrfalcon. Phalacrocoraxbrasilianus (Gmelin, 1789) vs. P. oliva- Catoptrophorussemipalmatus speculiferus (Cuvier, 1829) ceus(Humboldt, 1805).-- Browning (1989a) has shown vs. C. s. inornatus(Brewster, 1887).--Phillips (1962b) that Phalacrocoraxbrasilianus (Gmelin, 1789) properly notedthat Totanusspeculiferus Cuvier may be an early appliesto the Neotropic(formerly Olivaceous)Cor- name for the westernpopulation of Willet, and sug- morant, and this decisionhas been acceptedby Sibley gestedthat it be usedrather than inornatus.The matter and Monroe (1990) and the AOU (1991). had been discussedby Hellmayr and Conover (1948b: Plegadismexicana (Gmelin, 1789)vs. P. chihi(Vieillot, 129), who quoted Berlioz's report that the type of 1817).--Oberholser (1974:971) used mexicanaas the speculiferushad the colorof nominatesemipalmatus but specificname for the White-faced Ibis, citing what the proportions,especially the long slender bill, of seemsto be a decisionby Hellmayrand Conover(1942: inornatus.They believedthat a changein nomencla- 301). However, Hellmayr and Conover did not dis- ture, from the long-usedinornatus to speculiferuswas cussthe matter in the referencecited. Hellmayr and inadvisable--presumablybecause the identity of the Conover (1948a:266) used the name chihion the basis type, from an unknown locality, was not definite. that "Tantalus mexicanus Gmelin seems to be uniden- Phillips (1962b)rejected that conclusionbecause he tiffableas to species."We recommendthe continued believed that the color difference was seasonal. We use of chihi for the White-faced Ibis. recommendthat speculiferusbe consideredunidenti- Brantacanadensis major (Rea, 1888) vs. B.c. interior fiable and that inornatus be used for the sake of sta- Todd, 1938.--Oberholser (1974:971) used the name bility. majorfor the populationsof CanadaGoose generally CapellaFrenzel, 1801 vs. GallinagoBrisson, 1760.- known by the subspecificname interior.Rea (1888) The genericname Capella was used (AOU 1931,1957) comparedthe geesefrom two areas,as indicated by for the Common Snipe (gallinago),even though the Oberholser(1974), one at MooseFactory, at the south- Commissionhad declaredGallinago a nomenconser- ern tip of JamesBay, and one farther east, at Rupert vandum(Opinion 67, 1916)and placedCapella on the River and the eastcoast of Hudson Bay. These pop- OfficialIndex of Rejectedand Invalid GenericNames ulations otherwise have not been considered distinct (Direction 39, 1956; see Mayr 1963). However, some (e.g. AOU 1957). Rea used the term "major" only in authors (see Wetmore 1958, Tuck 1972) questioned an apparentlydescriptive sense, as follows: "This An- usingGallinago on the basisthat it had not been pro- serCanadensis (Major?) instead of beingfound feeding posedas a genericname, and rejectedthe decisionof .... "We do not agreewith Oberholserthat this con- the Commission.Todd (1963) and Oberholser (1974) stitutesthe proposalof a name. We believe that "ma- also used Capella(but see Podiceps,above). Most au- jor" has no nomenclaturalstanding, and recommend thors now (AOU 1983, Sibley and Monroe 1990) use the continued use of interior. Gallinago,and we recommendcontinued use of that CaracaraMerrem, 1826vs. PolyborusVieillot, 1816.-- name in compliancewith the Commission'sruling. Hellmayr and Conover (1949:281)stated that Vieil- RubicolaRichardson, 1831 vs. PhilohelaGray, 1841.-- lot's name could not be usedfor the genusof the Oberholser(1974:979) substituted Rubicola as the ge- crested caracaras, but rather should be treated as a neric name for the American Woodcock for Philohela, July1995] Statusof Revived Names 635

then in current use,citing a supplementto the AOU pacuthu(Gmelin, 1788).--Browning and Banks(1990) Check-list.In the reference cited, the AOU (1923) re- showed that the basisfor the name wapacuthuis in- placed Philohelawith Rubicola"because the latter is an determinable,but more likely a Snowy Owl (Nyctea earlier name, and valid, though introducedappar- scandiaca)than the GreatHorned Owl that it is applied ently by mistake."Later, the AOU (1931:109)reversed to. The name arcticaSwainson that was once applied its position and used Philohelabecause there was no to the Great Horned Owl populationwest of Hudson evidence that Rubicola had been intended as a new Bay is preoccupiedby a name for the Snowy Owl. nameand that "it seemsan obviousmisprint for Rus- Hoy's (1852) name subarcticusis the next available ticola,a name applied to the EuropeanWoodcock." name and should be used for that population. Peters (1934:279) also used Philohela,but attributed MicropallasCoues, !889 vs.Micrathene Coues, 1866.-- the name Rubicolato "Vieill." Jameson.We agreethat Oberholser(1974:985) used Micropallas as the generic Rubicolahas no standingand that Philohelashould be namefor the Elf Owl. Coues(1889) had proposedthat usedas the generic name for the American Woodcock name to replaceMicrathene because the latter was pre- if that speciesis consideredgenerically distinct from occupiedby MicrathenaSundevall. Peters (1940:135) the Old World woodcocksplaced in Scolopax. and the AOU (1957) used the earlier Micrathene be- Columbadomestica Gmelin, 1789 vs. C. livia Gmelin, causeit was no longer preoccupiedunder the "one- 1789.--Oberholser(1974) followed Stejneger(1887), letter rule" of the Code. We recommend use of the who believed that the Rock Dove (or pigeon) should older name, Micrathene. be known by the specificname domesticarather than DryobatesBoie, 1826vs. DendrocoposKoch, 1816vs. livia. Both names are based on Columbadomestica l• livia PicoidesLac•p•de, 1799.--Oberholser(1974:987) used (Gmelin 1789:769).Oberholser (1974:983)believed that Dryobatesas the generic name for most of the "pied" Gmelin's varietal name livia had essentiallythe same woodpeckerson the basisthat Dendrocoposwas pre- basisas the speciesname domestica,and that the latter occupiedby DendrocopusVieillot. Voous (1947) had thereforeshould apply. The factthat Oberholser (1974) shown that the names differ according to the one- placedthe speciesin the genusLithoenas has no bear- letter rule, and that Dendrocoposcould validly be used ing on the specificname. for these woodpeckers.Delacour (1951) and Short The name domesticafirst appearedas Columbaoenas (1971)merged Dendrocopos,including Dryobates,with l• domestica(Linnaeus 1758:162, 1766:279), where it Picoides,but Ouellet (1977) revived Dendrocoposfor wasbased on sourcesreferring to both the RockDove the Old World four-toed forms in the complex.The and the Stock Dove (C. oenas).The references cited as American four-toed speciesshould remain in Picoides the basisof domesticaby Gmelin (1789) also refer to unlessthey are consideredgenerically distinct from more than one species(contra Oberholser 1974),but both the three-toed Picoides and the Old World four- thosecited for livia refer solely to the Rock Dove. We toed speciesof Dendrocopos,in which caseDryobates rejectOberholser's (1974) change and believe that Co- is available. lumbalivia Gmelin, 1789 is the proper name for this Comopusmesoleucus (Deppe, 1830) vs. C. borealis species. (Swainson,1832); and C. coopen' (Nuttall, 1831)vs.Con- Ectopistescanadensis (Linnaeus, 1766) v$. E. migra- topusborealis (Swainson, 1832).--The specificname torius(Linnaeus, 1766).