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Author's Blurb Author’s Blurb TK Lim (Tong Kwee Lim) obtained his Bachelor especially on tropical fruits, vegetables, culinary and Masters in Agricultural Science from the herbs, spices/medicinal herbs and tropical flowers. University of Malaya and his Ph.D. (Botanical During his tenure with Plant Biosecurity, he led a Sciences) from the University of Hawaii. He team responsible for conducting pest risk analyses worked in the University of Agriculture Malaysia and quarantine policy issues dealing with the for 20 years as a lecturer and Associate Professor; import and export of plants and plant products as Principal Horticulturist for 9 years for the into and out of Australia for the Middle East and Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, Asian region. During his time with ACIAR, he Darwin, Northern Territory; 6 years as Manager oversaw and managed international research and of the Asia and Middle East Team in Plant development programs in plant protection and Biosecurity Australia, Department of Agriculture, horticulture covering a wide array of crops that Fisheries and Forestry, Australia; and 4 years as included fruits, plantation crops, vegetables, Research Program Manager with the Australian culinary and medicinal herbs and spices mainly Centre for International Agriculture Research in southeast Asia and the Paci fi c. In the course of (ACIAR), Department of Foreign Affairs and his four decades of working career he has Trade, Australia before he retired from public travelled extensively worldwide to many coun- service. He has published over a 100 scienti fi c tries in South Asia, East Asia, southeast Asia, papers including several books: “Guava in Middle East, Europe, the Paci fi c Islands, USA Malaysia: Production, Pest and Diseases”, and England, and also throughout Malaysia and “Durian Diseases and Disorders”, “Diseases of Australia. Since his tertiary education days he Mango in Malaysia”, chapters in books, interna- always had a strong passion for crops and took an tional refereed journals, conference proceedings avid interest in edible and medicinal plants. Over (as editor) and technical bulletins in the areas the four decades, he has taken several thousands of plant pathology, crop protection, horticulture, of photographs of common, known and lesser agronomy and quarantine science. He was also a known edible, medicinal and non-medicinal reviewer of scienti fi c papers for several plants, amassed local literature, local indigenous international scienti fi c journals. As Principal knowledge, books, and has developed and estab- Horticulturist in Darwin, he and his team were lished close rapport with many local researchers, instrumental in establishing the horticultural scientists, growers and farmers during the course industry in the Northern Territory, Australia, of his work and travels. T.K. Lim, Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants: Volume 6, Fruits, 500 DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-5628-1, © Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2013 Medical Glossary AAD Allergic airway disease, an in fl ammatory Acetogenins natural products from the plants of disorder of the airways caused by allergens. the family Annonaceae, are very potent inhibi- AAPH 2,2 ¢ -azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydro- tors of the NADH-ubiquinone reductase (Com- chloride, a water-soluble azo compound used plex I) activity of mammalian mitochondria. extensively as a free radical generator, often in Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) enzyme that the study of lipid peroxidation and the charac- catalyzes the biotin-dependent carboxylation terization of antioxidants. of acetyl-CoA to produce malonyl-CoA. Abeta aggregatio Amyloid beta protein (Abeta) Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is an enzyme aggregation is associated with Alzheimer’s that degrades (through its hydrolytic activity) disease (AD); it is a major component of the the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, producing extracellular plaque found in AD brains. choline. Abdominal distension referring to generalised Acne vulga’ris also known as chronic acne, distension of most or all of the abdomen. Also usually occurring in adolescence, with come- referred to as stomach bloating often caused dones (blackheads), papules (red pimples), by a sudden increase in fi bre from consump- nodules (in fl amed acne spots), and pustules tion of vegetables, fruits and beans. (small in fl amed pus- fi lled lesions) on the face, Ablation therapy the destruction of small areas neck, and upper part of the trunk. of myocardial tissue, usually by application of Acidosis increased acidity, an excessively acid electrical or chemical energy, in the treatment condition of the body fl uids. of some tachyarrhythmias. Acquired immunode fi ciency syndrome (AIDS) Abortifacient a substance that causes or induces an epidemic disease caused by an infection abortion. by human immunode fi ciency virus (HIV-1, Abortivum a substance inducing abortion. HIV-2), retrovirus that causes immune system Abscess a swollen infected, in fl amed area fi lled failure and debilitation and is often accompa- with pus in body tissues. nied by infections such as tuberculosis. ABTS 2.2 azinobis-3-ethylhenthiazoline-6-sulfo- Acridone an organic compound based on the nic acid, a type of mediator in chemical reac- acridine skeleton, with a carbonyl group at the tion kinetics of speci fic enzymes. 