Author’s Blurb

TK Lim (Tong Kwee Lim) obtained his Bachelor especially on tropical fruits, vegetables, culinary and Masters in Agricultural Science from the herbs, spices/medicinal herbs and tropical fl owers. University of Malaya and his Ph.D. (Botanical During his tenure with Plant Biosecurity, he led a Sciences) from the University of Hawaii. He team responsible for conducting pest risk analyses worked in the University of Agriculture Malaysia and quarantine policy issues dealing with the for 20 years as a lecturer and Associate Professor; import and export of plants and plant products as Principal Horticulturist for 9 years for the into and out of Australia for the Middle East and Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, Asian region. During his time with ACIAR, he Darwin, Northern Territory; 6 years as Manager oversaw and managed international research and of the Asia and Middle East Team in Plant development programs in plant protection and Biosecurity Australia, Department of Agriculture, horticulture covering a wide array of crops that Fisheries and Forestry, Australia; and 4 years as included fruits, plantation crops, vegetables, Research Program Manager with the Australian culinary and medicinal herbs and spices mainly Centre for International Agriculture Research in southeast Asia and the Pacifi c. In the course of (ACIAR), Department of Foreign Affairs and his four decades of working career he has Trade, Australia before he retired from public travelled extensively worldwide to many coun- service. He has published over a 100 scienti fi c tries in South Asia, East Asia, southeast Asia, papers including several books: “Guava in Middle East, Europe, the Paci fi c Islands, USA Malaysia: Production, Pest and Diseases”, and England, and also throughout Malaysia and “Durian Diseases and Disorders”, “Diseases of Australia. Since his tertiary education days he Mango in Malaysia”, chapters in books, interna- always had a strong passion for crops and took an tional refereed journals, conference proceedings avid interest in edible and medicinal plants. Over (as editor) and technical bulletins in the areas the four decades, he has taken several thousands of plant pathology, crop protection, horticulture, of photographs of common, known and lesser agronomy and quarantine science. He was also a known edible, medicinal and non-medicinal reviewer of scienti fi c papers for several plants, amassed local literature, local indigenous international scienti fi c journals. As Principal knowledge, books, and has developed and estab- Horticulturist in Darwin, he and his team were lished close rapport with many local researchers, instrumental in establishing the horticultural scientists, growers and farmers during the course industry in the Northern Territory, Australia, of his work and travels.

T.K. Lim, Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants: Volume 6, Fruits, 500 DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-5628-1, © Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2013 Medical Glossary

AAD Allergic airway disease, an in fl ammatory Acetogenins natural products from the plants of disorder of the airways caused by allergens. the family Annonaceae, are very potent inhibi- AAPH 2,2 ¢ -azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydro- tors of the NADH-ubiquinone reductase (Com- chloride, a water-soluble azo compound used plex I) activity of mammalian mitochondria. extensively as a free radical generator, often in Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) enzyme that the study of lipid peroxidation and the charac- catalyzes the biotin-dependent carboxylation terization of antioxidants. of acetyl-CoA to produce malonyl-CoA. Abeta aggregatio Amyloid beta protein (Abeta) Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is an enzyme aggregation is associated with Alzheimer’s that degrades (through its hydrolytic activity) disease (AD); it is a major component of the the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, producing extracellular plaque found in AD brains. choline. Abdominal distension referring to generalised Acne vulga’ris also known as chronic acne, distension of most or all of the abdomen. Also usually occurring in adolescence, with come- referred to as stomach bloating often caused dones (blackheads), papules (red pimples), by a sudden increase in fi bre from consump- nodules (infl amed acne spots), and pustules tion of vegetables, fruits and beans. (small in fl amed pus- fi lled lesions) on the face, Ablation therapy the destruction of small areas neck, and upper part of the trunk. of myocardial tissue, usually by application of Acidosis increased acidity, an excessively acid electrical or chemical energy, in the treatment condition of the body fl uids. of some tachyarrhythmias. Acquired immunode fi ciency syndrome (AIDS) Abortifacient a substance that causes or induces an epidemic disease caused by an infection abortion. by human immunodefi ciency virus (HIV-1, Abortivum a substance inducing abortion. HIV-2), retrovirus that causes immune system Abscess a swollen infected, in fl amed area fi lled failure and debilitation and is often accompa- with pus in body tissues. nied by infections such as tuberculosis. ABTS 2.2 azinobis-3-ethylhenthiazoline-6-sulfo- Acridone an organic compound based on the nic acid, a type of mediator in chemical reac- acridine skeleton, with a carbonyl group at the tion kinetics of specifi c enzymes. 9 position. A C A T acyl CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase. ACTH adrenocorticotropic hormone (or cor- ACE see angiotensin-converting enzyme. ticotropin), a polypeptide tropic hormone ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone) also produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary known as ‘corticotropin’, is a polypeptide gland. It plays a role in the synthesis and se- tropic hormone produced and secreted by the cretion of gluco- and mineralo-corticosteroids anterior pituitary gland. and androgenic steroids.

T.K. Lim, Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants: Volume 6, Fruits, 501 DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-5628-1, © Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2013 502 Medical Glossary

Activating transcription factor (ATF) a protein Adipocytokine bioactive cytokines produced (gene) that binds to specifi c DNA sequences by adipose tissues. regulating the transfer or transcription of Adiponectin a protein in humans that modu- information from DNA to mRNA. lates several physiological processes, such as Activator protein-1 (AP-1) a heterodimeric metabolism of glucose and fatty acids, and protein transcription factor that regulates gene immune responses. expression in response to a variety of stimuli, Adipose tissues body fat, loose connective including cytokines, growth factors, stress, tissue composed of adipocytes (fat cells). and bacterial and viral infections. AP-1 in Adoptogen containing smooth pro-stressors turn regulates a number of cellular processes which reduce reactivity of host defense sys- including differentiation, proliferation, and tems and decrease damaging effects of vari- apoptosis. ous stressors due to increased basal level of Acyl-CoA dehydrogenases A group of enzymes mediators involved in the stress response. that catalyzes the initial step in each cycle of Adrenal glands star-shaped endocrine glands fatty acid b -oxidation in the mitochondria of that sit on top of the kidneys. cells. Adrenalectomized having had the adrenal Adaptogen a term used by herbalists to refer glands surgically removed. to a natural herb product that increases the Adrenergic having to de with adrenaline (epine- body’s resistance to stresses such as trauma, phrine) and/or noradrenaline (norepinephrine). stress and fatigue. Adrenergic receptors a class of G protein- Adaptogenic increasing the resistance of the coupled receptors that are targets of the no- body to stress. radrenaline (norepinephrine) and adrenaline Addison’s disease is a rare endocrine disorder. It (epinephrine). occurs when the adrenal glands cannot produce Adulterant an impure ingredient added into a suf fi cient hormones (corticosteroids). It is also preparation. known as chronic adrenal insuf fi ciency, hypo- Advanced Glycation End products (AGEs) cortisolism or hypocorticism. resultant products of a chain of chemical reac- Adenocarcinoma a cancer originating in glan- tions after an initial glycation reaction. AGEs dular tissue. may play an important adverse role in process Adenoma a benign tumour from a glandular of atherosclerosis, diabetes, aging and chronic origin. renal failure. Adenopathy abnormal enlargement or swelling Aegilops an ulcer or fi stula in the inner corner of the lymph node. of the eye. Adenosine receptors a class of purinergic, G- Afferent something that so conducts or carries protein coupled receptors with adenosine as towards, such as a blood vessel, fi bre, or endogenous ligand. In humans, there are four nerve.

adenosine receptors. A1 receptors and A2A Agammaglobulinaemia an inherited disorder play roles in the heart, regulating myocar- in which there are very low levels of protective dial oxygen consumption and coronary blood immune proteins called immunoglobulins. Cf.

fl ow, while the A2A receptor also has broader x-linked agammaglobulinaemia. antiin fl ammatory effects throughout the body. Agalactia lack of milk after parturition (birth). These two receptors also have important roles Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) a in the brain, regulating the release of other medical condition of elderly adults that results neurotransmitters such as dopamine and glu- in a loss of vision in the center of the visual

tamate, while the A 2B and A 3 receptors are fi eld (the macula) because of damage to the located mainly peripherally and are involved retina. in in fl ammation and immune responses. Agglutinin a protein substance, such as an anti- ADH see alcohol dehydrogenase. body, that is capable of causing agglutination Adipocyte a fat cell involved in the synthesis (clumping) of a particular antigen. and storage of fats. Agglutination clumping of particles. Medical Glossary 503

Agonist a drug that binds to a receptor of a cell duct obstruction, intrahepatic cholestasis or and triggers a response by the cell. in fi ltrative diseases of the liver. ALP is also Ague a fever (such as from malaria) that is present in bone and placental tissues. marked by paroxysms of chills, fever, and Allergenic having the properties of an antigen sweating that recurs with regular intervals. (allergen), immunogenic. AHR AhR, aryl hydrocarbon receptor, a cytoso- Allergic pertaining to, caused, affected with, or lic protein transcription factor. the nature of the allergy. AIDS see Acquired Immunode fi ciency Syndrome. Allergic conjunctivitis in fl ammation of the Akathisia a movement disorder in which there tissue lining the eyelids (conjunctiva) due to is an urge or need to move the legs to stop allergy. unpleasant sensations. Also called restless Allergy a hypersensitivity state induced by leg syndrome, the disorder is often caused by exposure to a particular antigen (allergen) long-term use of antipsychotic medications. resulting in harmful immunologic reactions AKT serine/threonine kinase (also known as on subsequent exposures. The term is usually protein kinase B or PKB) plays a critical regula- used to refer to hypersensitivity to an envi- tory role in diverse cellular processes, including ronmental antigen (atopic allergy or contact cancer progression and insulin metabolism. dermatitis) or to drug allergy. Akt signaling pathway Akt are protein kinases Allogeneic cells or tissues which are geneti- involved in mammalian cellular signaling, in- cally different because they are derived from hibits apoptotic processes. separate individuals of the same species. Also Akt/FoxO pathway Cellular processes involving refers to a type of immunological reaction Akt and FoxO transcription factors that play that occurs when cells are transplanted into a a role in angiogenesis and vasculogenesis. genetically different recipient. Alanine transaminase (ALT) also called Serum Allografts or homografts, a graft between indi- Glutamic Pyruvate Transaminase (SGPT) or viduals of the same species, but of different Alanine aminotransferase (ALAT), an enzyme genotypes. present in hepatocytes (liver cells). When a cell Alloknesis itch produced by innocuous mechan- is damaged, it leaks this enzyme into the blood. ical stimulation. ALAT, (Alanine aminotransferase) see Alanine Allostasis the process of achieving stability, or transaminase. homeostasis, through physiological or behav- Albumin water soluble proteins found in egg ioral change. white, blood serum, milk, various animal Alopecia is the loss of hair on the body. tissues and plant juices and tissues. Alopeci areata is a particular disorder affect- Albuminaria excessive amount of albumin in the ing hair growth (loss of hair) in the scalp and urine, a symptom of severe kidney disease. elsewhere. Aldose reductase, aldehyde reductase an enzyme ALP see Alkaline phosphatase. in carbohydrate metabolism that converts glu- Alpha-adrenoceptor receptors postulated to cose to sorbitol. exist on nerve cell membranes of the sympa- Alexipharmic an antidote, remedy for poison. thetic nervous system in order to explain the Alexiteric a preservative against contagious and specifi city of certain agents that affect only infectious diseases, and the effects of poisons. some sympathetic activities (such as vasocon- Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) an enzyme in- striction and relaxation of intestinal muscles volved in the break-down of alcohol. and contraction of smooth muscles). Algesic endogenous substances involved in the Alpha amylase a -amylase a major form of am- production of pain that is associated with ylase found in humans and other mammals that in fl ammation, e.g. serotonin, bradykinin and cleaves alpha-bonds of large sugar molecules. prostaglandins. ALT see Alanine transaminase. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) an enzyme in Alterative a medication or treatment which grad- the cells lining the biliary ducts of the liver. ually induces a change, and restores healthy ALP levels in plasma will rise with large bile functions without sensible evacuations. 504 Medical Glossary

Alveolar macrophage a vigorously phagocytic toms such as reduced blood pressure, wheez- macrophage on the epithelial surface of lung ing, vomiting or diarrhea. alveoli that ingests carbon and other inhaled Anaphylactic adj. see anaphylaxis. particulate matter. Also called coniophage or Anaphylotoxins are fragments (C3a, C4a or dust cell. C5a) that are produced during the pathways Alzheimer’s disease a degenerative, organic, of the complement system. They can trigger mental disease characterized by progressive release of substances of endothelial cells, mast brain deterioration and dementia, usually cells or phagocytes, which produce a local occurring after the age of 50. in fl ammatory response. Amastigote refers to a cell that does not have any Anaplasia a reversion of differentiation in cells fl agella, used mainly to describe a certain phase and is characteristic of malignant neoplasms in the life-cycle of trypanosome protozoans. (tumours). Amenorrhea the condition when a woman fails Anaplastic adj. see anaplasia. to have menstrual periods. Anasarca accumulation of great quantity of Amidolytic cleavage of the amide structure. fl uid in body tissues. Amoebiasis state of being infected by amoeba Anencephaly a cephalic disorder that results such as Entamoeba histolytica . from a neural tube defect that occurs when Amoebicidal lethal to amoeba. the cephalic (head) end of the neural tube fails AMPK (5¢ AMP-activated protein kinase) or to close, resulting in the absence of a major 5 ¢ adenosine monophosphate-activated pro- portion of the brain, skull, and scalp. tein kinase, enzyme that plays a role in cel- Androgen male sex hormone in vertebrates. lular energy homeostasis. Androgens may be used in patients with breast Amyloid bet (Ab or Abeta) a peptide of 39–43 cancer to treat recurrence of the disease. amino acids that appear to be the main con- Android adiposity centric fat distribution pat- stituent of amyloid plaques in the brains of terns with increased disposition towards the Alzheimer’s disease patients. abdominal area, visceral fat – apple shaped cf Amyloidosis a disorder that results from abnormal gynoid adiposity. deposition of the protein, amyloid, in various Andrology branch of medicine concerned with tissues of the body. the reproductive diseases in men. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or ALS, is a dis- Aneugen an agent that affects cell division and ease of the motor neurons in the brain and spinal the mitotic spindle apparatus, causing the cord that control voluntary muscle movement. loss or gain of whole chromosomes, thereby Amyotrophy progressive wasting of muscle inducing aneuploidy. adj . aneugenic. tissues. adj. amyotrophic. Angina pectoris, Angina chest pain or chest Anaemia a blood disorder in which the blood is discomfort that occurs when the heart muscle de fi cient in red blood cells and in haemoglobin. does not get enough blood. Anaesthesia condition of having sensation tem- Angiogenic adj. see angiogenesis. porarily suppressed. Angiogenesis a physiological process involving Anaesthetic a substance that decreases partially the growth of new blood vessels from pre- or totally nerve the sense of pain. existing vessels. Analeptic a central nervous system (CNS) stim- Angiotensin an oligopeptide hormone in the ulant medication. blood that causes blood vessels to constrict, Analgesia term describing relief, reduction or and drives blood pressure up. It is part of the suppression of pain. adj. analgetic. renin-angiotensin system. Analgesic a substance that relieves or reduces pain. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) a n Anaphoretic an antiperspirant. exopeptidase, a circulating enzyme that partic- Anaphodisiac or antiaphrodisiac is something ipates in the body’s renin-angiotensin system that reduces or blunts the libido. (RAS) which mediates extracellular volume Anaphylaxis a severe, life-threatening allergic (i.e. that of the blood plasma, lymph and inter- response that may be characterized by symp- stitial fl uid), and arterial vasoconstriction. Medical Glossary 505

Anglioplasty medical procedure used to open Anthrax a bacterial disease of cattle and ship obstructed or narrowed blood vessel resulting that can be transmitted to man though unpro- usually from atherosclerosis. cessed wool. Anisonucleosis a morphological manifestation Anthropometric pertaining to the study of of nuclear injury characterized by variation in human body measurements. the size of the cell nuclei. Antiamoebic a substance that destroys or sup- Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a type of in fl a- presses parasitic amoebae. mmatory arthritis that targets the joints of Antiamyloidogenic compounds that inhibit the the spine. formation of Alzheimer’s b -amyloid fi brils Annexin V or Annexin A5 is a member of the (fA b ) from amyloid b -peptide (Ab ) and de- annexin family of intracellular proteins that stabilize fA b . binds to phosphatidylserine (PS) in a calcium- Antianaphylactic agent that can prevent the dependent manner. occurrence of anaphylaxis (life threatening Annexitis also called adnexitis, a pelvic infl a- allergic response). mmatory disease involving the in fl ammation Antiangiogenic a drug or substance used to stop of the ovaries or fallopian tubes. the growth of tumours and progression of Anodyne a substance that relieves or soothes cancers by limiting the pathologic formation pain by lessening the sensitivity of the brain of new blood vessels (angiogenesis). or nervous system. Also called an analgesic. Antiarrhythmic a substance to correct irregular Anoikis apoptosis that is induced by inadequate heartbeats and restore the normal rhythm. or inappropriate cell-matrix interactions. Antiasmathic drug that treats or ameliorates Anorectal relating to the rectum and anus. asthma. Anorectics appetite suppressants, substances Antiatherogenic that protects against athero- which reduce the desire to eat. Used on a short genesis, the formation of atheromas (plaques) term basis clinically to treat obesity. Also in arteries. called anorexigenics. Antibacterial substance that kills or inhibits Anorexia lack or loss of desire to eat. bacteria. Anorexic having no appetite to eat. Antibilious an agent or substance which helps Anorexigenics see anorectics. remove excess bile from the body. Anoxia absence of oxygen supply. Antibiotic a chemical substance produced by a Antagonist a substance that acts against and microorganism which has the capacity to inhibit blocks an action. the growth of or to kill other microorganisms. Antalgic a substance used to relive a painful Antiblennorrhagic a substance that treats blen- condition. orrhagia a conjunctival in fl ammation resulting Antecubital vein This vein is located in the an- in mucus discharge. tecubital fossa -the area of the arm in front of Antibody a gamma globulin protein produced the elbow. by a kind of white blood cell called the plas- Anterior uveitis is the most common form of ma cell in the blood used by the immune ocular in fl ammation that often causes a pain- system to identify and neutralize foreign ob- ful red eye. jects (antigen). Anthelmintic an agent or substance that is de- Anticarcinomic a substance that kills or inhibits structive to worms and used for expulsion carcinomas (any cancer that arises in epithe- of internal parasitic worms in animals and lium/tissue cells). humans. Anticephalalgic headache-relieving or preventing. Anthocyanins a subgroup of antioxidant fl avo- Anticestodal a chemical destructive to tape- noids, are glucosides of anthocyanidins. worms. Which are benefi cial to health. They occur Anticholesterolemic a substance that can pre- as water-soluble vacuolar pigments that may vent the build up of cholesterol. appear red, purple, or blue according to pH Anticlastogenic having a suppressing effect of in plants. chromosomal aberrations. 506 Medical Glossary

Anticoagulant a substance that thins the blood Antiherpetic having activity against Herpes and acts to inhibit blood platelets from stick- Simplex Virus (HSV). ing together. Antihistamine an agent used to counteract the Antidepressant a substance that suppresses effects of histamine production in allergic re- depression or sadness. actions. Antidiabetic a substance that prevents or allevi- Antihyperalgesia the ability to block enhanced ates diabetes. Also called antidiabetogenic. sensitivity to pain, usually produced by nerve Antidiarrhoeal having the property of stopping injury or infl ammation, to nociceptive stimuli. or correcting diarrhoea, an agent having such adj. antihyperalgesic. action. Antihypercholesterolemi term to describe low- Antidote a remedy for counteracting a poison. ering of cholesterol level in the blood or blood Antidopaminergic a term for a chemical that pre- serum. vents or counteracts the effects of dopamine. Antihypercholesterolemic agent that lowers Antidrepanocytary anti-sickle cell anaemia. chlolesterol level in the blood or blood serum. Antidysenteric an agent used to reduce or treat Antihyperlidemic promoting a reduction of dysentery and diarrhea. lipid levels in the blood, or an agent that has Antidyslipidemic agent that will reduce the ab- this action. normal amount of lipids and lipoproteins in Antihypersensitive a substance used to treat the blood. excessive reactivity to any stimuli. Anti-edematous reduces or suppresses edema. Antihypertensive a drug used in medicine and Antiemetic an agent that stops vomiting and pharmacology to treat hypertension (high nausea. blood pressure). Anti-epileptic a drug used to treat or prevent Antiin fl ammatory a substance used to reduce convulsions, anticonvulsant. or prevent in fl ammation. Antifebrile a substance that reduces fever, also Antileishmanial inhibiting the growth and pro- called antipyretic. liferation of Leishmania a genus of fl agellate Antifeedant preventing something from being protozoans that are parasitic in the tissues of eaten. vertebrates. Antifertility agent that inhibits formation of ova Antileprotic therapeutically effective against and sperm and disrupts the process of fertil- leprosy. ization (antizygotic). Antilithiatic an agent that reduces or suppresses Anti- fi brosis preventing/retarding the develop- urinary calculi (stones) and acts to dissolve ment of fi brosis i.e. excessive growth and ac- those already present. tivity of fi broblasts. t Antileukaemic anticancer drugs that are used to Anti fi larial effective against human fi larial worms. treat leukemia. Antifungal an agent that kills or inhibits the Antilithogenic inhibiting the formation of calculi growth of fungi. (stones). Antigen a substance that prompts the produc- Antimalarial an agent used to treat malaria and/ tion of antibodies and can cause an immune or kill the malaria-causing organism, Plasmo- response. adj. antigenic. dium spp. Antigenotoxic an agent that inhibits DNA ad- Antimelanogenesis obstruct production of duct formation, stimulates DNA repair mecha- melanin. nisms, and possesses antioxidant functions. Antimicrobial a substance that destroys or in- Antiganacratia anti- menstruation. hibits growth of disease-causing bacteria, vi- Antigastralgic preventing or alleviating gastric ruses, fungi and other microorganisms. colic. Antimitotic inhibiting or preventing mitosis. Antihematic agent that stops vomiting. Antimutagenic an agent that inhibits mutations. Antihemorrhagic an agent which stops or Antimycotic antifungal. prevents bleeding. Antineoplastic said of a drug intended to inhibit Antihepatotoxic counteracting injuries to the liver. or prevent the maturation and proliferation of Medical Glossary 507

neoplasms that may become malignant, by Antipruritic alleviating or preventing itching. targeting the DNA. Antipyretic a substance that reduces fever or Antineuralgic a substance that stops intense quells it. Also known as antithermic. intermittent pain, usually of the head or face, Antirheumatic relieving or preventing rheu- caused by neuralgia. matism. Antinociception reduction in pain: a reduction in Antiscorbutic a substance or plant rich in vita- pain sensitivity produced within neurons when min C that is used to counteract scurvy. an endorphin or similar opium-containing Antisecretory inhibiting or diminishing secre- substance opioid combines with a receptor. tion. Antinociceptive having an analgesic effect. Antisense refers to antisense RNA strand because Antioxytocic inhibiting premature labour. cf. its sequence of nucleotides is the complement tocolytic. of message sense. When mRNA forms a du- Antinutrient are natural or synthetic compounds plex with a complementary antisense RNA that interfere with the absorption of nutrients sequence, translation of the mRNA into the and are commonly found in food sources and protein is blocked. This may slow or halt the beverages. growth of cancer cells. Antioestrogen a substance that inhibits the Antiseptic preventing decay or putrefaction, a biological effects of female sex hormones. substance inhibiting the growth and develop- Antiophidian anti venoms of snake. ment of microorganisms. Antiosteoporotic substance that can prevent Anti-sickling agent an agent used to prevent osteoporosis. or reverse the pathological events leading to Antiovulatory substance suppressing ovulation. sickling of erythrocytes in sickle cell condi- Antioxidant a chemical compound or substance tions. that inhibits oxidation and protects against free Antispasmodic a substance that relieves spasms radical activity and lipid oxidation such as or inhibits the contraction of smooth muscles; vitamin E, vitamin C, or beta-carotene (con- smooth muscle relaxant, muscle-relaxer. verted to vitamin B), carotenoids and fl avonoids Antispermatogenic preventing or suppressing which are thought to protect body cells from the the production of semen or spermatozoa. damaging effects of oxidation. Many foods in- Antisudori fi c see antiperspirant. cluding fruit and vegetables contain compounds Antisyphilitic a drug (or other chemical agent) with antioxidant properties. Antioxidants may that is effective against syphilis. also reduce the risks of cancer and age-related Antithermic a substance that reduces fever and macular degeneration (AMD). temperature. Also known as antipyretic. Antipaludic antimalarial. Antithrombotic preventing or interfering with Antiperiodic substance that prevents the recur- the formation of thrombi. rence of symptoms of a disease e.g. malaria. Antitoxin an antibody with the ability to neu- Antiperspirant a substance that inhibits sweat- tralize a speci fi c toxin. ing. Also called antisudori fi c, anaphoretic. Antitumoral substance that acts against the Antiphlogistic a traditional term for a sub- growth, development or spread of a tumour. stance used against in fl ammation, an anti- Antitussive a substance that depresses coughing. infl ammatory. Antiulcerogenic an agent used to protect against Antiplatelet agent drug that decreases platelet the formation of ulcers, or is used for the treat- aggregation and inhibits thrombus formation. ment of ulcers. Antiplasmodial suppressing or destroying plas- Antivenin an agent used against the venom of modia. a snake, spider, or other venomous animal or Antiproliferative preventing or inhibiting the insect. reproduction of similar cells. Antivinous an agent or substance that treats Antiprostatic drug to treat the prostate. addiction to alcohol. Antiprotozoa suppressing the growth or repro- Antiviral substance that destroys or inhibits the duction of protozoa. growth and viability of infectious viruses. 508 Medical Glossary

Antivomitive a substance that reduces or Apolipoprotein B (APOB) is the primary suppresses vomiting. apolipoprotein of low-density lipoproteins Antizygotic see antifertility. (LDL or “bad cholesterol”), which is respon- Anuria absence of urine production and excre- sible for carrying cholesterol to tissues. tion. adj. anuric. Apolipoprotein E (APOE) the apolipoprotein Anxiogenic subbstance that causes anxiety. found on intermediate density lipoprotein and Anxiolytic a drug prescribed for the treatment chylomicron that binds to a specifi c receptor of symptoms of anxiety. on liver and peripheral cells. APAF-1 apoptotic protease activating factor 1. Apoptogenic ability to cause death of cells. Apelin also known as APLN, a peptide which in Apoptosis death of cells. humans is encoded by the APLN gene. Apurinic lyase a DNA enzyme that catalyses a Aperient a substance that acts as a mild laxative chemical reaction. by increasing fl uids in the bowel. Arachidonate cascade includes the cyclooxy- Aperitif an appetite stimulant. genase (COX) pathway to form prostanoids Aphonia loss of the voice resulting from dis- and the lipoxygenase (LOX) pathway to gener- ease, injury to the vocal cords, or various ate several oxygenated fatty acids, collectively psychological causes, such as hysteria. called eicosanoids. Aphrodisiac an agent that increases sexual ac- ARE antioxidant response element, is a tran- tivity and libido and/or improves sexual per- scriptional control element that mediates ex- formance. pression of a set of antioxidant proteins. Aphthae white, painful oral ulcer of unknown Aribo fl avinosis a condition caused by the dietary cause. de fi ciency of ribo fl avin that is characterized by Aphthous ulcer also known as a canker sore, is mouth lesions, seborrhea, and vascularization. a type of oral ulcer, which presents as a painful Aromatase an enzyme involved in the produc- open sore inside the mouth or upper throat. tion of estrogen that acts by catalyzing the Aphthous stomatitis a canker sore, a type of conversion of testosterone (an androgen) to painful oral ulcer or sore inside the mouth or estradiol (an estrogen). Aromatase is located upper throat, caused by a break in the mucous in estrogen-producing cells in the adrenal membrane. Also called aphthous ulcer. glands, ovaries, placenta, testicles, adipose Apnoea suspension of external breathing. (fat) tissue, and brain. Apoliprotein B (APOB) primary apolipopro- Aromatic having a pleasant, fragrant odour. tein of low-density lipoproteins which is re- Aromatherapy a form of alternative medicine sponsible for carrying cholesterol to tissues. that uses volatile liquid plant materials, such Apoplexy a condition in which the brain’s as essential oils and other scented compounds function stops with loss of voluntary motion from plants for the purpose of affecting a per- and sense. son’s mood or health. Apoprotein the protein moiety of a molecule or ARPE-19 cells a human retinal pigment epithe- complex, as of a lipoprotein. lial cell line with differentiated properties. Appendicitis is a condition characterized by Arrhythmias abnormal heart rhythms that can in fl ammation of the appendix. Also called cause the heart to pump less effectively. Also epityphlitis. called dysrhythmias. Appetite stimulant a substance to increase or Arsenicosis see arsenism. stimulate the appetite. Also called aperitif. Arsenism an incommunicable disease resulting aPPT (Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time) from the ingestion of ground water contain- a blood test, a measure of the part of the blood ing unsafe levels of arsenic, also known as clotting pathway. arsenicosis. Apolipoprotein A-I (APOA1) a major protein Arteriogenic erectile dysfunction a penis dys- component of high density lipoprotein (HDL) function caused by the narrowing of the arter- in plasma. The protein promotes cholesterol ies in the penis, decreasing blood in fl ow to it, ef fl ux from tissues to the liver for excretion. thus making erection impossible. Medical Glossary 509

Arteriosclerosis imprecise term for various branes) with the effect of reducing secretion and disorders of arteries, particularly hardening excretion of fl uids and/or has a drying effect. due to fi brosis or calcium deposition, often Astrocytes collectively called astroglia, are used as a synonym for atherosclerosis. characteristic star-shaped glial cells in the Arthralgia is pain in the joints from many pos- brain and spinal cord. sible causes. Ataxia (loss of co-ordination) results from the Arthritis in fl ammation of the joints of the degeneration of nerve tissue in the spinal cord body. and of nerves that control muscle movement Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) a ligand- in the arms and legs. activated transcription factor best known for Ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related pro- mediating the toxicity of dioxin and other tein (ATR) also known as Serine/threonine- exogenous contaminants and is responsible protein kinase ATR, FRAP-related protein 1 for their toxic effects, including immunosup- (FRP1), is an enzyme encoded by the ATR pression. gene. It is involved in sensing DNA damage ASATor AST aspartate aminotransferase, see and activating the DNA damage checkpoint, aspartate transaminase. leading to cell cycle arrest. ASBT apical sodium dependent bile acid trans- ATF-2 activating transcription factor 2. porter, belongs to the solute carrier family Athlete’s foot a contagious skin disease caused (SLC) of transporters and is an important car- by parasitic fungi affecting the foot, hands, rier protein expressed in the small intestine. causing itching, blisters and cracking. Also Ascaris a genus of parasitic intestinal round called dermatophytosis. worms. Atherogenic having the capacity to start or ac- Ascites abnormal accumulation of fl uid within celerate the process of atherogenesis. the abdominal or peritoneal cavity. Atherogenesis the formation of lipid deposits in Ascorbic acid See vitamin C. the arteries. Aspartate transaminase (AST) also called Se- Atheroma a deposit or degenerative accumula- rum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase tion of lipid-containing plaques on the inner- (SGOT) or aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT) most layer of the wall of an artery. is similar to ALT in that it is another enzyme Atherosclerosis the condition in which an ar- associated with liver parenchymal cells. It is in- tery wall thickens as the result of a build-up of creased in acute liver damage, but is also pres- fatty materials such as cholesterol. ent in red blood cells, and cardiac and skeletal Atherothrombosis medical condition charac- muscle and is therefore not speci fi c to the liver. terized by an unpredictable, sudden disruption Asphyxia ilure or suppression of the respiratory (rupture or erosion/fi ssure) of an atheroscle- process due to obstruction of air fl ow to the rotic plaque, which leads to platelet activation lungs or to the lack of oxygen in inspired air. and thrombus formation. Asphyxiation the process of undergoing asphyxia. Athymic mice laboratory mice lacking a thy- Asthenia a nonspeci fi c symptom character- mus gland. ized by loss of energy, strength and feeling of Atonic lacking normal tone or strength. weakness. Atony insuf fi cient muscular tone. Asthenopia weakness or fatigue of the eyes, Atopic dermatitis an in fl ammatory, non-conta- usually accompanied by headache and dim- gious, pruritic skin disorder of unknown etiol- ming of vision. adj. asthenopic. ogy; often called eczema. Asthma a chronic illness involving the respira- Atresia a congenital medical condition in which tory system in which the airway occasionally a body ori fi ce or passage in the body is abnor- constricts, becomes in fl amed, and is lined with mally closed or absent. excessive amounts of mucus, often in response Atretic ovarian follicles an involuted or closed to one or more triggers. ovarian follicle. Astringent a substance that contracts blood vessels Atrial fi brillation is the most common cardi- and certain body tissues (such as mucous mem- ac arrhythmia (abnormal heart rhythm) and 510 Medical Glossary

involves the two upper chambers (atria) of B-cell activating factor (BAFF) also called the heart. tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily Attention-de fi cit hyperactivity disorder member 13B. It plays an important role in the (ADHD, ADD or AD/HD) is a neurobehav- proliferation and differentiation of B cells. ioral developmental disorder, primarily char- Babesia a protozoan parasite (malaria–like) acterized by the co-existence of attentional of the blood that causes a hemolytic disease problems and hyperactivity. known as Babesiosis. Auditory brainstem response (ABR) also Babesiosis malaria-like parasitic disease called brainstem evoked response (BSER) is caused by Babesia, a genus of protozoal an electrical signal evoked from the brainstem piroplasms. of a human by the presentation of a sound Bactericidal lethal to bacteria. such as a click. Balanitis is an infl ammation of the glans (head) Augmerosen a drug that may kill cancer cells of the penis. by blocking the production of a protein that BALB/c mice Balb/c mouse was developed in makes cancer cells live longer. Also called 1923 by McDowell. It is a popular strain and bcl-2 antisense oligonucleotide. is used in many different research disciplines, Auricular of or relating to the auricle or the ear but most often in the production of monoclo- in general. nal antibodies. Aurones [2-benzylidenebenzofuran-3(2H)- Balm aromatic oily resin from certain trees and ones] are the secondary plant metabolites and shrubs used in medicine. is a subgroup of fl avonoids. See fl avonoids. Baroreceptor a type of interoceptor that is stim- Autoantibodies antibodies manufactured by the ulated by pressure changes, as those in blood immune system that mistakenly target and dam- vessel wall. age speci fi c tissues and organs of the body. Barrett’s esophagus (Barrett esophagitis) a Autolysin an enzyme that hydrolyzes and de- disorder in which the lining of the esophagus stroys the components of a biological cell or a is damaged by stomach acid. tissue in which it is produced. Basophil a type of white blood cell with coarse Autonomic disorder a neurological disease in granules within the cytoplasm and a bilobate which the autonomic nervous system ceases to (two-lobed) nucleus. function properly. Bax/Bad proapoptotic proteins. Autophagy digestion of the cell contents by en- BCL-2 a family of apoptosis regulator proteins zymes in the same cell. in humans encoded by the B-cell lymphoma 2 Autopsy examination of a cadaver to determine (BCL-2) gene. or con fi rm the cause of death. BCL-2 antisense oligonucleotide see aug- Avenanthramides low molecular weight, soluble mereson. phenolic compounds found in oats. BCR/ABL a chimeric oncogene, from fusion of Avidity Index describes the collective interac- BCR and ABL cancer genes associated with tions between antibodies and a multivalent chronic myelogenous leukemia. antigen. Bechic a remedy or treatment of cough. Avulsed teeth is tooth that has been knocked Bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) act out. as a relay site within the hypothalamic- Ayurvedic traditional Hindu system of medi- pituitary-adrenal axis and regulate its activity cine based largely on homeopathy and natur- in response to acute stress. opathy. Belching, or burping refers to the noisy release Azoospermia is the medical condition of a male of air or gas from the stomach through the not having any measurable level of sperm in mouth. his semen. Beri-beri is a disease caused by a defi ciency of