--It has long been known that mesoleucusfor the Olive-sided Flycatcher, whether the namescanadensis and migratoriusin the Linnaean treated in Contopusor Nuttallornis(both of masculine genus Columbaboth apply to the PassengerPigeon, gender), originally appearedas "Muscicapamesoleuca and that the former has page priority, although the Lichtenst."with a very sketchydescription, in a work latter has had almost universal usage(Coues 1880). generallyattributed to Lichtensteinbut actuallywrit- Oberholser(1918) proposed a changefrom migratorius ten by W. Deppe (seeStresemann 1954:90) who used to canadensis,and the AOU Committee on Classifi- Lichtenstein'smanuscript names.The name mesoleu- cationand Nomenclaturelisted this proposedchange cuswas not used until Salvin and Godman (1889:80- (Oberholser 1919) for consideration. The committee 81) suggestedthat it might apply to the Olive-sided apparentlyfailed to act,retaining the name migratorius Flycatcher,for which they used the then widely ac- (AOU 1931).Hellmayr and Conover (1942),however, cepted name borealis.Ridgway (1907:507) similarly used canadensis.Oberholser (1974:984) repeated his suggestedthat mesoleucusmight be an older name for argument,but use of migraton'usprevails (AOU 1983, borealis,but expressedhis doubtby prefacingthe name Sibley and Monroe 1990). with two questionmarks. Hellmayr (in Cory and Hell- In fact,Stephens (1819) is the first reviser(I.C.Z.N. mayr 1927)was the first to establishmesoleucus (in the 1985, Art. 24) by virtue of having pointed out the genus Nuttallornis)as the presumably proper name identity of the two namesand deliberatelyselecting for the species.Hellmayr (in Cory and Hellmayr 1927: migratoriusas the name of choice.We rejectOberhol- 189) designateda specimen in the Berlin Museum ser'sproposal and recommendthe continued use of (2402, from Oaxaca,Mexico, presumablyfrom the F. Ectopistesmigratorius Linnaeus, 1766, p. 285, for the Deppe collectionmade for Lichtenstein)as the type PassengerPigeon. of mesoleucus,stating that it was a representativeof Bubovirginianus subarcticus Hoy, 1852 v$. B. v. wa- the "smaller eastern form." Most authors accepted 636 B•a•r,sAND BROWNING [Auk,Vol. 112

Hellmayr's (in Cory and Hellmayr 1927) action and and usedb. borealisfor the western population and b. the namemesoleucus replaced borealis for severalyears cooperifor the eastern. (e.g. Oberholser1930, AOU 193I). However, van Ros- Browning and Monroe (1991)have shown that Nut- sera (1934) showed that Hellmayr had erred in se- tall's "1832" manual was available for sale in Decem- lecting a type for mesoleucus,and claimed that the ber 1831and that it predatespart 2 of Swainsonand name really applied to a South American flycatcher Richardson's "Fauna Boreali~Americana," which was in the genus Elaenia.Most authors quickly accepted publishedin February1832. Thus, the earliestvalid van Rossem'sanalysis and reinstated borealisas the namefor the Olive-sidedFlycatcher is Contopuscooperi specificname of the Olive-sidedFlycatcher (e.g. AOU (Nuttall, 1831). Most recent authors have followed 1945,1957, Traylor 1979).A few recentauthors, how- Wetmore (1939) and have considered the Olive-sided ever, notablyPhillips (in Phillips et al. 1964,in Phil- Flycatchera monotypicspecies; thus, the name cooperi lips and Short 1968,in Monsonand Phillips 1981)and hasfallen into disuse.With the recognitionthat coop- Wolters (1977) revived the use of mesoleucus,appar- eri Nuttall is the earliest valid name for the species entlyfollowing Hellmayr (in Cory and Hellmayr 1927) (see above), it must be used instead of borealisSwain- and rejecting van Rossem's(1934) arguments,but son.There may be a tendency,for the sakeof stability, without so indicating. to attempt to retain the more familiar borealis.How- Van Rossem(1934) pointed out that at leastpart of ever, if the division into two (or more) taxonomic the Lichtenstein/Deppebrief descriptionof Musci- units, already recognizedby many older workers as capamesoleuca ("Graugr'ftnlich" = grayish-green)does shownabove, is upheld by future work, another name not apply to the Olive-sidedFlycatcher. Furthermore, for the eastern birds would have to be coined. Swain- the specimenchosen by Hellmayr was originally la- son's name borealis is available for the western sub- beled (presumablyby Lichtensteinor Deppe) with a speciesif an east-westsplit is recognized(as by Ob- different name, whereas the name mesoleuca was on erholser 1974), the easternform being the nominate a specimenof another speciesin that collection.We cooperi.The third name, majorinusBangs and Penard agreewith van Rossera(I 934)that Muscicapamesoleuca remains available for the population recognized in "Lichtenstein"W. Deppe, 1830does not apply to the southern California and northern BajaCalifornia by Olive-sidedFlycatcher. Whether that name appliesto Todd (1963). a different speciesof flycatcher,as van Rossemcon- Contopusmusicus (Swainson, 1827) vs. C. pertinaxCa- cluded(see Traylor 1979:128),is irrelevantto the pres- banisand Heine, 1859.--Phillips (in Phillips and Short ent problem.It would appearthat the way is clearfor 1968)reported the discoveryof the supposedtype of the continued use of borealisSwainson, 1832 based on Swainson's (1827) Tyrannulamusica. He identified it a bird from Cumberland House (=Carlton House), as a Greater Pewee, but provided no basis for his Saskatchewan,for this species. identification.Phillips had earlier (Phillips et al. 1964) Nuttall (1832 = 1831) basedthe name Muscicapa adoptedthe name musica"because both the descrip- cooperion a bird from Mount Auburn, near Boston, tion and the name itself apply so clearly to this spe- Massachusetts,and coined the English name still used cies"(in Phillips and Short 1968),although Cory and for this species.Todd (1963:485)noted that Swain- Hellmayr (I 927) consideredmusica unidentiflable. The son'sname Tyrannusborealis "narrowly escapedbeing name musicawas later used by Monson and Phillips a synonymof Nuttall's Muscicapacooperi... alsopub- (1981),but apparentlyno other authorshave usedit lished in 1832 but presumablylater in the year." in preferenceto pertinax. Bangs and Penard (1921) were the first to divide Traylor (1979:129)considered musica a nomenoblitum the Olive-sided Flycatcherinto easternand western becauseit had appeared in the literature only once subspecies.They usedthe nameborealis for the eastern (Salvin and Godman 1889) since its original descrip- form and named the western one N. b. majorinusin tion. The name also was used by Sharpe (1901) and recognitionof its larger size. Van Rossera(1934) used Dubois (1903). The only recent usesof musicathat we the name b. borealisfor "the larger, westernsubspe- have been able to determine are thosecited aboveby cies" and applied the name b. cooperito the eastern Phillips and his coauthors.We recommendthat the race. Van Tyne and Sutton (1937) usedthe namesin specificname pertinaxbe usedfor the Greater Pewee, the same manner, and Moore (1938) and Braund and as it has been by the great majority of authors for McCullagh (1940) used b. cooperifor the easternsub- morethan a century,and that Tyrannulamusica Swain- species.Wetmore (1939)did not considerrecognition son be considered a nomenoblitum (I.C.Z.N. 1985, art. of eastern and western forms warranted, and Sutton 23b) as suggestedby Traylor (1979). (I 943), van Rossera(1945), and Blake (I 958) reflected Empidonaxobscurus (Swainson, 1827) vs. E. wrightii uncertaintywhether one or two formsexisted. Todd Baird, 1858.--Oberholser (1974:988) revived Tyran- (1963)recognized two forms, but restrictedthe larger nula obscuraSwainson, 1827 for the Gray Flycatcher, western birds to southern California and northern on the basisthat the namehas priority over Empidonax BajaCalifornia, using b. majorinusfor it and b.borealis wrightiiBaird, 1858 and applies to the same species. for most of the North American birds. Oberholser He stated that "the color and structural characters, as (1974:564,989) again recognized an east-westsplit well asthe measurementsgiven by Swainson... agree July 1995] Statusof RevivedNames 637