9 position. A C A T acyl CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase. ACTH adrenocorticotropic hormone (or cor- ACE see angiotensin-converting enzyme. ticotropin), a polypeptide tropic hormone ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone) also produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary known as ‘corticotropin’, is a polypeptide gland. It plays a role in the synthesis and se- tropic hormone produced and secreted by the cretion of gluco- and mineralo-corticosteroids anterior pituitary gland. and androgenic steroids. T.K. Lim, Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants: Volume 6, Fruits, 501 DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-5628-1, © Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2013 502 Medical Glossary Activating transcription factor (ATF) a protein Adipocytokine bioactive cytokines produced (gene) that binds to speci fi c DNA sequences by adipose tissues. regulating the transfer or transcription of Adiponectin a protein in humans that modu- information from DNA to mRNA. lates several physiological processes, such as Activator protein-1 (AP-1) a heterodimeric metabolism of glucose and fatty acids, and protein transcription factor that regulates gene immune responses. expression in response to a variety of stimuli, Adipose tissues body fat, loose connective including cytokines, growth factors, stress, tissue composed of adipocytes (fat cells). and bacterial and viral infections. AP-1 in Adoptogen containing smooth pro-stressors turn regulates a number of cellular processes which reduce reactivity of host defense sys- including differentiation, proliferation, and tems and decrease damaging effects of vari- apoptosis. ous stressors due to increased basal level of Acyl-CoA dehydrogenases A group of enzymes mediators involved in the stress response. that catalyzes the initial step in each cycle of Adrenal glands star-shaped endocrine glands fatty acid b -oxidation in the mitochondria of that sit on top of the kidneys. cells. Adrenalectomized having had the adrenal Adaptogen a term used by herbalists to refer glands surgically removed. to a natural herb product that increases the Adrenergic having to de with adrenaline (epine- body’s resistance to stresses such as trauma, phrine) and/or noradrenaline (norepinephrine). stress and fatigue. Adrenergic receptors a class of G protein- Adaptogenic increasing the resistance of the coupled receptors that are targets of the no- body to stress. radrenaline (norepinephrine) and adrenaline Addison’s disease is a rare endocrine disorder. It (epinephrine). occurs when the adrenal glands cannot produce Adulterant an impure ingredient added into a suf fi cient hormones (corticosteroids). It is also preparation. known as chronic adrenal insuf fi ciency, hypo- Advanced Glycation End products (AGEs) cortisolism or hypocorticism. resultant products of a chain of chemical reac- Adenocarcinoma a cancer originating in glan- tions after an initial glycation reaction. AGEs dular tissue. may play an important adverse role in process Adenoma a benign tumour from a glandular of atherosclerosis, diabetes, aging and chronic origin. renal failure. Adenopathy abnormal enlargement or swelling Aegilops an ulcer or fi stula in the inner corner of the lymph node. of the eye. Adenosine receptors a class of purinergic, G- Afferent something that so conducts or carries protein coupled receptors with adenosine as towards, such as a blood vessel, fi bre, or endogenous ligand. In humans, there are four nerve. adenosine receptors. A1 receptors and A2A Agammaglobulinaemia an inherited disorder play roles in the heart, regulating myocar- in which there are very low levels of protective dial oxygen consumption and coronary blood immune proteins called immunoglobulins. Cf. fl ow, while the A2A receptor also has broader x-linked agammaglobulinaemia. antiin fl ammatory effects throughout the body. Agalactia lack of milk after parturition (birth). These two receptors also have important roles Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) a in the brain, regulating the release of other medical condition of elderly adults that results neurotransmitters such as dopamine and glu- in a loss of vision in the center of the visual tamate, while the A2B and A 3 receptors are fi eld (the macula) because of damage to the located mainly peripherally and are involved
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