Azotaemia a higher than normal blood level of thiamine (vitamin B 1) that affects many sys- urea or other nitrogen containing compounds tems of the body, including the muscles, heart, in the blood. nerves, and digestive system. Medical Glossary 511

Beta-carotene naturally-occurring retinol (vita- Biliousness old term used in the eighteenth and min A) precursor obtained from certain fruits nineteenth centuries pertaining to bad diges- and vegetables with potential antineoplastic tion, stomach pains, constipation, and exces- and chemopreventive activities. As an anti- sive fl atulence. oxidant, beta carotene inhibits free-radical Bilirubin a breakdown product of heme damage to DNA. This agent also induces cell (a part of haemoglobin in red blood cells) differentiation and apoptosis of some tumour produced by the liver that is excreted in bile cell types, particularly in early stages of which causes a yellow discoloration of the tumorigenesis, and enhances immune system skin and eyes when it accumulates in those activity by stimulating the release of natural organs. killer cells, lymphocytes, and monocytes. Biotin also known as vitamin B7. See vitamin B7. Beta-catenin is a multifunctional oncogenic Bitter a medicinal agent with a bitter taste and protein that contributes fundamentally to cell used as a tonic, alterative or appetizer. development and biology, it has been impli- Blackhead see comedone. cated as an integral component in the Wnt sig- Blackwater fever dangerous complication of naling pathway. malarial whereby the red blood cells burst in Beta cells a type of cell in the pancreas in areas the blood stream (haemolysis) releasing hae- called the islets of Langerhans. moglobin directly into the blood. Beta glucans polysaccharides of D-glucose Blain see chilblain. monomers linked by b -glycosidic bonds, Blastocyst blastocyst is an embryonic structure (1→3), (1→4)-b -D-glucan, soluble, viscous formed in the early embryogenesis of mam- component of fi bres found in cereals like oats. mals, after the formation of the morula, but Beta-thalassemia an inherited blood disorder before implantation. that reduces the production of hemoglobin. Blastocystotoxic agent that suppresses further Beta-lactamase enzymes produced by some development of the blastocyst through to the bacteria that are responsible for their resistance ovum stage. to beta-lactam antibiotics like penicillins. Blebbing Bulging e.g. membrane blebbing also BHT butylated hydroxytoluene (phenolic com- called membrane bulging or ballooning. pound), an antioxidant used in foods, cosmetics, Bleeding diathesis is an unusual susceptibility pharmaceuticals, and petroleum products. to bleeding (hemorrhage) due to a defect in Bi fi dobacterium is a genus of Gram-positive, the system of coagulation. non-motile, often branched anaerobic bac- Blennorrhagia gonorrhea. teria. Bi fi dobacteria are one of the major Blennorrhea inordinate discharge of mucus, es- genera of bacteria that make up the gut fl ora. pecially a gonorrheal discharge from the ure- Bifi dobacteria aid in digestion, are associated thra or vagina. with a lower incidence of allergies and also Blepharitis in fl ammation of the eyelids. prevent some forms of tumour growth. Some Blister thin vesicle on the skin containing serum bi fi dobacteria are being used as probiotics. and caused by rubbing, friction or burn. Bi fi dogenic promoting the growth of (benefi cial) Blood brain barrier (BBB) is a separation bi fi dobacteria in the intestinal tract. of circulating blood and cerebrospinal fl uid Bile fl uid secreted by the liver and discharged (CSF) in the central nervous system (CNS). into the duodenum where it is integral in the It allows essential metabolites, such as oxy- digestion and absorption of fats. gen and glucose, to pass from the blood to the Bilharzia, bilharziosis see Schistosomiasis. brain and central nervous system (CNS) but Biliary relating to the bile or the organs in which blocks most molecules that are more massive the bile is contained or transported. than about 500 daltons. Biliary infections infection of organ(s) associat- Boil localized pyrogenic, painful infection, orig- ed with bile, comprise: (a) acute cholecystitis: inating in a hair follicle. an acute in fl ammation of the gallbladder wall; Borborygmus rumbling noise caused by the (b) cholangitis: infl ammation of the bile ducts. muscular contractions of peristalsis, the 512 Medical Glossary

process that moves the contents of the stom- Bursitis condition characterized by in fl amma ach and intestines downward. tion of one or more bursae (small sacs) of syn- Bowman Birk inhibitors type of serine protei- ovial fl uid in the body. nase inhibitor. C fi bres afferent fi bres found in the nerve of the Bouillon a broth in French cuisine. somatic sensory system. Bradicardia as applied to adult medicine, is c-FOS a cellular proto-oncogene belonging to de fi ned as a resting heart rate of under 60 the immediate early gene family of transcrip- beats per minute. tion factors. Bradyphrenia referring to the slowness of C-jun NH(2)-terminal kinase enzymes that thought common to many disorders of the belong to the family of the MAPK superfam- brain. ily of protein kinases. These kinases mediate a Brain derived neutrophic factor (BDNF) a plethora of cellular responses to such stressful protein member of the neutrophin family that stimuli, including apoptosis and production of plays an important role in the growth, mainte- infl ammatory and immunoregulatory cytok- nance, function and survival of neurons. The ines in diverse cell systems. cf : MAPK. protein molecule is involved in the modulation c-Jun-I (Ser 73) substrate of JNK-1 activated of cognitive and emotional functions and in by phosphorylation at Ser73. the treatment of a variety of mental disorders. c-Jun II (Ser 63) substrate of JNK-1 activated Bright’s disease chronic nephritis. by phosphorylation at Ser63. Bronchial in fl ammation see bronchitis. C-reactive protein a protein found in the Bronchiectasis a condition in which the airways blood the levels of which rise in response to within the lungs (bronchial tubes) become in fl ammation. damaged and widened. c-Src a cellular non-receptor tyrosine kinase. Bronchitis is an infl ammation of the main air CAAT element-binding proteins-alpha (c/EBP- passages (bronchi) to your lungs. akpha) regulates gene expression in adipo- Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) a medical pro- cytes in the liver. cedure in which a bronchoscope is passed Cachexia physical wasting with loss of weight, through the mouth or nose into the lungs and muscle atrophy, fatigue, weakness caused by fl uid is squirted into a small part of the lung disease. and then recollected for examination. Caco-2 cell line a continuous line of heteroge- Bronchopneumonia or bronchial pneumonia; neous human epithelial colorectal adenocarci- in fl ammation of the lungs beginning in the noma cells. terminal bronchioles. Cadaver a dead body, corpse. Broncho-pulmonary relating to the bronchi Ca2+ ATPase (PMCA) is a transport protein in and lungs. the plasma membrane of cells that serves to Bronchospasm is a dif fi culty in breathing remove calcium (Ca2+ ) from the cell. caused by a sudden constriction of the mus- Calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) is a cles in the walls of the bronchioles as occurs 37-amino acid neuropeptide that is abundant in asthma. in the sensory neurons which innervate bone. Brown fat brown adipose tissue (BAT) in mam- Calcium (Ca) is the most abundant mineral in mals, its primary function is to generate body the body found mainly in bones and teeth. It heat in animals or newborns that do not shiver. is required for muscle contraction, blood ves- Bubo in fl amed, swollen lymph node in the neck sel expansion and contraction, secretion of or groin. hormones and enzymes, and transmitting im- Buccal of or relating to the cheeks or the mouth pulses throughout the nervous system. Dietary cavity. sources include milk, yoghurt, cheese, Chi- Bullae blisters; circumscribed, fl uid-containing, nese cabbage, kale, broccoli, some green leafy elevated lesions of the skin, usually more than vegetables, forti fi ed cereals, beverages and 5 mm in diameter. soybean products. Medical Glossary 513

Calcium ATPase is a form of P-ATPase which Carcinogenesis production of carcinomas. adj. transfers calcium after a muscle has contracted. carcinogenic. Calcium channel blockers (CCBs) a class Carcinoma any malignant cancer that arises of drugs and natural substances that disrupt from epithelial cells. the calcium (Ca2+) conduction of calcium Carcinosarcoma a rare tumour containing channels. carcinomatous and sarcomatous components. Calciuria abnormal presence of calcium in the Cardiac relating to, situated near or affecting urine. the heart. Calculosis the tendency or deposition to form Cardiac asthma acute attack of dyspnoea with calculi or stones. wheezing resulting from a cardiac disorder. Calculus (calculi) hardened, mineral deposits Cardiac hypertrophy is a thickening of the that can form a blockage in the urinary system. heart muscle (myocardium) resulting in a Calculi infection most calculi arise in the kid- decrease chamber size, including the left and ney when urine becomes supersaturated with right ventricles. common causes of cardiac a salt that is capable of forming solid crystals. hypertrophy include high blood pressure (hy- Symptoms arise as these calculi become im- pertension) and heart valve stenosis. pacted within the ureter as they pass toward Cardialgia heartburn. the urinary bladder. Cardinolides cardiac glycosides with a 5-mem- Caligo dimness or obscurity of sight, dependent bered lactone ring in the side chain of the ste- upon a speck on the cornea. roid aglycone. Calmodulin is a Calcium Modulated protein Cardinolide glycoside cardenolides that con- that can bind to and regulate a multitude of tain structural groups derived from sugars. different protein targets, thereby affecting Cardioactive having an effect on the heart. many different cellular functions. Cardiogenic shock is characterized by a de- cAMP dependent pathway cyclic adenosine creased pumping ability of the heart that monophosphate is a G protein-coupled recep- causes a shock like state associated with an in- tor triggered signaling cascade used in cell adequate circulation of blood due to primary communication in living organisms. failure of the ventricles of the heart to function CAMP factor diffusible, heat-stable, extracel- effectively. lular protein produced by Group B Strepto- Cardiomyocytes cardiac muscle cells. coccus t hat enhances the hemolysis of sheep Cardiomyopathy heart muscle disease. erythrocytes by Staphylococcus aureus. It is Cardiopathy disease or disorder of the heart. named after Christie, Atkins, and Munch-Pe- Cardioplegia stopping the heart so that surgical terson, who described it in 1944. procedures can proceed in a still and blood- Cancer a malignant neoplasm or tumour in nay less fi eld. part of the body. Cardiotonic something which strengthens, Candidiasis infections caused by members of tones, or regulates heart functions without the fungus genus Candida that range from overt stimulation or depression. superfi cial, such as oral thrush and vaginitis, Cardiovascular pertaining to the heart and to systemic and potentially life-threatening blood vessels. diseases. Caries tooth decay, commonly called cavities. Canker see chancre. Cariogenic leading to the production of caries. Carboxypeptidase an enzyme that hydrolyzes Carminative substance that stops the for- the carboxy-terminal (C-terminal) end of a mation of intestinal gas and helps expel peptide bond. It is synthesized in the pancreas gas that has already formed, relieving and secreted into the small intestine. fl atulence: relieving fl atulence or colic by Carbuncle is an abscess larger than a boil, usu- expelling gas. ally with one or more openings draining pus Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT1) also onto the skin. known as carnitine acyltransferase I or CAT1 514 Medical Glossary

is a mitochondrial enzyme, involved in Caveolae tiny (50–100 nm) invaginations of the converting long chain fatty acid into energy. plasma membrane of the cell. Carotenes are a large group of intense red and cdc2 Kinase a member of the cyclin-dependent yellow pigments found in all plants; these are protein kinases (CDKs). hydrocarbon carotenoids (subclass of tet- CDKs cyclin-dependent protein kinases, a fam- raterpenes) and the principal carotene is beta- ily of serine/threonine kinases that mediate carotene which is a precursor of vitamin A. many stages in mitosis. Carotenoids a class of natural fat-soluble CD 28 is one of the molecules expressed on T cells pigments found principally in plants, belong- that provide co-stimulatory signals, which are ing to a subgroup of terpenoids containing 8 required for T cell (lymphocytes) activation. isoprene units forming a C40 polyene chain. CD31 also known as PECAM-1 (Platelet En- Carotenoids play an important potential role dothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1), a mem- in human health by acting as biological anti- ber of the immunoglobulin superfamily, that oxidants. See also carotenes. mediates cell-to-cell adhesion. Carotenodermia yellow skin discoloration CD36 an integral membrane protein found on caused by excess blood carotene. the surface of many cell types in vertebrate Carpopedal spasm spasm of the hand or foot, animals. or of the thumbs and great toes. CD40 an integral membrane protein found on Capases cysteine-aspartic acid proteases, are a the surface of B lymphocytes, dendritic cells, family of cysteine proteases, which play es- follicular dendritic cells, hematopoietic pro- sential roles in apoptosis (programmed cell genitor cells, epithelial cells, and carcinomas. death), necrosis and in fl ammation. CD68 a glycoprotein expressed on monocytes/ Catalase (CAT) enzyme in living organism that macrophages which binds to low density lipo- catalyses the decomposition of hydrogen per- protein. oxide to water and oxygen. Cecal ligation tying up the cecam. Catalepsy inde fi nitely prolonged maintenance Celiac disease an autoimmune disorder of the of a fi xed body posture; seen in severe cases small intestine, triggered in genetically sus- of catatonic schizophrenia. ceptible individuals by ingested gluten from Catamenia menstruation. wheat, rye, barley, and other closely related Cataplasia Degenerative reversion of cells or cereal grains; Peptides resulting from partially tissue to a less differentiated form. digested gluten of wheat, barley or rye cause Cataplasm a medicated poultice or plaster. A soft in fl ammation of the small intestinal mucosa. moist mass, often warm and medicated, that is Cell adhesion molecules (CAM) glycoproteins spread over the skin to treat an infl amed, aching located on the surface of cell membranes in- or painful area, to improve the circulation. volved with binding of other cells or with the Cataractogenesis formation of cataracts. extra-cellular matrix. Catarrh, Catarrhal in fl ammation of the mucous Cellular respiration is the set of the metabolic membranes especially of the nose and throat. reactions and processes that take place in or- Catechins are polyphenolic antioxidant plant ganisms’ cells to convert biochemical energy metabolites. They belong to the family of from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate fl avonoids; tea is a rich source of catechins. (ATP), and then release waste products. The See fl avonoids. reactions involved in respiration are catabolic Catecholamines hormones that are released by reactions that involve the oxidation of one the adrenal glands in response to stress. molecule and the reduction of another. Cathartic is a substance which accelerates Cellulitis a bacterial infection of the skin that defecation. tends to occur in areas that have been dam- Caustic having a corrosive or burning effect. aged or in fl amed. Cauterization a medical term describing the Central nervous system part of the vertebrate burning of the body to remove or close a nervous system comprising the brain and part of it. spinal cord. Medical Glossary 515

Central venous catheter a catheter placed into cally or mechanically and anticancer drugs are the large vein in the neck, chest or groin. administered directly into the tumour. Cephalagia pain in the head, a headache. Chemokines are chemotactic cytokines, which Cephalic relating to the head. stimulate migration of in fl ammatory cells to- Ceramide oligosides oligosides with an N-acetyl- wards tissue sites of in fl ammation. sphingosine moiety. Chemonociceptors nociceptors or sensory peri- Cercariae a free-swimming larva of the parasitic pheral neurons that are sensitive to chemical schistosome worm that has a tail, and suckers stimuli. on its head for penetration into a host. Chemosensitizer a drug that makes tumour Cerebral embolism a blockage of blood fl ow cells more sensitive to the effects of chemo- through a vessel in the brain by a blood clot therapy. that formed elsewhere in the body and trav- Chemosis edema of the conjunctiva of the eye. eled to the brain. Chickenpox is also known as varicella, is a high- Cerebral ischemia is the localized reduction of ly contagious illness caused by primary in- blood fl ow to the brain or parts of the brain due to fection with varicella zoster virus (VZV). The arterial obstruction or systematic hyperfusion. virus causes red, itchy bumps on the body. Cerebral infarction is the ischemic kind of Chilblains small, itchy, painful lumps that de- stroke due to a disturbance in the blood ves- velop on the skin. They develop as an abnor- sels supplying blood to the brain. mal response to cold. Also called perniosis or Cerebral tonic substance that can alleviate poor blain. concentration and memory, restlessness, un- Chlorosis iron de fi ciency anemia characterized easiness, and insomnia. by greenish yellow colour. Cerebrosides are glycosphingolipids which are Cholagogue is a medicinal agent which pro- important components in animal muscle and motes the discharge of bile from the system. nerve cell membranes. Cholecalcifereol a form of vitamin D, also Cerebrovascular disease is a group of brain called vitamin D3. See vitamin D. dysfunctions related to disease of the blood Cholecyst gall bladder. vessels supplying the brain. Cholecystitis in fl ammation of the gall bladder. Cerumen ear wax, a yellowish waxy substance Cholecystokinin a peptide hormone that plays secreted in the ear canal of humans and other a key role in facilitating digestion in the small mammals. intestine. cFLIP cellular FLICE-inhibitory protein, an in- Cholera an infectious gastroenteritis caused by hibitor of death ligand-induced apoptosis. enterotoxin-producing strains of the bacterium cGMP cyclic guanosine monophosphate is Vibrio cholera and characterized by severe, a cyclic nucleotide derived from guanos- watery diarrhea. ine triphosphate (GTP). cGMP is a common Choleretic stimulation of the production of bile regulator of ion channel conductance, glycog- by the liver. enolysis, and cellular apoptosis. It also relaxes Cholestasis a condition caused by rapidly de- smooth muscle tissues. veloping (acute) or long-term (chronic) inter- CGRP calcitonin gene-related peptide a vasodi- ruption in the excretion of bile. lator neuropeptide that is expressed in a sub- Cholesterol a soft, waxy, steroid substance group of small neurons in the dorsal root, found among the lipids (fats) in the blood- trigeminal and vagal ganglia. This neuropep- stream and in all our body’s cells. tide has been postulated to play a role in the Cholethiasis presence of gall stones (calculi) in pathophysiology of migraine. the gall bladder. Chalcones a subgroup of fl avonoids. Choline a water soluble, organic compound, Chancre a painless lesion formed during the usually grouped within the Vitamin B complex. primary stage of syphilis. It is an essential nutrient and is needed for Chemoembolization a procedure in which the physiological functions such as structural in- blood supply to the tumour is blocked surgi- tegrity and signaling roles for cell membranes, 516 Medical Glossary

cholinergic neuro-transmission (acetylcholine C-Kit Receptor a protein-tyrosine kinase receptor synthesis). that is specifi c for stem cell factor. this inter- Cholinergic activated by or capable of liberat- action is crucial for the development of he- ing acetylcholine, especially in the parasym- matopoietic, gonadal, and pigment stem cells. pathetic nervous system. Cirrhosis chronic liver disease characterized by Cholinergic system a system of nerve cells that replacement of liver tissue by fi brous scar tis- uses acetylcholine in transmitting nerve im- sue and regenerative nodules/lumps leading pulses. progressively to loss of liver function. Cholinomimetic having an action similar to Clastogen is an agent that can cause one of two that of acetylcholine; called also parasym- types of structural changes, breaks in chro- pathomimetic. mosomes that result in the gain, loss, or re- Chonotropic affecting the time or rate, as the arrangements of chromosomal segments. adj. rate of contraction of the heart. clastogenic. Choriocarcinoma a quick-growing malignant, Claudication limping, impairment in walking. trophoblastic, aggressive cancer that occurs in Climacterium refers to menopause and the a woman’s uterus (womb). bodily and mental changes associated with it. Chromium (Cr) is required in trace amounts Clonic seizures consist of rhythmic jerking in humans for sugar and lipid metabolism. Its movements of the arms and legs, sometimes defi ciency may cause a disease called chromi- on both sides of the body. um defi ciency. It is found in cereals, legumes, Clonus a series of involuntary muscular con- nuts and animal sources. tractions and relaxations. Chromosome long pieces of DNA found in the Clyster enema. center (nucleus) of cells. C-myc codes for a protein that binds to the DNA Chronic persisting over extended periods. of other genes and is therefore a transcription Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease factor. (COPD) a progressive disease that makes it CNS Depressant anything that depresses, or hard to breathe. slows, the sympathetic impulses of the central Chronic venous insuf fi ciency (CVI) a medi- nervous system (i.e., respiratory rate, heart cal condition where the veins cannot pump rate). enough oxygen-poor blood back to the heart. Coagulopathy a defect in the body’s mecha- Chyle a milky bodily fl uid consisting of lymph nism for blood clotting, causing susceptibility and emulsi fi ed fats, or free fatty acids. to bleeding. Chylomicrons are large lipoprotein particles Cobalamin vitamin B12. See vitamin B12. that transport dietary lipids from the intestines Co-carcinogen a chemical that promotes the to other locations in the body. Chylomicrons effects of a carcinogen in the production of are one of the fi ve major groups of lipopro- cancer. teins (chylomicrons, VLDL, IDL, LDL, HDL) Cold an acute in fl ammation of the mucous that enable fats and cholesterol to move within membrane of the respiratory tract especially the water-based solution of the bloodstream. of the nose and throat caused by a virus and Chylorus milky (having fat emulsion). accompanied by sneezing and coughing. Chyluria also called chylous urine, is a medi- Collagen protein that is the major constituent of cal condition involving the presence of chyle cartilage and other connective tissue; compris- (emulsifi ed fat) in the urine stream, which es the amino acids hydroxyproline, proline, results in urine appearing milky. glycine, and hydroxylysine. Chymase member of the family of serine pro- Collagenases enzymes that break the peptide teases found primarily in mast cell. bonds in collagen. Chymopapain an enzyme derived from papaya, Colic a broad term which refers to episodes of used in medicine and to tenderize meat. uncontrollable, extended crying in a baby who Cicatrizant the term used to describe a product is otherwise healthy and well fed. that promotes healing through the formation Colitis in fl ammatory bowel disease affecting the of scar tissue. tissue that lines the gastrointestinal system. Medical Glossary 517

Collyrium a lotion or liquid wash used as a Convulsion rapid and uncontrollable shaking of cleanser for the eyes, particularly in diseases the body. of the eye. Coolant that which reduces body temperature. Colorectal relating to the colon or rectum. Copper (Cu) is essential in all plants and animals. Coma a state of unconsciousness from which a It is found in a variety of enzymes, including patient cannot be aroused. the copper centers of cytochrome C oxidase and Comedone a blocked, open sebaceous gland the enzyme superoxide dismutase (containing where the secretions oxidize, turning black. copper and zinc). In addition to its enzymatic Also called blackhead. roles, copper is used for biological electron Comitogen agent that is considered not to in- transport. Because of its role in facilitating duce cell growth alone but to promote the ef- iron uptake, copper de fi ciency can often pro- fect of the mitogen. duce anemia-like symptoms. Dietary sources Concoction a combination of crude ingredients include curry powder, mushroom, nuts, seeds, that is prepared or cooked together. wheat germ, whole grains and animal meat. Condyloma, Condylomata acuminata genital Copulation to engage in coitus or sexual inter- warts, venereal warts, anal wart or anogenital course. adj. copulatory. wart, a highly contagious sexually transmitted Cordial a preparation that is stimulating to the infection caused by epidermotropic human heart. papillomavirus (HPV). Corn or callus is a patch of hard, thickened skin Conglutination becoming stuck together. on the foot that is formed in response to pres- Conjunctival hyperemia enlarged blood ves- sure or friction. sels in the eyes. Corticosteroids a class of steroid hormones that Conjunctivitis sore, red and sticky eyes caused are produced in the adrenal cortex, used clini- by eye infection. cally for hormone replacement therapy, for Constipation a very common gastrointestinal suppressing ACTH secretion, for suppression disorder characterised by the passing of hard, of immune response and as antineoplastic, dry bowel motions (stools) and diffi culty of anti-allergic and anti-in fl ammatory agents. bowel motion. Corticosterone a 21-carbon steroid hormone of Constitutive androstane receptor (CAR, the corticosteroid type produced in the cortex NR113) is a nuclear receptor transcription of the adrenal glands. factor that regulates drug metabolism and ho- Cortisol is a corticosteroid hormone made by moeostasis. the adrenal glands. Consumption term used to describe wasting of Corni fi cation is the process of forming an epi- tissues including but not limited to tuberculosis. dermal barrier in strati fi ed squamous epithe- Consumptive af fl icted with or associated with lial tissue. pulmonary tuberculosis. Coryza a word describing the symptoms of a Contraceptive an agent that reduces the likeli- head cold. It describes the infl ammation of hood of or prevents conception. the mucus membranes lining the nasal cav- Contraindication a condition which makes a ity which usually gives rise to the symptoms particular treatment or procedure inadvisable. of nasal congestion and loss of smell, among Contralateral muscle muscle of opposite limb other symptoms. (leg or arm). COX-1 see cyclooxygenase-1. Contralateral rotation rotation occurring or COX-2 see cyclooxygenase-2. originating in a corresponding part on an op- CpG islands genomic regions that contain a posite side. high frequency of CpG sites. Contusion another term for a bruise. A bruise, CpG sites the cytosine-phosphate-guanine nu- or contusion, is caused when blood vessels are cleotide that links two nucleosides together in damaged or broken as the result of a blow to DNA. the skin. cPLA(2) cytosolic phospholipases A2, these Convulsant a drug or physical disturbance that phospholipases are involved in cell signaling induces convulsion. processes, such as in fl ammatory response. 518 Medical Glossary

CPY1B1, CPY1A1 a member of the cytochrome Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is primarily present P450 superfamily of heme-thiolate monooxy- at sites of in fl ammation. genase enzymes. Cysteine proteases are enzymes that degrade Corticosterone a 21-carbon corticosteroid hor- polypeptides possessing a common catalytic mone produced in the cortex of the adrenal mechanism that involves a nucleophilic cysteine glands that functions in the metabolism of thiol in a catalytic triad. They are found in fruits carbohydrates and proteins. like papaya, pineapple, and kiwifruit. Creatin a nitrogenous organic acid that occurs Cystitis a common urinary tract infection that naturally in vertebrates and helps to supply occurs when bacteria travel up the urethra, in- energy to muscle. fect the urine and in fl ame the bladder lining. Creatine phosphokinase (CPK, CK) enzyme Cystorrhea discharge of mucus from the bladder. that catalyses the conversion of creatine and Cytochrome bc-1 complex ubihydroquinone: consumes adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to cytochrome c oxidoreductase. create phosphocreatine and adenosine diphos- Cytochrome P450 3A CYP3A a very large and phate (ADP). diverse superfamily of heme-thiolate proteins CREB cAMP response element-binding, a pro- found in all domains of life. This group of tein that is a transcription factor that binds to enzymes catalyzes many reactions involved in certain DNA sequences called cAMP response drug metabolism and synthesis of cholesterol, elements. steroids and other lipids. Crohn Disease an in fl ammatory disease of the Cytokine non-antibody proteins secreted by cer- intestines that affect any part of the gastroin- tain cells of the immune system which carry testinal tract. signals locally between cells. They are a cat- Crossover study a longitudinal, balance study egory of signaling molecules that are used ex- in which participants receive a sequence of tensively in cellular communication. different treatments or exposures. Cytopathic any detectable, degenerative chang- Croup is an infection of the throat (larynx) and es in the host cell due to infection. windpipe (trachea) that is caused by a virus Cytoprotective protecting cells from noxious (Also called laryngotracheobronchitis). chemicals or other stimuli. Crytochidism (cryptochism) a developmenta Cytosolic relates to the fl uid of the cytoplasm in defect characterized by the failure of one or cells. both testes to move into the scrotum as the Cytostatic preventing the growth and prolifera- male fetus develops. tion of cells. Curettage surgical procedure in which a body Cytotoxic of or relating to substances that are cavity or tissue is scraped with a sharp instru- toxic to cells; cell-killing. ment or aspirated with a cannula. D- galactosamine an amino sugar with unique Cutaneous pertaining to the skin. hepatotoxic properties in animals. CXC8 also known as interleukin 8, IL-8. Dandruff scurf, dead, scaly skin among the Cyanogenesis generation of cyanide. adj. hair. cyanogenetic. Dartre condition of dry, scaly skin. Cyclooxygenase (COX) an enzyme that is Debility weakness, relaxation of muscular fi bre. responsible for the formation of prostanoids - Debridement is the process of removing non- prostaglandins, prostacyclins, and thrombox- living tissue from pressure ulcers, burns, and anes that are each involved in the infl ammatory other wounds. response. Two different COX enzymes exist- Debriding agent substance that cleans and treats ed, now known as COX-1 and COX-2. certain types of wounds, burns, ulcers. Cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) is known to be Deciduogenic relating to the uterus lining that is present in most tissues. In the gastrointestinal shed off at childbirth. tract, COX-1 maintains the normal lining of Decidual stromal cells like endometrial glands the stomach. The enzyme is also involved in and endothelium, express integrins that bind kidney and platelet function. basement components. Medical Glossary 519

Decoction a medical preparation made by boiling Desquamation the shedding of the outer layers the ingredients. of the skin. Decongestant a substance that relieves or reduces Detoxi fi er a substance that promotes the remov- nasal or bronchial congestion. al of toxins from a system or organ. Deep venous thrombosis is a blood clot that Diabetes a metabolic disorder associated with forms in a vein deep inside a part of the body. inadequate secretion or utilization of insulin De fi brinated plasma blood whose plasma com- and characterized by frequent urination and ponent has had fi brinogen and fi brin removed. persistent thirst. See diabetes mellitus. Degranulation cellular process that releases an- Diabetes mellitus (DM) (sometimes called timicrobial cytotoxic molecules from secretory “sugar diabetes”) is a set of chronic, meta- vesicles called granules found inside some cells. bolic disease conditions characterized by high Delayed afterdepolarizations (DADs) abnormal blood sugar (glucose) levels that result from depolarization that begins during phase 4 – after defects in insulin secretion, or action, or both. repolarization is completed, but before another Diabetes mellitus appears in two forms. action potential would normally occur. Diabetes mellitus type I (formerly known as Delirium is common, sudden severe confusion juvenile onset diabetes), caused by de fi ciency and rapid changes in brain function that occur of the pancreatic hormone insulin as a result with physical or mental illness; it is reversible of destruction of insulin-producing beta cells and temporary. of the pancreas. Lack of insulin causes an in- Demulcent an agent that soothes internal mem- crease of fasting blood glucose that begins to branes. Also called emollient. appear in the urine above the renal threshold. Dendritic cells are immune cells and form part Diabetes mellitus type II (formerly called non- of the mammalian immune system, function- insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus or adult- ing as antigen presenting cells. onset diabetes), the disorder is characterized Dentition a term that describes all of the upper by high blood glucose in the context of insulin and lower teeth collectively. resistance and relative insulin de fi ciency in Deobstruent a medicine which removes ob- which insulin is available but cannot be prop- structions; also called an aperient. erly utilized. Deoxypyridinoline (Dpd) a crosslink product Diabetic neuropathy a neuropathic disorder of collagen molecules found in bone and ex- that is associated with diabetes mellitus. It creted in urine during bone degradation. affects all peripheral nerves including pain Depilatory an agent for removing or destroying fi bers, motor neurons and the autonomic ner- hair. vous system. Depressant a substance that diminish function- Diabetic retinopathy damage to the retina al activity, usually by depressing the nervous caused by complications of diabetes mellitus, system. which can eventually lead to blindness. Depurative an agent used to cleanse or purify Diads two adjacent structural units in a polymer the blood, it eliminates toxins and puri fi es molecule. the system. Dialysis is a method of removing toxic sub- Dermatitis in fl ammation of the skin causing stances (impurities or wastes) from the blood discomfort such as eczema. when the kidneys are unable to do so. Dermatitis herpetiformis an autoimmune Diaphoresis is profuse sweating commonly as- chronic blistering skin disorder characterised sociated with shock and other medical emer- by blisters fi lled with a watery fl uid. gency conditions. Dermatophyte a fungus parasitic on the skin. Diaphoretic a substance that induces perspira- Dermatosis is a broad term that refers to any tion. Also called sudori fi c. disease of the skin, especially one that is not Diaphyseal pertaining to or affecting the shaft accompanied by in fl ammation. of a long bone (diaphysis). Dermonecrotic pertaining to or causing necro- Diaphysis the main or mid section (shaft) of a sis of the skin. long bone. 520 Medical Glossary

Diarrhoea a profuse, frequent and loose discharge development and functioning of all known from the bowels. living organisms. Diastolic referring to the time when the heart is DOCA desoxycorticosterone acetate - a steroid in a period of relaxation and dilatation (expan- chemical used as replacement therapy in sion). cf . systolic. Addison’s disease. Dieresis surgical separation of parts. Dopamine a catecholamine neurotransmit- Dietary fi bre is a term that refers to a group ter that occurs in a wide variety of animals, of food components that pass through the including both vertebrates and invertebrates. stomach and small intestine undigested and Dopaminergic relating to, or activated by the reach the large intestine virtually unchanged. neurotransmitter, dopamine. Scienti fi c evidence suggest that a diet high in Double blind refer to a clinical trial or experiment dietary fi bre can be of value for treating or in which neither the subject nor the researcher preventing such disorders as constipation, ir- knows which treatment any particular subject ritable bowel syndrome, diverticular disease, is receiving. hiatus hernia and haemorrhoids. Some com- Douche a localised spray of liquid directed into ponents of dietary fi bre may also be of value a body cavity or onto a part. in reducing the level of cholesterol in blood DPPH 2,2 diphenyl -1- picryl-hydrazyl – a crys- and thereby decreasing a risk factor for coro- talline, stable free radical used as an inhibitor nary heart disease and the development of of free radical reactions. gallstones. Dietary fi bre is bene fi cial in the Dracunculiasis also called guinea worm disease treatment of some diabetics. (GWD), is a parasitic infection caused by the Digalactosyl diglycerides are the major lipid nematode, Dracunculus medinensis . components of chloroplasts. Dropsy an old term for the swelling of soft tis- Diosgenin a steroid-like substance that is involved sues due to the accumulation of excess water. in the production of the hormone progesterone, adj. dropsical. extracted from roots of Dioscorea yam. Drusen tiny yellow or white deposits of extra- Dipsia sensation of dryness in the mouth and cellular materials in the retina of the eye or on throat related to a desire to drink. the optic nerve head. Dipsomania pathological use of alcohol. DT diaphorase also called DTD or NAD(P) Discutient an agent (as a medicinal application) H:quinone oxidoreductase, is an obligate two- which serves to disperse morbid matter. electron reductase which bioactivates chemo- Disinfectant an agent that prevents the spread of therapeutic quinones. infection, bacteria or communicable disease. Dysentery (formerly known as fl ux or the Distal sensory polyneuropathy (DSPN) or peri- bloody fl ux) is a disorder of the digestive sys- pheral neuropathy, is the most common neu- tem that results in severe diarrhea containing rological problem in HIV disease. DSPN also mucus and blood in the feces. It is caused usu- represents a complex symptom that occurs ally by a bacterium called Shigella . because of peripheral nerve damage related to Dysesthesia an unpleasant abnormal sensation advanced HIV disease. produced by normal stimuli. Diuresis increased urination. Dysgeusia distortion of the sense of taste. Diuretic a substance that increases urination Dyskinesia the impairment of the power of (diuresis). voluntary movement, resulting in fragmentary Diverticular disease is a condition affecting or incomplete movements. adj. dyskinetic. the large bowel or colon and is thought to be Dyslipidemia abnormality in or abnormal caused by eating too little fi bre. amount of lipids and lipoproteins in the DMBA 7,12-Dimethylbenzanthracene. A poly- blood. cyclic aromatic hydrocarbon found in tobacco Dysmenorrhea is a menstrual condition smoke that is a potent carcinogen. characterized by severe and frequent men- DNA deoxyribonucleic acid, a nucleic acid that strual cramps and pain associated with contains the genetic instructions used in the menstruation. Medical Glossary 521

Dysmotility syndrome a vague, descriptive terized by one or more of these symptoms: term used to describe diseases of the muscles redness, skin edema, itching and dryness, of the gastrointestinal tract (esophagus, stom- crusting, fl aking, blistering, cracking, oozing, ach, small and large intestines). or bleeding. Dyspedia indigestion followed by nausea. Eczematous rash dry, scaly, itchy rash.