very well with the Gray Flycatcher .... "Baird (in that, until Swainson'stype (from Mexico) was found Baird et al. 1858:922)had suggestedthat the name and studied, "it seemsto me that we are justified in obscurusmay apply to (=be a compositeof?) two dis- ignoring the name pusillusand adopting--or rather tinct species.Brewster (1889) concluded,as did Phil- retaining--that of traillii for the flycatcherwhich we lips (1939), that the name obscurais unidentifiable, havejust been considering."Although severalwriters and it hasbeen regardedas a nomendubium. The ho- have discussedthe identity of pusillasince that time, 1otypeof obscurusapparently is lost (fide Oberholser none has used that name for a speciesother than 1974). Phillips and Rea (as cited above). We cannot determine what structural or color char- The name Platyrhynchuspusillus Swainson may be acters of obscurusOberholser (1974) believed to be considered a nomendubium, but the lack of use in most diagnostic.The measurementsof wing and tail given of this century alsoqualifies it for the statusof nomen by Swainson(1827) do not conform to those of either oblitum, which we recommend. We further recom- E. wrightii or oberholseri(cf. Johnson 1963), and the mend that Empidonaxminimus (Baird and Baird, 1843) description of the color is applicable to more than be acceptedas the proper name for the LeastFlycatch- one speciesof Empidonax.We agree with Rea (1983: er. We note the irony of effortsto conservethe name 187)that Oberholser'ssuggestion should be rejected, pusillus,used by Swainson (in Swainsonand Richard- and suggestcontinued use of Empidonaxwrightii Baird, son 1832)after his own introductorycomments that 1858. the nomenclatureof the small American flycatchers Empidonaxpusillus (Swainson, 1827) vs. E. minimus was so confused,because of inadequateoriginal de- (Bairdand Baird,1843).--Phillips et al. (1964:87)and scriptionsby early authors,that "it becomesutterly Monson and Phillips (1981) revived Swainson'sname impossible to make use of their names or their syn- pusillusfor the LeastFlycatcher, generally known as onymies" and that most of the names then in use Empidonaxminimus, but did not give the original ci- should"be expungedfrom our systems.... "We fur- tation for the name or the reasonfor its use.Rea (1983: ther note Rea's (1983) observation that "... Swain- 188) followed Phillips et al. (1964)in the use of pus- son's name must stand unless it can be demonstrated illus,indicating that it wasbased on Platyrhynchuspus- conclusivelyto be a nomenoblitum (a gamesome tax- illusSwainson, 1827 and discussingthe rationalefor onomistsplay to avoid their supposedfundamental the changefrom minimus.Perhaps the best discussion principle,priority)." We believe that the fundamental of the identity of the two nameswas by Todd (1963: obligationof taxonomistsis to promotestability, and 482), who chose to retain minimus"to avoid further that the principle of priority is but one way in which changesand confusionin the nomenclatureof this thiscan be effected.We seeno stabilityin resurrecting difficult group of birds." a name of uncertain basis that has been used in several Swainson(1827) named and briefly describedPla- different ways to replacea name that hasbeen used tyrhynchuspusillus from the "maritime parts of Mex- uniformly for most of a century. ico." Later, Swainson (in Swainson and Richardson Hirundoalbifrons Rafinesque, 1822 vs. H. pyrrhonota 1832)gave a detaileddescription, with a colorplate, Vieillot, 1817.--There have been a number of flip- of a bird from Carlton House, Saskatchewan, under flops on the specificname of the Cliff Swallow. The the name Tyrannulapusilla. There is no known extant name Hirundolunifrons Say, 1823 was used for some type specimenfor either name, although Swainson 50 years, until Sclaterand Salvin (1873) substituted mentions (in Swainson and Richardson 1832) com- pyrrhonotaVieillot, 1817. Both nameswere used sub- paring the Carlton House bird with one from the sequently,until Ridgway (1904) consideredpyrrhon- shoresof Mexico. On the basis of that comparison, otadoubtful as applying to the speciesand attempted Swainsonclearly stated that T. pusillarepresented the to stabilizethe use of lunifrons.Rhoads (1912) discov- same speciesas his Platyrhynchuspusillus, which he ered an early newspapercolumn by Rafinesquethat had incorrectlyassigned to thatgenus. Baird and Baird contained a descriptionof the Cliff Swallow under (1843)believed that the wing formula of pusillus,as the name Hirundoalbifrons, which was adoptedby the given by Swainson,differed from that of what they AOU (1931). However, Hellmayr (1935:29) reverted named minimus. to the use of pyrrhonota,stating that "With the excep- Within the genus Empidonax,the name pusillahas tion of the blackishlower belly which may easilybe been treated in several ways. Baird (in Baird et al. construedas referring to the duskyunder tail coverts, 1858)treated it asa speciesoccurring geographically Azara's description,upon which Vieillot's name was between E. traillii and minimus.Coues (1884) treated based, is quite accurate .... "The AOU (1957, 1983) it asa speciesaligned with, possiblythe sameas, traillii followed Hellmayr's treatment,as did Peters(in Mayr and replacingthat form to the west. The AOU (1886) and Greenway1960). Rea (1983:196) declared that "By consideredtraillii a subspeciesof pusillus,a species no stretchof the imagination can Vieillot's descrip- distinct from minimus. It is not certain, however, that tion of Hirundo pyrrhonota,with its blackish lower any of those authors were using pusillusfor exactly belly and a russet brown forehead, be construed to the same speciesthat Swainson did. The confusion apply to our northern Cliff Swallows .... "and that was summarizedby Brewster(1895), who suggested the name lunifronsSay, 1823 "should stand unlessH. 638 BANKSAND BROWNING [Auk,Vol. 112

albifronsRafinesque, 1822, proves acceptable."Phil- coerulescens,independent of regardingthe Floridabirds lips (1986:33)similarly rejectedpyrrhonota, and found specificallydistinct from the westernScrub-Jays. Bar- albifronsacceptable. tram's (1791) names are invalid because he did not We agree with Hellmayr (1935) that the descrip- use binomial nomenclature(Opinion 447, 1957). tions by Azara and Vieillot are accuratefor the Cliff Troglodytesinsularis Lawrence, 1871 vs. Thryomanes Swallow, exceptfor the blackishabdomen. In fact, sissonii(Grayson, 1868).--Phillips (1986:140)used in- there is no other swallow to which thesedescriptions sularisfor the Socorro Wren rather than sissonii,which couldapply. We disagreewith Hellmayr that the ref- Taylor (195I) had rediscoveredand made known after erence to the blackish belly can be construedas re- some80 years.Phillips (1986)expressed the view that ferring to the under tail coverts,which are no more "names'published' only in newspapersor obscure, dusky in the Cliff Swallow than the rest of the un- non-technicaljournals and never circulatedamong, derparts.It is possiblethat the individual examined or madeknown to, contemporaryscientists" should be by Azara, presumablyone purchasedby him (Salvin placedin the categorynomen oblitum (compare his use and Godman1889), was aberrant, perhaps partly mel- of albifronsRafinesque for the Cliff Swallow).We agree anistic.Another possibilityis that the bird had been that Taylor (1951) might well have made use of that stained,perhaps by a chemicalsuch as mercuric chlo- category,had it existed under the Codeas then ac- ride (corrosivesublimate) used as a preservativedur- cepted,as insulariswas the only name used at that ing preparation.The useof this substance,which can time. However, sissoniihas been acceptedand usedto stain feathers,hair and skin black, as a preservative the exclusionof insularissince 1951 (e.g. Blake 1953, for birds hasbeen documentedas early as 1771 (Wil- Miller et al. 1957, Paynter in Mayr and Greenway liamsand Hawks 1987).Without having the specimen 1960, AOU 1983, Sibley and Monroe 1990). We rec- (presumablylost) available for study,we cannotfully ommendthe continueduse of sissoniifor this species, explain the single characterthat might rule out its whetherit isplaced in Troglodytesasby Phillips (1986) identity asa Cliff Swallow,but plausibleexplanations or Thryomanesas by the AOU (1983). exist. Troglodytesdomesticus (Wilson, 1808) vs. T. aedon There is no indication that Vieillot (1817) saw the Vieillot, 1809.