Dyspepsia refers to a symptom complex of epi- ED 50 is defi ned as the dose producing a response gastric pain or discomfort. It is often de fi ned that is 50% of the maximum obtainable. as chronic or recurrent discomfort centered in Edema formerly known as dropsy or hydropsy, the upper abdomen and can be caused by a va- is characterized swelling caused by abnormal riety of conditions. cf. functional dyspepsia. accumulation of fl uid beneath the skin, or in Dysphagia swallowing disorder. one or more cavities of the body. It usually Dysphonia a voice disorder, an impairment in occurs in the feet, ankles and legs, but it can the ability to produce voice sounds using the involve the entire body. vocal organs. Edematogenic producing or causing edema. Dysplasia refers to abnormality in development. EGFR proteins epidermal growth factor recep- Dyspnoea shortness of breath, dif fi culty in tor (EGFR) proteins - Protein kinases are en- breathing. zymes that transfer a phosphate group from a Dysrhythmias see arrhythmias. phosphate donor onto an acceptor amino acid Dystocia abnormal or diffi cult child birth or in a substrate protein. labour. EGR-1 early growth response 1, a human gene. Dystonia a neurological movement disorder Eicosanoids are signaling molecules made by characterized by prolonged, repetitive muscle oxygenation of arachidonic acid, a 20-carbon contractions that may cause twisting or jerk- essential fatty acid, includes prostaglandins ing movements of muscles. and related compounds. Dysuria refers to dif fi cult and painful urination. Elastase a serine protease that also hydrolyses E- Selectin also known as endothelial leukocyte amides and esters. adhesion molecule-1 (ELAM-1), CD62E, a Electrocardiography or ECG, is a transtho- member of the selectin family. It is transiently racic interpretation of the electrical activity expressed on vascular endothelial cells in re- of the heart over time captured and externally sponse to IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha. recorded by skin electrodes. EC 50 median effective concentration that Electromyogram (EMG) a test used to record produces desired effects in fi fty percent of the the electrical activity of muscles. An electro- test population. myogram (EMG) is also called a myogram. Ecbolic a drug (as an ergot alkaloid) that tends Electuary a medicinal paste composed of pow- to increase uterine contractions and that is ders, or other medical ingredients, incorporat- used especially to facilitate delivery. ed with sweeteners to hide the taste, suitable Ecchymosis skin discoloration caused by the for oral administration. escape of blood into the tissues from ruptured Elephantiasis a disorder characterized by blood vessels. chronic thickened and edematous tissue on the ECG see electrocardiography. genitals and legs due to various causes. EC–SOD extracellular superoxide dismutase, Embrocation lotion or liniment that relieves a tissue enzyme mainly found in the extracel- muscle or joint pains. lular matrix of tissues. It participates in the Embryotoxic term that describes any chemical detoxifi cation of reactive oxygen species by cat- which is harmful to an embryo. alyzing the dismutation of superoxide radicals. Emesis vomiting, throwing up. Ectrodactyly involves the absence of one or Emetic an agent that induces vomiting, cf : an- more central digits of the hand or foot. tiemetic. Eczema is broadly applied to a range of persis- Emetocathartic causing vomiting and purging. tent skin conditions. These include dryness Emmenagogue a substance that stimulates, and recurring skin rashes which are charac- initiates, and/or promotes menstrual fl ow. 522 Medical Glossary

Emmenagogues are used in herbal medicine Endothelin any of a group of vasoconstric- to balance and restore the normal function of tive peptides produced by endothelial cells the female reproductive system. that constrict blood vessels and raise blood Emollient an agent that has a protective and pressure. soothing action on the surfaces of the skin and Endotoxemia the presence of endotoxins in the membranes. blood, which may result in shock. adj . endo- Emphysema a long-term, progressive disease toxemic. of the lungs that primarily causes shortness of Endotoxin toxins associated with certain bacte- breath. ria, unlike an ‘exotoxin’ that is not secreted in Emulsion a preparation formed by the suspen- soluble form by live bacteria, but is a structur- sion of very fi nely divided oily or resinous al component in the bacteria which is released liquid in another liquid. mainly when bacteria are lysed. Encephalitis in fl ammation of the brain. Encephalocele protrusion of brain tissue Encephalomalacia cerebral softening, a local- through a congenital fi ssure in the skull. ized softening of the brain substance, due to Enema liquid injected into the rectum either as hemorrhage or in fl ammation. a purgative or medicine, Also called clyster. Encephalopathy a disorder or disease of the Enophthalmos a condition in which the eye brain. falls back into the socket and inhibits proper Endocrine adj. of or relating to endocrine glands eyelid function. or the hormones secreted by them. Enteral term used to describe the intestines or Endocytosis is the process by which cells absorb other parts of the digestive tract. material (molecules such as proteins) from Enteral administration involves the esopha- outside the cell by engul fi ng it with their cell gus, stomach, and small and large intestines membrane. (i.e., the gastrointestinal tract). Endometrial cancer cancer that arises in the en- Enteritis refers to infl ammation of the small in- dometrium, the lining of the uterus (womb). testine. Endometriosis is a common and often painful Enterocolic disorder in fl amed bowel disease. disorder of the female reproductive system in Enterocytes tall columnar cells in the small which the endometrium, the tissue that nor- intestinal mucosa that are responsible for the mally lines the womb (uterus), grows outside fi nal digestion and absorption of nutrients. the uterus. The two most common symptoms Enterohemorrhagic causing bloody diarrhea and of endometriosis are pain and infertility. colitis, said of pathogenic microorganisms. Endometritis refers to infl ammation of the Enterohepatonephropathy hepatorenal lesions endometrium, the inner lining of the uterus. accompanied by renal failure. Endometrium the inner lining of the uterus. Enterolactone a lignin formed by the action of Endoplasmic reticulum is a network of tubules, intestinal bacteria on lignan precursors found vesicles and sacs around the nucleus that are in plants; acts as a phytoestrogen. interconnected. Enteropooling increased fl uids and electro- Endostatin a naturally-occurring 20-kDa lytes within the lumen of the intestines due to C-terminal protein fragment derived from type increased levels of prostaglandins. XVIII collagen. It is reported to serve as an an- Enterotoxigenic of or being an organism con- ti-angiogenic agent that inhibits the formation taining or producing an enterotoxin. of the blood vessels that feed cancer tumours. Enterotoxin is a protein toxin released by a Endosteum the thin layer of cells lining the microorganism in the intestine. medullary cavity of a bone. Entheogen a substance taken to induce a spir- Endosteul pertaining to the endosteum. itual experience. Endothelial progenitor cells population of rare Enuresis bed-wetting, a disorder of elimination cells that circulate in the blood with the ability that involves the voluntary or involuntary re- to differentiate into endothelial cells, the cells lease of urine into bedding, clothing, or other that make up the lining of blood vessels. inappropriate places. Medical Glossary 523

Envenomation is the entry of venom into a ERK (extracellular signal regulated kinases) person’s body, and it may cause localised or widely expressed protein kinase intracellular systemic poisoning. signaling molecules which are involved in Eosinophilia the state of having a high concen- functions including the regulation of meiosis, tration of eosinophils (eosinophil granulo- mitosis, and post mitotic functions in differen- cytes) in the blood. tiated cells. Eosinophils (or, less commonly, acidophils), are Eructation the act of belching or of casting up white blood cells that are one of the immune wind from the stomach through the mouth. system components. Eruption a visible rash or cutaneous disrup- Epididymis a structure within the scrotum at- tion. tached to the backside of the testis and whose Erysipelas is an intensely red Streptococcus coiled duct provides storage, transit and matu- bacterial infection that occurs on the face and ration of spermatozoa. lower extremities. Epididymitis a medical condition in which there Erythema abnormal redness and in fl ammation is in fl ammation of the epididymis. of the skin, due to vasodilation. Epigastralgia pain in the epigastric region. Erythema multiforme is a skin disorder due to Epigastric discomfort bloated abdomen, swell- an allergic reaction or infection; characterised ing of abdomen, abdominal distension. by fever, general ill feeling, skin itching, joint Epilepsy a common chronic neurological disor- aches, and multiple skin lesions. der that is characterized by recurrent unpro- Erythematous characterized by erythema. voked seizures. Erythroleukoplakia an abnormal patch of red Epileptiform resembling epilepsy or its mani- and white tissue that forms on mucous mem- festations. adj. epileptiformic. branes in the mouth and may become cancer. Epileptogenesis a process by which a normal Tobacco (smoking and chewing) and alcohol brain develops epilepsy, a chronic condition in may increase the risk of erythroleukoplakia. which seizures occur. adj . epileptogenic. Erythropoietin (EPO) a hormone produced by Episiotomy a surgical incision through the the kidney that promotes the formation of red perineum made to enlarge the vagina and as- blood cells (erythrocytes) in the bone marrow. sist childbirth. Eschar a slough or piece of dead tissue that is Epithelioma a usually benign skin disease most cast off from the surface of the skin. commonly occurring on the face, around the Escharotic capable of producing an eschar; a eyelids and on the scalp. caustic or corrosive agent. Epitope a single antigenic site on a protein Estradiol is the predominant sex hormone pres- against which an antibody reacts. ent in females, also called oestradiol. Epitrochlearis the super fi cial-most muscle of Estrogen female hormone produced by the ova- the arm anterior surface. ries that play an important role in the estrous Epistaxis acute hemorrhage from the nostril, cycle in women. nasal cavity, or nasopharynx (nose-bleed). Estrogen receptor (ER) is a protein found in Epstein Barr Virus herpes virus that is the high concentrations in the cytoplasm of breast, causative agent of infectious mononucleosis. uterus, hypothalamus, and anterior hypophysis It is also associated with various types of hu- cells; ER levels are measured to determine a man cancers. breast CA’s potential for response to hormonal ERbeta estrogen receptor beta, a nuclear recep- manipulation. tor which is activated by the sex hormone, es- Estrogen receptor positive (ER+) means that trogen. estrogen is causing the tumour to grow, and Ergocalciferol a form of vitamin D, also called that the breast cancer should respond well to vitamin D2. See vitamin D. hormone suppression treatments. Ergonic increasing capacity for bodily or men- Estrogen receptor negative (ER−) tumour is tal labor especially by eliminating fatigue not driven by estrogen and need another test symptoms. to determine the most effective treatment. 524 Medical Glossary

Estrogenic relating to estrogen or producing estrus. Familial amyloid polyneuropathy (FAP) also Estrus sexual excitement or heat of female; or called Corino de Andrade’s disease, a neuro- period of this characterized by changes in the degenerative autosomal dominant genetically sex organs. transmitted, fatal, incurable disease. Euglycaemia normal blood glucose concentration. Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is an Eupeptic conducive to digestion. inherited condition in which numerous pol- Exanthematous characterized by or of the nature yps form mainly in the epithelium of the large of an eruption or rash. intestine. Excitotoxicity is the pathological process by Familial dysautonomia a genetic disorder that which neurons are damaged and killed by glu- affects the development and survival of auto- tamate and similar substances. nomic and sensory nerve cells. Excipient a pharmacologically inert substance Fanconi syndrome is a disease of the proximal used as a diluent or vehicle for the active renal tubes which certain substances normally ingredients of a medication. absorbed into the bloodstream by the kidneys Exocytosis the cellular process by which cells ex- are released into the urine instead. crete waste products or chemical transmitters. FasL or CD95L Fas ligand is a type-II trans- Exophthalmos or exophthalmia or propto- membrane protein that belongs to the tumour sis is a bulging of the eye anteriorly out of the necrosis factor (TNF) family. orbit. adj. exophthalmic. FAS: fatty acid synthase (FAS) a multi-enzyme Exotoxin a toxin secreted by a microorgan- that plays a key role in fatty acid synthesis. ism and released into the medium in which it Fas molecule a member of the Tumour Necrosis grows. Factor Receptors, that mediates apoptotic Expectorant an agent that increases bronchial mu- signal in many cell types. cous secretion by promoting liquefaction of the Fauces the passage leading from the back of the sticky mucous and expelling it from the body. mouth into the pharynx. Exteroceptive responsiveness to stimuli that are Favus a chronic skin infection, usually of the external to an organism. scalp, caused by the fungus, Trichophyton Extrapyramidal side effects are a group of schoenleinii and characterized by the develop- symptoms (tremor, slurred speech, akathisia, ment of thick, yellow crusts over the hair fol- dystonia, anxiety, paranoia and bradyphrenia) licles. Also termed tinea favosa. that can occur in persons taking antipsychotic Febrifuge an agent that reduces fever. Also medications. called an antipyretic. Extravasation discharge or escape, as of blood Febrile pertaining to or characterized by fever. from the vein into the surrounding tissues; Febrile neutropenia the development of fever, discharge or escape from a vessel or channel. often with other signs of infection, in an Fabry disease is a rare X-linked (inherited) individual with neutropenia, an abnormally lysosomal storage disease caused by alpha- low number of neutrophil granulocytes in the galactosidase A defi ciency, which can cause blood. a wide range of systemic symptoms such as Fetotoxic toxic to the fetus. pain in the extremities, papules on the lower Fibrates hypolipidemic agents primarily used body parts, cornea clouding, fatigue, neuropa- for decreasing serum triglycerides, while in- thy, renal and cardiac complications. creasing High density lipoprotein (HDL). FAC chemotherapy fl uorouracil, doxorubicin Fibril a small slender fi bre or fi lament. (adriamycin), and cyclophosphamide chemo- Fibrin insoluble protein that forms the essential therapy. portion of the blood clot. FADD Fas-associated protein with death do- Fibrinolysis a normal ongoing process that main, the protein encoded by this gene is an dissolves fi brin and results in the removal of adaptor molecule which interacts with other small blood clots. death cell surface receptors and mediates Fribinolytic causing the dissolution of fi brin by apoptotic signals. enzymatic action. Medical Glossary 525

Fibroblast type of cell that synthesizes the Flavanones a subgroup of fl avonoids, constitute extracellular matrix and collagen, the struc- >90% of total fl avonoids in citrus. The major tural framework (stroma) for animal tissues, dietary fl avanones are hesperetin, naringenin and play a critical role in wound healing. and eriodictyol. Fibrogenic promoting the development of Flavivirus A family of viruses transmitted by fi bres. mosquitoes and ticks that cause some impor- Fibromyalgia a common and complex chronic, tant diseases, including dengue, yellow fever, body-wide pain disorder that affects people tick-borne encephalitis and West Nile fever. physically, mentally and socially. Symptoms Flavones a subgroup of fl avonoids based on include debilitating fatigue, sleep disturbance, the backbone of 2-phenylchromen-4-one and joint stiffness. Also referred to as FM or (2-phenyl-1-benzopyran-4-one). Flavones are FMS. mainly found in cereals and herbs. Fibronectin a high-molecular weight (~440 kDa) Flavonoids (or bio fl avonoids) are a group of glycoprotein of the extracellular matrix (ECM) polyphenolic antioxidant compounds in that that adheres to membrane-spanning receptor are occur in plant as secondary metabolites. proteins called integrins. They are responsible for the colour of fruit Fibrosarcoma a malignant tumour derived from and vegetables. Twelve basic classes (chemi- fi brous connective tissue and characterized by cal types) of fl avonoids have been recognized: immature proliferating fi broblasts or undiffer- fl avones, iso fl avones, fl avans, fl avanones, entiated anaplastic spindle cells. fl avanols, fl avanolols, anthocyanidins, cate- Fibrosis the formation of fi brous tissue as a chins (including proanthocyanidins), leukoan- reparative or reactive process. thocyanidins, chalcones, dihydrochalcones, Filarial pertaining to a thread-like nematode and aurones. Apart from their antioxidant worm. activity, fl avonoids are known for their abil- Filariasis a parasitic and infectious tropical dis- ity to strengthen capillary walls, thus assisting ease that is caused by thread-like fi larial nem- circulation and helping to prevent and treat atode worms in the superfamily Filarioidea. bruising, varicose veins, bleeding gums and Fistula an abnormal connection between two nosebleeds, heavy menstrual bleeding and are parts inside of the body. also anti-in fl ammatory. Fistula-in-ano a track connecting the internal anal Flourine F is an essential chemical element that is canal to the skin surrounding the anal ori fi ce. required for maintenance of healthy bones and 5¢ -Nucleotidase (5’-ribonucleotide phosphohy- teeth and to reduce tooth decay. It is found in sea drolase), an intrinsic membrane glycoprotein weeds, tea, water, seafood and dairy products. present as an ectoenzyme in a wide variety of Fluorosis a dental health condition caused by a mammalian cells, hydrolyzes 5 ¢ -nucleotides child receiving too much fl uoride during tooth to their corresponding nucleosides. development. Flatulence is the presence of a mixture of gases Flux an excessive discharge of fl uid. known as fl atus in the digestive tract of mam- FMD (Flow Mediated Dilation) a measure of mals expelled from the rectum. Excessive endothelial dysfunction which is used to eval- fl atulence can be caused by lactose intoler- uate cardiovascular risk. ance, certain foods or a sudden switch to a Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a protein ty- high fi bre. rosine kinase which is recruited at an early Flavans a subgroup of fl avonoids. See stage to focal adhesions and which mediates fl avonoids. many of the downstream regulatory responses. Flavanols a subgroup of fl avonoids, are a class Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) a hormone of fl avonoids that use the 2-phenyl-3,4-di- produced by the pituitary gland. In women, it hydro-2H-chromen-3-ol skeleton. These com- helps control the menstrual cycle and the pro- pounds include the catechins and the catechin duction of eggs by the ovaries. gallates. They are found in chocolate, fruits Follicular atresia the break-down of the ovar- and vegetables. See fl avonoids. ian follicles. 526 Medical Glossary

Fomentation treatment by the application of which bile secreted by the liver is stored until war, moist substance. needed by the body for digestion. Also called Fontanelle soft spot on an infant’s skull. cholecyst, cholecystis. Forkhead box-O transcription factors Gallic Acid Equivalent (GAE) measures the (FOXOs) are a family of transcription fac- total phenol content in terms of the standard tors that play important roles in regulating the Gallic acid by the Folin-Ciocalteau assay. expression of genes involved in cell growth, Galphai proteins or G alpha I proteins are proliferation, differentiation, and longevity. It heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-regulatory also play an important role in tumour sup- (G) proteins associated with a variety of intra- pression by regulating the expression of genes cellular membranes and speci fi c plasma mem- involved in stress resistance, DNA damage brane domains. repair, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Gamma GT (GGT) Gamma-glutamyl trans- Framboesia see yaws. peptidase, a liver enzyme. FRAP ferric reducing ability of plasma, an assay Gastralgia (heart burn) - pain in the stomach or used to assess antioxidant property. abdominal region. It is caused by excess of acid, Friedreich’s ataxia is a genetic inherited disor- or an accumulation of gas, in the stomach. der that causes progressive damage to the ner- Gastric pertaining to or affecting the stomach. vous system resulting in symptoms ranging Gastric emptying refers to the speed at which from muscle weakness and speech problems food and drink leave the stomach. to heart disease. cf. ataxia. Gastritis in fl ammation of the stomach. Fulminant hepatitis acute liver failure. Gastrocnemius muscle the big calf muscle at Functional Dyspepsia a non-ulcer condition the rear of the lower leg. that causes an upset stomach or pain or discom- Gastrotonic (Gastroprotective) substance that fort in the upper belly, near the ribs. strengthens, tones, or regulates gastric func- Functional food is any fresh or processed tions (or protects from injury) without overt food claimed to have a health-promoting or stimulation or depression. disease-preventing property beyond the basic Gavage forced feeding. function of supplying nutrients. Also called Gene silencing suppression of the expression of medicinal food. a gene. Furuncle is a skin disease caused by the infec- Genotoxic describes a poisonous substance tion of hair follicles usually caused by Staph- which harms an organism by damaging its ylococcus aureus, resulting in the localized DNA thereby capable of causing mutations or accumulation of pus and dead tissue. cancer. Furunculosis skin condition characterized by Genotoxin a chemical or other agent that dam- persistent, recurring boils. ages cellular DNA, resulting in mutations or GABA gamma aminobutyric acid, required as an cancer. inhibitory neurotransmitter to block the trans- Geriatrics is a sub-specialty of internal medicine mission of an impulse from one cell to another that focuses on health care of elderly people. in the central nervous system, which prevents Gestational hypertension development of arte- over-fi ring of the nerve cells. It is used to treat rial hypertension in a pregnant woman after both epilepsy and hypertension. 20 weeks gestation. GADD 152 a pro-apoptotic gene. Ghrelin a gastrointestinal peptide hormone Galctifuge or lactifuge, causing the arrest of secreted by epithelial cells in the stomach lin- milk secretion. ing, it stimulates appetite, gastric emptying, Galactogogue a substance that promotes the and increases cardiac output. fl ow of milk. Gingival Index an index describing the clinical Galactophoritis in fl ammation of the milk ducts. severity of gingival in fl ammation as well as its Galactopoietic increasing the fl ow of milk; location. milk-producing. Gingivitis refers to gingival in fl ammation in- Gall baldder a small, pear-shaped muscular duced by bacterial bio fi lms (also called sac, located under the right lobe of the liver, in plaque) adherent to tooth surfaces. Medical Glossary 527

Gin-nan sitotoxism toxicity caused by inges- Glucosyltranferase an enzyme that enable the tion of ginkgotoxin and characterised mainly transfer of glucose. by epileptic convulsions, paralysis of the legs Glucuronidation a phase II detoxi fi cation path- and loss of consciousness. way occurring in the liver in which glucuronic GIP gastric inhibitory polypeptide also known as acid is conjugated with toxins. the glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide, Glutamic Oxaloacetate Transaminase a member of the secretin family of hormones. (GOT) catalyzes the transfer of an amino Glaucoma a group of eye diseases in which the group from an amino acid (Glu) to a 2-keto- optic nerve at the back of the eye is slowly de- acid to generate a new amino acid and the stroyed, leading to impaired vision and blindness. residual 2-keto-acid of the donor amino acid. Gleet a chronic infl ammation (as gonorrhea) of Glutamic pyruvate transaminase (GPT) see a bodily orifi ce usually accompanied by an ab- Alanine aminotransferase. normal discharge. Glutathione (GSH) a tripeptide produced in the Glial cells support, non-neuronal cells in the human liver and plays a key role in intermedi- central nervous system that maintain homeo- ary metabolism, immune response and health. stasis, form myelin and provide protection for It plays an important role in scavenging free the brain’s neurons. radicals and protects cells against several tox- Glioma is a type of tumour that starts in the ic oxygen-derived chemical species. brain or spine. It is called a glioma because it Glutathione peroxidase (GPX) the general arises from glial cells. name of an enzyme family with peroxidase Glioblastoma common and most lethal form of activity whose main biological role is to pro- brain tumor. tect the organism from oxidative damage. Glioblastoma multiforme most common and Glutathione S -transferase (GST) a major group most aggressive type of primary brain tumour of detoxifi cation enzymes that participate in in humans, involving glial cells. the detoxifi cation of reactive electrophilic Glomerulonephritis (GN) a renal disease char- compounds by catalysing their conjugation to acterized by infl ammation of the glomeruli, glutathione. or small blood vessels in the kidneys. Also Glycaemic index (GI) measures carbohydrates known as glomerular nephritis. adj. glomeru- according to how quickly they are absorbed lonephritic. and raise the glucose level of the blood. Glomerulosclerosis a hardening ( fi brosis) of Glycaemic load (GL) is a ranking sytem for the glomerulus in the kidney. carbohydrate content in food portions based Glossal pertaining to the tongue. on their glycaemic index and the amount of GLP-1 glucagon-like peptide-1. available carbohydrate, i.e. GI x available Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is derived carbohydrate divided by 100. Glycemic load from the transcription product of the proglu- combines both the quality and quantity of car- cagon gene, reduces insulin requirement in bohydrate in one ‘number’. It’s the best way to diabetes mellitus and promotes satiety. predict blood glucose values of different types Gluconeogenesis a metabolic pathway that re- and amounts of food. sults in the generation of glucose from non- Glycation or glycosylation a chemical reaction carbohydrate carbon substrates such as lactate. in which glycosyl groups are added to a pro- adj . gluconeogenic. tein to produce a glycoprotein. Glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT 4) insulin- Glycogenolysis is the catabolism of glycogen regulated glucose transporter found in adipose by removal of a glucose monomer through tissues and striated muscles that modulates cleavage with inorganic phosphate to produce insulin-related translocation into the cell. glucose-1-phosphate. Glucose transporters (GLUT or SLC2A fam- Glycometabolism metabolism (oxidation) of ily) are a family of membrane proteins found glucose to produce energy. in most mammalian cells. Glycosuria or glucosuria is an abnormal condi- Glucosuria or glycosuria is the excretion of tion of osmotic diuresis due to excretion of glucose into the urine. glucose by the kidneys into the urine. 528 Medical Glossary

Glycosylases a family of enzymes involved in GSTM 2 glutathione S transferase M2, a major base excision repair. group of detoxi fi cation enzymes. Goitre an enlargement of the thyroid gland lead- G2-M cell cycle the phase where the cell pre- ing to swelling of the neck or larynx. pare for mitosis and where chromatids and Goitrogen substance that suppresses the func- daughter cells separate. tion of the thyroid gland by interfering with Gynecopathy any or various diseases specifi c to iodine uptake, causing enlargement of the women. thyroid, i.e. goiter. Gynoid adiposity fat distribution mainly to the Goitrogenic adj. causing goiter. hips and thighs, pear shaped. Gonadotroph a basophilic cell of the anterior Haemagogic promoting a fl ow of blood. pituitary specialized to secrete follicle-stimu- Haematemesis, Hematemesis is the vomiting lating hormone or luteinizing hormone. of blood. Gonatropins protein hormones secreted by Haematinic improving the quality of the blood, gonadotrope cells of the pituitary gland of its haemoglobin level and the number of eryth- vertebrates. rocytes. Gonorrhoea a common sexually transmitted Haematochezia passage of stools containing bacterial infection caused by the bacterium blood. Neisseria gonorrhoeae . Haematochyluria, hematochyluria the dis- Gout a disorder caused by a build-up of a waste charge of blood and chyle (emulsifi ed fat) in product, uric acid, in the bloodstream. Excess the urine, see also chyluria. uric acid settles in joints causing in fl ammation, Haematoma, hematoma a localized accumula- pain and swelling. tion of blood in a tissue or space composed of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) con- clotted blood. stitute the largest family of cell-surface mol- Haematometra, hematometra a medical condi- ecules involved in signal transmission. These tion involving bleeding of or near the uterus. receptors play key physiological roles and Haematopoiesis, hematopoiesis formation their dysfunction results in several diseases. of blood cellular components from the hae- Granulation the condition or appearance of be- matopoietic stem cells. ing granulated (becoming grain-like). Haematopoietic adj. relating to the formation Gravel sand-like concretions of uric acid, cal- and development of blood cells. cium oxalate, and mineral salts formed in the Haematuria, Hematuria is the presence of passages of the biliary and urinary tracts. blood in the urine. Hematuria is a sign that Gripe water is a home remedy for babies with something is causing abnormal bleeding in a colic, gas, teething pain or other stomach ail- person’s genitourinary tract. ments. Its ingredients vary, and may include Haeme oxygenase (HO-1, encoded by Hmox1) alcohol, bicarbonate, ginger, dill, fennel and is an inducible protein activated in sys- chamomile. temic infl ammatory conditions by oxidant Grippe an epidemic catarrh; older term for stress, an enzyme that catalyzes degrada- in fl uenza. tion of heme. GSH see Glutathione. Haemochromatosis iron overload in the body GSH-Px Glutathione peroxidase, general name with a hereditary or primary cause. of an enzyme family with peroxidase activity Haemodialysis, Hemodialysis a method for whose main biological role is to protect the removing waste products such as potassium organism from oxidative damage. and urea, as well as free water from the blood GSSG glutathione disul fi des are biologically when the kidneys are in renal failure. important intracellular thiols, and alterations Haemolyis lysis of red blood cells and the in the GSH/GSSG ratio are often used to assess release of haemoglobin into the surrounding exposure of cells to oxidative stress. fl uid (plasma). adj. haemolytic. GSTM glutathione S transferase M1, a major Haemoptysis, hemoptysis is the coughing up group of detoxi fi cation enzymes. of blood from the respiratory tract. The blood Medical Glossary 529

can come from the nose, mouth, throat, and Hemagglutination–inhibition test measures of the airway passages leading to the lungs. the ability of soluble antigen to inhibit the ag- Haemorrhage, hemaorrhage bleeding, dis- glutination of antigen-coated red blood cells charge of blood from blood vessels. by antibodies. Haemorrhoids, Hemorrhoids a painful condi- Hemagglutinin refers to a substance that causes tion in which the veins around the anus or low- red blood cells to agglutinate. er rectum are enlarged, swollen and in fl amed. Hemangioma blood vessel. Also called piles. Hematocrit is a blood test that measures the Haemostasis, hemostasis a complex process percentage of the volume of whole blood that which causes the bleeding process to stop. is made up of red blood cells. Haemostatic, hemostatic something that stops Hematopoietic pertaining to the formation of bleeding. blood or blood cells. Halitosis (bad breath) a common condition caused Hematopoietic stem cell is a cell isolated from by sulfur-producing bacteria that live within the the blood or bone marrow that can renew it- surface of the tongue and in the throat. self, and can differentiate to a variety of spe- Hallucinogen drug that produces hallucinogen. cialized cells. Hallucinogenic inducing hallucinations. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) an enzyme that Haplotype a set of alleles of closely linked loci catalyses the degradation of heme; an induc- on a chromosome that tend to be inherited to- ible stress protein, confers cytoprotection gether. against oxidative stress in-vitro and in-vivo. Hapten a small molecule that can elicit an im- Hemoglobinopathies genetic defects that pro- mune response only when attached to a large duce abnormal hemoglobins and anemia. carrier such as a protein. Hemolytic anemia anemia due to hemolysis, HATs histone acetyl transferases, enzymes that the breakdown of red blood cells in the blood regulate the acetylation of histones and tran- vessels or elsewhere in the body. scription factors, playing a major role in the Hemorheology study of blood fl ow and its ele- growth and differentiation of cells. ments in the circulatory system. adj. hemor- HbA1c glycosylated haemoglobin. heological. HBeAg hepatitis B e antigen. Hemorrhagic colitis an acute gasteroenteritis HBsAg hepatitis B s antigen. characterized by overtly bloody diarrhea that Heartburn burning sensation in the stomach is caused by Escherichia coli infection. and esophagus caused by excessive acidity of Hemolytic-uremic syndrome is a disease char- the stomach fl uids. acterized by hemolytic anemia, acute renal Heat rash any condition aggravated by heat or failure (uremia) and a low platelet count. hot weather such as intertrigo. Hepa-1c1c7 a type of hepatoma cells. Heat Shock Chaperones (HSC) ubiquitous Hepatalgia pain or discomfort in the liver area. molecules involved in the modulation of pro- Hepatomegaly condition of enlarged liver. tein conformational and complexation states, Hepatectomy the surgical removal of part or all associated with heat stress or other cellular of the liver. stress response. Hepatic relating to the liver. Heat Shock Proteins (HSP) a group of func- Hepatic cirrhosis affecting the liver, characterize tionally related proteins the expression of by hepatic fi brosis and regenerative nodules. which is increased when the cells are exposed Hepatic fi brosis is overly profuse wound heal- to elevated temperatures or other cellular ing in which excessive connective tissue builds stresses. up in the liver. Helminthiasis a disease in which a part of the Hepatitis in fl ammation of the liver. body is infested with worms such as pinworm, Hepatitis A (formerly known as infectious roundworm or tapeworm. hepatitis) is an acute infectious disease of Hemagglutination a speci fi c form of agglutina- the liver caused by the hepatovirus hepatitis tion that involves red blood cells. A virus. 530 Medical Glossary

Hepatocarcinogenesis represents a linear and rash in one or more dermatome distributions progressive cancerous process in the liver in of the fi fth cranial nerve, shared by the eye which successively more aberrant monoclonal and orbit. populations of hepatocytes evolve. Heterophobia term used to describe irrational Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) also called fear of, aversion to, or discrimination against malignant hepatoma, is a primary malignancy heterosexuals. (cancer) of the liver. HDL-C (HDL Cholesterol) high density lipo- Hepatocytolysis cytotoxicity (dissolution) of protein-cholesterol, also called “good choles- liver cells. terol”. See also high-density lipoprotein. Hepatoma cancer of the liver. Hiatus hernia occurs when the upper part of the Hepatopathy a disease or disorder of the liver. stomach pushes its way through a tear in the Hepatoprotective (liver protector) a substance diaphragm. that helps protect the liver from damage by High-density lipoprotein (HDL) is one of the toxins, chemicals or other disease processes. fi ve major groups of lipoproteins which enable Hepatoregenerative a compound that promotes cholesterol and triglycerides to be transported hepatocellular regeneration, repairs and re- within the water based blood stream. HDL stores liver function to optimum performance. can remove cholesterol from atheroma within Hepatotonic (liver tonic) a substance that is arteries and transport it back to the liver for tonic to the liver - usually employed to nor- excretion or re-utilization—which is the main malize liver enzymes and function. reason why HDL-bound cholesterol is some- Hernia occurs when part of an internal organ times called “good cholesterol”, or HDL-C. A bulges through a weak area of muscle. high level of HDL-C seems to protect against HER- 2 human epidermal growth factor recep- cardiovascular diseases. cf. LDL. tor 2, a protein giving higher aggressiveness in HGPRT, HPRT (hypoxanthine-guanine phos- breast cancer, also known as ErbB-2, ERBB2. phoribosyl transferase) an enzyme that Herpes a chronic infl ammation of the skin or catalyzes the conversion of 5-phosphoribosyl- mucous membrane characterized by the devel- 1-pyrophosphate and hypoxanthine, guanine, opment of vesicles on an in fl ammatory base. or 6-mercaptopurine to the corresponding Herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 – (HSV-1 and 5 ¢ -mononucleotides and pyrophosphate. The HSV-2) are two species of the herpes virus enzyme is important in purine biosynthesis as family which cause a variety of illnesses/ well as central nervous system functions. infections in humans such cold sores, chick- Hippocampus a ridge in the fl oor of each lateral enpox or varicella, shingles or herpes zoster ventricle of the brain that consists mainly of (VZV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), and various gray matter. cancers, and can cause brain infl ammation Hippocampal pertaining to the hippocampus. (encephalitis). HSV-1 is commonly associ- Hirsutism a condition where women have ated with herpes outbreaks of the face known excess facial and body hair that is dark and as cold sores or fever blisters, whereas HSV-2 coarse. is more often associated with genital herpes. Histaminergic liberated or activated by hista- They are also called Human Herpes Virus 1 mine, relating to the effects of histamine at and 2 (HHV-1 and HHV-2) and are neurotro- histamine receptors of target tissues. pic and neuroinvasive viruses; they enter and Histaminergic receptors are types of G-protein hide in the human nervous system, accounting coupled receptors with histamine as their for their durability in the human body. endogenous ligand. Herpes zoster or simply zoster, commonly HIV see Human immunode fi ciency virus. known as shingles and also known as zona, is Hives (urticaria) is a skin rash characterised by a viral disease characterized by a painful skin circular wheals of reddened and itching skin. rash with blisters. HLA human leukocyte antigen system, name of Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus (HZO) is a viral the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) ocular disease characterized by a painful skin in humans. Medical Glossary 531

HLA-DQB1 human leucocyte antigen beta DNA, increasing respiratory chain activity and chain. protecting against oxidative stress–induced HLA-DR a major histocompatibility complex damage. (MHC) class II cell surface receptor encoded HT29 cells are human intestinal epithelial cells by the human leukocyte antigen complex on which produce the secretory component of chromosome 6 region 6p21.31. Immunoglobulin A (IgA), and carcinoembry- HMG-CoAr 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl- onic antigen (CEA). CoA reductase or (HMGCR) is the rate- Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) a DNA controlling enzyme (EC 1.1.1.88) of the me- herpes virus which is the leading cause of con- valonate pathway. genital viral infection and mental retardation. HMG-CoA 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coen- Human factor X a coagulation factor also zyme A, an intermediate in the mevalonate known by the eponym Stuart-Prower factor or pathway. as thrombokinase, is an enzyme involved in Hodgkin’s disease disease characterized by blood coagulation. It synthesized in the liver enlargement of the lymph glands, spleen and and requires vitamin K for its synthesis. anemia. Human immunode fi ciency virus (HIV) a Homeodomain transcription factor a protein retrovirus that can lead to acquired domain encoded by a homeobox. Homeobox immunode fi ciency syndrome (AIDS), a con- genes encode transcription factors which typi- dition in humans in which the immune system cally switch on cascades of other genes. begins to fail, leading to life-threatening op- Homeostasis the maintenance of a constant in- portunistic infections. ternal environment of a cell or an organism, Humoral immune response (HIR) is the as- despite fl uctuations in the external. pect of immunity that is mediated by secreted Homeotherapy treatment or prevention of dis- antibodies (as opposed to cell-mediated im- ease with a substance similar but not identical munity, which involves T lymphocytes) pro- to the causative agent of the disease. duced in the cells of the B lymphocyte lineage Homocysteine an amino acid in the blood. (B cell). Homograft see allograft. HUVEC human umbilical vein endothelial Hormonal (female) substance that has a hor- cells. mone-like effect similar to that of estrogen Hyaluronidase enzymes that catalyse the hy- and/or a substance used to normalize female drolysis of certain complex carbohydrates like hormone levels. hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfates. Hormonal (male) substance that has a hormone- Hydatidiform a rare mass or growth that forms like effect similar to that of testosterone and/ inside the uterus at the beginning of a preg- or a substance used to normalize male hor- nancy. mone levels. Hydrocholeretic an agent that stimulates an in- HRT hormone replacement therapy, the admin- creased output of bile of low speci fi c gravity. istration of the female hormones, oestrogen Hydrogogue a purgative that causes an abun- and progesterone, and sometimes testosterone. dant watery discharge from the bowel. HSP27 is an ATP-independent, 27 kDa heat Hydronephrosis is distension and dilation of shock protein chaperone that confers protec- the renal pelvis and calyces, usually caused by tion against apoptosis. obstruction of the free fl ow of urine from the HSP90 a 90 kDa heat shock protein chaperone kidney. that has the ability to regulate a specifi c subset Hydrophobia a viral neuroinvasive disease that of cellular signaling proteins that have been causes acute encephalitis (in fl ammation of the implicated in disease processes. brain) in warm-blooded animals. Also called hTERT – (TERT) telomerase reverse tran- rabies. scriptase is a catalytic subunit of the enzyme Hydropsy see dropsy. telomerase in humans. It exerts a novel pro- Hydrothorax accumulation of serous fl uid in tective function by binding to mitochondrial the pleural cavity. 532 Medical Glossary

Hyperaemia the increase of blood fl ow to dif- Hyperplasia increased cell production in a ferent tissues in the body. normal tissue or organ. Hyperalgesia an increased sensitivity to pain Hyperprebeta-lipoproteinaemia increased (enhanced pricking pain), which may be concentrations of pre-beta-lipoproteins in the caused by damage to nociceptors or periph- blood. eral nerves. Hyperpropulsion using water pressure as a Hyperammonemia, hyperammonaemia a force to move objects; used to dislodge calculi metabolic disturbance characterised by an ex- in the urethra. cess of ammonia in the blood. Hyperpyrexia is an abnormally high fever. Hypercalciuria ( Idiopathic ) presence of excess Hypertension commonly referred to as “high calcium in the urine without obvious cause. blood pressure” or HTN, is a medical condi- Hypercholesterolemia high levels of choles- tion in which the arterial blood pressure is terol in the blood that increase a person’s risk chronically elevated. for cardiovascular disease leading to stroke or Hypertensive characterized or caused by in- heart attack. creased tension or pressure as abnormally Hyperemia is the increased blood fl ow that high blood pressure. occurs when tissue is active. Hypertonia abnormal increase inmuscle tension Hyperemesis severe and persistent nausea and and a reduced ability of the nuscel to stretch. vomiting (morning sickness) during pregnancy. Hypertriglyceridaemia or hypertriglycemia a Hyper fi brinogenemia excessive fi brinogen in disorder that causes high triglycerides in the the blood. blood. Hyperglycaemia hyperglycemic high blood Hypertrophy enlargement or overgrowth of an sugar; is a condition in which an excessive organ. amount of glucose circulates in the blood Hyperuricemia is a condition characterized plasma. by abnormally high level of uric acid in the Hyperglycemic a substance that raises blood blood. sugar levels. Hypoadiponectinemia the state of having too Hyperhomocysteinemia is a medical condition low levelof adiponectin, a major metabolic characterized by an abnormally large level of endocrine, responsible for regulating things homocysteine in the blood. like glucose uptake and lipolysis (the break- Hyperinsulinemia a condition in which there down of fat deposits); low adiponectin, is a are excess levels of circulating insulin in the risk factor for both Type II Diabetes and meta- blood; also known as pre-diabetes. bolic syndrome. Hyperkalemia is an elevated blood level of the Hypoalbuminemia a medical condition where electrolyte potassium. levels of albumin in blood serum are abnor- Hyperknesis enhanced itch to pricking. mally low. Hyperleptinemia increased serum leptin level. Hypocalcemic tetany a disease caused by an Hyperlipoproteinemia a metabolic disorder abnormally low level of calcium in the blood characterized by abnormally elevated concen- and characterized by hyperexcitability of the trations of lipid/lipoprotein in the plasma; also neuromuscular system and results in carpope- known as hyperlipidemia and hyperlipemia. dal spasms. Hypermethylation an increase in the inherited Hypochlorhydria refer to states where the methylation of cytosine and adenosine resi- production of gastric acid in the stomach is dues in DNA. absent or low. Hyperphagia or polyphagia abnormally large Hypocholesterolemic (cholesterol-reducer), a ingestion of food beyond that needed for basic substance that lowers blood cholesterol levels. energy requirements. Hypocitraturia low amount of citrate in the Hyperpiesia persistent and pathological high urine, an important risk factor for kidney stone blood pressure for which no specifi c cause can formation. be found. Hypocorticism see Addison’s disease. Medical Glossary 533

Hypocortisolism see Addison’s disease. I.g. gastric intubation, insertion of Levin tube Hypoesthesia (or hypesthesia) refers to a re- through the nasal passage to the stomach. duced sense of touch or sensation, or a partial IgE Immunoglobin E – a class of antibody that loss of sensitivity to sensory stimuli. plays a role in allergy. Hypoglycemic an agent that lowers the concen- IGFs insulin-like growth factors, polypeptides tration of glucose (sugar) in the blood. with high sequence similarity to insulin. Hypoperfusion decreased blood fl ow through IgG Immunoglobin G – the most abundant im- an organ, characterized by an imbalance of ox- munoglobin (antibody) and is one of the major ygen demand and oxygen delivery to tissues. activators of the complement pathway. Hypophagic under-eating. IgM Immunoglobin M - primary antibody Hypospadias an abnormal birth defect in males against A and B antigens on red blood cells. in which the urethra opens on the under sur- IKAP is a scaffold protein of the IvarKappa- face of the penis. Beta kinase complex and a regulator for ki- Hypotensive characterised by or causing dimin- nases involved in pro-in fl ammatory cytokine ished tension or pressure, as abnormally low signaling. blood pressure. IKappa B or IkB-beta, a protein of the NF-Kappa- Hypothermia a condition in which an organ- B inhibitor family. ism’s temperature drops below that required Ileus a temporary disruption of intestinal peri- for normal metabolism and body functions. stalsis due to non-mechanical causes. Hypothermic relating to hypothermia, with Immune modulator a substance that affects sub normal body temperature. or modulates the functioning of the immune Hypoxaemia is the reduction of oxygen system. speci fi cally in the blood. Immunode fi ciency a state in which the immune Hypoxia a shortage of oxygen in the body. adj. system’s ability to fi ght infectious disease is hypoxic. compromised or entirely absent. ICAM-1 (Inter-Cellular Adhesion Molecule 1) Immunogenicity the property enabling a sub- also known as CD54 (Cluster of Differentia- stance to provoke an immune response, adj. tion 54), is a protein that in humans is encoded immunogenic. by the ICAM1 gene. Immunoglobulin class switching Ig class

IC 50 the median maximal inhibitory concentra- switching a biological mechanism that tion; a measure of the effectiveness of a com- changes a B cell’s production of antibody pound in inhibiting biological or biochemical from one class to another. function. Immunomodulatory capable of modifying or I.C.V. (intra-cerebroventricular) injection of regulating one or more immune functions. chemical into the right lateral ventricle of the Immunoreactive reacting to particular antigens brain. or haptens. Iceterus jaundice, yellowish pigmentation of Immunostimulant agent that stimulates an im- the skin. mune response. Ichthyotoxic a substance which is poisonous to fi sh. Immunosuppression involves a process that re- Icteric hepatitis an infectious syndrome of duces the activation or effi cacy of the immune hepatitis characterized by jaundice, nausea, system. fever, right-upper quadrant pain, enlarged Immunotoxin a man-made protein that consists liver and transaminitis (increase in alanine of a targeting portion linked to a toxin. aminotransferase (ALT) and/or aspartate ami- Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) a pre- notransferase (AST)). diabetic state of dysglycemia associated with Icterus neonatorum jaundice in newborn infants. insulin resistance, increased risk of cardio- Idiopathic of no apparent physical cause. vascular pathology and also a risk factor for Idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss mortality. (ISSHL) is sudden hearing loss where clini- Impetigo a contagious, bacterial skin infection cal assessment fails to reveal a cause. characterized by blisters that may itch, caused 534 Medical Glossary

by a Streptoccocus bacterium or Staphylococcus inability to remain asleep for a reasonable aureus and mostly seen in children. amount of time. Impotence a sexual dysfunction characterized Insulin a peptide hormone composed of 51 by the inability to develop or maintain an erec- amino acids produced in the islets of Langer- tion of the penis. hans in the pancreas causes cells in the liver, Incontinence (fecal) the inability to control muscle, and fat tissue to take up glucose from bowel’s movement. the blood, storing it as glycogen in the liver Incontinence (Urine) the inability to control and muscle. Insulin defi ciency is often the urine excretion. cause of diabetes and exogenous insulin is Incretin a group of gastrointestinal hormones used to control diabetes. that cause an increase in the amount of insu- Insulin homeostasis blood sugar regulation. lin released from the beta cells of the islets of Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) polypep- Langerhans after a meal; members include tides with high sequence similarity to insulin. GIP and GLP-1. They are part of a complex system that cells Index of structural atypia (ISA) index of struc- employ to communicate with their physiologic tural abnormality. environment. Induration hardened, as a soft tissue that be- Insulin-mimetic to act like insulin. comes extremely fi rm, sclerosis. Insulin resistance a condition where the natural Infarct an area of living tissue that undergoes hormone insulin becomes less effective at re- necrosis as a result of obstruction of local ducing blood sugars. blood supply. Insulinogenic associated with or stimulating the Infarction is the process of tissue death (necro- production of insulin. sis) caused by blockage of the tissue’s blood Insulinotropic stimulating or affecting the pro- supply. duction and activity of insulin. In fl ammation a protective response of the body Integrase an enzyme produced by a retrovirus to infection, irritation or other injury, aimed at (such as HIV) that enables its genetic material to destroying or isolating the injuries and charac- be integrated into the DNA of the infected cell. terized by redness, pain, warmth and swelling. Interferons (IFNs) are natural cell-signaling In fl uenza a viral infection that affects mainly the glycoproteins known as cytokines produced nose, throat, bronchi and occasionally, lungs. by the cells of the immune system of most Infusion a liquid extract obtained by steeping vertebrates in response to challenges such as something (e.g. herbs) that are more volatile viruses, parasites and tumour cells. or dissolve readily in water, to release their ac- Interleukins a group of naturally occurring tive ingredients without boiling. proteins and is a subset of a larger group of Inguinal hernia a hernia into the inguinal canal cellular messenger molecules called cytokines, of the groin. which are modulators of cellular behavior. Inhalant a medicinal substance that is admin- Interleukin-1 (IL-1) a cytokine that could in- istered as a vapor into the upper respiratory duce fever, control lymphocytes, increase the passages. number of bone marrow cells and cause degen- iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthases through eration of bone joints. Also called endogenous its product, nitric oxide (NO), may contribute pyrogen, lymphocyte activating factor, haemo- to the induction of germ cell apoptosis. It plays poetin-1 and mononuclear cell factor, amongst a crucial role in early sepsis-related microcir- others that IL-1 is composed of two distinct culatory dysfunction. proteins, now called IL-1a and IL-1b . Inotropic affecting the force of muscle con- Interleukin 1 Beta (IL-1b ) a cytokine protein traction. produced by activated macrophages. cytokine Insecticide an agent that destroys insects. adj . is an important mediator of the infl ammatory insecticidal. response, and is involved in a variety of cel- Insomnia a sleeping disorder characterized lular activities, including cell proliferation, by the inability to fall asleep and/or the differentiation, and apoptosis. Medical Glossary 535

Interleukin 2 (IL-2) a type of cytokine immune Iodine (I) is an essential chemical element that system signaling molecule that is instrumen- is important for hormone development in the tal in the body’s natural response to microbial human body. Lack of iodine can lead to an infection. enlarged thyroid gland (goitre) or other iodine Interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R) a heterotri- defi ciency disorders including mental retarda- meric protein expressed on the surface of cer- tion and stunted growth in babies and chil- tain immune cells, such as lymphocytes, that dren. Iodine is found in dairy products, sea- binds and responds to a cytokine called IL-2. food, kelp, seaweeds, eggs, some vegetables Interleukin-6 (IL-6) an interleukin that acts as and iodized salt. both a pro-infl ammatory and anti-infl ammatory IP see Intraperitoneal. cytokine. IP3R3 (inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptor Interleukin 8 (I- 8) a cytokine produced by type 3) is an intracellular calcium release macrophages and other cell types such as epi- channel that mediates calcium release from thelial cells and is one of the major mediators the endoplasmic reticulum. of the in fl ammatory response. Iron (Fe) is essential to most life forms and to Intermediate-density lipoproteins (IDL) is one normal human physiology. In humans, iron is of the fi ve major groups of lipoproteins (chy- an essential component of proteins involved lomicrons, VLDL, IDL, LDL, and HDL) that in oxygen transport and for haemoglobin. It is enable fats and cholesterol to move within the also essential for the regulation of cell growth water-based solution of the bloodstream. IDL and differentiation. A defi ciency of iron limits is further degraded to form LDL particles and, oxygen delivery to cells, resulting in fatigue, like LDL, can also promote the growth of ather- poor work performance, and decreased im- oma and increase cardiovascular diseases. munity. Conversely, excess amounts of iron Intermittent claudication an aching, crampy, can result in toxicity and even death. Dietary tired, and sometimes burning pain in the legs sources include, certain cereals, dark green that comes and goes, caused by peripheral leafy vegetables, dried fruit, legumes, seafood, vascular disease. I t usually occurs with walk- poultry and meat. ing and disappears after rest. Ischemia an insuffi cient supply of blood to an Interoceptive relating to stimuli arising from organ, usually due to a blocked artery. within the body. Ischuria retention or suppression of urine. Interstitium the space between cells in a tissue. Iso fl avones a subgroup of fl avonoids in which Interstitial pertaining to the interstitium. the basic structure is a 3-phenyl chromane Intertrigo an in fl ammation (rash) caused by mi- skeleton. They act as phytoestrogens in mam- crobial infection in skin folds. mals. See fl avonoids. Intima innermost layer of an artery or vein. Isomers substances that are composed of the Intoxicant substance that produce drunkenness same elements in the same proportions and or intoxication. hence have the same molecular formula but Intracavernosal within the copus cavernsoum, differ in properties because of differences in columns of erectile tissues forming the body the arrangement of atoms. of the penis. Isoprostanes unique prostaglandin-like com- Intraperitoneal (i.p.) the term used when a pounds generated in vivo from the free radi- chemical is contained within or administered cal-catalysed peroxidation of essential fatty through the peritoneum (the thin, transparent acids. membrane that lines the walls of the abdomen). Jamu traditional Indonesian herbal medicine. Intrathecal (i.t.) through the theca of the spinal Jaundice refers to the yellow color of the skin cord into the subarachnoid space. and whites of the eyes caused by excess bili- Intromission the act of putting one thing into rubin in the blood. another. JNK (Jun N-terminal Kinase), also known as Intubation refers to the placement of a tube into Stress Activated Protein Kinase (SAPK), an external or internal ori fi ce of the body. belongs to the family of MAP kinases. 536 Medical Glossary

Jurkat cells a line of T lymphocyte cells that are Kunitz protease inhibitors a type of protein used to study acute T cell leukemia. contained in legume seeds which functions as KB cell a cell line derived from a human carci- a protease inhibitor. noma of the nasopharynx, used as an assay for Kupffer cells are resident macrophages of the antineoplastic (anti-tumour) agents. liver and play an important role in its normal Kaliuresis the presence of excess potassium in physiology and homeostasis as well as partici- the urine. pating in the acute and chronic responses of Kallikreins peptidases (enzymes that cleave the liver to toxic compounds. peptide bonds in proteins), a subgroup of the L-Dopa (L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine) is an serine protease family; they liberate kinins amino acid that is formed in the liver and con- from kininogens. Kallikreins are targets of verted into dopamine in the brain. active investigation by drug researchers as Labour process of childbirth involving muscu- possible biomarkers for cancer. lar contractions. Kaposi sarcoma a cancerous tumour of the Lacrimation secretion and discharge of tears. connective tissues caused by the huma herpes- Lactagogue an agent that increases or stimu- virus 8 and is often associated with AIDS. lates milk fl ow or production. Also called a Kaposi sarcoma herpes virus (KSHV) also galactagogue. known as human herpesvirus-8, is a gamma 2 Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) enzyme that cat- herpesvirus or rhadinovirus. It plays an impor- alyzes the conversion of lactate to pyruvate. tant role in the pathogenesis of Kaposi sarcoma Lactation secretion and production of milk. (KS), multicentric Castleman disease (MCD) Lactic acidosis is a condition caused by the of the plasma cell type, and primary effusion buildup of lactic acid in the body. It leads lymphoma and occurs in HIV patients. to acidi fi cation of the blood (acidosis), and Karyolysis dissolution and disintegration of the is considered a distinct form of metabolic nucleus when a cell dies. acidosis. Karyorrhexis destructive fragmentation of the LAK cell a lymphokine-activated killer cell i.e. nucleus of a dying cell whereby its chromatin a white blood cell that has been stimulated to disintegrates into formless granules. kill tumour cells. Keratin a sulphur-containing protein which is a Laminin a glycoprotein component of connec- major component in skin, hair, nails, hooves, tive tissue basement membrane that promotes horns, and teeth. cell adhesion. Keratinocyte is the major constituent of the epi- Laparotomy a surgical procedure involving an dermis, constituting 95% of the cells found incision through the abdominal wall to gain there. access into the abdominal cavity. adj. laparo- Keratinophilic having an af fi nity for keratin. tomized. Keratitis in fl ammation of the cornea. Larvacidal an agent which kills insect or para- Keratomalacia an eye disorder that leads to a site larva. dry cornea. Laryngitis is an in fl ammation of the larynx. Kidney stones (calculi) are hardened mineral Laxation bowel movement. deposits that form in the kidney. Laxatives substances that are used to promote Kinin is any of various structurally related polypep- bowel movement.

tides, such as bradykinin, that act locally to induce LC 50 median lethal concentration, see LD50 .

vasodilation and contraction of smooth muscle. LD50 median lethal dose - the dose required to Kininogen either of two plasma a 2-globulins kill half the members of a tested population. that are kinin precursors. Also called LC 50 (median lethal concen- Ki-67 human protein associated with cell prolif- tration). eration. LDL see low-density lipoprotein. Knockout gene knockout is a genetic technique LDL Cholesterol see low-density lipoprotein. in which an organism is engineered to carry LDL receptor (LDLr) a low-density lipopro- genes that have been made inoperative. tein receptor gene. Medical Glossary 537

Lectins are sugar-binding proteins that are highly Leukoplakia condition characterized by white speci fi c for their sugar moieties, that aggluti- spots or patches on mucous membranes, espe- nate cells and/or precipitate glycoconjugates. cially of the mouth and vulva. They play a role in biological recognition Leukotriene a group of hormones that cause phenomena involving cells and proteins. the infl ammatory symptoms of hay-fever and Leishmaniasis a disease caused by protozoan asthma. parasites that belong to the genus Leishma- Luteolysis degeneration of the corpus luteum nia and is transmitted by the bite of certain and ovarian luteinized tissues. adj. luteolytic. species of sand fl y. Levarterenol see Norepinephrine. Lenitive palliative. LexA repressor or Repressor LexA is repressor Lenticular opacity also known as or related to enzyme that represses SOS response genes cataract. coding for DNA polymerases required for Leprosy a chronic bacterial disease of the skin repairing DNA damage. and nerves in the hands and feet and, in some Libido sexual urge. cases, the lining of the nose. It is caused by the Lichen planus a chronic mucocutaneous dis- Mycobacterium leprae. Also called Hansen’s ease that affects the skin, tongue, and oral disease. mucosa. Leptin is a 16 kDa protein hormone with impor- Ligroin a volatile, infl ammable fraction of tant effects in regulating body weight, metab- petroleum, obtained by distillation and used olism and reproductive function. as a solvent. Lequesne Algofunctional Index is a wide- Limbic system complex set of brain structures, spread international instrument (10 questions including the hypothalamus, amygdala, hip- survey) and recommended by the World pocampus, anterior thalamic nuclei, septum, Health Organization (WHO) for outcome limbic cortex and fornix that control various measurement in hip and knee diseases such functions such as emotion, behaviour, motiva- as osteoarthritis. tion, memory and olfaction. Leucocyte white blood corpuscles, colour- Liniment liquid preparation rubbed on skin, less, without haemoglobin that help to com- used to relieve muscular aches and pains. bat infection. Linterized starch starch that has undegone pro- Leucoderma a skin abnormality characterized longed acid treatment. by white spots, bands and patches on the skin; Lipodiatic having lipid and lipoprotein lower- they can also be caused by fungus and tinea. ing property. Also see vitiligo. Lipodystrophy a medical condition character- Leucorrhoea commonly known as whites, re- ized by abnormal or degenerative conditions fers to a whitish discharge from the female of the body’s adipose tissue. genitals. Lipogenesis is the process by which acetyl-CoA Leukemia, leukaemia a cancer of the blood is converted to fats. or bone marrow and is characterized by an Lipolysis is the breakdown of fat stored in fat abnormal proliferation (production by multi- cells in the body. plication) of blood cells, usually white blood Lipooxygenase enzyme that catalyzes the oxi- cells (leukocytes). dation of polyunsaturated fatty acids to form a Leukemogenic relating to leukemia, causing peroxide of the acid. leukemia. Liposomes arti fi cially prepared vesicles made Leukocytopenia abnormal decrease in the number of lipid bilayer. of leukocytes (white blood cells) in the blood. Lipotoxicity refers to tissues diseases that may Leukomyelopathy any diseases involving the occur when fatty acids spillover in excess of white matter of the spinal cord. the oxidative needs of those tissues and en- Leukopenia a decrease in the number of circu- hances metabolic fl ux into harmful pathways lating white blood cells. of nonoxidative metabolism. 538 Medical Glossary

Lipotropic refers to compounds that help catal- Lutein is necessary for good vision and may yse the breakdown of fat during metabolism in also help prevent or slow down atherosclero- the body. e.g. chlorine and lecithin. sis, the thickening of arteries, which is a major Lipoxygenase a family of iron-containing en- risk for cardiovascular disease. zymes that catalyse the dioxygenation of Luteinising hormone (LH) a hormone pro- polyunsaturated fatty acids in lipids contain- duced by the anterior pituitary gland. In fe- ing a cis, cis-1,4- pentadiene structure. males, it triggers ovulation. In males, it stim- Lithiasis formation of urinary calculi (stones) ulates the production of testosterone to aid in the renal system (kidneys, ureters, urinary sperm maturation. bladder, urethra) can be of any one of several Luteolysis is the structural and functional deg- compositions. radation of the corpus luteum (CL) that occurs Lithogenic promoting the formation of calculi at the end of the luteal phase of both the es- (stones). trous and menstrual cycles in the absence of Lithontripic removes stones from kidney, gall pregnancy. bladder. Lymphadenitis-cervical in fl ammation of the Liver X receptors nuclear hormones that func- lymph nodes in the neck, usually caused by tion as central transcriptional regulators for an infection. lipid homeostasis. Lymphatitis in fl ammation of lymph vessels Lotion a liquids suspension or dispersion of and nodes. chemicals for external application to the body. Lymphadenopathy a term meaning “disease of Lovo cells colon cancer cells. the lymph nodes – lymph node enlargement. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is a type of li- Lymphadenomegaly is the enlargement of the poprotein that transports cholesterol and trig- lymph node/nodes. lycerides from the liver to peripheral tissues. Lymphoblastic pertaining to the production of High levels of LDL cholesterol can signal lymphocytes. medical problems like cardiovascular disease, Lymphocyte a small white blood cell (leuco- and it is sometimes called “bad cholesterol. cyte) that plays a large role in defending the LRP1 low-density lipoprotein receptor-related body against disease. Lymphocytes are re- protein-1, plays a role in intracellular signal- sponsible for immune responses. There are ing functions as well as in lipid metabolism. two main types of lymphocytes: B cells and T LTB4 a type of leukotriene, a major metabolite cells. Lymphocytes secrete products (lymphok- in neutrophil polymorphonuclear leukocytes. ines) that modulate the functional activities of It stimulates polymorphonuclear cell function many other types of cells and are often present (degranulation, formation of oxygen-centered at sites of chronic in fl ammation. free radicals, arachidonic acid release, and Lymphocyte B cells the B cells make antibodies metabolism). It induces skin in fl ammation. that attack bacteria and toxins. Luciferase is a generic name for enzymes com- Lymphocyte T cells T cells attack body cells monly used in nature for bioluminescence. themselves when they have been taken over Lumbago is the term used to describe general by viruses or have become cancerous. lower back pain. Lymphoma a type of cancer involving cells of Lung abscess necrosis of the pulmonary tissue the immune system, called lymphocytes. and formation of cavities containing necrotic Lymphopenia abnormally low number of debris or fl uid caused by microbial infections. lymphocytes in the blood. Lusitropic an agent that affects diastolic relaxation. Lysosomes are small, spherical organelles con- Lutein a carotenoid, occurs naturally as yellow or taining digestive enzymes (acid hydrolases) orange pigment in some fruits and leafy vegeta- and other proteases (cathepsins). bles. It is one of the two carotenoids contained Maceration softening or separating of parts by within the retina of the eye. Within the central soaking in a liquid. macula, zeaxanthin predominates, whereas Macrophage a type of large leukocyte that trav- in the peripheral retina, lutein predominates. els in the blood but can leave the bloodstream Medical Glossary 539

and enter tissue; like other leukocytes it pro- Mandibular relating to the mandible, the hu- tects the body by digesting debris and foreign man jaw bone. cells. Manganese is an essential element for heath. It Macular degeneration a disease that gradually is an important constituent of some enzymes destroys the macula, the central portion of the and an activator of other enzymes in physi- retina, reducing central vision. ologic processes. Manganese superoxide Macules small circumscribed changes in the dismutase (MnSOD) is the principal antioxi- color of skin that are neither raised (elevated) dant enzyme in the mitochondria. Manganese- nor depressed. activated enzymes play important roles in the Maculopapular describes a rash characterized metabolism of carbohydrates, amino acids, by raised, spotted lesions. and cholesterol. Manganese is the preferred Magnesium (M g) is the fourth most abundant cofactor of enzymes called glycosyltransfer- mineral in the body and is essential to good ases which are required for the synthesis of health. It is important for normal muscle and proteoglycans that are needed for the forma- nerve function, steady heart rhythm, immune tion of healthy cartilage and bone. Dietary system, and strong bones. Magnesium also source include whole grains, fruit, legumes helps regulate blood sugar levels, promotes (soybean and by-products), green leafy veg- normal blood pressure, and is known to be etables, beetroot and tea. involved in energy metabolism and protein MAO activity monoamine oxidase activity. synthesis and plays a role in preventing and MAPK (Mitogen-activated protein kinase) managing disorders such as hypertension, these kinases are strongly activated in cells cardiovascular disease, and diabetes. Dietary subjected to osmotic stress, UV radiation, dis- sources include legumes (e.g. soya bean and regulated K+ currents, RNA-damaging agents, by-products), nuts, whole unre fi ned grains, and a multitude of other stresses, as well as fruit (e.g. banana, apricots), okra and green infl ammatory cytokines, endotoxin, and with- leafy vegetables. drawal of a trophic factor. The stress-responsive MAK cell macrophage-activated killer cell, MAPKs mediate a plethora of cellular respons- activated macrophage that is much more es to such stressful stimuli, including apoptosis phagocytic than monocytes. and production of infl ammatory and immuno- Malaise a feeling of weakness, lethargy or regulatory cytokines in diverse cell systems. discomfort as of impending illness. Marasmus is one of the three forms of serious Malaria is an infection of the blood by Plasmo- protein-energy malnutrition. dium parasite that is carried from person to per- Mastectomy surgery to remove a breast. son by mosquitoes. There are four species of Masticatory a substance chewed to increase malaria parasites that infect man: Plasmodium salivation. Also called sialogue. falciparum, so called ‘malignant tertian fever’, Mastitis a bacterial infection of the breast which is the most serious disease, Plasmodium vivax , usually occurs in breastfeeding mothers. causing a relapsing form of the disease, Plas- Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) a member modium malariae , and Plasmodium ovale . of a group of enzymes that can break down Malassezia a fungal genus (previously known proteins, such as collagen, that are normally as Pityrosporum ) classifi ed as yeasts, natural- found in the spaces between cells in tissues ly found on the skin surfaces of many animals (i.e., extracellular matrix proteins). Matrix including humans. It can cause hypopigmen- metalloproteinases are involved in wound tation on the chest or back if it becomes an healing, angiogenesis, and tumour cell metas- opportunistic infection. tasis. See also metalloproteinase. Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) path- MBC minimum bacterial concentration - the low- way that regulates mitochondrial oxygen con- est concentration of antibiotic required to kill sumption and oxidative capacity. an organism. Mammogram an x-ray of the breast to detect MCP-1 monocyte chemotactic protein-1, plays tumours. a role in the recruitment of monocytes to sites 540 Medical Glossary

of infection and injury. It is a member of small Mesothelioma is an aggressive cancer affect- inducible gene (SIG) family. ing the membrane lining of the lungs and MDA malondialdehyde is one of the most fre- abdomen. quently used indicators of lipid peroxidation. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) represents a Measles an acute, highly communicable rash combination of cardiometabolic risk fac- illness due to a virus transmitted by direct tors, including visceral obesity, glucose contact with infectious droplets or, less com- intolerance or type 2 diabetes, elevated monly, by airborne spread. triglycerides, reduced HDL cholesterol, and Mechanonociceptors sensory neurons that are hypertension. mechanically sensitive found in all of the Metabonome complete set of metabologically paraspinal connective tissues including liga- regulated elements in cells. ment, joint capsule, annulus fi brosus of the Metalloproteinase enzymes that breakdown intervertebral disk, muscle, tendon, and skin. proteins and requiring zinc or calcium atoms They respond to a noxius (damaging) me- for proper function. chanical load. Metallothionein (MT) a family of cysteine- Medial Preoptic Area is located at the rostral rich, low molecular weight (500 to 14000 Da) end of the hypothalamus, it is important for proteins. the regulation of male sexual behavior. Meta-analysis a statistical procedure that com- Megaloblastic anemia an anemia that results bines the results of several studies that address from inhibition of DNA synthesis in red blood a set of related research hypotheses. cell production, often due to a defi ciency of Metaphysis is the portion of a long bone be- vitamin B12 or folate and is characterized by tween the epiphyses and the diaphysis of the many large immature and dysfunctional red femur. blood cells (megaloblasts) in the bone marrow. Metaphyseal pertaining to the metaphysis. Melaene (melena) refers to the black, “tarry” Metaplasia transformation of one type of one feces that are associated with gastrointestinal mature differentiated cell type into another hemorrhage. mature differentiated cell type. Melanogenesis production of melanin by living Metastasis is the movement or spreading of can- cells. cer cells from one organ or tissue to another. Melanoma malignant tumour of melanocytes Metetrus the quiescent period of sexual inactiv- which are found predominantly in skin but ity between oestrus cycles. also in the bowel and the eye and appear as Metroptosis the slipping or falling out of place pigmented lesions. of an organ (as the uterus). Melatonin a hormone produced in the brain by Metrorrhagia uterine bleeding at irregular in- the pineal gland, it is important in the regula- tervals, particularly between the expected tion of the circadian rhythms of several bio- menstrual periods. logical functions. Mevinolin a potent inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3- Menarche the fi rst menstrual cycle, or fi rst methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMG- menstrual bleeding, in female human beings. CoA reductase). Menorrhagia heavy or prolonged menstruation, MHC acronym for major histocompatibility too-frequent menstrual periods. complex, a large cluster of genes found on Menopausal refer to permanent cessation of the short arm of chromosome 6 in most ver- menstruation. tebrates that encodes MHC molecules. MHC Menses see menstruation. molecules play an important role in the im- Menstruation the approximately monthly dis- mune system and autoimmunity. charge of blood from the womb in women of MHC 11 molecules Class II MHC molecules childbearing age who are not pregnant. Also belong to a group of molecules known as the called menses. adj. menstrual. Immunoglobulin Supergene Family, which Mesangial cells are specialized cells around blood includes immunoglobulins, T-cell receptors, vessels in the kidneys, at the mesangium. CD4, CD8, and others. Medical Glossary 541