--Oberholser (1934:88) was the first to single specimenthat Azara had. Apparently his de- point out that the commonlyused name for the House scription was based entirely on Azara's (1802-1805, Wren, aedon,was antedatedby Wilson'sSylvia domes- 1809) published accounts. Phillips (1986) stated tica for the same species.The situation was further stronglythat the descriptionof the foreheadas "brun discussedby Oberholser (1974), and the priority of rousstitre" ruled out the eastern Cliff Swallow because domesticuswas confirmedby Browning and Monroe only juveniles,which could not be in Paraguayin (1991). winter, have brown foreheads.Phillips also noted The name Troglodytesdomesticus also was usedby that "If Vieillot simplyrepeated Azara, he erred;Azara Aldrich and Bole (1937),Sutton and Burleigh (1940), gave the foreheadas "biancaacanelada ... hastala Huey (1942), Sutton and Pettingill (1943), Brandt mitad del ojo." Although not stated,it is obviousthat (1951), Monson and Phillips (1981), Rea (1983), Phil- Phillips referred to the Spanish edition of Azara's lips (1986), and perhaps others. However, some of work. The 1809 edition, translated into French and these same authors (Aldrich in Jewett et al. 1953, Bur- annotatedby Sonnini, usesthe wording "Elle ale leigh 1958, 1972,Phillips 1962a,Phillips et al. 1964, front d'un brun rouss•tre qui s'etend au-dessusde Sutton 1967)also have used Troglodytesaedon for the l'oeil .... "It is much more likely that Vieillot based samespecies. Virtually every major taxonomiccom- his account on the French edition of Azara rather than pilation hascontinued the useof aedon,including but the Spanishone. The discrepancyseems to be one of not limited to AOU (1957, 1983), Miller et al. (1957), translationor interpretation by Sonnini. It is impos- Paynter(in Mayr and Greenway1960), Wolters (1980), sible to know what generalizedFrench or Spanish Godfrey (1986), and Sibley and Monroe (1990). Be- colornames of nearly two centuriesago mean in mod- causeof the physiologicaland ecologicalstudies by ern English ornithological color characterization. S.C. Kendeigh and his students from the 1930s However, many Cliff Swallows from populationsin through the 1960s,the House Wren has becomeone easternNorth America have foreheadsthat are pale of the most thoroughly studied American birds, and cinnamon or pale reddish brown (Browning 1992) there is a vast nontaxonomic literature that uses the rather than pure white. name T. aedon. The name aedon is universal in the We agreewith Hellmayr (1935)that Vieillot's(1817) popular literature of North American birds. descriptionof Hirundopyrrhonota applies to the Cliff Despite the fact that domesticushas unquestioned Swallows of eastern North America. The name has priority and hasbeen used in recentyears, although unquestionedpriority over eitherlunifrons or albifrons, inconsistentlyand by only a few authors,we believe and we recommend its continued use. that the stabilityof nomenclaturewould bestbe served Aphelocomafioridana (Bartram, 1791) vs. A. coerules- by suppressionof the name Sylviadomestica Wilson, cens(Bosc, 1795).--Phillips (1986:46)used fioridana for 1808,and the continueduse of Troglodytesaedon Vieil- the FloridaScrub-Jay generally known asAphelocoma lot, 1809 for the House Wren of North America. July1995] Statusof RevivedNames 639

RegulusBartram, 1791 vs. CorthylioCabanis, 1853 concluded that the bird is a poorly illustrated im- and OrchilusMorris, 1837 vs. RegulusCuvier, 1800.- mature Mountain Bluebird. Despitethe Commission'sruling that Bartram's(1791) We cannot respondto Phillips's doubt that speci- namesare not valid (Opinion 447, 1957), Oberholser mens from interior or western North America reached (1974:995)used the generic name Regulusof Bartram Germanyby the dateof Bechstein'swriting. "Virgin- (type speciescalendula) rather than CorthylioCabanis ia" in the late 18th century included an area from the (type speciescalendula) for the Ruby-crownedKing- Atlantic to western Illinois and north to Michigan let. This action precludeduse of the later RegulusCu- and southern Ontario (Goss 1990). This area was bet- vier (type speciesregulus) for the Golden-crowned ter explored in the 1790sthan Phillips (1991) sug- Kinglet. To fill the void, he found the name Orchilus gested.There are recordsof the Mountain Bluebird Morris (type speciesregulus). as far east as southern Ontario, New York and Penn- Because Bartram's name has no nomenclatural sylvania(AOU 1983) and North Carolina (Boozer standing,Regulus Cuvier is not preoccupiedand should 1986). The type specimenof currucoidesis not in the be used for the genus of kinglets. CorthylioCabanis Darmstadt Museum (R. Kinzelbach in litt.) and ap- remainsavailable for the Ruby-crownedKinglet for parentlyis missing. those who chooseto separateit from the firecrests Although Bechstein's(1798) descriptionand illus- (e.g. Wolters 1980). tration are less than perfect, we believe that each Muscicapalatirostris Raffles, 1822 vs. M. dauuricaPal- representsthe Mountain Bluebird. We recommend las, 1811.--The AOU (1987)added the Gray-breasted that S.currucoides (Bechstein, 1798), in usefor 85 years, Flycatcherto the list of North American birds and be retained as the name for the Mountain Bluebird. followed Watson(in Mayr and Cottrell 1986:318)in Lucar Bartram, 1791 vs. Dumetella S.D.W., 1837.- using the specificname dauurica.Gibson (in Phillips Harper (1942),Oberholser (1974), and Phillips (1986) 1991:132)used the specificname latirostrison the basis usedLucar as the genericname for the Gray Catbird that Pallas' work was not published until 1827 and on the basisof priority, but Bartram'snames are not dauuricatherefore, is, antedatedby latirostris.The date available (Opinion 447, 1957). Allen (1908a:23)and of publicationof Pallas'Zoographia Rosso-Asiatica was Olson (1989) determined the identity of S.D.W. as S. a matter of contentionfor many yearsuntil the Com- D. Wood,and Olsondiscussed the rather shakybasis mission(Opinion 212, 1954)fixed 1811 as the publi- for the name Dumetella. cation date for volumes 1 and 2 of that work (for Bombycillagarrulus carolinensis (Miller, 1776)vs. B. g. historyof that decision,see Hemming 1951).We fol- pallidicepsReichnow, 1908; and Bombycillacedrorum low the decision of the Commission and recommend Vieillot, 1808 vs. B. americanaWilson, 1808.--Ober- dauuricaas the appropriatespecific name. The English holser(1974:996) used the subspecificname carolinen- name Asian Brown Flycatcherwas later adoptedby sis for the North American form of the Bohemian the AOU (1989) and is used by Sibley and Monroe Waxwing (Bombycillagarrulus,) basing it on an illus- (1990)and by Gibson(in Phillips 1991). tration in J.F. Miller's IconesAnimalium. Phillips (1991: Sialiaarctica Swainson, 1832 vs. S. currucoides(Bech- 2) rejectedthis changefrom the familiar pallidicepson stein, 1798).