MIC minimum inhibitory concentration - lowest Mitosis cell division in which the nucleus di- concentration of an antimicrobial that will in- vides into nuclei containing the same number hibit the visible growth of a microorganism. of chromosomes. Micelle a submicroscopic aggregation of mol- MMP matrix metalloproteinases, a group of ecules. peptidases involved in degradation of the ex- Micellization formation process of micelles. tracellular matrix (ECM). Microangiopathy (or microvascular disease) is Mnestic pertaining to memory. an angiopathy affecting small blood vessels in Molecular docking is a key tool in structural the body. molecular biology and computer-assisted drug Micro fi laria a pre-larval parasitic worm of the design. family Onchocercidae, found in the vector and Molluscidal destroying molluscs like snails. in the blood or tissue fl uid of human host. Molt 4 cells MOLT4 cells are lymphoblast-like Micronuclei small particles consisting of acen- in morphology and are used for studies of tric fragments of chromosomes or entire chro- apoptosis, tumour cytotoxicity, tumorigenic- mosomes, which lag behind at anaphase of ity, as well as for antitumour testing. cell division. Molybdenum (Mo) is an essential element Microsomal PGE2 synthase is the enzyme that that forms part of several enzymes such as catalyses the fi nal step in prostaglandin E2 xanthine oxidase involved in the oxidation (PGE2) biosynthesis. of xanthine to uric acid and use of iron. Mo- Microvasculature the fi ner vessels of the body, lybdenum concentrations also affect protein as the arterioles, capillaries, and venules. synthesis, metabolism, and growth. Dietary Micturition urination, act of urinating. sources include meat, green beans, eggs, Migraine a neurological syndrome character- sunfl ower seeds, wheat fl our, lentils, and ce- ized by altered bodily perceptions, severe, real grain. painful headaches, and nausea. Monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) is an isozyme Mimosine is an alkaloid, b -3-hydroxy-4 pyri- of monoamine oxidase. It preferentially done amino acid, it is a toxic non-protein free deaminates norepinephrine (noradrenaline), amino acid and is an antinutrient. epinephrine (adrenaline), serotonin, and do- Mineral apposition rate MAR, rate of addition pamine. of new layers of mineral on the trabecular sur- Monoaminergic of or pertaining to neurons that faces of bones. secrete monoamine neurotransmitters (e.g., Miscarriage spontaneous abortion. dopamine, serotonin). Mitochondrial complex I the largest enzyme in Monoclonal antibodies are produced by fusing the mitochondrial respiratory oxidative phos- single antibody-forming cells to tumour cells phorylation system. grown in culture. Mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) Monocyte large white blood cell that ingest is an increase in the permeability of the mi- microbes, other cells and foreign matter. tochondrial membranes to molecules of less Monogalactosyl diglyceride are the major lipid than 1500 Daltons in molecular weight. MPT components of chloroplasts. is one of the major causes of cell death in a Monorrhagia is heavy bleeding and that’s usu- variety of conditions. ally defi ned as periods lasting longer than Mitogen an agent that triggers mitosis, elicit all the 7 days or excessive bleeding. signals necessary to induce cell proliferation. Morbidity a diseased state or symptom or can Mitogenic able to induce mitosis or transfor- refer either to the incidence rate or to the prev- mation. alence rate of a disease. Mitogenicity process of induction of mitosis. Morello fl avone a bi fl avonoid extracted from Mitomycin a chemotherapy drug that is given Garcinia dulcis , has shown antioxidative, as a treatment for several different types of antiviral, and anti-in fl ammatory properties. cancer, including breast, stomach, oesophagus Morphine the major alkaloid of opium and a and bladder cancers. potent narcotic analgesic. 542 Medical Glossary

MTTP microsomal triglyceride transfer protein Myelosuppressive causing bone marrow sup- that is required for the assembly and secretion pression. of triglyceride -rich lipoproteins from both en- Myelotoxicity state of being toxic to myeloid terocytes and hepatocytes. tissues, the bone marrow. MUC 5AC mucin 5AC, a secreted gel-forming Myocardial relating to heart muscles tissues. protein mucin with a high molecular weight of Myocardial infarction (MI) is the rapid devel- about 641 kDa. opment of myocardial necrosis caused by a Mucositis painful in fl ammation and ulceration critical imbalance between oxygen supply and of the mucous membranes lining the diges- demand of the myocardium. tive tract. Myocardial ischemia an intermediate condi- Mucous relating to mucus. tion in coronary artery disease during which Mucolytic capable of reducing the viscosity of the heart tissue is slowly or suddenly starved mucus, or an agent that so acts. of oxygen and other nutrients. Mucus viscid secretion of the mucous mem- Myocardial lipidosis is the accumulation of fat brane. droplets in myocardial fi bers. Multidrug resistance (MDR) ability of a liv- Myoclonus brief, involuntary twitching of a ing cell to show resistance to a wide variety of muscle or a group of muscles. structurally and functionally unrelated com- Myogenesis the formation of muscular tissue, pounds. especially during embryonic development. Muscarinic receptors are G protein-coupled Myopathy a muscular disease wherein the mus- acetylcholine receptors found in the plasma cle fi bres do not function for any one of many membranes of certain neurons and other cells. reasons, resulting in muscular weakness. Mutagen an agent that induces genetic mutation Myopia near – or short-sightedness. by causing changes in the DNA. Myosarcoma a malignant muscle tumour. Mutagenic capable of inducing mutation (used Myotonia dystrophica an inherited disorder mainly for extracellular factors such as X-rays of the muscles and other body systems char- or chemical pollution). acterized by progressive muscle weakness, Myalgia muscle pain. prolonged muscle contractions (myotonia), Myc codes for a protein that binds to the DNA clouding of the lens of the eye (cataracts), of other genes and is therefore a transcription cardiac abnormalities, balding, and infertility. factor, found on chromosome 8 in human. Myotube a developing skeletal muscle fi ber or Mycosis an infection or disease caused by a fungus. cell with a tubular appearance and a centrally Myelocyte is a young cell of the granulocytic located nucleus. series, occurring normally in bone marrow, Myringosclerosis also known as tympanoscle- but not in circulating blood. rosis or intratympanic tympanosclerosis, is Myeloid leukaemia (Chronic) a type of can- a condition caused by calcifi cation of colla- cer that affects the blood and bone marrow, gen tissues in the tympanic membrane of the characterized by excessive number of white middle ear. blood cells. Mytonia a symptom of certain neuromuscular Myeloma cancer that arise in the plasma cells a disorders characterized by the slow relaxation type of white blood cells. of the muscles after voluntary contraction or Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is a peroxidase en- electrical stimulation. zyme most abundantly present in neutrophil Myotube a developing skeletal muscle fi bre granulocytes (a subtype of white blood cells). with a tubular appearance. It is an in fl ammatory enzyme produced by N-nitrosmorpholine a human carcinogen. activated leukocytes that predicts risk of cor- N-nitrosoproline an indicator for N-nitrosation onary heart disease. of amines. Myeloproliferative disorder disease of the NADPH The reduced form of nicotinamide bone marrow in which excess cells are pro- adenine dinucleotide phosphate that serves as duced. an electron carrier. Medical Glossary 543

NAFLD Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Nephritis is in fl ammation of the kidney. Narcotic an agent that produces narcosis, in Nephrolithiasis process of forming a kidney moderate doses it dulls the senses, relieves stone in the kidney or lower urinary tract. pain and induces sleep; in excessive dose it Nephropathy a disorder of the kidney. cause stupor, coma, convulsions and death. Nephrotic syndrome nonspeci fi c disorder in Nasopharynx upper part of the alimentary which the kidneys are damaged, causing them continuous with the nasal passages. to leak large amounts of protein from the Natriorexia excessive intake of sodium evoked blood into the urine. by sodium depletion. adj. natriorexic, natri- Nephrotoxicity poisonous effect of some sub- orexigenic. stances, both toxic chemicals and medication, Natriuresis the discharge of excessive large on the kidney. amount of sodium through urine. adj. natri- Nerve growth factor (NGF) a small protein uretic. that induces the differentiation and survival of Natural killer cells (NK cells) a type of cy- particular target neurons (nerve cells). totoxic lymphocyte that constitute a major Nervine a nerve tonic that acts therapeutically component of the innate immune system. upon the nerves, particularly in the sense of a Natural killer T (NKT) cells a heterogeneous sedative that serves to calm ruf fl ed nerves. group of T cells that share properties of both Neural tube defects (NTDs) are common birth T cells and natural killer (NK) cells. defects of the brain and spinal cord. Nausea sensation of unease and discomfort in NEU 4 sialidase this protein belongs to a family the stomach with an urge to vomit. of glycohydrolytic enzymes, which remove Necropsy see autopsy. terminal sialic acid residues from various sialo Necrosis morphological changes that follow cell derivatives, such as glycoproteins, glycolipids, death, usually involving nuclear and cytoplas- oligosaccharides, and gangliosides. mic changes. Neuralgia is a sudden, severe painful disorder Neointima a new or thickened layer of arterial of the nerves. intima formed especially on a prosthesis or in Neuraminidase glycoside hydrolase enzymes atherosclerosis by migration and proliferation that cleaves the glycosidic linkages of of cells from the media. neuraminic acids. Neonatal adj. of or relating to newborn infants Neuraminidase inhibitors a class of antiviral or an infant. drugs targeted at the infl uenza viruses whose Neoplasia abnormal growth of cells, which may mode of action consists of blocking the func- lead to a neoplasm, or tumour. tion of the viral neuraminidase protein, thus Neoplasm tumour any new and abnormal preventing the virus from reproducing. growth, specifi cally one in which cell mul- Neurasthenia a condition with symptoms of tiplication is uncontrolled and progressive. fatigue, anxiety, headache, impotence, neural- Neoplasms may be benign or malignant. gia and impotence. Neoplastic transformation conversion of a tis- Neurasthenic a substance used to treat nerve pain sue with a normal growth pattern into a malig- and/or weakness (i.e. neuralgia, sciatica, etc). nant tumour. Neurite refers to any projection from the cell Neovasculature formation of new blood vessels. body of a neuron. Nephrectomised kidneys surgically removed. Neuritis an in fl ammation of the nerve character- Nephrectomy surgical removal of the kidney. ized by pain, sensory disturbances and impair- Nephric relating to or connected with a kidney. ment of re fl exes. adj . neuritic. Nephrin is a protein necessary for the proper Neuritogenesis the fi rst step of neuronal dif- functioning of the renal fi ltration barrier. ferentiation, takes place as nascent neurites Nephritic syndrome is a collection of signs bud from the immediate postmitotic neuronal (known as a syndrome) associated with dis- soma. orders affecting the kidneys, more specifi cally Neuroblastoma a common extracranial cancer glomerular disorders. that forms in nerve tissues, common in infancy. 544 Medical Glossary

Neuroendocrine adj. of, relating to, or involv- NMDA receptor N-methyl- d -aspartate recep- ing the interaction between the nervous system tor, the predominant molecular device for and the hormones of the endocrine glands. controlling synaptic plasticity and memory Neurogenesis process by which neurons are gen- function. A brain receptor activated by the erated from neural stem and progenitor cells. amino acid glutamate, which when exces- Neurogenic originating from the nerves of the sively stimulated may cause cognitive defects nervous system. in Alzheimer’s disease. Neuroleptic refers to the effects on cognition Nociceptive causing pain, responding to a pain- and behavior of antipsychotic drugs that re- ful stimulus. duce confusion, delusions, hallucinations, Nociceptors specialized peripheral sensory and psychomotor agitation in patients with neurons that responds to potentially damaging psychoses. stimuli by sending nerve signals to the spinal Neuroma is a growth or tumour of nerve tissue. cord and brain. Neuropharmacological relating the effects of Non-osteogenic fi bromata of bone a benign drugs on the neurosystem. tumour of bone which show no evidence of Neuroradiology is a subspecialty of radiology ossi fi cation. focusing on the diagnosis and characterization Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease one cause of of abnormalities of the central and peripheral a fatty liver, occurring when fat is deposited nervous system . adj. neuroradiologic. (steatosis) in the liver not due to excessive al- Neurotrophic relating to neutrophy i.e. the nu- cohol use. trition and maintenance of nervous tissue. Nootropics are substances which are claimed Neutropenia a disorder of the blood, character- to boost human cognitive abilities (the func- ized by abnormally low levels of neutrophils. tions and capacities of the brain). Also popu- Neutrophil type of white blood cell, speci fi cally larly referred to as “smart drugs”, “smart a form of granulocyte. nutrients”, “cognitive enhancers” and “brain Neutrophin protein that induce the survival, de- enhancers”. velopment and function of neurons. Noradrenalin see Norepinephrine. NF-kappa B (NF-kB) nuclear factor kappa Norepinephrine a substance, both a hormone B, is an ubiquitous rapid response transcrip- and neurotransmitter, secreted by the adrenal tion factor in cells involved in immune and medulla and the nerve endings of the sympa- in fl ammatory reactions. thetic nervous system to cause vasoconstric- Niacin vitamin B3. See vitamin B3. tion and increases in heart rate, blood pres- Niacinamide an amide of niacin, also known as sure, and the sugar level of the blood. Also nicotinamide. See vitamin B3. called levarterenol, noradrenalin. NIH3T3 cells a mouse embryonic fi broblast cell Normoglycaemic having the normal amount of line used in the cultivation of keratinocytes. glucose in the blood. Niosomes are novel, vesicular, drug delivery Normotensive having normal blood pressure. systems composed of nonionic surfactants in- Nosebo a harmless substance that when taken stead of phospholipids; they are capable of en- by a patient is associated with unpleasant or trapping hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs. harmful effects due to negative expectations Nitrogen (N) is an essential building block of or the psychological state of the person. amino and nucleic acids and proteins and is Nosocomial infections infections which are a essential to all living organisms. Protein rich result of treatment in a hospital or a healthcare vegetables like legumes are rich food sources service unit, but secondary to the patient’s of nitrogen. original condition. NK cells natural killer cells, a type of cytotoxic NPC1L1 Niemann-Pick C1-Like 1 gene that lymphocyte that constitute a major component plays a major role in cholesterol homeosta- of the innate immune system. sis. It is critical for the uptake of cholesterol NK1.1+ T (NKT) cells a type of natural killer T across the plasma membrane of the intestinal (NKT) cells. See natural killer T cells. enterocyte. Medical Glossary 545

Nrf2 NF-E2-related factor 2, a transcription Oligonucleosome a series of nucleosomes. factor that activates ARE-containing genes. Oligospermia or oligozoospermia refers to Nrf2/ARE pathway plays an important role in semen with a low concentration of sperm, inducing phase II detoxifying enzymes and commonly associated with male infertility. antioxidant proteins and has been considered Oliguria decreased production of urine. a potential target for cancer chemoprevention Oligoanuria insuf fi cient urine volume to allow because it eliminates harmful reactive oxygen for administration of necessary fl uids, etc. species or reactive intermediates generated Omega 3 fatty acids are essential polyunsatu- from carcinogens. rated fatty acids that have in common a fi nal Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 carbon–carbon double bond in the n−3 posi- (Nrf2) a transcription factor that plays a major tion. Dietary sources of omega-3 fatty acids role in response to oxidative stress by binding include fi sh oil and certain plant/nut oils. The to antioxidant-responsive elements that regu- three most nutritionally important omega 3 late many hepatic phase I and II enzymes as fatty acids are alpha-linolenic acid, eicosapen- well as hepatic ef fl ux transporters. taenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid Nucleosomes fundamental repeating subunits of (DHA). Research indicates that omega 3 fatty all eukaryotic chromatin, consisting of a DNA acids are important in health promotion and chain coiled around a core of histones. disease and can help prevent a wide range of Nulliparous term used to describe a woman medical problems, including cardiovascular who has never given birth. disease, depression, asthma, and rheumatoid Nyctalopia night blindness, impaired vision arthritis. in dim light and in the dark, due to impaired Omega 6 fatty acids are essential polyunsatu- function of certain specialized vision cells. rated fatty acids that have in common a fi nal Nystagmus fast, involuntary movements of carbon–carbon double bond in the n−6 po- the eyes. sition. Omega-6 fatty acids are considered Nycturia excessive urination at night; especially essential fatty acids (EFAs) found in veg- common in older men. etable oils, nuts and seeds. They are essential Occludin a novel integral membrane protein to human health but cannot be made in the localizing at tight junctions cf tight junction. body. Omega-6 fatty acids – found in veg- Occlusion closure or blockage (as of a blood etable oils, nuts and seeds – are a benefi cial vessel). part of a heart-healthy eating. Omega-6 and Occlusive peripheral arterial disease (PAOD) omega-3 PUFA play a crucial role in heart also known as peripheral vascular disease and brain function and in normal growth and (PVD), or peripheral arterial disease (PAD) development. Linoleic acid (LA) is the main refers to the obstruction of large arteries not omega-6 fatty acid in foods, accounting for within the coronary, aortic arch vasculature, 85–90% of the dietary omega-6 PUFA. Other or brain. PVD can result from atherosclerosis, omega 6 acids include gamma-linolenic acid in fl ammatory processes leading to stenosis, an or GLA, sometimes called gamoleic acid, ei- embolism, or thrombus formation. cosadienoic acid, arachidonic acid and do- Oculomotor nerve the third of twelve paired cosadienoic acid. cranial nerves. Omega 9 fatty acids are not essential polyun- Odds ratio a statistical measure of effect size, saturated fatty acids that have in common a describing the strength of association or non- fi nal carbon–carbon double bond in the n−9 independence between two binary data val- position. Some n−9s are common components ues. of animal fat and vegetable oil. Two n−9 fatty Odontalgia toothache. adj. odontalgic. acids important in industry are: oleic acid Odontopathy any disease of the teeth. (18:1, n−9), which is a main component of Oedema see edema. olive oil and erucic acid (22:1, n−9), which Oligoarthritis an in fl ammation of two, three or is found in rapeseed, wallfl ower seed, and four joints. mustard seed. 546 Medical Glossary

Oncogenes genes carried by tumour viruses Osteoarthrosis chronic nonin fl ammatory bone that are directly and solely responsible for disease. the neoplastic (tumorous) transformation of Osteoblast a mononucleate cell that is respon- host cells. sible for bone formation. Oncosis accidental cell death, also referred to Osteoblastic relating to osteoblasts. swelling necrosis. Osteocalcin a noncollagenous protein found in Ophthalmia severe in fl ammation of eye, or the bone and dentin, also refer to as bone gamma- conjunctiva or deeper structures of the eye. carboxyglutamic acid-containing protein. Also called ophthalmitis. Osteoclasts a kind of bone cell that removes bone Ophthalmia (Sympathetic) in fl ammation of tissue by removing its mineralized matrix. both eyes following trauma to one eye. Osteoclastogenesis the production of osteoclasts. Ophthalmopathy an autoimmune disease Osteodynia pain in the bone. where the thyroid gland is overactive leading Osteogenic derived from or composed of any to ocular manifestations. tissue concerned in bone growth or repair. Opiate drug derived from the opium plant. Osteomalacia refers to the softening of the Opioid receptors a group of G-protein coupled bones due to defective bone mineralization. receptors located in the brain and various Osteomyelo fi brosis a myeloproliferative disor- organs that bind opiates or opioid substances. der in which fi brosis and sclerosis fi nally lead Optic placode an ectodermal placode from to bone marrow obliteration. which the lens of the embryonic eye develops; Osteopenia reduction in bone mass, usually also called lens placode. caused by a lowered rate of formation of new ORAC (Oxygen radical absorbance capacity) a bone that is insuf fi cient to keep up with the method of measuring antioxidant capacities in rate of bone destruction. biological samples. Osteoporosis a disease of bone that leads to an Oral submucous fi brosis a chronic debilitat- increased risk of fracture. ing disease of the oral cavity characterized by Osteoprotegerin also called osteoclastogenesis in fl ammation and progressive fi brosis of the inhibitory factor (OCIF), a cytokine, which submucosa tissues. can inhibit the production of osteoclasts. Oral thrush an infection of yeast fungus, Can- Osteosacrcoma a malignant bone tumour. Also dida albicans, in the mucous membranes of called osteogenic sarcoma. the mouth. Otalgia earache, pain in the ear. Orchidectomy surgery to remove one or both Otic placode a thickening of the ectoderm on testicles. the outer surface of a developing embryo from Orchidectomised with testis removed. which the ear develops. Orchitis an acute painful in fl ammatory reaction Otitis in fl ammation of the inner or outer parts of the testis secondary to infection by different of the ear. bacteria and viruses. Otorrhea running drainage (discharge) exiting Orexigenic increasing or stimulating the appetite. the ear. Orofacial dyskinesia abnormal involuntary Otopathy disease of the ear. movements involving muscles of the face, Ovariectomised with one or two ovaries re- mouth, tongue, eyes, and occasionally, the moved. neck—may be unilateral or bilateral, and con- Ovariectomy surgical removal of one or both stant or intermittent. ovaries. Oropharyngeal relating to the oropharynx. Oxidation the process of adding oxygen to a Oropharynx part of the pharynx between the compound, dehydrogenation or increasing the soft palate and the epiglottis. electro-negative charge. Ostalgia, Ostealgia pain in the bones. Also Oxidoreductase activity catalysis of an oxi- called osteodynia. dation-reduction (redox) reaction, a revers- Osteoarthritis is the deterioration of the joints ible chemical reaction. One substrate acts as that becomes more common with age. a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes Medical Glossary 547

oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or Pantothenic acid vitamin B5. See vitamin B5. electron acceptor and becomes reduced. Papain a protein degrading enzyme used me- Oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) dicinally and to tenderize meat. a method of measuring antioxidant capacities Papilloma a benign epithelial tumour growing in biological samples. outwardly like in fi nger-like fronds. Oxytocic adj. hastening or facilitating child- Papule a small, solid, usually in fl ammatory el- birth, especially by stimulating contractions evation of the skin that does not contain pus. of the uterus. Paradontosis is the infl ammation of gums and Oxytocin is a mammalian hormone that also other deeper structures, including the bone. acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain. It is best Paralytic person affected with paralysis, per- known for its roles in female reproduction: it taining to paralysis. is released in large amounts after distension of Paraoxonase an enzyme that protects against the cervix and vagina during labor, and after oxidation of low density lipoprotein and af- stimulation of the nipples, facilitating birth fects the risk of coronary artery disease. and breastfeeding, respectively. Parasitemia presence of parasites in blood. adj. Oxyuriasis infestation by pinworms. parasitemic. Ozoena discharge of the nostrils caused by Parasympathetic nervous system subsystem chronic in fl ammation of the nostrils. of the nervous systems that slows the heart p.o. per os, oral administration. rate and increases intestinal and gland activity P-glycoprotein (P-gp, ABCB1, MDR1) a cell and relaxes the sphincter muscles. membrane-associated drug-exporting protein Parasympathomimetic having an action re- that transports a variety of drug substrates sembling that caused by stimulation of the from cancer cells. parasympathetic nervous system. P- Selectin also known as CD62P, GMP-140, Paresthesia a sensation of tingling, burning, LLECAM-3, PADGEM, a member of the pricking, or numbness of a person’s skin with selectin family. It is expressed by activated no apparent long-term physical effect. Also platelets and endothelial cells. known as “pains and needles”. p21waf1/cip1 encodes a cyclin-dependent ki- Parenteral administration administration by nase inhibitor that is transcriptionally activated intravenous, subcutaneous or intramuscular by the p53 tumor suppressor gene, transform- routes. ing growth factor beta 1 (TGF-beta 1), AP2, Paresis a condition characterised by partial loss and other pathways, all regulating apoptosis of movement, or impaired movement. and the cell cycle. Paresthesia is an abnormal sensation of the Palliative relieving pain without alleviating the skin, such as burning, numbness, itching, hy- underlying problem. peresthesia (increased sensitivity) or tingling, Palpebral ptosis the abnormal drooping of the with no apparent physical cause. upper lid, caused by partial or total reduction Parotitis in fl ammation of salivary glands. in levator muscle function. Paroxysm a sudden outburst of emotion Palpitation rapid pulsation or throbbing of the or action, a sudden attack, recurrence or heart. intensi fi cation of a disease. Paludism state of having symptoms of malaria Paroxystic relating to an abnormal event of the characterized by high fever and chills. body with an abrupt onset and an equally sud- Pancreatectomized having undergone a pan- den return to normal. createctomy. PARP see poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase. Pancreatectomy surgical removal of all or part Pars compacta is a portion of the substantia of the pancreas. nigra (a brain structure located in the mid- Pancreatitis in fl ammation of the pancreas. brain). Pancytopenia a hematological condition in Parturition act of child birth. which there is a reduction in the number of red PCAF (P300/CBP-associated factor) - a histone and white blood cells, as well as platelets. acetyl transferase (HAT) that plays a role in 548 Medical Glossary

regulation of transciton, cell cycle progression Perifuse to fl ush a fresh supply of bathing fl uid and differentiation. around all of the outside surfaces of a small PCE/PCN ratio polychromatic erythrocyte/ piece of tissue immersed in it. normochromatic erythrocyte ratio use as a Perilipins highly phosphorylated adipocyte measure of cytotoxic effects. proteins that are localized at the surface of the PCNA proliferating cell nuclear antigen, an auxil- lipid droplet. iary protein of DNA polymerase delata involve Perimenopause is the phase before menopause in modulating eukaryotic DNA replication. actually takes place, when ovarian hormone pCREB phosphorylated cAMP (adenosine production is declining and fl uctuating. adj . 3 ¢ 5¢ cyclic monophosphate)-response ele- perimenopausal. ment binding protein. Periodontal ligament (PDL) is a group of spe- PDEF acronym for prostate-derived ETS factor, cialized connective tissue fi bres that essential- an ETS (epithelial-speci fi c E26 transform- ly attach a tooth to the bony socket. ing sequence) family member that has been Periodontitis is a severe form of gingivitis in identi fi ed as a potential tumour suppressor. which the infl ammation of the gums extends PDGR receptor (platelet-derived growth fac- to the supporting structures of the tooth. Also tor receptor) are cell surface tyrosine kinase called pyorrhea. receptors for members of the platelet-derived Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is a disease growth factor (PDGF) family. in which plaque builds up in the arteries that PDGFs platelet-derived growth factors con- carry blood to your head, organs, and limbs. stitute a group of growth factors that play a Peripheral neuropathy refers to damage to signifi cant role in blood vessel formation, and nerves of the peripheral nervous system. the growth of blood vessels. Peripheral neuropathic pain (PNP) refers Pectoral pertaining to or used for the chest and to situations where nerve roots or peripheral respiratory tract. nerve trunks have been damaged by mechani- pERK phosphorylated extracellular signal- cal and/or chemical stimuli that exceeded the regulated kinase, protein kinases involved in physical capabilities of the nervous system. many cell functions. Symptoms may include pain, parestesia, P53 also known as protein 53 or tumour protein dysesthesia, spasm, weakness, hypoesthesia 53, is a tumour suppressor protein that in hu- or anesthesia. mans is encoded by the TP53 gene. Peripheral vascular disease (PVD) see periph- Peliosis see purpura. eral artery occlusive disease. Pellagra is a systemic nutritional wasting disease Peristalsis a series of organized, wave-like caused by a defi ciency of vitamin B3 (niacin). muscle contractions that occur throughout the Pemphigus neonatorum Staphylococcal scald- digestive tract. ed skin syndrome, a bacterial disease of in- PERK a transmembrane protein kinase of the fants, characterized by elevated vesicles or PEK family resident in the endoplasmic retic- blebs on a normal or reddened skin. ulum (ER) membrane and is linked to insulin Peptic ulcer a sore in the lining of the stomach or processing. duodenum, the fi rst part of the small intestine. Perlingual through or by way of the tongue. Peptide Y a short (36 amino acid) pancreatic Perniosis an abnormal reaction to cold that oc- protein released by cells in the ileum and co- curs most frequently in women, children, and lon in response to feeding. the elderly. Also called chilblains. Percutanous pertains to a medical procedure Per os (P.O.) oral administration. where access to inner organs or tissues is done Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors via needle puncture of the skin. (PPARs) a family of nuclear receptors that are Perfusion to force fl uid through the lymphatic involved in lipid metabolism, differentiation, system or blood vessels to an organ or tissue. proliferation, cell death, and in fl ammation. Periapical periodontitis is the in fl ammation of Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor the tissue adjacent to the tip of the tooth’s root. alpha (PPAR-alpha) a nuclear receptor Medical Glossary 549

protein, transcription factor and a major reg- Phlebitis is an in fl ammation of a vein, usually ulator of lipid metabolism in the liver. in the legs. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor Phlegm abnormally viscid mucus secreted by gamma (PPAR-g ) a type II nuclear receptor the mucosa of the respiratory passages during protein that regulates fatty acid storage and certain infectious processes. glucose metabolism. Phlegmon a spreading, diffuse in fl ammation of Pertussis whooping cough, sever cough. the soft or connective tissue due to infection Peyers Patches patches of lymphoid tissue or by Streptococci bacteria. lymphoid nodules on the walls of the ileal- Phoroglucinol a white, crystalline compound small intestine. used as an antispasmodic, analytical reagent, PGE-2 Prostaglandin E2, a hormone-like sub- and decalcifi er of bone specimens for micro- stance that is released by blood vessel walls in scopic examination. response to infection or in fl ammation that acts Phosphatidylglycerol is a glycerophospho- on the brain to induce fever. lipid found in pulmonary active surface Phagocytes are the white blood cells that pro- lipoprotein and consists of a L-glycerol tect the body by ingesting (phagocytosing) 3-phosphate backbone ester-bonded to ei- harmful foreign particles, bacteria and dead or ther saturated or unsaturated fatty acids on dying cells. adj. phagocytic. carbons 1 and 2. Phagocytosis is process the human body uses to Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI 3-kinases destroy dead or foreign cells. or PI3Ks) a group of enzymes involved in Pharmacognosis the branch of pharmacology cellular functions such as cell growth, prolif- that studies the composition, use, and history eration, differentiation, motility, survival and of drugs. intracellular traf fi cking, which in turn are in- Pharmacodynamics branch of pharmacol- volved in cancer. ogy dealing with the effects of drugs and the Phosphatidylserine a phosphoglyceride phos- mechanism of their action. pholipid that is one of the key building blocks Pharmacokinetics branch of pharmacology con- of cellular membranes, particularly in the ner- cerned with the movement of drugs within the vous system. It is derived from soy lecithin. body including processes of absorption, distri- Phosphaturia a urinary tract condition of ex- bution, metabolism and excretion in the body. cessive urine phosphorus, causing urine to Pharmacopoeia authoritative treatise containing appear cloudy or murky color; also called hy- directions for the identi fi cation of drug samples pophosphatemia. and the preparation of compound medicines, Phosphodiesterases a diverse family of en- and published by the authority of a government zymes that hydrolyse cyclic nucleotides and or a medical or pharmaceutical society and in thus play a key role in regulating intracellular a broader sense is a general reference work for levels of the second messengers cAMP and pharmaceutical drug speci fi cations. cGMP, and hence cell function. Pharyngitis, Pharyngolaryngitis in fl ammation Phosphoenolpyruvate C kinase (PEPCK) an of the pharynx and the larynx. enzyme in the lyase family used in the meta- Pharyngolaryngeal pertaining to the pharynx bolic pathway of gluconeogenesis. and larynx. Phospholipase an enzyme that hydrolyzes Phenolics class of chemical compounds consist- phospholipids into fatty acids and other lipo- ing of a hydroxyl group (-OH) bonded directly philic substances. to an aromatic hydrocarbon group. Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) a small lipolytic en- Pheochromocytoma is a rare neuroendocrine zyme that releases fatty acids from the second tumour that usually originates from the ad- carbon group of glycerol. Plays an essential renal glands’ chromaffi n cells, causing over- role in the synthesis of prostaglandins and leu- production of catecholamines, powerful kotrienes. hormones that induce high blood pressure and Phospholipase C enzymes that cleaves phos- other symptoms. pholipase. 550 Medical Glossary