--Phillips (1991:113)substituted the spe- bothgeographic and chronologicalgrounds, pointing cific name arcticafor the Mountain Bluebird, gener- out that the American population of B. garruluswas ally known as Sialiacurrucoides. The AOU (1908)had not known in Europe in the 1700s. Swainson (in replaced arcticawith currucoideson the basis of a Swainsonand Richardson1832:237) reported that the manuscriptby C. W. Richmond,which we are unable first American specimensof that specieswere taken to locate in the files or archives of the National Mu- in 1826. Miller's plate must have been of a European seumof Natural History. Phillips (1991:114)believed B. garrulus,of which carolinensismust be considereda that neither the descriptionnor plate of Bechstein's synonym.Because carolinensis cannot apply to Amer- currucoidesresembled any bluebird, and that the lo- ican BohemianWaxwings, the subspecificname pal- cality given (Virginien = Virginia) was not in the lidicepsReichnow, 1907, should be used. range of the species. Actually,the nameLanius Garrulus l• Garruluscaro- Bechstein's(1798) description of currucoides(trans- linensishad been used by Linnaeus (1758:95)for a lated for us by L. Overstreet) noted that the broad waxwing or "chatterer"illustrated by Catesby,well brown-grayedges to the darkishbrown dorsalfeath- before Miller used it. Linnaeus (1766:297)repeated ers producea blue-grayappearance, and that the pri- the name but placedit in Ampelisrather than Lanius maries have similar edges.The edgings of the tail and cited prior useof carolinensisby Brisson,as well feathers appeared whitish, and the ventral surface as referring to the plate by Catesbyand to one by was dirty white, with the chin or throat ashy gray. Edwards, both of which are undoubted Cedar Wax- This descriptionagrees with some immature USNM wings.The nomenclaturalconfusion was compound- specimensthat are exceptionallybrown and that are ed by the fact that no one distinguishedthe Cedar unmottledventrally. After examiningBechstein's plate Waxwing as a speciesdistinct from the Bohemian 121, Browning agrees with Phillips (1991) that the Waxwinguntil Wilson (1808)described and named bluish color of the flight feathersis lacking, but he the former (Bonaparte1824). 640 BANKSAND BROWNING [Auk, Vol. 112

The name carolinensis,based on either Linnaeus or vaceus(Linnaeus, 1766).--Oberholser (1974:997) and Brisson,was used for the Cedar Waxwing, in Ampelis Phillips (1991:203)used the specificname virescensfor or Bombycilla,at least sporadically between about 1817 the Red-eyedVireo rather than the generallyaccepted and 1862 (seeRidgway 1904:112).We have been un- olivaceus.In addition, Oberholser (1974:710) used the able to determinewhy that name was discardedin specificname calidris for the Black-whiskeredVireo, favor of the name cedrorum Vieillot, 1808. Because whereasPhillips (1991:201)used altiloquus, although carolinensishas not been usedfor the Cedar Waxwing he believed that olivaceusshould be usedfor that spe- for well over 100 years, it should be considereda cies. Both authors placed these two speciesin the nomenoblitum and its use suppressed. genusVireosylva rather than Vireo,but that doesnot Wilson(1808) proposed the nameAmpelis americana affectthe problemof the specificnames except in the for the CedarWaxwing in volume 1 of his American gender-relatedendings. Ornithology,published in September.Vieillot's (1808) The root of this problem is that some taxonomists publicationof the nameBombycilla cedrorum for that acceptLinnaeus' name Motacilla calidris,based on Ed- speciesalso was published in September(Browning wards(1750) plate 121of the "AmericanNightingale, and Monroe 1991:396).Both nameswere used(along Lusciniacalidris," of Jamaica,as referring to the Black- with carolinensis)in the first half of the 1800s.Vieil- whiskered Vireo. Others believe that calidris is not lot'sname eventually gained universal usage because basedon, and cannot be used for, any kind of vireo. 1807was long acceptedas the dateof publication.We If that is so, some believe that Linnaeus' (1766) Mus- act as first reviser (I.C.Z.N. 1985, Art. 24) and select cicapaolivacea is the earliestname for the Black-whisk- Bombycillacedrorum Vieillot as the namefor the Cedar ered Vireo, despitethe fact that it has been used al- Waxwingrather than Ampelisamericana Wilson. most exclusivelyfor the Red-eyedVireo. If olivacea Burleigh (1963) restricted the type locality of B. applies to the Black-whiskeredVireo, then virescens cedrorumVieillot to Pennsylvania.The type locality is next available for the Red-eyedVireo. If olivaceais of A. americanaWilson is alsoPennsylvania (Hellmayr used for the Red-eyed Vireo, then altiloquusis next 1935).Thus americanais not applicableto either the available for the Black-whiskered Vireo. Some would westernor northernsubspecies of cedrorumdescribed rejectolivacea as a compositeand use virescensfor the by Burleigh. Red-eyedVireo and altiloquusfor the Black-whiskered PtiliogonysSwainson, 1827 vs. PtilogonysSwainson, Vireo. 1824.--Browning (1989b) showed that Swainson'sin- The specificname calidriswas not, as far as we can tendedappendix to an 1824exhibition catalogby Wil- determine,applied to any speciesof vireo until Baird liam Bullock never was published, and that the ge- (1866:331)"restored" it for the Black-whiskeredVireo neric name for the silky flycatcherswas spelled Pti- then (as now) generally called V. altiloquus.Baird's liogonyswhen it first appeared(Swainson 1827). The use of calidris was based on his belief that "There can samepublication information applies to the specific be little questionthat the figure of Edwards,upon namecinereus, the type speciesof the genusPtiliogonys. which the name of Linnaeus is based, refers to the Swainsonused the spelling Ptiliogonysin severalpub- Jamaicanlong-billed Vireo,although he doesnot sat- licationsspanning a decade,but eventuallychanged isfactorilyexpress the colorof the underparts." Ridg- to Ptilogonys(for detailsand references,see Browning way (1904) followed in the use of calidriswithout 1989b).In additionto correctingthe citationfor these comment. Bangs and Penard (1925:205-206), how- two names,Browning (1989b) suggestedthat the ge- ever, stated explicitly that the name calidris,"based netic name should be usedas originally spelled,Pti- on Edwards'American Nightingale, is unrecogniza- liogonys,last used in the literatureby Ridgway(1887). ble. The plate certainly does not representa Vireo." Phillips (1991)followed Browning(1989b) for both Hellmayr (1935) followed Bangsand Penard (1925) the citationand spelling of the genericname. in rejectingcalidris for the Black-whiskeredVireo. Ob- Despite Swainson'srepeated use of Ptiliogonysfor erholser(1974:998) continued to apply calidristo the severalyears before he amendedthe name to Ptilo- Black-whiskeredVireo, but Phillips (1991) followed gonys,Sibley and Monroe (1990:506)recommended Bangsand Penard (1925) in rejectingit as represent- that Ptiliogonysbe regarded"as an 'incorrectoriginal ing somethingother than a vireo.We agreewith those spelling'"and that Ptilogonys"should be regardedas who rejectcalidris as unrecognizable,or at least not a justifiedemendation and the well-usedspelling pre- applicableto any speciesin the Vireonidae. served." The AOU (1991) followed Sibley and Mon- To what speciesdoes the name olivacea,the earliest roe (1990) and indicated the intention of petitioning name applicable to a vireo, apply? Linnaeus (1766) the Commissionfor preservationof the current spell- basedMuscicapa olivacea on three references,which ing and usage.We recommendthat the currentspell- he obviouslybelieved were to the samespecies. He ing Ptilogonysbe maintained until a ruling is made first cited Edwards'(1750) plate 253 of Muscicapaoli- by the Commission(Code, Art. 80). However, no pe- vacea,second Catesby's (1731-1743) plate 54 of the tition has been filed at the time of this writing. "Red-eyedFlycatcher," and third Brisson'sreference Vireocalidris (Linnaeus, 1758) vs. V. altiloquus(Vieil- to Muscicapajamaicensis. The first and third of these lot, 1808), and Vireo virescensVieillot, 1808 vs. V. oil- refer to what is now called the Black-whiskered Vireo, July1995] StatusofRevived Names 641 but the nameolivacea is generallyused for the second- mend that the nomenclature of AOU (1957, 1983) and mentionedRed-eyed Vireo. The questionis whether Loweryand Monroe (in Paynter1968) be followed olivaceashould be appliedto the Black-whiskeredVir- for the speciesinvolved. eo, becauseit wasfirst mentioned, or to the Red-eyed Dendroicalutea (Linnaeus, 1776) vs. D. magnolia(Wil- Vireo becauseof that usagein most of the past 150 son, 1811).--Oberholser (1974:1000)used the name years. luteafor the MagnoliaWarbler, his basisbeing the We believe that the problem was effectively re- 1776paper by Linnaeusdiscussed by Peters(1950). solved by Bonapartein 1850. Bonaparte(1828) first The situationis the sameas the preceding,lutea being placedolivaceus into Vieillot's (1808)genus Vireo; he one of the namessuppressed by the Commission later (Bonaparte1838) transferred it to his new genus (Opinion412,1956). Dendroica magnolia Wilson should Vireosylva.When Bonaparte(1850:330) also placed al- continuein use for the Magnolia Warbler. tiloquainto Vireosylva,he placedEdwards' plate 253, Dendroicabreviunguis (Spix, 1824) vs. D. striata(For- part of Linnaeus'sbasis for olivacea,in its synonymy. ster,1772).--Oberholser (1974:1001) applied the name In the synonymyof olivacea,Bonaparte (1850:329) list- Alauda(Anthus) breviunguis Spix to the BlackpollWar- ed Catesby'splate 54, the secondpart of Linnaeus' bier in the belief that Muscicapastriata Forster was a basisfor olivacea.Thus, Bonaparte not only recognized homonymof Motacillastriata Pallas, 1764, an Old World the compositenature of olivacea,but he sortedout the flycatcherlater transferredto the genusMuscicapa. piecesand establishedthe principle for the AOU's Wolters(1980) used the specificname breviunguis and (1957, 1983)statement that olivaceais based"mainly" placedthis speciesin the genusLineocantor. on Catesby'sillustration of the Red-eyedFlycatcher. Loweryand Monroe(in Paynter1968:32), the AOU Linnaeus's (1766) citation of three sourcesas the (1983:619),and Monroe (1989) have shown that be- basisfor Muscicapaolivacea can be likened to the nam- causethe two speciescalled striata were neverin the ing of a speciesfrom a seriesof syntypesof mixed samegenus concurrently, Forster's name cannotbe species.We believethat Bonaparte(1850), in principle consideredpreoccupied by Pallas'name. It is, there- if not in words,designated Catesby's illustration as fore, available for use in Dendroica.Further, the iden- the lectotypeof Muscicapaolivacea. We hereby des- tity of breviunguisSpix is not clear,as indicatedby ignatethe Red-eyed Flycatcher of Catesby'sNat. Hist. Hellmayr (1906).We have examinedthe plate and Carolina,vol. 1, page54, plate 54, asthe lectotypeof descriptionthat applyto breviunguisand cannotiden- Muscicapaolivacea Linnaeus 1766. With the name oli- tify them with any known species.We believethat vaceusfirmly in place for the Red-eyedVireo, the Dendroicastriata (Forster, 1772) must continue in use earliestname that appliesto the Black-whiskeredVir- as the name of the BlackpollWarbler. eo is altiloquusof Vieillot 1808. RichmondenaMathews and Iredale, 1918 and Pyr- Vermivora Linnaeus, 1776 vs. Helmitheros Rafin- rhuloxiaBonaparte, 1850 vs. CardinalisBonaparte, esque,1819; Vermivora areeric Linnaeus, 1776 vs. Hel- 1838.--Oberholser (1974), without comment, used mitherosvermivorus (Gmelin, 1789);and Helminthophila Richmondenaas the genericname for the Northern Ridgway,1882 vs. VermivoraSwainson, 1827.--The Cardinal (cardinalis),and Pyrrhuloxiafor the Pyrrhu- nomenclaturalconsequences of the "discovery"of a 1oxia(sinuata). This may be becausehis manuscript paperwritten by Linnaeus(1776) and publishedas a wasnot updatedafter the Commission(Opinion 784, catalogueto platespublished by GeorgeEdwards from 1966) validated Cardinalisof Bonaparteas the name 1743 to 1764 have been discussedby Peters (1950). for a genusinto which both cardinalis and sinuata had Petersnoted that Linnaeus'listing of Vermivoraameric been merged(see Mayr et al. 1964).Paynter (1970) for the Worm-eatingWarbler constituted both a new usedCardinalis for thespecies formerly in Richmondena generic name, antedatingHelmitheros and preoccu- and Pyrrhuloxia.The AOU (1973)replaced Richmon- pying VermivoraSwainson, and a new speciesname denawith Cardinalis,but did not acceptthe mergerof predatingvermivorus of Gmelin. Phillips et al. (1964) Pyrrhuloxiauntil 1976.We recommendfollowing the adoptedthe changes necessitated by acceptance of the decision of the Commission. informationpresented by Peters(1950), without com- Linaria Bartram, 1791 vs. PasserinaVieillot, 1816.- ment. Oberholser(1974) also acceptedthe package, Harper (1942)and Oberholser(1974:1008) used the usingVermivora americ of Linnaeus,1776 for the Worm- Bartramgeneric name Linaria for the North American eatingWarbler and the genericname Helminthophila buntingsgenerally placed in Passerina.Bartram's names Ridgway,1882, for all the speciesgenerally consid- wererejected by the Commission(Opinion 447,1957). ered to constitute Vermivora. The correctgeneric name for the Americanbuntings However, the Commission(Opinion 412,1956)sup- is Passerina. pressed"all new namesor new spellingsfor previ- Oberholseria Richmond, 1915 vs. Chlorura Sclater, ouslypublished names proposed by Linnaeus"in his 1862.--Oberholser(1974:1009) used the genericname 1776paper and, additionally, placed the genericname Oberholseriafor the Green-tailedTowhee in place of VermivoraLinnaeus on the Official Index of Rejected ChloruraSclater used by othersat that time. He gave and Invalid GenericNames in Zoology.Most authors no reasonfor his action(perhaps none was needed), after 1956 have acceptedthat decision.We recom- but devotedhis discussionof the genericname to the 642 BANKSANY BROW•I•C [Auk, Vol. 112

chronologicalrelationship of the earlier publications (1983:683)disposed of Hortulanusby indicatingit has of the name Chloruraby Sclater(1861-1862) and Rei- no standing. chenbach (1862-1863). Brisson (1760:269) used the name Hortulanusin the The Green-tailed Towhee was carried in Pipilo in senseof a genus-groupname, as a subgenusof Em- early AOU Check-lists.Ridgway (1896) separatedit beriza.The type species,by tautonomy,is l'Ortolan = under the name Oreospiza,later (Ridgway 1901:399) Emberiza hortulanus Linnaeus, 1758. He included sev- notingthat ChloruraSclater was preoccupied by Chlo- eral other species,to wit: H. arundinaceus(=Emberiza rurusSwainson. Richmond (1915) proposed Oberhol- schoeniculusLinnaeus), H. ludovicianus(=? Pheucticus seriato replaceOreosp&a, which alsowas preoccupied. ludovicianus(Linnaeus)), H. Capitis BonaeSpei (=? Em- When the "one-letterrule" waschanged, Chlorura was berizacapensis Linnaeus), H. carolinensis(=Dolichonyx no longer consideredpreoccupied and, as an older oryzivorus(Linnaeus)), and H. nivalis(=Plectrophenax name, replaced Oberholseria(AOU 1947). Reichen- nivalis (Linnaeus)). Vieillot (1807) apparently used bach'suse of Chlorurawas not mentionedby the AOU Brisson'sgenus and expandedit by