Phospholipase C gamma (PLC gamma) en- Piles see haemorrhoids. zymes that cleaves phospholipase in cellular PI3K phosphoinositide 3-kinase. proliferation and differentiation, and its enzy- PI13K/AKT signaling pathways are involved matic activity is upregulated by a variety of in the modulation of cell survival, cell cycle growth factors and hormones. progression and cellular growth in cancer. Phosphorus (P) is an essential mineral that Pityriasis lichenoides is a rare skin disorder of makes up 1% of a person’s total body weight unknown aetiology characterised by multiple and is found in the bones and teeth. It plays papules and plaques. an important role in the body’s utilization of PKC protein kinase C, a membrane bound carbohydrates and fats; in the synthesis of pro- enzyme that phosphorylates different intra- tein for the growth, maintenance, and repair of cellular proteins and raised intracellular Ca cells and tissues. It is also crucial for the pro- levels. duction of ATP, a molecule the body uses to PKC Delta inhibitors Protein Kinase C delta in- store energy. Main sources are meat and milk; hibitors that induce apoptosis of haematopoi- fruits and vegetables provides small amounts. etic cell lines. Photoaging is the term that describes damage to Placebo a sham or simulated medical interven- the skin caused by intense and chronic expo- tion. sure to sunlight resulting in premature aging Placode a platelike epithelial thickening in the of the skin. embryo where some organ or structure later Photocarcinogenesis represents the sum of a develops. complex of simultaneous and sequential bio- Plasma the yellow-colored liquid component of chemical events that ultimately lead to the blood, in which blood cells are suspended. occurrence of skin cancer caused by exposure Plasma kallikrien a serine protease, synthe- to the sun. sized in the liver and circulates in the plasma. Phtodermatoses skin disorders caused by expo- Plasmalemma plasma membrane. sure to sunlight. Plasmin a proteinase enzyme that is responsible Photophobia abnormal visual intolerance to for digesting fi brin in blood clots. light. Plasminogen the proenzyme of plasmin, whose Photopsia an affection of the eye, in which the primary role is the degradation of fi brin in the patient perceives luminous rays, fl ashes, cor- vasculature. uscations, etc. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) also Photosensitivity sensitivity toward light. known as endothelial plasminogen activator Phthisis an archaic name for tuberculosis. inhibitor or serpin E1 is a serine protease in- Phytohemagglutinin a lectin found in plant that hibitor (serpin) that functions as the principal is involved in the stimulation of lymphocyte inhibitor of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) proliferation. and urokinase (uPA), the activators of plasmi- Phytonutrients certain organic components nogen and hence fi brinolysis (the physiologi- of plants, that are thought to promote human cal breakdown of blood clots). health. Fruits, vegetables, grains, legumes, Plaster poultice. nuts and teas are rich sources of phytonutri- Platelet activating factor (PAF) is an acety- ents. Phytonutrients are not ‘essential’ for life. lated derivative of glycerophosphoryl- Also called phytochemicals. choline, released by basophils and mast Phytosterols a group of steroid alcohols, cho- cells in immediate hypersensitive reactions lesterol-like phytochemicals naturally occur- and macrophages and neutrophils in other ring in plants like vegetable oils, nuts and le- in fl ammatory reactions. One of its main ef- gumes. fects is to induce platelet aggregation. Piebaldism rare autosomal dominant disorder PLC gamma phospholipase C gamma plays a of melanocyte development characterized by central role in signal transduction. distinct patches of skin and hair that contain Pleurisy is an infl ammation of the pleura, the no pigment. lining of the pleural cavity surrounding the Medical Glossary 551

lungs, which can cause painful respiration and Porphyrin any of a class of water-soluble, ni- other symptoms. Also known as pleuritis. trogenous biological pigments. Pneumonia an infl ammatory illness of the lung Postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) is neuralgia caused by bacteria or viruses. (pain in the nerves) caused by the varicella Pneumotoxicity damage to lung tissues. Herpes Zoster virus. The pain may last for Poliomyelitis is a highly infectious viral disease more than a month or more after a shingles that may attack the central nervous system and infection occurred. is characterized by symptoms that range from Postpartum Depression depression after preg- a mild non-paralytic infection to total paraly- nancy; also called postnatal depression. sis in a matter of hours; also called polio or Postprandial after mealtime. infantile paralysis. Potassium (K) is an element that’s essential Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) a pro- for the body’s growth and maintenance. It’s tein involved in a number of cellular processes necessary to keep a normal water balance be- especially DNA repair and programmed cell tween the cells and body fl uids, for cellular death. enzyme activities and plays an essential role Polyarthritis is any type of arthritis which in- in the response of nerves to stimulation and volves fi ve or more joints. in the contraction of muscles. Potassium is Polychromatic erythrocyte (PCE) an imma- found in many plant foods and fi sh (tuna, hali- ture red blood cell containing RNA, that can but): chard, mushrooms, spinach, fennel, kale, be differentiated by appropriate staining tech- mustard greens, Brussels sprouts, broccoli, niques from a normochromatic erythrocyte cauli fl ower, cabbage winter squash, eggplant, (NCE), which lacks RNA. cantaloupe, tomatoes, parsley, cucumber, bell Polycystic kidney disease is a kidney disorder pepper, turmeric, ginger root, apricots, straw- passed down through families in which mul- berries, avocado and banana. tiple cysts form on the kidneys, causing them Poultice is a soft moist mass, often heated and to become enlarged. medicated, that is spread on cloth over the skin Polycystic ovary syndrome imbalance of wom- to treat an aching, infl amed, or painful part of an’s sex hormone, this imbalance may cause the body. Also called cataplasm. changes in menstrual cycle, skin changes, PPARs peroxisome proliferator-activated recep- small cysts in the ovary and problem in get- tors - a group of nuclear receptor proteins that ting pregnant. function as transcription factors regulating the Polycythaemia a type of blood disorder char- expression of genes. acterised by the production of too many red Prebiotics a category of functional food, blood cells. de fi ned as non-digestible food ingredients Polymorphnuclear having a lobed nucleus. Used that bene fi cially affect the host by selec- especially of neutrophilic white blood cells. tively stimulating the growth and/or activ- Polyneuritis widespread in fl ammation of the ity of one or a limited number of bacteria in nerves. the colon, and thus improve host health. cf. Polyneuritis gallinarum a nervous disorder in probiotics. birds and poultry. Pre-ecamplasia toxic condition of pregnancy Polyneuropathy simultaneous malfunction of characterized by high blood pressure, abnor- many peripheral nerves throughout the body. mal weight gain, proteinuria and edema. Polyp a growth that protrudes from a mucous Prepubertal before puberty; pertaining to the membrane. period of accelerated growth preceding go- Polyphagia medical term for excessive hunger nadal maturity. or eating. Pregnane X receptor (PXR NR1I2) is a li- Polyuria a condition characterized by the pas- gand-activated transcription factor that plays sage of large volumes of urine with an increase a role not only in drug metabolism and trans- in urinary frequency. port but also in various other biological pro- Pomade a thick oily dressing. cesses. 552 Medical Glossary

Pregnenolone a steroid hormone produced Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) a most by the adrenal glands, involved in the ste- common cause of failure in retinal reattach- roidogenesis of other steroid hormones like ment surgery, characterised by the formation progesterone, mineralocorticoids, glucocorti- of cellular membrane on both surfaces of the coids, androgens, and estrogens. retina and in the vitreous. Prenidatory referring to the time period be- Promastigote the fl agellate stage in the devel- tween fertilization and implantation. opment of trypanosomatid protozoa, charac- Prenylated fl avones fl avones with an isoprenyl terized by a free anterior fl agellum. group in the 8-position, has been reported to Promyelocytic leukemia a subtype of acute have good anti-in fl ammatory properties. myelogenous leukemia (AML), a cancer of Proangiogenic promote angiogensis (formation the blood and bone marrow. and development of new blood vessels). Pro-oxidants chemicals that induce oxidative Probiotication enhancement with bene fi cial stress, either through creating reactive oxygen probitoic bacteria such as Lactobacillus spe- species or inhibiting antioxidant systems. cies that can prevent the growth of intestinal Prophylaxis prevention or protection against pathogenic micro fl ora. disease. Probiotics are dietary supplements and live mi- Proptosis see exophthalmos. croorganisms containing potentially benefi cial Prostacyclin a prostaglandin that is a metabolite bacteria or yeasts that are taken into the ali- of arachidonic acid, inhibits platelet aggrega- mentary system for healthy intestinal func- tion, and dilates blood vessels. tions. cf. prebiotics. Prostaglandins a family of C 20 lipid com- Proctitis an in fl ammation of the rectum that pounds found in various tissues, associ- causes discomfort, bleeding, and occasionally, ated with muscular contraction and the a discharge of mucus or pus. in fl ammation response such as swelling, pain, Procyanidin also known as proanthocyanidin, stiffness, redness and warmth. oligomeric proanthocyanidin, leukocyanidin, Prostaglandin E2 (PEG -2) one of the pros- leucoanthocyanin, is a class of fl avanols found taglandins, a group of hormone-like sub- in many plants. It has antioxidant activity and stances that participate in a wide range plays a role in the stabilization of collagen and of body functions such as the contraction maintenance of elastin. and relaxation of smooth muscle, the dila- Progestational of or relating to the phase of the tion and constriction of blood vessels, con- menstrual cycle immediately following ovula- trol of blood pressure, and modulation of tion, characterized by secretion of progesterone. infl ammation. Proglottid one of the segments of a tapeworm. Prostaglandin E synthase an enzyme that in Prognosis medical term to describe the likely humans is encoded by the glutathione-depen- outcome of an illness. dent PTGES gene. Prolactin a hormone produced by the pituitary Prostanoids term used to describe a subclass of gland, it stimulates the breasts to produce milk eicosanoids (products of COX pathway) con- in pregnant women. It is also present in males sisting of: the prostaglandins (mediators of but its role is not well understood. infl ammatory and anaphylactic reactions), the Prolapse a common condition where the blad- thromboxanes (mediators of vasoconstriction) der, uterus and or bowel protrudes into the and the prostacyclins (active in the resolution vagina. phase of in fl ammation). Prolapsus to fall or slip out of place. Prostate a gland that surround the urethra at the Prolapus ani eversion of the lower portion of bladder in the male. the rectum, and protruding through the anus, Prostate cancer a disease in which cancer de- common in infancy and old age. velops in the prostate, a gland in the male re- Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) a productive system. Symptoms include pain, new marker to study human colonic cell pro- dif fi culty in urinating, erectile dysfunction liferation. and other symptoms. Medical Glossary 553

Prostate –speci fic antigen (PSA) a protein pro- Psychotropic capable of affecting the mind, duced by the cells of the prostate gland. emotions, and behavior. Protein kinase C (PKC) a family of enzymes PTEN phosphatase and tensin homolog, a tu- involved in controlling the function of other mour suppressor gene. proteins through the phosphorylation of Ptosis also known as drooping eyelid; caused by hydroxyl groups of serine and threonine ami- weakness of the eyelid muscle and damage to no acid residues on these proteins. PKC en- the nerves that control the muscles or loose- zymes play important roles in several signal ness of the skin of the upper eyelid. transduction cascades. P13-K is a lipid kinase enzyme involved in the Protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) a group of regulation of a number of cellular functions such enzymes that remove phosphate groups from as cell growth, proliferation, differentiation, phosphorylated tyrosine residues on proteins. motility, survival and intracellular traffi cking, Proteinase a protease (enzyme) involved in the which in turn are involved in cancer. hydrolytic breakdown of proteins, usually by P13-K/AKT signaling pathway shown to be splitting them into polypeptide chains. important for an extremely diverse array of Proteinuria means the presence of an excess of cellular activities - most notably cellular pro- serum proteins in the urine. liferation and survival. Proteolysis cleavage of the peptide bonds in Pthysis silicosis with tuberculosis. protein forming smaller polypeptides. adj. Ptosis drooping of the upper eye lid. proteolytic. PTP protein tyrosine phosphatase. Proteomics the large-scale study of proteins, PTPIB protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B. particularly their structures and functions. P21 also known as cyclin-dependent kinase in- Prothrombin blood-clotting protein that is con- hibitor 1 or CDK-interacting protein 1, is a verted to the active form, factor IIa, or throm- potent cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor. bin, by cleavage. Puerperal pertaining to child birth. Prothyroid good for thyroid function. Puerperium post-partum period. Protheolithic proteolytic see proteolysis. Pulmonary embolism a blockage (blood clot) Proto-oncogene A normal gene which, when of the main artery of the lung. altered by mutation, becomes an oncogene Purgative a substance used to cleanse or purge, that can contribute to cancer. especially causing the immediate evacuation Prurigo a general term used to describe itchy of the bowel. eruptions of the skin. Purpura is the appearance of red or purple dis- Pruritis de fi ned as an unpleasant sensation on colorations on the skin that do not blanch on the skin that provokes the desire to rub or applying pressure. Also called peliosis. scratch the area to obtain relief; itch, itching. Purulent containing pus discharge. adj . pruritic. Purulent sputum sputum containing, or con- PSA Prostate Speci fi c Antigen, a protein which sisting of, pus. is secreted into ejaculate fl uid by the healthy Pustule small, in fl amed, pus- fi lled lesions. prostate. One of its functions is to aid sperm Pyelonephritis an ascending urinary tract infec- movement. tion that has reached the pyelum (pelvis) of Psoriasis a common chronic, non-contagious the kidney. autoimmune dermatosis that affects the skin Pyodermatitis refers to in fl ammation of the and joints. skin. Psychoactive having effects on the mind or be- Pyorrhea see periodontitis. havior. Pyretic referring to fever. Psychonautics exploration of the psyche by Pyrexia fever of unknown origin. means of approaches such as meditation, Pyridoxal a chemical form of vitamin B6. See prayer, lucid dreaming, brain wave entrain- vitamin B6. ment etc. Pyridoxamine a chemical form of vitamin B6. Psychotomimetic hallucinogenic. See vitamin B6. 554 Medical Glossary

Pyridoxine a chemical form of vitamin B6. See Recticuloendothelial system part of the im- vitamin B6. mune system, consists of the phagocytic cells Pyrolysis decomposition or transformation of a located in reticular connective tissue, primar- compound caused by heat. adj. pyrolytic. ily monocytes and macrophages. PYY Peptide a 36 amino acid peptide secreted by Recurrent aphthous stomatitis, or RAS is a L cells of the distal small intestine and colon common, painful condition in which recur- that inhibits gastric and pancreatic secretion. ring ovoid or round ulcers affect the oral mu- QT interval is a measure of the time between the cosa. start of the Q wave and the end of the T wave Redox homeostasis is considered as the cumu- in the heart’s electrical cycle. A prolonged QT lative action of all free radical reactions and interval is a biomarker for ventricular tachyar- antioxidant defenses in different tissues. rhythmias and a risk factor for sudden death. Refrigerant a medicine or an application for al- Quorum sensing (QS) the control of gene ex- laying heat, fever or its symptoms. pression in response to cell density, is used by Renal calculi kidney stones. both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria Renal interstitial fi brosis damage sustained to regulate a variety of physiological functions. by the kidneys’ renal tubules and interstitial Radiolysis the dissociation of molecules by ra- capillaries due to accumulation of extracellu- diation. lar waste in the wall of the small arteries and Radioprotective serving to protect or aiding in arterioles. protecting against the injurious effect of ra- Renal resistive index (RRI) measures the resis- diations. tance of renal arterial fl ow to the kidney. RAGE is the receptor for advanced glycation Renin also known as an angiotensinogenase, end products, a multiligand receptor that is an enzyme that participates in the body’s propagates cellular dysfunction in several renin-angiotensin system (RAS). in fl ammatory disorders, in tumours and in Renin-angiotensin system (RAS) also called diabetes. the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system RAS see renin-angiotensin system or recurrent (RAAS) is a hormone system that regulates aphthous stomatitis. blood pressure and water ( fl uid) balance. Rash a temporary eruption on the skin, see Reperfusion the restoration of blood fl ow to an uticaria. organ or tissue that has had its blood supply Reactive oxygen species species such as super- cut off, as after a heart attack. oxide, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radi- Reporter gene a transfected gene that produces cal. At low levels, these species may function a signal, such as green fl uorescence, when it in cell signaling processes. At higher levels, is expressed. these species may damage cellular macromol- Resistin a cysteine-rich protein secreted by adi- ecules (such as DNA and RNA) and partici- pose tissue of mice and rats. pate in apoptosis (programmed cell death). Resolutive a substance that induces subsidence Rec A is a 38 kilodalton Escherichia coli pro- of in fl ammation. tein essential for the repair and maintenance Resolvent reduce in fl ammation or swelling. of DNA. Resorb to absorb or assimilate a product of the Receptor for advanced glycation end products body such as an exudates or cellular growth. (RAGE) is a member of the immunoglobulin Restenosis is the reoccurrence of stenosis, a nar- superfamily of cell surface molecules; medi- rowing of a blood vessel, leading to restricted ates neurite outgrowth and cell migration upon blood fl ow. stimulation with its ligand, amphoterin. Resveratrol is a phytoalexin produced naturally Recticulocyte non-nucleated stage in the devel- by several plants when under attack by patho- opment of the red blood cell. gens such as bacteria or fungi. It is a potent an- Recticulocyte lysate cell lysate produced from re- tioxidant found in red grapes and other plants. ticulocytes, used as an in-vitro translation system. Retinol a form of vitamin A, see vitamin A. Medical Glossary 555

Retinopathy a general term that refers to some causing dilation of the capillaries and an in- form of non-in fl ammatory damage to the ret- crease in blood. ina of the eye. Ryanodine receptor intracellular Ca ++ channels Revulsive counterirritant, used for swellings. in animal tissues like muscles and neurons. Rhabdomyolysis breakdown of muscle fi bres S.C. abbreviation for sub-cutaneous, beneath leading to the release of muscle fi bre content the layer of skin. (myoglobin) into the bloodstream. S-T segment the portion of an electrocardio- Rheumatic pertaining to rheumatism or to ab- gram between the end of the QRS complex normalities of the musculoskeletal system. and the beginning of the T wave. Elevation or Rheumatism, Rheumatic disorder, Rheumatic depression of the S-T segment is the charac- diseases refers to various painful medical teristics of myocardial ischemia or injury and conditions which affect bones, joints, muscles, coronary artery disease. tendons. Rheumatic diseases are characterized Sapraemia see septicaemia. by the signs of in fl ammation – redness, heat, Sarcoma cancer of the connective or supportive swelling, and pain. tissue (bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, blood ves- Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, sys- sels) and soft tissues. temic autoimmune disorder that most com- Sarcopenia degenerative loss of skeletal muscle monly causes in fl ammation and tissue dam- mass and strength associated with aging. age in joints (arthritis) and tendon sheaths, Sarcoplasmic reticulum a special type of together with anemia. smooth endoplamic reticulum found in smooth Rhinitis irritation and infl ammation of some in- and striated muscle. ternal areas of the nose and the primary symp- SARS Severe acute respiratory syndrome, the tom of rhinitis is a runny nose. name of a potentially fatal new respiratory dis- Rhinopathy disease or malformation of the nose. ease in humans which is caused by the SARS Rhinoplasty is surgery to repair or reshape the coronavirus (SARS-CoV). nose. Satiety state of feeling satiated, fully satisfi ed Rhinorrhea commonly known as a runny nose, (appetite or desire). characterized by an unusually signi fi cant Scabies a transmissible ectoparasite skin infection amount of nasal discharge. characterized by super fi cial burrows, intense Rhinosinusitis in fl ammation of the nasal cavity pruritus (itching) and secondary infection. and sinuses. Scarlatina scarlet fever, an acute, contagious Rho GTPases Rho-guanosine triphosphate hy- disease caused by infection with group A drolase enzymes are molecular switches that streptococcal bacteria. regulate many essential cellular processes, Schwann cells or neurolemmocytes, are the including actin dynamics, gene transcription, principal supporting cells of the peripheral cell-cycle progression and cell adhesion. nervous system, they form the myelin sheath Ribosome inactivating proteins protein that of a nerve fi bre. are capable of inactivating ribosomes. Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease caused by Rickets is a softening of the bones in children several species of fl uke of the genus Schisto- potentially leading to fractures and deformity. soma. Also known as bilharzia, bilharziosis or Ringworm dermatophytosis, a skin infection snail fever. caused by fungus. Schizophrenia a psychotic disorder (or a group Roborant restoring strength or vigour, a tonic. of disorders) marked by severely impaired Rotavirus the most common cause of infectious thinking, emotions, and behaviors. diarrhea (gastroenteritis) in young children Sciatica a condition characterised by pain deep and infants, one of several viruses that causes in the buttock often radiating down the back of infections called stomach fl u. the leg along the sciatic nerve. Rubefacient a substance for external applica- Scleroderma a disease of the body’s connective tion that produces redness of the skin e.g. by tissue. The most common symptom is a thick- 556 Medical Glossary

ening and hardening of the skin, particularly Septicaemia a systemic disease associated with of the hands and face. the presence and persistence of pathogenic Scrofula a tuberculous infection of the skin on microorganisms or their toxins in the blood. the neck caused by the bacterium Mycobacte- Sequelae a pathological condition resulting rium tuberculosis . from a prior disease, injury, or attack. Scrophulosis see scrofula. Sexual potentiator increases sexual activity Scurf abnormal skin condition in which small and potency, enhances sexual performance fl akes or sales become detached. due to increased blood fl ow and effi cient me- Scurvy a state of dietary de fi ciency of vitamin C tabolism. (ascorbic acid) which is required for the syn- Sexually transmitted diseases (STD) infections thesis of collagen in humans. that are transmitted through sexual activity. Secretagogue a substance that causes another SGOT, Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transami- substance to be secreted. nase an enzyme that is normally present in Sedative having a soothing, calming, or tran- liver and heart cells. SGOT is released into quilizing effect; reducing or relieving stress, blood when the liver or heart is damaged. Also irritability, or excitement. called aspartate transaminase (AST). Seizure the physical fi ndings or changes in be- SGPT, Serum glutamic pyruvic transami- havior that occur after an episode of abnormal nase an enzyme normally present in serum electrical activity in the brain. and body tissues, especially in the liver; it Selectins are a family of cell adhesion mole- is released into the serum as a result of tis- cules; e.g. selectin-E, selectin –L, selectin P. sue injury, also called Alanine transaminase Selenium (Se) a trace mineral that is essential to (ALT). good health but required only in tiny amounts; Shiga–like toxin a toxin produced by the bacte- it is incorporated into proteins to make sele- rium Escherichia coli which disrupts the func- noproteins, which are important antioxidant tion of ribosomes, also known as verotoxin. enzymes. It is found in avocado, brazil nut, Shiga toxigenic Escherichia coli (STEC) com- lentils, sun fl ower seeds, tomato, whole grain prises a diverse group of organisms capable cereals, seaweed, seafood and meat. of causing severe gastrointestinal disease in Sensorineural bradyacuasia hearing impair- humans. ment of the inner ear resulting from damage Shiga toxin a toxin produced by the bacterium to the sensory hair cells or to the nerves that Shigella dysenteriae, which disrupts the func- supply the inner ear. tion of ribosomes. Sepsis a condition in which the body is fi ghting Shingles skin rash caused by the Zoster virus a severe infection that has spread via the (same virus that causes chicken pox) and is bloodstream. medically termed Herpes zoster. Sequela an abnormal pathological condition re- Sialogogue salivation-promoter, a substance sulting from a disease, injury or trauma. used to increase or promote the excretion of Serine proteinase peptide hydrolases which saliva. have an active centre histidine and serine in- Sialoproteins glycoproteins that contain sialic volved in the catalytic process. acid as one of their carbohydrates. Serotonergic liberating, activated by, or involving Sialyation reaction with sialic acid or its deriva- serotonin in the transmission of nerve impulses. tives; used especially with oligosaccharides. Serotonin a monoamine neurotransmitter syn- Sialyltransferases enzymes that transfer sialic thesized in serotonergic neurons in the central acid to nascent oligosaccharide. nervous system. Sickle cell disease is an inherited blood disorder Sepsis is a potentially fatal medical condition that affects red blood cells. People with sickle characterized by a whole-body infl ammatory cell disease have red blood cells that contain response (called a systemic infl ammatory re- mostly hemoglobin S, an abnormal type of sponse syndrome or SIRS) that is triggered by hemoglobin. Sometimes these red blood cells an infection. become sickle-shaped (crescent shaped) and Medical Glossary 557

have diffi culty passing through small blood osmotic balance between cells and the inter- vessels. stitial fl uid and in maintenance of total body Side stitch is an intense stabbing pain under the fl uid homeostasis. Extra intake may cause a lower edge of the ribcage that occurs while harmful effect on health. Sodium is naturally exercising. supplied by salt intake with food. Signal transduction cascade refers to a se- Soleus muscle smaller calf muscle lower down ries of sequential events that transfer a signal the leg and under the gastrocnemius muscle. through a series of intermediate molecules Somites mesodermal structures formed during until fi nal regulatory molecules, such as tran- embryonic development that give rise to seg- scription factors, are modifi ed in response to mented body parts such as the muscles of the the signal. body wall. Silicon (Si) is required in minute amounts by Sopori fi c a sleep inducing drug. the body and is important for the development SOS response a global response to DNA dam- of healthy hair and the prevention of nervous age in which the cell cycle is arrested and disorders. Lettuce is the best natural source of DNA repair and mutagenesis are induced. Silicon. Soyasapogenins triterpenoid products obtained Sinapism signi fi es an external application, in from the acid hydrolysis of soyasaponins, des- the form of a soft plaster, or poultice. ignated soyasapogenols A,B, C, D and E. Sinusitis in fl ammation of the nasal sinuses. Soyasaponins bioactive saponin compounds SIRC cells Statens Seruminstitut Rabbit Cornea found in many legumes. (SIRC) cell line. Spasmogenic inducing spasm. SIRT 1 stands for sirtuin (silent mating type in- Spasmolytic checking spasms, see antispasmodic. formation regulation 2 homolog) 1. It is an en- Spermatorrhoea medically an involuntary zyme that deacetylates proteins that contribute ejaculation/drooling of semen usually noctur- to cellular regulation. nal emissions. 6-Keto-PGF1 alpha a physiologically active Spermidine an important polyamine in DNA and stable hydrolysis product of Epoprostenol, synthesis and gene expression. found in nearly all mammalian tissues. Spina bi fi da a congenital birth defect caused by Skp1 (S-phase kinase-associated protein 1) is a the incomplete closing of the embryonic neu- core component of SCF ubiquitin ligases and ral tube. mediates protein degradation. Sphingolipid a member of a class of lipids de- Smads a family of intracellular proteins that rived from the aliphatic amino alcohol, sphin- mediate signaling by members of the TGF- gosine. beta (transforming growth factor beta) super- Spleen organ that fi lters blood and prevents family. infection. Smad2/3 a key signaling molecule for TGF- Spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) is an enigmatic beta. protein tyrosine kinase functional in a num- Smad7 a TGFb type 1 receptor antagonist. ber of diverse cellular processes such as the Smallpox is an acute, contagious and devastat- regulation of immune and infl ammatory re- ing disease in humans caused by Variola virus sponses. and have resulted in high mortality over the Splenitis in fl ammation of the spleen. centuries. Splenocyte is a monocyte, one of the fi ve major Snuff powder inhaled through the nose. types of white blood cell, and is characteristi- SOD superoxide dismutase, is an enzyme that cally found in the splenic tissue. repairs cells and reduces the damage done to Splenomegaly is an enlargement of the spleen. them by superoxide, the most common free Sprain to twist a ligament or muscle of a joint radical in the body. without dislocating the bone. Sodium (Na) is an essential nutrient required for Sprue is a chronic disorder of the small intestine health. Sodium cations are important in neuron caused by sensitivity to gluten, a protein found (brain and nerve) function, and in infl uencing in wheat and rye and to a lesser extent oats and 558 Medical Glossary

barley. It causes poor absorption by the intes- Strangury is the painful passage of small quan- tine of fat, protein, carbohydrates, iron, water, tities of urine which are expelled slowly by and vitamins A, D, E, and K. straining with severe urgency; it is usually ac- Sputum matter coughed up and usually eject- companied with the unsatisfying feeling of a ed from the mouth, including saliva, foreign remaining volume inside and a desire to pass material, and substances such as mucus or something that will not pass. phlegm, from the respiratory tract. Straub tail condition in which an animal carries SREBP-1 see sterol regulatory element-binding its tail in an erect (vertical or nearly vertical) protein-1. position. Stanch to stop or check the fl ow of a bodily fl uid STREPs sterol regulatory element binding pro- like blood from a wound. teins, a family of transcription factors that Statin a type of lipid-lowering drug. regulate lipid homeostasis by controlling the STAT3 signal transducer and activator of expression of a range of enzymes required for transcription 3, plays a key role in many endogenous cholesterol, fatty acid, triacylg- cellular processes such as cell growth and lycerol and phospholipid synthesis. apoptosis. Stria terminalis a structure in the brain consist- Status epilepticus refers to a life-threatening ing of a band of fi bres running along the lat- condition in which the brain is in a state of eral margin of the ventricular surface of the persistent seizure. thalamus. STD sexually transmitted disease. Striae gravidarum a cutaneous condition char- Steatorrhea is the presence of excess fat in fe- acterized by stretch marks on the abdomen ces which appear frothy, foul smelling and during and following pregnancy. fl oats because of the high fat content. Stricture an abnormal constriction of the inter- Steatohepatitis liver disease, characterized by nal passageway within a tubular structure such in fl ammation of the liver with fat accumula- as a vessel or duct. tion in the liver. Strongyloidiasis an intestinal parasitic infection Steatosis refer to the deposition of fat in the in- in humans caused by two species of the para- terstitial spaces of an organ like the liver, fatty sitic nematode Strongyloides. The nematode liver disease. or round worms are also called thread worms. Sterility inability to produce offspring, also Styptic a short stick of medication, usually an- called asepsis. hydrous aluminum sulfate (a type of alum) or Steroidogenic relating to steroidogenisis. titanium dioxide, which is used for stanching Steroidogenisis the production of steroids. blood by causing blood vessels to contract at Sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 the site of the wound. Also called hemostatic (SREBP1) is a key regulator of the transcrip- pencil. see antihaemorrhagic. tion of numerous genes that function in the Subarachnoid hemorrhage is bleeding in the metabolism of cholesterol and fatty acids. area between the brain and the thin tissues that Stimulant a substance that promotes the activity cover the brain. of a body system or function. Substance P a neuropeptide that functions as a Stomachic (digestive stimulant), an agent that neurotransmitter, neuromodulator and is asso- stimulates or strengthens the activity of the ciated with the sensation of pain. stomach; used as a tonic to improve the ap- Substantia nigra is a dark coloured brain struc- petite and digestive processes. ture located in the midbrain that play an im- Stomatitis oral infl ammation and ulcers, may be portant role in reward, addiction and move- mild and localized or severe, widespread, and ment. painful. Sudatory medicine that causes or increases Stomatology medical study of the mouth and its sweating. Also see sudori fi c. diseases. Sudori fi c a substance that causes sweating. Stool faeces. Sulfur Sulfur is an essential component of all living cells. Sulfur is important for the syn- Medical Glossary 559

thesis of sulfur-containing amino acids, all Syngeneic genetically identical or closely re- polypeptides, proteins, and enzymes such as lated, so as to allow tissue transplant; immu- glutathione an important sulfur-containing nologically compatible. tripeptide which plays a role in cells as a Synovial lubricating fl uid secreted by synovial source of chemical reduction potential. Sul- membranes, as those of the joints. fur is also important for hair formation. Good Synoviocyte located in the synovial membrane, plant sources are garlic, onion, leeks and there are two types. Type A cells are more other Alliaceous vegetables, Brassicaceous numerous, have phagocytic characteristics vegetables like caulifl ower, cabbages, Brus- and produce degradative enzymes. Type B sels sprout, Kale; legumes – beans, green and cells produce synovial fl uid, which lubricates red gram, soybeans; horse radish, water cress, the joint and nurtures nourishes the articular wheat germ. cartilage. Superior mesenteric artery (SMA) arises from Syphilis is perhaps the best known of all the the anterior surface of the abdominal aorta, STD’s. Syphilis is transmitted by direct con- just inferior to the origin of the celiac trunk, tact with infection sores, called chancres, and supplies the intestine from the lower part syphitic skin rashes, or mucous patches on of the duodenum to the left colic fl exure and the tongue and mouth during kissing, necking, the pancreas. petting, or sexual intercourse. It can also be Superoxidae mutase (SOD) antioxidant enzyme. transmitted from a pregnant woman to a fetus Suppuration the formation of pus, the act of after the fourth month of pregnancy. becoming converted into and discharging pus. System lupus erythematosus a long-term au- Supraorbital located above the orbit of the eye. toimmune disorder that may affect the skin, Sural nerve sensory nerve comprising collateral joints, kidneys, brain, and other organs. Symp- branches off of the common tibial, and com- toms may include chest pain, fatigue, fever, mon fi bular nerve. hair loss, mailasie, mouth sores, sensitivity to SYK, Spleen tyrosine kinase is a human pro- sunlight, skin rash (butter fl y-rash). tein and gene. Syk plays a similar role in Systolic the blood pressure when the heart is transmitting signals from a variety of cell sur- contracting. It is speci fi cally the maximum face receptors including CD74, Fc Receptor, arterial pressure during contraction of the left and integrins. ventricle of the heart. Sympathetic nervous system the part of the T cells or T lymphocytes a type of white blood autonomic nervous system originating in the cell that play a key role in the immune system. thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord Tachyarrhythmia any disturbance of the heart that in general inhibits or opposes the physi- rhythm in which the heart rate is abnormally ological effects of the parasympathetic ner- increased. vous system, as in tending to reduce digestive Tachycardia a false heart rate applied to adults secretions or speed up the heart. to rates over 100 beats per minute. Synaptic plasticity the ability of neurons to change Tachykinins neuropetide transmitters that are the number and strength of their synapses. widely distributed and active in the central Synaptogenesis the formation of synapses. nervous system and periphery, evoking a vari- Synaptoneurosomes puri fi ed synapses contain- ety of responses in a variety of tissues. ing the pre- and postsynaptic termini. Tachyphylaxia a decreased response to a medicine Synaptosomes isolated terminal of a neuron. given over a period of time so that larger doses Syncope fainting, sudden loss of consciousness are required to produce the same response. followed by the return of wakefulness. Tachypnea abnormally fast breathing. Syndactyly webbed toes, a condition where two Taenia a parasitic tapeworm or fl atworm of the or more digits are fused together. genus, Taenia. Syneresis expulsion of liquid from a gel, as Taeniacide an agent that kills tapeworms. contraction of a blood clot and expulsion of Tau is a class of microtubule-associated protein liquid. (MAP) in neuronal and glial cells. 560 Medical Glossary