addingHortulanus (1947). erythrophtalmus[sic] (=Pipilo erythrophthalmus (Linnae- Oberholser (1974:1010) concluded that Chlorura us)), H. albicollis(=Zonotrichia albicollis (Gmelin)), and Sclater was preoccupiedby ChloruraReichenbach, H. nigricollis(=Sp&a americana(Gmelin)). The same proposedfor someestrildid finches. According to Ob- genericname was later usedby Leach (1816) who erholser, the part of Sclater's(1861-1862) work in included H. glacialis(=Plectrophenax nivalis) and H. which Chlorurawas proposed did not appear until montanus(=Calcarius lapponicus (Linnaeus)). We be- May 1862,but the part of Reichenbach'swork using lieve that it is clear that Vieillot (1807) was merely Chloruraappeared in March or April 1862. The pre- using the name of a genus establishedby Brisson sumed earlier date of Reichenbach's (1862-1863) Chlo- (1760)and adding speciesto it. In his 1807work, on ruraprecluded use of Sclater'sChlorura, necessitating the pageson which the genericname Hortulanusis the use of Oberholseria. used,Vieillot alsonamed the currently acceptedgen- Sclater's(1861-1862) work was issuedin parts,with era Vireo,Icteria, and Pinicola.In the paragraph for the signaturecontaining the name Chloruradated 17 each of those names, Vieillot (1807:iii-iv) wrote of his August1861; Ridgway (1901:399) gave that asthe date intention of proposingthe new generic names in a of publication.The signaturewas available to Cabanis volume of that work. No similar statement was made in January1862 (Zimmer 1926) and must have been with any of the three usesof Hortulanus,indicating published some time in 1861. ChloruraReichenbach that he did not intend or believeit to be a new genus. waspublished before July 1862 according to Mathews Vieillot (1807) must have taken Hortulanusfrom Bris- (1925).The evident priority of Sclater'sname is con- son (1760). trary to Oberholser'sconclusion. Vieillot did not usethe genericname Hortulanusin Chlorurawas again merged with Pipiloby Sibley tater works (1816, 1819), but transferred the three (1955). We follow Sibley (1955), Paynter (1970:168) specieshe had placed in it to other genera. Other and the AOU (1976, 1983), and recommend the use authors (Leach 1816) continued to use the Brissonian of Pipilochlorura for the Green-tailedTowhee, with name. Indeed, it was used at least until 1875 (Giebel the reminder that Chlorura Sclater should be used if 1875).Vieillot (1816)established the genusPipilo, us- that speciesis consideredto be generically distinct ing asthe type species(1819) Fringilla erythrophthalma (e.g. Wolters 1980). Linnaeus,which he had formerly placedin Hortulan- HortulanusVieillot, 1807vs. PipiloVieillot, 1816.-- Oberholser (1974:1010)used the generic name Hor- Brisson's(1760) generic names were considered val- tulanusinstead of the generally acceptedPipilo for the id by the Commissiondespite the fact that Brisson towhees (other than the Green-tailed Towhee), ex- was not consistentlybinary (or binomial) in his no- pressingthe belief that Stone (1907) had properly menclature(Opinion 37, 1910;Direction 16, 1955).It fixed Fringillaerythrophthalma Linnaeus as the type was not until 1963 (Direction 105) that the validity speciesof Hortulanus.Vieillot (1807)was credited with of Brisson's(1760) generic names was restrictedto the formationof the genericname Hortulanus by Ridg- thosenames that appearedin pages26-61 of the Ta- way (1901),Stone (1907), Allen (1908b),Phillips (1962b, bulaSynoptica Avium SecundumOrdines that appeared 1986), and Oberholser (1974). This causednomencla- at the beginning of volume 1. Hortulanusdid not ap- tural problemsbecause Hortulanus Vieillot, 1807 pre- pear in the Tabula,but was introducedon page 269 datescurrently used names of genera for which his of volume3. Thus,Hortulanus was an availablegeneric three included speciesare the type species,and under name from 1760 until 1963; it should be considered the rule of priority would replace one of them. The a junior synonymof EmberizaLinnaeus, 1758. The fact statusof Hortulanusand the consequencesof the se- that a speciesonce placed in a genuswas later used lection of a type specieswas discussedat length in asthe type speciesfor a different genusdoes not affect the early 1900swith no definitive outcome(for ref- the availabilityof the later name,and Hortulanusdoes erences,see Hellmayr [1938:565]and Phillips [1962b]), not have priority over Pipilo Vieillot, Zonotrichia and we see no need to repeat that here. The AOU Swainson,or SpizaBonaparte. Efforts by Stone(1907), July1995] Statusof Revived Names 643

Allen (1908a:23), Phillips (1962b), and Oberholser World speciesof rose finches. Groskin (1941, 1950) (1974) to invalidate HortulanusVieillot, 1807, would used both Carpodacusand Erythrinafor the American have been unnecessaryif they had realized that Vieil- speciespurpurea (he usedthe lattergeneric name while lot was using a valid Brissonian generic name, not J. L. Peterswas editor of the journal). Many authors creatinga new genus.We seeno conflictthat prevents have usedthe name Erythrinafor speciesin the group the useof PipiloVieillot, ZonotrichiaSwainson, or Spiza without indicatingthe author or date for the generic Bonaparte. name, somealso recognizingCarpodacus as distinct. Zonotrichiapensylvanica (Linnaeus, 1776) vs. Z. al- Brehm(1828) included, in a list of birds,the generic bicollis(Gmelin, 1789).--Oberholser (1974:1012)used name Erythrinafollowed by descriptive vernacular the name pensylvanicafor the White-throated Spar- names for the speciesE. rubrifronsand E. rosea.No row. The situation is identical to that in the account other information was provided to identify either of of Dendroicalutea above. The Linnaeanname pensyl- thosenames. The name rubrifronshad not previously vanicawas suppressedby the Commission(Opinion been used for a bird in the rose finch group and is a 412, 1957). The proper name for the White-throated nomennudum (Oberholser1974). The name roseamay Sparrow is Zonotrichiaalbicollis. refer to Fringillarosea Pallas, as Stresemann(1922) and Sturnellaludoviciana (Linnaeus, 1766) vs. S. neglecta Oberholser (1974) suggested, but Hellmayr (1938) Audubon, 1844.--Oberholser (1974:1004)believed that considered it indeterminate. We agree with Berlioz the Linnaean name Sturnusludovicianus applied to the Western Meadowlark and should be used instead of (1929), Hellmayr (1938), and Paynter (1968:267)that ErythrinaBrehm, 1828 must be considered a nomen Audubon's name. Linnaeus (1766) based the name nudum. ludovicianuson a descriptionand illustration by Bris- son, with the locality "Louisiana," that Oberholser Kaup (1829) useda new generic name, Carpodacus, (1974) thought "perfectly" representedthe Western for birds in the rose finch group; Gray (1842) desig- Meadowlark. Oberholser noted that Brisson's "text nated Fringillarosea Pallas as the type species.Carpo- explicitly mentions, and the plate clearly shows, the dacuswas used instead of Erythrinafor the assemblage distinct and separatedbars on wing and tail feathers." of rosefinches until the 1920s,when Stresemann(1922) The term "Louisiana"at that time included a large and Hartert (1923,1932) revived Erythrina Brehm, 1828. area within the range of both the Western Mead- Berlioz (1929) was the first to show that Erythrina owlarkand the EasternMeadowlark (Sturnella magna). Brehm, 1828 was a nomen nudum but that Erythrina Bangs(1899) regarded the description of ludovici- Brehm, 1829 was valid although predated by Carpo- anusas "indefinite" and the AOU (1901) stated that dacusKaup, 1829. the name "doesnot satisfactorilyapply" to the West- Brehm (1829) used the name Erythrinafor the spe- ern Meadowlark, acceptingneglecta