Tau-1 (Ser198/199/202), pS396 (Ser396), and Thelarche the beginning of secondary (postna- pS214 (Ser214) epitopes serine phosphory- tal) breast development, usually occurring at lation sites of tau-1. the beginning of puberty in girls. Tau phosphorylation plays an important role in Thermogenic tending to produce heat, applied neurodegenerative diseases and regulated by to drugs or food (fat burning food). protein kinases and phosphatases. Thermogenesis is the process of heat produc- TBARS see thiobarbituric acid reactive sub- tion in organisms. stances. Thermonociceptors or thermal nociceptors, T-cell a type of white blood cell that attacks sensory receptors that are stimulated by nox- virus-infected cells, foreign cells and cancer ius heat or cold at various temperature. cells. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances TCA cycle see Tricarboxylic acid cycle. (TBARS) a well-established method for TCID50 median tissue culture infective dose; screening and monitoring lipid peroxidation. that amount of a pathogenic agent that will Thixotropy the property exhibited by certain gels produce pathological change in 50% of cell of becoming fl uid when stirred or shaken and cultures. returning to the semisolid state upon standing. Telencephalon the cerebral hemispheres, the Thrombocythaemia a blood condition character- largest divisions of the human brain. ize by a high number of platelets in the blood. Telomerase enzyme that acts on parts of chro- Thrombocytopenia a condition when the bone mosomes known as telomeres. marrow does not produce enough platelets Temporomandibular joint disorder (TMJD or (thrombocytes) like in leukaemia. TMD syndrome) a disorder characterized by Thromboembolism formation in a blood ves- acute or chronic infl ammation of the temporo- sel of a clot (thrombus) that breaks loose and mandibular joint, that connects the mandible is carried by the blood stream to plug another to the skull. vessel.cf. deep vein thrombosis. Tendonitis is in fl ammation of a tendon. Thrombogenesis formation of a thrombus or Tenesmus a strong desire to defaecate. blood clot. Teratogen is an agent that can cause malforma- Thrombophlebitis occurs when there is tions of an embryo or fetus. adj. teratogenic. in fl ammation and clot in a surface vein. Testicular torsion twisting of the spermatic Thromboplastin an enzyme liberated from cord, which cuts off the blood supply to the blood platelets that converts prothrombin into testicle and surrounding structures within the thrombin as blood starts to clot, also called scrotum. thrombokinase. Tetanus an acute, potentially fatal disease caused Thrombosis the formation or presence of a by tetanus bacilli multiplying at the site of an thrombus (clot). injury and producing an exotoxin that reaches Thromboxanes any of several compounds, the central nervous system producing pro- originally derived from prostaglandin precur- longed contraction of skeletal muscle fi bres. sors in platelets that stimulate aggregation of Also called lockjaw. platelets and constriction of blood vessels. Tete acute dermatitis caused by both bacterial Thromboxane B2 the inactive product of and fungal infection. thromboxane. Tetter any of a number of skin diseases. Thrombus a fi brinous clot formed in a blood TGF-beta transforming growth factor beta is a vessel or in a chamber of the heart. protein that controls proliferation, cellular dif- Thrush a common mycotic infection caused by ferentiation, and other functions in most cells. yeast, Candida albicans , in the digestive tract Th cells or T helper cells a subgroup of lym- or vagina. In children it is characterized by phocytes that helps other white blood cells in white spots on the tongue. immunologic processes. Thymocytes are T cell precursors which devel- Thalassemia major is a genetic blood disorder op in the thymus. that causes the body to manufacture an abnor- Thyrotoxicosis or hyperthyroidism - an overac- mal form of haemoglobin. tive thyroid gland, producing excessive circu- Medical Glossary 561

lating free thyroxine and free triiodothyronine, Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) is a method or both. of feeding that bypasses the gastrointestinal Tight junction associated areas of two cells tract. whose membranes join together forming a Toxemia is the presence of abnormal substances virtually impermeable barrier to fl uid. in the blood, but the term is also used for a TIMP-3 a human gene belongs to the tissue serious condition in pregnancy that involves inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) hypertension and proteinuria. Also called pre- gene family. see MMP. eclampsia. Tincture solution of a drug in alcohol. Tracheitis is a bacterial infection of the trachea; Tinea ringworm, fungal infection on the skin. also known as bacterial tracheitis or acute bac- Tinea favosa See favus. terial tracheitis. Tinea cruris ringworm of the groin. Trachoma a contagious disease of the conjunctiva Tinea pedis fungal infection of the foot, also and cornea of the eye, producing painful sensi- called atheletes’foot. tivity to strong light and excessive tearing. Tinnitus a noise in the ears, as ringing, buzzing, TRAIL acronym for tumour necrosis factor- roaring, clicking, etc. related apoptosis-inducing ligand, is a cy- Tisane a herbal infusion used as tea or for me- tokine that preferentially induces apoptosis in dicinal purposes. tumour cells. Tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) a serine Tranquilizer a substance drug used in calm- protease involved in the breakdown of blood ing person suffering from nervous tension or clots. anxiety. TNF alpha cachexin or cachectin and formal- Transaminase also called aminotransferase is ly known as tumour necrosis factor-alpha, a an enzyme that catalyzes a type of reaction cytokine involved in systemic in fl ammation. between an amino acid and an a -keto acid. primary role of TNF is in the regulation of im- Transaminitis increase in alanine aminotrans- mune cells. TNF is also able to induce apop- ferase (ALT) and/or aspartate aminotransferase totic cell death, to induce in fl ammation, and to (AST) to > 5 times the upper limit of normal. inhibit tumorigenesis and viral replication. Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization Tocolytics medications used to suppress prema- (TACE) is an interventional radiology proce- ture labor. dure involving percutaneous access of to the Tocopherol fat soluble organic compounds be- hepatic artery and passing a catheter through longing to vitamin E group. See vitamin E. the abdominal artery aorta followed by radi- Tocotrienol fat soluble organic compounds be- ology. It is used extensively in the palliative longing to vitamin E group. See vitamin E. treatment of unresectable hepatocellular car- Tolerogenic producing immunological tolerance. cinoma (HCC). Toll-like receptors (TLRs) a class of proteins that Transcriptional activators are proteins that play a key role in the innate immune system. bind to DNA and stimulate transcription of Tonic substance that acts to restore, balance, nearby genes. tone, strengthen, or invigorate a body system Transcriptional coactivator PGC-1 a potent without overt stimulation or depression. transcriptional coactivator that regulates oxi- Tonic clonic seizure a type of generalized sei- dative metabolism in a variety of tissues. zure that affects the entire brain. Transcriptome pro fi ling to identify genes in- Tonsillitis an in fl ammatory condition of the volved in peroxisome assembly and function. tonsils due to bacteria, allergies or respiratory Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-b ) a problems. protein that controls proliferation, cellular dif- TOP2A topoisomerase II alpha enzyme. ferentiation, and other functions in most cells. Topoisomerases a class of enzymes involved in Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 the regulation of DNA supercoiling. (TRPV1) receptor also known as capsaicin Topoiosmerase inhibitors a new class of antican- receptor and vanilloid receptor, is a Ca 2+ cer agents with a mechanism of action aimed at permeable nonselective cation channel local- interrupting DNA replication in cancer cells. ized on a subset of primary sensory neurons 562 Medical Glossary

and can be activated by physical and chemical mation of lesions (tubercles) and necrosis in stimuli. the lung tissues and other organs. TRAP 6 thrombin receptor activating peptide Tumorigenesis formation or production of tu- with 6 amino acids. mours. Tremorine a chemical that produces a tremor Tumour an abnormal swelling of the body other resembling Parkinsonian tremor. than those caused by direct injury. Tremulous marked by trembling, quivering or Tussis a cough. shaking. Tympanic membrane ear drum. Triacylglycerols or triacylglyceride, is a glyc- Tympanitis infection or in fl ammation of the eride in which the glycerol is esterifi ed with inner ear. three fatty acids. Tympanophonia increased resonance of one’s Tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle) a series own voice, breath sounds, arterial murmurs, etc., of enzymatic reactions in aerobic organisms noted especially in disease of the middle ear. involving oxidative metabolism of acetyl units Tympanosclerosis see myringoslcerosis. and producing high-energy phosphate com- Tyrosinase a copper containing enzyme found pounds, which serve as the main source of in animals and plants that catalyses the oxida- cellular energy. Also called citric acid cycle, tion of phenols (such as tyrosine) and the pro- Krebs cycle. duction of melanin and other pigments from Trichophytosis infection by fungi of the genus tyrosine by oxidation. Trichophyto n. Ubiquitin ligase also called an E3 ubiquitin li- Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is a neuropathic gase, is a protein that targets other proteins to disorder of one or both of the facial trigeminal be broken down (degraded) within cells. nerves, also known as prosopalgia. UCP1 an uncoupling protein found in the mito- Triglycerides a type of fat (lipids) found in the chondria of brown adipose tissue used to gen- blood stream. erate heat by non-shivering thermogenesis. Trismus continuous contraction of the muscles UCP – 2 enzyme uncoupling protein 2 enzyme, of the jaw, specifi cally as a symptom of teta- a mitochondrial protein expressed in adipo- nus, or lockjaw; inability to open mouth fully. cytes. TrKB receptor also known as TrKB tyrosine Ulcer an open sore on an external or internal kinase, a protein in humans that acts as a cata- body surface usually accompanied by disinte- lytic receptor for several neutrophins. gration of tissue and pus. Trolox Equivalent measures the antioxidant ca- Ulcerative colitis is one of 2 types of in fl a- pacity of a given substance, as compared to mmatory bowel disease - a condition that the standard, Trolox also referred to as TEAC causes the bowel to become in fl amed and red. (Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity). Ulemorrhagia bleeding of the gums. Trypanocidal destructive to trypanosomes. Ulitis in fl ammation of the gums. Trypanosomes protozoan of the genus Try- Unguent ointment. panosoma. Unilateral ureteral obstruction unilateral Trypanosomiasis human disease or an infection blockage of urine fl ow through the ureter of 1 caused by a trypanosome. kidney, resulting in a backup of urine, disten- Trypsin an enzyme of pancreatic juice that hydro- sion of the renal pelvis and calyces, and hy- lyzes proteins into smaller polypeptide units. dronephrosis. Trypsin inhibitor small protein synthesized in Uraemia an excess in the blood of urea, crea- the exocrine pancreas which prevents conver- tinine and other nitrogenous end products of sion of trypsinogen to trypsin, so protecting protein and amino acids metabolism, more itself against trypsin digestion. correctly referred to as azotaemia. TRPV1 see transient receptor potential vanilloid 1. Urethra tube conveying urine from the bladder Tuberculosis (TB) is a bacterial infection of the to the external urethral ori fi ce. lungs caused by a bacterium called Mycobac- Urethritis is an in fl ammation of the urethra terium tuberculosis, characterized by the for- caused by infection. Medical Glossary 563

Uricemia an excess of uric acid or urates in the Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) a blood. polypeptide chemical produced by cells that Uricosuric promoting the excretion of uric acid stimulates the growth of new blood vessels. in the urine. Vasculogenesis the process of blood vessel Urinary pertaining to the passage of urine. formation occurring by a de novo production Urinogenital relating to the genital and urinary of endothelial cells. organs or functions. Vasoconstrictor drug that causes constriction of Urodynia pain on urination. blood vessels. Urokinase also called urokinase-type plasmi- Vasodilator drug that causes dilation or relax- nogen (u-PA), is a serine protease enzyme in ation of blood vessels. human urine that catalyzes the conversion of Vasodilatory causing the widening of the lumen plasminogen to plasmin. It is used clinically of blood vessels. as a thrombolytic agent. Vasomotor symptoms menopausal symptoms Urokinase-type plasminogen (u-PA) plays a characterised by hot fl ushes and night sweats. key role in tumour invasion and metastasis, Vasospasm refers to a condition in which blood also see Urokinase. vessels spasm, leading to vasoconstriction Urolithiasis formation of stone in the urinary and subsequently to tissue ischemia and death tract (kidney bladder or urethra). (necrosis). Urticant a substance that causes wheals to form. VCAM-1 (vascular cell adhesion mole- Urticaria (or hives) is a skin condition, com- cule-1) also known as CD106, contains six monly caused by an allergic reaction, that is or seven immunoglobulin domains and is ex- characterized by raised red skin welts. pressed on both large and small vessels only Uterine relating to the uterus. after the endothelial cells are stimulated by Uterine relaxant an agent that relaxes the cytokines. muscles in the uterus. VEGF Vascular endothelial growth factor. Uterine stimulant an agent that stimulates the Venereal disease (VD) term given to the diseas- uterus (and often employed during active es syphilis and gonorrhoea. childbirth). Venule a small vein, especially one joining Uterotonic giving muscular tone to the uterus. capillaries to larger veins. Uterotrophic causing an effect on the uterus. Vermifuge a substance used to expel worms Uterus womb. from the intestines. Vagotomy the surgical cutting of the vagus Verotoxin a Shiga-like toxin produced by nerve to reduce acid secretion in the stomach. Escherichia coli, which disrupts the function Vagus nerve a cranial nerve, that is, a nerve of ribosomes, causing acute renal failure. connected to the brain. The vagus nerve has Verruca plana is a reddish-brown or fl esh- branches to most of the major organs in the colored, slightly raised, fl at-surfaced, well- body, including the larynx, throat, windpipe, demarcated papule on the hand and face, also lungs, heart, and most of the digestive sys- called fl at wart. tem. Verruca vulgaris small painless warts on the Variola or smallpox, a contagious disease unique skin caused by the human papillomavirus. to humans, caused by either of two virus vari- Vertigo an illusory, sensory perception that the ants, Variola major and Variola minor. The surroundings or one’s own body are revolving; disease is characterised by fever, weakness and dizziness. skin eruption with pustules that form scabs that Very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) a type leave scars. of lipoprotein made by the liver. VLDL is Varicose veins are veins that have become en- one of the fi ve major groups of lipoproteins larged and twisted. (chylomicrons, VLDL, intermediate-density Vasa vasorum is a network of small blood ves- lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, high- sels that supply large blood vessels. plur. vasa density lipoprotein (HDL)) that enable fats vasori. and cholesterol to move within the water- 564 Medical Glossary

based solution of the bloodstream. VLDL is zyme in redox reactions. De fi ciency causes converted in the bloodstream to low-density aribo fl avinosis. lipoprotein (LDL). Vitamin B3 comprises niacin and niacinamide, Vesical calculus calculi (stones) in the urinary water-soluble vitamin that function as coen- bladder. zyme or co-substrate for many redox reac- Vesicant a substance that causes tissue blister- tions and is required for energy metabolism. ing. De fi ciency causes pellagra. Vestibular relating to the sense of balance. Vitamin B5 also called pantothenic acid, a Vestibular disorders includes symptoms of diz- water-soluble vitamin that function as coen- ziness, vertigo, and imbalance; it can be result zyme in fatty acid metabolism. De fi ciency from or worsened by genetic or environmental causes paresthesia. conditions. Vitamin B6 water-soluble vitamin, exists in Vestibular system includes parts of the inner three major chemical forms: pyridoxine, ear and brain that process sensory informa- pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine. Vitamin B6 is tion involved with controlling balance and eye needed in enzymes involved in protein me- movement. tabolism, red blood cell metabolism, ef fi cient Vibrissa stiff hairs that are located especially functioning of nervous and immune systems about the nostrils. and hemoglobin formation. Defi ciency causes Viremia a medical condition where viruses en- anaemia and peripheral neuropathy. ter the bloodstream and hence have access to Vitamin B7 also called biotin or vitamin H, an the rest of the body. essential water-soluble vitamin, is involved in Visceral fat intra-abdominal fat, is located in- the synthesis of fatty acids amino acids and side the peritoneal cavity, packed in between glucose, in energy metabolism. Biotin pro- internal organs and torso. motes normal health of sweat glands, bone Vitamin any complex, organic compound, marrow, male gonads, blood cells, nerve tis- found in various food or sometimes synthe- sue, skin and hair, Defi ciency causes dermati- sized in the body, required in tiny amounts and tis and enteritis. are essential for the regulation of metabolism, Vitamin B9 also called folic acid, an essential normal growth and function of the body. water-soluble vitamin. Folate is especially im- Vitamin A retinol, fat-soluble vitamins that play portant during periods of rapid cell division an important role in vision, bone growth, re- and growth such as infancy and pregnancy. production, cell division, and cell differentia- De fi ciency during pregnancy is associated tion, helps regulate the immune system in pre- with birth defects such as neural tube defects. venting or fi ghting off infections. Vitamin A Folate is also important for production of that is found in colorful fruits and vegetables red blood cells and prevent anemia. Folate is is called provitamin A carotenoid. They can needed to make DNA and RNA, the building be made into retinol in the body. Defi ciency of blocks of cells. It also helps prevent changes vitamin A results in night blindness and kera- to DNA that may lead to cancer. tomalacia. Vitamin B12 a water-soluble vitamin, also Vitamin B1 also called thiamine, water-sol- called cobalamin as it contains the metal co- uble vitamins, dissolve easily in water, and balt. It helps maintain healthy nerve cells and in general, are readily excreted from the red blood cells, and DNA production. Vitamin body they are not readily stored, consistent B12 is bound to the protein in food. Defi ciency daily intake is important. It functions as co- causes megaloblastic anaemia. enzyme in the metabolism of carbohydrates Vitamin C also known as ascorbic acid is an es- and branched chain amino acids, and other sential water-soluble vitamin. It functions as cellular processes. Defi ciency results in beri- cofactor for reactions requiring reduced cop- beri disease. per or iron metalloenzyme and as a protective Vitamin B2 also called ribo fl avin, an essential antioxidant. De fi ciency of vitamin C causes water-soluble vitamin that functions as coen- scurvy. Medical Glossary 565

Vitamin D a group of fat-soluble, prohormone Vitreoretinopathy see proliferative vitreoretin- vitamin, the two major forms of which are vita- opathy. min D2 (or ergocalciferol) and vitamin D3 (or VLA-4 very late antigen-4, expressed by most cholecalciferol). Vitamin D obtained from sun leucocytes but it is observed on neutrophils exposure, food, and supplements is biological- under special conditions. ly inert and must undergo two hydroxylations VLDL see very low density lipoproteins. in the body for activation. Vitamin D is essen- Vomitive substance that causes vomiting. tial for promoting calcium absorption in the Vulnerary (wound healer), a substance used to gut and maintaining adequate serum calcium heal wounds and promote tissue formation. and phosphate concentrations to enable normal Wart an infectious skin tumour caused by a growth and mineralization of bone and prevent viral infection. hypocalcemic tetany. De fi ciency causes rickets Welt see wheal. and osteomalacia. Vitamin D has other roles in Wheal a fi rm, elevated swelling of the skin. Also human health, including modulation of neuro- called a weal or welt. muscular and immune function, reduction of White fat white adipose tissue (WAT) in mam- infl ammation and modulation of many genes mals, store of energy. cf. brown fat. encoding proteins that regulate cell prolifera- Whitlow painful infection of the hand involv- tion, differentiation, and apoptosis. ing 1 or more fi ngers that typically affects the Vitamin E is the collective name for a group terminal phalanx. of fat-soluble compounds and exists in eight Whooping cough acute infectious disease usu- chemical forms (alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and ally in children caused by a Bacillus bacterium delta-tocopherol and alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and accompanied by catarrh of the respiratory and delta-tocotrienol). It has pronounced an- passages and repeated bouts of coughing. tioxidant activities stopping the formation of Wnt signaling pathway is a network of pro- Reactive Oxygen Species when fat undergoes teins involved in embryogenesis and cancer, oxidation and help prevent or delay the chronic and also in normal physiological processes. diseases associated with free radicals. Besides X-linked agammaglobulinemia also known its antioxidant activities, vitamin E is involved as X-linked hypogammaglobulinemia, XLA, in immune function, cell signaling, regulation Bruton type agammaglobulinemia, Bruton of gene expression, and other metabolic pro- syndrome, or sex-linked agammaglobuline- cesses. De fi ciency is very rare but can cause mia; a rare x-linked genetic disorder that af- mild hemolytic anemia in newborn infants. fects the body’s ability to fi ght infection. Vitamin K a group of fat soluble vitamin and Xanthine oxidase a fl avoprotein enzyme con-

consist of vitamin K1 which is also known as taining a molybdenum cofactor (Moco) and

phylloquinone or phytomenadione (also called (Fe2 S2 ) clusters, involved in purine metabo-

phytonadione) and vitamin K2 (menaquinone, lism. In humans, inhibition of xanthine oxi- menatetrenone). Vitamin K plays an important dase reduces the production of uric acid, and role in blood clotting. Defi ciency is very rare prevent hyperuricemia and gout. but can cause bleeding diathesis. Xanthones unique class of biologically ac- Vitamin P a substance or mixture of substances tive phenol compounds with the molecular obtained from various plant sources, identi fi ed formula C13H8O2 possessing antioxidant as citrin or a mixture of biofl avonoids, thought properties, discovered in the mangosteen to but not proven to be useful in reducing the fruit. extent of hemorrhage. Xenobiotics a chemical (as a drug, pesticide, or Vitiligo a chronic skin disease that causes loss carcinogen) that is foreign to a living organ- of pigment, resulting in irregular pale patch- ism. es of skin. It occurs when the melanocytes, Xenograft a surgical graft of tissue from one cells responsible for skin pigmentation, die species to an unlike species. or are unable to function. Also called leu- Xerophthalmia a medical condition in which coderma. the eye fails to produce tears. 566 Medical Glossary

Yaws an infectious tropical infection of the skin, and leafy vegetables. It is important for good vi- bones and joints caused by the spirochete sion and is one of the two carotenoids contained bacterium Treponema pertenue, characterized within the retina of the eye. Within the central by papules and pappiloma with subsequent macula, zeaxanthin predominates, whereas in deformation of the skins, bone and joints; also the peripheral retina, lutein predominates. called framboesia. Zinc (Zn) is an essential mineral for health. It yGCN5 a histone acetyl transferase (HAT) that is involved in numerous aspects of cellular plays a role in regulation of transciton, cell metabolism: catalytic activity of enzymes, cycle progression and differentiation. immune function, protein synthesis, wound Yellow fever is a viral disease that is transmit- healing, DNA synthesis, and cell division. It ted to humans through the bite of infected also supports normal growth and development mosquitoes. Illness ranges in severity from an during pregnancy, childhood, and adolescence infl uenza-like syndrome to severe hepatitis and and is required for proper sense of taste and hemorrhagic fever. Yellow fever virus (YFV) smell. Dietary sources include beans, nuts, is maintained in nature by mosquito-borne pumpkin seeds, sunfl ower seeds, whole wheat transmission between nonhuman primates. bread and animal sources. Zeaxanthin a common carotenoid, found natural- ZO1 protein A high molecular weight tight ly as coloured pigments in many fruit vegetables junction-associated protein. Scienti fi c Glossary

Abaxial facing away from the axis, as of the Adventive Not native to and not fully established surface of an organ. in a new habitat or environment; locally or tem- Abscission shedding of leaves, fl owers, or fruits porarily naturalized. e.g. an adventive weed. following the formation of the abscission zone. Aestivation refers to positional arrangement of Acaulescent lacking a stem, or stem very much the fl oral parts in the bud before it opens. reduced. Akinete a thick-walled dormant cell derived Accrescent increasing in size after fl owering or from the enlargement of a vegetative cell. It with age. serves as a survival structure. Achene a dry, small, one-seeded, indehiscent Al fi sols soil with a clay-enriched subsoil and one-seeded fruit formed from a superior ovary relatively high native fertility, having under- of one carpel as in sun fl ower. gone only moderate leaching, containing Acid soil soil that maintains a pH of less than 7.0. aluminium, iron and with at least 35% base Acidulous acid or sour in taste. saturation, meaning that calcium, magnesium, Actinomorphic having radial symmetry, capable and potassium are relatively abundant. of being divided into symmetrical halves by Alkaline soil soil that maintains a pH above 7.0, any plane, refers to a fl ower, calyx or corolla. usually containing large amounts of calcium, Aculeate having sharp prickles. sodium, and magnesium, and is less soluble Acuminate tapering gradually to a sharp point. than acidic soils. Acute (Botany) tapering at an angle of less than Alkaloids naturally occurring bitter, complex 90° before terminating in a point as of leaf organic-chemical compounds containing basic apex and base. nitrogen and oxygen atoms and having vari- Adaxial side closest to the stem axis. ous pharmacological effects on humans and Aldephous having stamens united together by other animals. their fi laments. Alternate leaves or buds that are spaced along Adherent touching without organic fusion as of opposite sides of stem at different levels. fl oral parts of different whorls. Allomorphic with a shape or form different Adnate united with another unlike part as of sta- from the typical. mens attached to petals. Alluvial soil a fi ne-grained fertile soil depos- Adpressed lying close to another organ but not ited by water fl owing over fl ood plains or in fused to it. river beds. Adventitious arising in abnormal positions, Alluvium soil or sediments deposited by a river e.g. roots arising from the stem, branches or or other running water. leaves, buds arising elsewhere than in the axils Amplexicaul clasping the stem as base of of leaves. certain leaves.

T.K. Lim, Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants: Volume 6, Fruits, 567 DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-5628-1, © Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2013 568 Scientific Glossary

Anatomizing interconnecting network as applied Apocarpous carpels separate in single individ- to leaf veins. ual pistils. Andisols are soils formed in volcanic ash and Apopetalous with separate petals, not united to containing high proportions of glass and other petals. amorphous colloidal materials. Aposepalous with separate sepals, not united to Androdioecious with male fl owers and bisexual other sepals. fl owers on separate plants. Appressed pressed closely to another structure Androecium male parts of a fl ower; comprising but not fused or united. the stamens of one fl ower. Aquatic a plant living in or on water for all or a Androgynophore a stalk bearing both the an- considerable part of its life span. droecium and gynoecium above the perianth Arachnoid (Botany) formed of or covered with of the fl ower. long, delicate hairs or fi bers. Androgynous with male and female fl owers in Arborescent resembling a tree; applied to non- distinct parts of the same in fl orescence. woody plants attaining tree height and to Andromonoecious having male fl owers and bi- shrubs tending to become tree-like in size. sexual fl owers on the same plant. Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) a type of my- Angiosperm a division of seed plants with the corrhiza in which the fungus (of the phylum ovules borne in an ovary. Glomeromycota) penetrates the cortical cells Annual a plant which completes its life cycle of the roots of a vascular plant and form within a year. unique structures such as arbuscules and ves- Annular shaped like or forming a ring. icles. These fungi help plants to capture nu- Annulus circle or ring-like structure or mark- trients such as phosphorus and micronutrients ing; the portion of the corolla which forms a from the soil. fl eshy, raised ring. Archegonium a fl ask-shaped female reproductive Anthelate an open, paniculate cyme. organ in mosses, ferns, and other related plants. Anther the part of the stamen containing pollen Areolate with areolea. sac which produces the pollen. Areole (Botany) a small, specialized, cush- Antheriferous containing anthers. ion-like area on a cactus from which hairs, Anthesis the period between the opening of the glochids, spines, branches, or fl owers may bud and the onset of fl ower withering. arise; an irregular angular spaces marked out Anthocarp a false fruit consisting of the true on a surface e.g fruit surface. pl. areolea. fruit and the base of the perianth. Aril specialized outgrowth from the funiculus Anthocyanidins are common plant pigments. They (attachment point of the seed) (or hilum) that are the sugar-free counterparts of anthocyanins. encloses or is attached to the seed. adj. aril- Anthocyanins a subgroup of antioxidant late. fl avonoids, are glucosides of anthocyanidins. Arillode a false aril; an aril originating from the They occur as water-soluble vacuolar pig- micropyle instead of from the funicle or cha- ments that may appear red, purple, or blue ac- laza of the ovule, e.g. mace of nutmeg. cording to pH in plants. Aristate bristle-like part or appendage, e.g. Antipetala situated opposite petals. awns of grains and grasses. Antisepala situated opposite sepals. Aristulate having a small, stiff, bristle-like part Antrorse directed forward upwards. or appendage; a diminutive of aristate. Apetalous lacking petals as of fl owers with no Articulate jointed; usually breaking easily at the corolla. nodes or point of articulation into segments. Apical meristem active growing point. A zone of Ascending arched upwards in the lower part and cell division at the tip of the stem or the root. becoming erect in the upper part. Apically towards the apex or tip of a structure. Ascospore spore produced in the ascus in Asco- Apiculate ending abruptly in a short, sharp, mycete fungi. small point. Ascus is the sexual spore-bearing cell produced Apiculum a short, pointed, fl exible tip. in Ascomycete fungi. pl . asci. Scientific Glossary 569

Asperulous refers to a rough surface with short, Bipinnatisect refers to a pinnately compound hard projections. leaf, in which each leafl et is again divided into Attenuate tapered or tapering gradually to a pinnae. point. Biserrate doubly serrate; with smaller regular, Auricle an ear-like appendage that occurs at the asymmetric teeth on the margins of larger base of some leaves or corolla. teeth. Auriculate having auricles. Bisexual having both sexes, as in a fl ower bear- Awn a hair-like or bristle-like appendage on a ing both stamens and pistil, hermaphrodite or larger structure. perfect. Axil upper angle between a lateral organ, such Biternate Twice ternate; with three pinnae each as a leaf petiole and the stem that bears it. divided into three pinnules. Axile situated along the central axis of an ovary Blade lamina; part of the leaf above the sheath having two or more locules, as in axile pla- or petiole. centation. Blotched see variegated. Axillary arising or growing in an axil. Bole main trunk of tree from the base to the fi rst Baccate beery-like, pulpy or fl eshy. branch. Barbate bearded, having tufts of hairs. Brachyblast a short, axillary, densely crowded Barbellae short, stiff, hair-like bristles. adj. bar- branchlet or shoot of limited growth, in which bellate. the internodes elongate little or not at all. Bark is the outermost layers of stems and roots Bracket fungus shelf fungus. of woody plants. Bract a leaf-like structure, different in form Basal relating to, situated at, arising from or from the foliage leaves, associated with an forming the base. in fl orescence or fl ower. adj. bracteate. Basaltic soil soil derived from basalt, a common Bracteate possessing bracts. extrusive volcanic rock. Bracteolate having bracteoles. Basidiospore a reproductive spore produced by Bracteole a small, secondary, bract-like struc- Basidiomycete fungi. ture borne singly or in a pair on the pedicel or Basidium a microscopic, spore-producing calyx of a fl ower. adj. bracteolate. structure found on the hymenophore of fruit- Bran hard outer layer of grain and comprises ing bodies of Basidiomycete fungi. the aleurone and pericarp. It contains impor- Basi fi xed attached by the base, as certain an- tant antioxidant, vitamins and fi bre. thers are to their fi laments. Bristle a stiff hair. Basionym the synonym of a scienti fi c name that Bulb a modi fi ed underground axis that is short supplies the epithet for the correct name. and crowned by a mass of usually fl eshy, im- Beak a prominent apical projection, especially bricate scales. adj. bulbous. of a carpel or fruit. adj. beaked. Bulbil A small bulb or bulb-shaped body, es- Bearded having a tuft of hairs. pecially one borne in the leaf axil or an Berry a fl eshy or pulpy indehiscent fruit from a in fl orescence, and usually produced for asex- single ovary with the seed(s) embedded in the ual reproduction. fl eshy tissue of the pericarp. Bullate puckered, blistered. Biconvex convex on both sides. Burr type of seed or fruit with short, stiff bristles Biennial completing the full cycle from germi- or hooks or may refer to a deformed type of nation to fruiting in more than one, but not wood in which the grain has been misformed. more than 2 years. Bush low, dense shrub without a pronounced Bi fi d forked, divided into two parts. trunk. Bifoliolate having two lea fl ets. Buttress supporting, projecting outgrowth from Bilabiate having two lips as of a corolla or calyx base of a tree trunk as in some Rhizophorace- with segments fused into an upper and lower lip. ae and Moraceae. Bipinnate twice pinnate; the primary lea fl ets Caducous shedding or falling early before being again divided into secondary lea fl ets. maturity refers to sepals and petals. 570 Scientific Glossary