instead. We be- cies albifrons,which he describedand newly named. lieve that the plate in Brisson (1760) does not show He equatedhis name E. albifronswith "Pyrrhularosea clearly wing and tail barring (contraOberholser 1974). Ternre.,Fringilla rosea Pall." Berlioz (1929) and Hell- Further, the charactersof that barring do not serve mayr (1938),among others,accepted albifrons as iden- to distinguish the two speciesof meadowlark;these tical to rosea,considering it the type speciesof Ery- charactersare subjectto considerablegeographic and thrina.Brehm's (1829) description was basedon a live individualvariation (Lanyon 1962). Wing and tail bar- bird that he identified as a first year male. Hartert ring are not among the four "best" characters for (1932:61) examined the specimen of that particular separatingthe meadowlarks(Rohwer 1972).We agree bird and identified it as representing the nominate with Bangs(1899) that the charactersin Brisson'sde- subspeciesof E. erythrina.Wolters (1953) also equated scription and plate do not permit specific allocation thosetwo species,and wasfollowed by Paynter(1968: of the bird. We recommend that Sturnus ludovicianus 229). Erythrinaalbifrons Brehm = Loxiaerythrina Pallas Linnaeus, 1766, be considered a nomen dubium, and must be consideredthe type species(by monotypy) that Sturnellaneglecta Audubon, 1844 be acceptedas of ErythrinaBrehm, 1829 despite Brehm's own mis- the proper name for the Western Meadowlark. identification of the bird. Erythn'naBrehm, 1828 vs. CarpodacusKaup, 1829;and The name Carpodacusappeared in April 1829, and ErythrinaBrehm, 1829 vs. CarpodacusKaup, 1829.-- Brehm's second use of Erythrina as a generic name Oberholser (1974:1009)used ErythrinaBrehm, 1828 appearedin July 1829 or later (Berlioz 1929). Carpo- rather than Carpodacusas the generic name for the dacusclearly has priority and should be used for the Purple (purpurea),Cassin's (cassinii), and House (mex- speciesroseus and its closestrelatives. This might in- icana)finches, on the basisthat Erythrinais not pre- clude the 21 speciescombined into the genus Car- occupiedby ErythrinusLac•p•de and that Erythrina podacusin the senseof Paynter(1968), the AOU (1983), predatesCarpodacus. Wolters (1979) placed these three and Sibley and Monroe (1990) or only the species species,along with the Old World specieserythrina, roseusand trifasciatusif severalgenera are recognized in the genusErythrina but usedthe name asproposed as by Wolters (1979). If the speciesare divided into in a later paper by Brehm (1829);Wolters (1979) also generaand subgeneraas by Wolters (1979),the North recognizedCarpodacus as a distinct genus for two Old American speciespurpurea, cassinii, and mexicanaare 644 BANKSAND BROWNING [Auk,Vol. 112

generally associatedwith the Old World specieser- of North American birds, 4th ed. American Or- ythrinain the genusErythrina Brehm, 1829. nithologists'Union, Lancaster,Pennsylvania. AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS' UNION. 1945. Twentieth

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union Check-list of North American birds. Auk This work was completed while the authors were 62:436-449. with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. We thank S. AMERICANORNITHOLOGISTS' UNION. 1947. Twenty- L. Olson, H. Ouellet, and A. Rea for comments on secondsupplement to the American Ornitholo- parts of the manuscriptwhile it was in preparation. gists'Union Check-listof North American birds. We thank C. Hahn and L. Overs•reet for assistance in Auk 64:445-452. the library of the National Museum of Natural His- AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS' UNION. 1957. Check-list tory, especiallyfor accessto old and rare literature. of North American birds, 5th ed. American Or- M. Brand provided help from the library of the Mu- nithologists'Union, Baltimore. seum of ComparativeZoology. W. Maane, L. Over- AM•ac_mq ORNITHOtOGISTS'UNION. 1973. Thirty- s•reet,and E. and S. G. du Plesseashelped with •rans- second supplement to the American Ornitholo- lation. R. Symondsprovided information on the hold- gists'Union Check-listof North American birds. ings of the museumat CambridgeUniversity, and R. Auk 90:411-419. Kinzelbach searchedfor specimensin the Darmstadt AMmUCANORNITHOLOGISTS' UNION. 1976. Thirty- Museum on our behalf. A. L. Gardner and K. Winker third supplement to the American Ornitholo- read and provided helpful commentson the near- gists'Union Check-listof North American birds. final manuscript. Auk 93:875-879. AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS' UNION. 1983. Check-list of North American birds, 6th ed. American Or- LITERATURE CITED nithologists'Union, Washington,D.C. AMERICANORNITHOLOGISTS' UNION. 1987. Thirty- ALt•PaCH,J. W., ANt• B. P. Both, JR. 1937. The birds sixth supplement to the American Ornitholo- and mammalsof the western slopeof the Azuero gists'Union Check-listof North American birds. Peninsula[Republic of Panama].Sci. Publ. Clev- Auk 104:591-596. el. Mus. Nat. Hist. 7. AMERICANORNITHOLOGISTS' UNION. 1989. Thirty- ALLEN,J.A. 1908a. A list of the generaand subgen- seventh supplement to the American Ornithol- era of North American birds, with their types, ogists'Union Check-listof North Americanbirds. accordingto Article 30 of the International Code Auk 106:532-538. of Zo61ogicalNomenclature. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. AMERICANORNITHOLOGISTS' UNION. 1991. Thirty- Hist. 24:1-50. eighth supplement to the American Ornitholo- ALLEN,J. A. 1908b. The case of HortulanusVieillot. gists'Union Check-list of North American birds. Auk 25:223-224. Auk 108:750-754. AMADON, D. 1954. On the correct names for the AMERICANORNITHOLOGISTS' UNION. 1993. Thirty- caracarasand for the Long-winged Harrier. Auk ninth supplement to the American Ornitholo- 71:203-204. gists'Union Check-listof North American birds. AMEPaCAN ORNITHOLOGISTS' UNION. 1886. The code Auk 110:675-682. of nomenclature and Check-list of North Amer- AZARA,F. 1802-1805. Apuntamientos para la his- ican birds. American Ornithologists'Union, New toria natural de los quadrupedosdel Paraguay,y York. Rio de la Plata .... En la imprenta de la viuda AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS' UNION. 1901. Tenth de Ibarra, Madrid [not seen]. supplement to the American Ornithologists' AZARA,F. 1809. Voyagesdan l'AmeriqueMeridion- Union Check-list of North American birds. Auk ale, par don Felix de Azara .... Vol. 4. Dentu, 18:295-320. Paris. AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS' UNION. 1908. Four- BAIRD, S. F. 1864-1872. Review of American birds, teenth supplement to the American Ornitholo- in the museum of the Smithsonian Institution, gists'Union Check-listof North American birds. part 1. Smithsonian Misc. Coll. 181. Auk 25:343-399. BAIRD,S. F., J. C•ssI•, • G. N. LAWRENCE.1858. AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS' UNION. 1910. Check-list Birds of North America. Vol. 9 of Reports of ex- of North American birds, 3rd ed. American Or- plorationsand surveysto ascertainthe mostprac- nithologists'Union, Lancaster,Pennsylvania. ticable and economical route for a railroad from AMERICANORNITHOLOGISTS' UNION. 1923. Eigh- the MississippiRiver to the PacificOcean. Wash- teenth supplement to the American Ornitholo- ington, D.C. gists' Union Check-list of North American birds. BAIRD,W. M., ANDS. F. BAIRD. 1843. Descriptionsof Auk 40:513-525. two species,supposed to be new, of the genus AM•PaC_mqOPa, trrHotoGisTs' UNION. 1931. Check-list Tyrannula, Swainson, found in Cumberland July 1995] Statusof RevivedNames 645

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