Caespitose growing densely in tufts or clumps; axis; any fruiting body or fruiting structure of having short, closely packed stems. a fungus. Calcareous composed of or containing lime or Cartilaginous sinewy, having a fi rm, tough, limestone. fl exible texture (in respect of leaf margins). Calcrete a hardpan consisting gravel and sand Caryopsis a simple dry, indehiscent fruit cemented by calcium. formed from a single ovary with the seed Callus a condition of thickened raised mass of hard- coat united with the ovary wall as in grasses ened tissue on leaves or other plant parts often and cereals. formed after an injury but sometimes a normal Cataphyll a reduced or scarcely developed leaf feature. A callus also can refer to an undifferen- at the start of a plant’s life (i.e., cotyledons) or tiated plant cell mass grown on a culture medium. in the early stages of leaf development. n. callosity. pl. calli, callosities. adj. callose. Catkin a slim, cylindrical, pendulous fl ower Calyptra the protective cap or hood covering spike usually with unisexual fl owers. the spore case of a moss or related plant. Caudate having a narrow, tail-like appendage. Calyptrate operculate, having a calyptra. Caudex thickened, usually underground base of Calyx outer fl oral whorl usually consisting of the stem. free sepals or fused sepals (calyx tube) and ca- Caulescent having a well developed aerial stem. lyx lobes. It encloses the fl ower while it is still Cauli fl ory botanical term referring to plants a bud. adj. calycine. which fl ower and fruit from their main stems Calyx lobe one of the free upper parts of the calyx or woody trunks. adj. cauli fl orus. which may be present when the lower part is Cauline borne on the aerial part of a stem. united into a tube. Chaffy having thin, membranous scales in the Calyx tube the tubular fused part of the calyx, in fl orescence as in the fl ower heads of the often cup shaped or bell shaped, when it is sun fl ower family. free from the corolla. Chalaza the basal region of the ovule where the Campanulate shaped like a bell refers to calyx stalk is attached. or corolla. Chartaceous papery, of paper-like texture. Canaliculate having groove or grooves. Chasmogamous describing fl owers in which pol- Candelabriform having the shape of a tall lination takes place while the fl ower is open. branched candle-stick. Chloroplast a chlorophyll-containing organelle Canescent covered with short, fi ne whitish or (plastid) that gives the green colour to leaves grayish hairs or down. and stems. Plastids harness light energy that Canopy uppermost leafy stratum of a tree. is used to fi x carbon dioxide in the process Cap see pileus. called photosynthesis. Capitate growing together in a head. Also Chromoplast plastid containing colored pig- means enlarged and globular at the tip. ments apart from chlorophyll. Capitulum a fl ower head or in fl orescence hav- Chromosomes thread-shaped structures that oc- ing a dense cluster of sessile, or almost sessile, cur in pairs in the nucleus of a cell, containing fl owers or fl orets. the genetic information of living organisms. Capsule a dry, dehiscent fruit formed from two Cilia hairs along the margin of a leaf or corolla or more united carpels and dehiscing at ma- lobe. turity by sections called valves to release the Ciliate with a fringe of hairs on the margin as of seeds. adj. capsular. the corolla lobes or leaf. Carinate keeled. Ciliolate minutely ciliate. Carpel a simple pistil consisting of ovary, Cilium a straight, usually erect hair on a margin ovules, style and stigma. adj. carpellary. or ridge. pl. cilia. Carpogonium female reproductive organ in red Cincinnus a monochasial cyme in which the algae. pl. carpogonia. lateral branches arise alternately on opposite Carpophore part of the receptacle which is sides of the false axis. lengthened between the carpels as a central Circinnate spirally coiled, with the tip innermost. Scientific Glossary 571

Circumscissile opening by a transverse line Composite having two types of fl orets as of the around the circumference as of a fruit. fl owers in the sun fl ower family, Asteraceae. Cladode the modifi ed photosynthetic stem of a Compost organic matter (like leaves, mulch, plant whose foliage leaves are much reduced manure, etc) that breaks down in soil releas- or absent. cf. cladophyll, phyllode. ing its nutrients. Cladophyll A photosynthetic branch or portion Compound describe a leaf that is further divid- of a stem that resembles and functions as a ed into leafl ets or pinnae or fl ower with more leaf, like in asparagus. cf. cladode, phyllode. than a single fl oret. Clamp connection In the Basidiomycetes fun- Compressed fl attened in one plane. gi, a lateral connection or outgrowth formed Conceptacles specialised cavities of marine al- between two adjoining cells of a hypha and gae that contain the reproductive organs. arching over the septum between them. Concolorous uniformly coloured, as in upper Clavate club shaped thickened at one end refer and lower surfaces. cf. discolorous. to fruit or other organs. Conduplicate folded together lengthwise. Claw the conspicuously narrowed basal part of Cone a reproductive structure composed of an a fl at structure. axis (branch) bearing sterile bract-like organs Clay a naturally occurring material composed and seed or pollen bearing structures. Applied to primarily of fi ne-grained minerals like kaolin- Gymnospermae, Lycopodiaceae, Casuarinaceae ite, montmorrillonite-smectite or illite which and also in some members of Proteaceae. exhibit plasticity through a variable range of Conic cone shaped, attached at the broader end. water content, and which can be hardened Conic-capitate a cone-shaped head of fl owers. when dried and/or fi red. Connate fused to another structure of the same Clayey resembling or containing a large propor- kind . cf . adherent, adnate, coherent. tion of clay. Connective the tissue separating two lobes of an Cleft incised halfway down. anther. Cleistogamous refers to a fl ower in which fertil- Connivent converging. ization occurs within the bud i.e. without the Conspeci fi c within or belonging to the same fl ower opening. cf. chasmogamous. species. Climber growing more or less upwards by lean- Contorted twisted. ing or twining around another structure. Convolute refers to an arrangement of petals in Clone all the plants reproduced, vegetatively, a bud where each has one side overlapping the from a single parent thus having the same gen- adjacent petal. tic make-up as the parent. Cordate heart-shaped as of leaves. Coccus one of the sections of a distinctly lobed Core central part. fruit which becomes separate at maturity; Coriaceous leathery texture as of leaves. sometimes called a mericarp. pl. cocci. Corm a short, swollen, fl eshy, underground Coenocarpium a fl eshy, multiple pseudocarp plant stem that serves as a food storage organ formed from an infl orescence rather than a used by some plants to survive winter or other single fl ower. adverse conditions. Coherent touching without organic fusion, re- Cormel a miniature, new corm produced on a ferring to parts normally together, e.g. fl oral mature corm. parts of the same whorl. cf. adherent, adnate, Corn silk the long, fi lamentous styles that grow as connate. a silky tuft or tassel at the tip of an ear of corn. Collar boundary between the above- and below Corolla the inner fl oral whorl of a fl ower, usu- ground parts of the plant axis. ally consisting of free petals or a petals fused Colliculate having small elevations. forming a corolla tube and corolla lobes. adj. Column a structure formed by the united style, corolline. stigma and stamen(s) as in Asclepiadaceae Corona a crown-like section of the staminal and Orchidaceae. column, usually with the inner and outer lobes Comose tufted with hairs at the ends as of seeds. as in the Stapelieae. 572 Scientific Glossary

Coroniform crown shaped, as in the pappus of Cuspidate terminating in or tipped with a sharp Asteraceae. fi rm point or cusp. cf. mucronate. Cortex the outer of the stem or root of a plant, Cuspidulate constricted into a minute cusp. bounded on the outside by the epidermis and cf. cuspidate. on the inside by the endodermis containing Cyathiform in the form of a cup, a little wid- undifferentiated cells. ened at the top. Corymb a fl at-topped, short, broad in fl orescence, Cyathium a specialised type of infl orescence of in which the fl owers, through unequal pedicels, plants in the genus Euphorbia and Chamaesyce are in one horizontal plane and the youngest in in which the unisexual fl owers are clustered to- the centre. adj. corymbose. gether within a bract-like envelope. pl. cyathia. Costa a thickened, linear ridge or the midrib of Cylindric tubular or rod shaped. the pinna in ferns. adj. costate. Cylindric-acuminate elongated and tapering to Costapalmate having de fi nite costa (midrib) a point. unlike the typical palmate leaf, but the leafl ets Cymbiform boat shaped, elongated and having are arranged radially like in a palmate leaf. the upper surface decidedly concave. Cotyledon the primary seed leaf within the em- Cyme an infl orescence in which the lateral axis bryo of a seed. grows more strongly than the main axis with Cover crop crop grown in between trees or in the oldest fl ower in the centre or at the ends. fi elds primarily to protect the soil from ero- adj. cymose. sion, to improve soil fertility and to keep off Cymule a small cyme or one or a few fl owers. weeds. Cystidium a relatively large cell found on the Crenate round-toothed or scalloped as of leaf hymenium of a Basidiomycete, for example, margins. on the surface of a mushroom. Crenulate minutely crenate, very strongly scal- Cystocarp fruitlike structure (sporocarp) devel- loped. oped after fertilization in the red algae. Crisped with a curled or twisted edge. Deciduous falling off or shedding at maturity or Cristate having or forming a crest or crista. a speci fi c season or stage of growth. Crozier shaped like a shepherd’s crook. Decorticate to remove the bark, rind or husk Crustaceous like a crust; having a hard crust or from an organ; to strip of its bark; to come off shell. as a skin. Cucullate having the shape of a cowl or hood, Decompound as of a compound leaf; consisting hooded. of divisions that are themselves compound. Culm the main aerial stem of the Graminae Decumbent prostrate, laying or growing on the (grasses, sedges, rushes and other monocots). ground but with ascending tips. cf. ascending, Culm sheath the plant casing (similar to a leaf) procumbent. that protects the young bamboo shoot during Decurrent having the leaf base tapering down growth, attached at each node of culm. to a narrow wing that extends to the stem. Cultigen plant species or race known only in Decussate having paired organs with successive cultivation. pairs at right angles to give four rows as of Cultivar cultivated variety; an assemblage of cul- leaves. tivated individuals distinguished by any charac- De fl exed bent downwards. ters signifi cant for the purposes of agriculture, Degumming removal of gum deposits (phos- forestry or horticulture, and which, when re- phatides, entrained oil and meal particles) produced, retains its distinguishing features. from crude edible oils traditionally done Cuneate wedge-shaped, obtriangular. with water. Water degumming process also Cupular cup-shaped, havin a cupule. remove hydrophilic substances such as sug- Cupule a small cup-shaped structure or organ, ars from the oil. like the cup at the base of an acorn. Dehisce to split open at maturity, as in a capsule. Cusp an elongated, usually rigid, acute point. Dehiscent splitting open at maturity to release cf. mucro. the contents. cf. indehiscent. Scientific Glossary 573

Deltate triangular shape. Disc fl oret the central, tubular 4 or 5-toothed or Deltoid shaped like an equilateral triangle. lobed fl oret on the disc of an infl orescence, as Dendritic branching from a main stem or axis of fl ower head of Asteraceae. like the branches of a tree. Disciform fl at and rounded in shaped. cf. dis- Dentate with sharp, rather coarse teeth perpen- coid, radiate. dicular to the margin. Discoid resembling a disc; having a fl at, circular Denticulate fi nely toothed. form; disk-shaped cf. disciform, radiate. Diageotropic the tendency of growing parts, Discolorous having two colours, as of a leaf such as roots, to grow at right angle to the line which has different colors on the two surfaces. of gravity. cf. concolorous. Diadelphous having stamens in two bundles as Disomic having one or more chromosomes in Papilionaceae fl owers. present twice but without the entire genome Dichasium a cymose in fl orescence in which doubled. the branches are opposite and approximately Dispersal dissemination of seeds. equal. pl. dichasia. adj. dichasial. Distal site of any structure farthest from the Dichotomous divided into two parts. point of attachment. cf. proximal. Dicotyledon angiosperm with two cotyledons. Distichous referring to two rows of upright Didymous arranged or occurring in pairs as of leaves in the same plane. anthers, having two lobes. Dithecous having two thecae. Digitate having digits or fi ngerlike projections. Divaricate diverging at a wide angle. Dikaryophyses or dendrophydia, irregularly, Domatium a part of a plant (e.g., a leaf) that has strongly branched terminal hyphae in the Hy- been modi fi ed to provide protection for other menomycetes (class of Basidiomyctes) fungi. organisms. pl. domatia. Dimorphic having or occurring in two forms, as Dormancy a resting period in the life of a plant of stamens of two different lengths or a plant during which growth slows or appears to stop. having two kinds of leaves. Dorsal referring to the back surface. Dioecious with male and female unisexual Dorsi fi xed attached to the back as of anthers. fl owers on separate plants. cf. monoecious. Drupaceous resembling a drupe. Diploid a condition in which the chromosomes Drupe a fl eshy fruit with a single seed enclosed in the nucleus of a cell exist as pairs, one set in a hard shell (endocarp) which is tissue em- being derived from the female parent and the bedded in succulent tissue (mesocarp) sur- other from the male. rounded by a thin outer skin (epicarp). adj. Diplobiontic life cycle life cycle that exhibits alter- drupaceous. nation of generations, which features of spore- Drupelet a small drupe. producing multicellular sporophytes and gamete- Ebracteate without bracts. producing multicellular gametophytes. mitoses Echinate bearing stiff, stout, bristly, prickly occur in both the diploid and haploid phases. hairs. Diplontic life cycle or gametic meiosis, wherein Edaphic refers to plant communities that are instead of immediately dividing meiotically distinguished by soil conditions rather than by to produce haploid cells, the zygote divides the climate. mitotically to produce a multicellular diploid Eglandular without glands. cf. glandular. individual or a group of more diploid cells. Ellipsoid a 3-dimensional shape; elliptic in out- Dipterocarpous trees of the family Dipterocar- line. paceae, with two-winged fruit found mainly in Elliptic having a 2-dimensional shape of an el- tropical lowland rainforest. lipse or fl attened circle. Disc (Botany) refers to the usually disc shaped Eongate extended, stretched out. receptacle of the fl ower head in Asteraceae; Emarginate refers to leaf with a broad, shallow also the fl eshy nectariferous organ usually be- notch at the apex. cf. retuse. tween the stamens and ovary; also used for the Embryo (Botany) a minute rudimentary plant enlarged style-end in Proteaceae. contained within a seed or an archegonium, 574 Scientific Glossary

composed of the embryonic axis (shoot end Excentric off the true centre. and root end). Excrescence abnormal outgrowth. Endemic prevalent in or peculiar to a particular Excurrent projecting beyond the tip, as the geographical locality or region. midrib of a leaf or bract. Endocarp The hard innermost layer of the peri- Exserted sticking out, protruding beyond some carp of many fruits. enclosing organ, as of stamens which project Endosperm tissue that surrounds and nourishes beyond the corolla or perianth. the embryo in the angiosperm seed. It contains Exstipulate without stipules. cf. stipulate. starchy carbohydrates, proteins and small Extra- fl oral outside the fl ower. amounts of vitamins and minerals. Extrose turned outwards or away from the axis Endospermous refers to seeds having an en- as of anthers. cf. introrse, latrorse. dosperm. Falcate sickle shaped, crescent-shaped. Endotrophic as of mycorrhiza obtaining nutri- Fascicle a cluster or bundle of stems, fl owers, ents from inside. stamens. adj. fasciculate. Ensilage the process of preserving green food Fasciclode staminode bundles. for livestock in an undried condition in airtight Fastigiate a tree in which the branches grow al- conditions. Also called silaging. most vertically. Entire having a smooth, continuous margin Ferrosols soils with an iron oxide content of without any incisions or teeth as of a leaf. greater than 5%. Entisols soils that do not show any pro fi le de- Ferruginous rust coloured, reddish-brown. velopment other than an A horizon. Fertile having functional sexual parts which are Ephemeral transitory, short-lived. capable of fertilisation and seed production. Epicalyx a whorl of bracts, subtending and re- cf. sterile. sembling a calyx. Filament the stalk of a stamen supporting and Epicarp outermost layer of the pericarp of a subtending the anther. fruit. Filiform Having the form of or resembling a Epicormic attached to the corm. thread or fi lament. Epicotyl the upper portion of the embryonic Fimbriate fringed. axis, above the cotyledons and below the fi rst Fixed oils non volatile oils, triglycerides of fatty true leaves. acids. Epigeal above grounds with cotyledons raised Flaccid limp and weak. above ground. Flag leaf the uppermost leaf on the stem. Epiparasite an organism parasitic on another Flaky in the shape of fl akes or scales. that parasitizes a third. Flexuous zig-zagging, sinuous, bending, as of a Epipetalous borne on the petals, as of stamens. stem. Epiphyte a plant growing on, but not parasitic Floccose covered with tufts of soft woolly hairs. on, another plant, deriving its moisture and Floral tube a fl ower tube usually formed by the nutrients from the air and rain e.g. some Or- basal fusion of the perianth and stamens. chidaceae. adj. epiphytic. Floret one of the small individual fl owers of Erect upright, vertical. sunfl ower family or the reduced fl ower of the Essential oils volatile products obtained from a nat- grasses, including the lemma and palea. ural source; refers to volatile products obtained Flower the sexual reproductive organ of fl owering by steam or water distillation in a strict sense. plants, typically consisting of gynoecium, an- Etiolation to cause (a plant) to develop without droecium and perianth or calyx and/or corolla chlorophyll by preventing exposure to sunlight. and the axis bearing these parts. Eutrophic having waters rich in mineral and Fluted as of a trunk with grooves and folds. organic nutrients that promote a proliferation Fodder plant material, fresh or dried fed to of plant life, especially algae, which reduces animals. the dissolved oxygen content and often causes Foliaceous leaf-like. the extinction of other organisms. Foliar pertaining to a leaf. Scientific Glossary 575

Foliolate pertaining to leafl ets, used with a num- Gland a secretory organ, e.g. a nectary, extra- ber pre fi x to denote the number of lea fl ets. fl oral nectary or a gland tipped, hair-like or Foliose leaf-like. wart-like organ. adj. glandular. cf. eglandular. Follicle (Botany) a dry fruit, derived from a single Glaucous pale blue-green in colour, covered carpel and dehiscing along one suture. with a whitish bloom that rubs off readily. Forb any herb that is not grass or grass-like. Gley soils a hydric soil which exhibits a green- Free central placentation The arrangement of ish-blue-grey soil color due to wetland condi- ovules on a central column that is not con- tions. nected to the ovary wall by partitions, as in the Globose spherical in shape. ovaries of the carnation and primrose. Globular a three-dimensional shape; spherical Frond the leaf of a fern or cycad. or orbicular; circular in outline. Fruit ripened ovary with adnate parts. Glochids tiny, fi nely barbed hair-like spines Fugacious shedding off early. found on the areoles of some cacti and other Fulvous yellow, tawny. plants. Funiculus (Botany) short stalk which attaches Glochidiate having glochids. the ovule to the ovary wall. Glochidote plant having glochids. Fusiform a 3-dimensional shape; spindle Glume one of the two small, sterile bracts at the shaped, i.e. broad in the centre and tapering at base of the grass spikelet, called the lower and both ends thick, but tapering at both ends. upper glumes, due to their position on the ra- Gall- fl ower short styled fl ower that do not de- chilla. Also used in Apiaceae, Cyperaceae for velop into a fruit but are adapted for the de- the very small bracts on the spikelet in which velopment of a specifi c wasp within the fruit each fl ower is subtended by one fl oral glume. e.g. in the fi g. adj. glumaceous. Gamete a reproductive cell that fuses with an- Grits consist of coarsely ground corn, or some- other gamete to form a zygote. Gametes are times alkali-treated corn. haploid, (they contain half the normal (dip- Groats hulled, whole grains of various cereals, loid) number of chromosomes); thus when such as oats, wheat, barley or buckwheat, it two fuse, the diploid number is restored. includes the cereal germ, fi bre-rich bran por- Gametophyte The gamete-producing phase in a tion and endosperm of the grain. plant characterized by alternation of generations. Guttation the appearance of drops of xylem sap Gamosepalous with sepals united or partially on the tips or edges of leaves of some vascular united. plants, such as grasses and bamboos. Genome complete set of genetic material of an Guttule small droplet. organism. Gymnosperm a group of spermatophyte seed- Geniculate bent like a knee, refer to awns and bearing plants with ovules on scales, which fi laments. are usually arranged in cone-like structures Geocarpic where the fruit are pushed into the and not borne in an ovary. cf. angiosperm. soil by the gynophore and mature. Gynoecium the female organ of a fl ower; a col- Geophyte a plant that stores food in an under- lective term for the pistil, carpel or carpels. ground storage organ e.g. a tuber, bulb or rhi- Gynomonoecious having female fl owers and zome and has subterranean buds which form bisexual fl owers on the same plant. cf. an- aerial growth. dromonoecious. Geotextile are permeable fabrics which, when Gynophore stalk that bears the pistil/carpel. used in association with soil, have the ability Habit the general growth form of a plant, com- to separate, fi lter, reinforce, protect, or drain. prising its size, shape, texture and stem orien- Germ of cereal is the embryo of the seed or ker- tation, the locality in which the plant grows. nel. It contains vitamins B, E, folic acid, some Halophyte a plant adapted to living in highly protein, minerals and polyunsaturated fats. saline habitats. Also a plant that accumulates Glabrescent becoming glabrous. high concentrations of salt in its tissues. adj. Glabrous smooth, hairless without pubescence. halophytic. 576 Scientific Glossary

Hapaxanthic refer to palms which fl owers only Hilum The scar on a seed, indicating the point once and then dies. c.f. pleonanthic. of attachment to the funiculus. Haploid condition where nucleus or cell has a Hirsute bearing long coarse hairs. single set of unpaired chromosomes, the hap- Hispid bearing stiff, short, rough hairs or loid number is designated as n. bristles. Haplontic life cycle or zygotic meiosis wherein Hispidulous minutely hispid. meiosis of a zygote immediately after karyo- Histosol soil comprising primarily of organic gamy, produces haploid cells which produces materials, having 40 cm or more of organic more or larger haploid cells ending its diploid soil material in the upper 80 cm. phase. Hoary covered with a greyish layer of very Hastate having the shape of an arrowhead but short, closely interwoven hairs. with the basal lobes pointing outward at right Holdfast an organ or structure of attachment, angles as of a leaf. especially the basal, root-like formation by Hastula a piece of plant material at the junction which certain seaweeds or other algae are at- of the petiole and the leaf blade; the hastula tached to a substrate. can be found on the top of the leaf, adaxial or Holocarpic having the entire thallus developed the bottom, abaxial or both sides. into a fruiting body or sporangium. Heartwood wood from the inner portion of a tree. Homochromous having all the fl orets of the Heliophilous sun-loving, tolerates high level of same colour in the same fl ower head cf. het- sunlight. erochromous. Heliotropic growing towards sunlight. Homogamous bearing fl owers or fl orets that do Herb a plant which is non-woody or woody at not differ sexually cf. heterogamous. the base only, the above ground stems usually Homogenous endosperm endosperm with even being ephemeral. adj. herbaceous. surface that lacks invaginations or infoldings Herbaceous resembling a herb, having a habit of the surrounding tissue. of a herb. Homogonium a part of a fi lament of a cyanobac- Hermaphrodite bisexual, bearing fl owers with terium that detaches and grows by cell division both androecium and gynoecium in the same into a new fi lament. pl. homogonia. fl ower. adj. hermaphroditic. Homomorphous uniform, with only one form. Heterocyst a differentiated cyanobacterial cell cf. heteromorphous. that carries out nitrogen fi xation. Homosporous producing one kind of spores. Heterogamous bearing separate male and fe- Refer to the ferns and fern allies. cf. hetero- male fl owers, or bisexual and female fl owers, sporous. or fl orets in an in fl orescence or fl ower head, Hurd fi bre long pith fi bre of the stem. e.g. some Asteraceae in which the ray fl orets Hyaline colourless, almost transparent. may be neuter or unisexual and the disk fl orets Hybrid the fi rst generation progeny of the may be bisexual. cf. homogamous. sexual union of plants belonging to differ- Heteromorphous having two or more distinct ent taxa. forms. cf. homomorphous. Hybridisation the crossing of individuals from Heterophyllous having leaves of different form. different species or taxa. Heterosporous producing spores of 2 sizes, the Hydathode a type of secretory tissue in leaves, larger giving rise to megagametophytes usually of Angiosperms, that secretes water (female), the smaller giving rise to microg- through pores in the epidermis or margin of ametophytes (male). Refer to the ferns and the leaf. fern allies. cf. homosporous. Hydrophilous water loving; requiring water in Heterostylous having styles of two different order to be fertilized, referring to many aquat- lengths or forms. ic plants. Heterostyly the condition in which fl owers on Hygrochastic applied to plants in which the polymorphous plants have styles of different opening of the fruits is caused by the absorp- lengths, therby facilitating cross-pollination. tion of water. Hilar of or relating to a hilum. Hygrophilous living in water or moist places. Scientific Glossary 577

Hymenial cystidia the cells of the hymenium de- In fl ated enlarged and hollow except in the velop into basidia or asci, while in others some case of a fruit which may contain a seed. cf. cells develop into sterile cells called cystidia. swollen. Hymenium spore-bearing layer of cells in cer- In fl exed Bent or curved inward or downward, as tain fungi containing asci (Ascomycetes) or petals or sepals. basidia (Basidiomycetes). In fl orescence a fl ower cluster or the arrange- Hypanthium cup-like receptacles of some di- ment of fl owers in relation to the axis and to cotyledonous fl owers formed by the fusion of each other on a plant. the calyx, corolla, and androecium that sur- Infrafoliar located below the leaves. rounds the ovary which bears the sepals, pet- Infraspeci fi c referring to any taxon below the als and stamens. species rank. Hypha is a long, branching fi lamentous cell of a Infructescence the fruiting stage of an fungus, and also of unrelated Actinobacteria. in fl orescence. pl. hyphae. Inrolled curved inwards. Hypocotyl the portion of the stem below the Integuments two distinct tissue layers that sur- cotyledons. round the nucellus of the ovule, forming the Hypodermis the cell layer beneath the epider- testa or seed coat when mature. mis of the pericarp. Intercalary of growth, between the apex and the Hypogeal below ground as of germination of base; of cells, spores, etc., between two cells. seed. Interfoliar inter leaf. Hysteresis refers to systems that may exhibit Internode portion of the stem, culm, branch, path dependence. or rhizome between two nodes or points of Imbricate closely packed and overlapping. cf. attachment of the leaves. valvate. Interpetiolar as of stipules positioned between Imparipinnate pinnately compound with a petioles of opposite leaves. single terminal leafl et and hence with an odd Intrastaminal within the stamens. number of lea fl ets. cf. paripinnate. Intricate entangled, complex. Inceptisols old soils that have no accumulation Introduced not indigenous; not native to the of clays, iron, aluminium or organic matter. area in which it now occurs. Incised cut jaggedly with very deep teeth. Introrse turned inwards or towards the axis or Included referring to stamens which do not pistil as of anthers. cf. extrorse, latrorse. project beyond the corolla or to valves which Involucre a whorl of bracts or leaves that sur- do not extend beyond the rim of a capsular round one to many fl owers or an entire fruit. cf. exserted. in fl orescence. Incurved curved inwards; curved towards the Involute having the margins rolled inwards, re- base or apex. ferring to a leaf or other fl at organ. Inde fi nite numerous and variable in number. Jugate of a pinnate leaf; having leafl ets in pairs. Indehiscent not opening or splitting to release the Juvenile young or immature, used here for contents at maturity as of fruit. cf. dehiscent. leaves formed on a young plant which are dif- Indumentum covering of fi ne hairs or bristles ferent in morphology from those formed on an commonly found on external parts of plants. older plant. Indurate to become hard, often the hardening Keel a longitudinal ridge, at the back of the developed only at maturity. leaf. Also the two lower fused petals of a Indusium an enclosing membrane, covering ‘pea’ fl ower in the Papilionaceae, which form the sorus of a fern. Also used for the modifi ed a boat-like structure around the stamens and style end or pollen-cup of some Goodeniaceae styles, also called carina. adj. keeled. cf. stan- (including Brunoniaceae ). adj. indusiate. dard, wing. Inferior said of an ovary or fruit that has se- Labellum the modifi ed lowest of the three petals pals, petals and stamens above the ovary. cf. forming the corolla of an orchid, usually larger superior. than the other two petals, and often spurred. 578 Scientific Glossary

Laciniate fringed; having a fringe of slender, Ligulate small and tongue shaped or with a narrow, pointed lobes cut into narrow lobes. little tongue shaped appendage or ligule, star Lamella a gill-shaped structure: fi ne sheets of shaped as of fl orets of Asteraceae. material held adjacent to one another. Ligule a strap-shaped corolla in the fl owers of Lamina the blade of the leaf or frond. Asteraceae; also a thin membranous outgrowth Lanate wooly, covered with long hairs which from the inner junction of the grass leaf sheath are loosely curled together like wool. and blade. cf. ligulate. Lanceolate lance-shaped in outline, tapering Limb the expanded portion of the calyx tube from a broad base to the apex. or the corolla tube, or the large branch of Landrace plants adapted to the natural envi- a tree. ronment in which they grow, developing Linear a 2-dimensional shape, narrow with naturally with minimal assistance or guid- nearly parallel sides. ance from humans and usually possess more Linguiform tongue shaped cf. ligulate. diverse phenotypes and genotypes. They Lithosol a kind of shallow soils lacking well- have not been improved by formal breeding defi ned horizons and composed of imperfectly programs. weathered fragments of rock. Laterite reddish–coloured soils rich in iron oxide, Littoral of or on a shore, especially seashore. formed by weathering of rocks under oxidizing Loam a type of soil mad up of sand, silt, and and leaching conditions, commonly found in clay in relative concentration of 40-40-20% tropical and subtropical regions. adj. lateritic. respectively. Latex a milky, clear or sometimes coloured sap Lobed divided but not to the base. of diverse composition exuded by some plants. Loculicidal opening into the cells, when a ripe Latrorse turned sideways, i.e. not towards or capsule splits along the back. away from the axis as of anthers dehiscing lon- Loculus cavity or chamber of an ovary. pl. loculi. gitudinally on the side. cf. extrorse, introse. Lodicules two small structures below the ovary Lax loose or limp, not densely arranged or which, at fl owering, swell up and force open crowded. the enclosing bracts, exposing the stamens Lea fl et one of the ultimate segments of a com- and carpel. pound leaf. Lyrate pinnately lobed, with a large terminal Lectotype a specimen chosen after the original lobe and smaller laterals ones which become description to be the type. progressively smaller towards the base. Lemma the lower of two bracts (scales) of a Macronutrients chemical elements which are grass fl oret, usually enclosing the palea, lodi- needed in large quantities for growth and cules, stamens and ovary. development by plants and include nitrogen, Lenticel is a lens shaped opening that allows phopshorus, potassium, and magnesium. gases to be exchanged between air and the Maculate spotted. inner tissues of a plant, commonly found on Mallee a growth habit in which several to many young bark, or the surface of the fruit. woody stems arise separately from a lignotu- Lenticellate dotted with lenticels. ber; usually applied to certain low-growing Lenticular shaped like a biconvex lens. cf. len- species of Eucalyptus. tiform. Mangrove a distinctive vegetation type of trees Lentiform shaped like a biconvex lens, cf. len- and shrubs with modifi ed roots, often vivipa- ticular. rous, occupying the saline coastal habitats that Leptomorphic temperate, running bamboo rhi- are subject to periodic tidal inundation. zome; usually thinner then the culms they sup- Marcescent withering or to decay without port and the internodes are long and hollow. falling off. Liane a woody climbing or twining plant. Margin the edge of the leaf blade. Lignotuber a woody, usually underground, tu- Medulla the pith in the stems or roots of cer- berous rootstock often giving rise to numerous tain plants; or the central portion of a thallus aerial stems. in certain lichens. Scientific Glossary 579

Megasporangium the sporangium containing Monadelphous applied to stamens united by megaspores in fern and fern allies. cf. mi- their fi laments into a single bundle. crosporangium. Monocarpic refer to plants that fl ower, set seeds Megaspore the large spore which may develop and then die. into the female gametophyte in heterosporous Monochasial a cyme having a single fl ower on ferns and fern allies. cf. microspore. each axis. Megasporophyll a lea fl ike structure that bears Monocotyledon angiopsrem having one coty- megasporangia. ledon. Megastrobilus female cone, seed cone, or ovu- Monoecious having both male and female uni- late cone, contains ovules within which, when sexual fl owers on the same individual plant. fertilized by pollen, become seeds. The female cf. dioecious. cone structure varies more markedly between Monoembryonic seed the seed contains only the different conifer families. one embryo, a true sexual (zygotic) embryo. Meiosis the process of cell division that results polyembryonic seed. in the formation of haploid cells from diploid Monolete a spore that has a simple linear scar. cells to produce gametes. Monopodial with a main terminal growing point Mericarp a 1-seeded portion of an initially syn- producing many lateral branches progressive- carpous fruit (schizocarp) which splits apart at ly. cf. sympodial. maturity. Cf. coccus. Monotypic of a genus with one species or a Meristem the region of active cell division in family with one genus; in general, applied to plants, from which permanent tissue is de- any taxon with only one immediately subor- rived. adj. meristematic. dinate taxon. -merous used with a number pre fi x to denote Montane refers to highland areas located below the basic number of the 3 outer fl oral whorls, the subalpine zone. e.g. a 5-merous fl ower may have 5 sepals, 10 Mucilage a soft, moist, viscous, sticky secre- petals and 15 stamens. tion. adj. mucilaginous. Mesic moderately wet. Mucous (Botany) slimy. Mesocarp the middle layer of the fruit wall de- Mucro a sharp, pointed part or organ, especially rived from the middle layer of the carpel wall. a sharp terminal point, as of a leaf. cf. endocarp, exocarp, pericarp. Mucronate ending with a short, sharp tip or Mesophytes terrestrial plants which are adapted mucro, resembling a spine. cf. cuspidate, mu- to neither a particularly dry nor particularly ticous. wet environment. Mucronulate with a very small mucro; a dimin- Micropyle the small opening in a plant ovule utive of mucronate. through which the pollen tube passes in order Mulch protective cover of plant (organic) or to effect fertilisation. non-plant material placed over the soil, pri- Microsporangium the sporangium containing marily to modify and improve the effects of microspores in petridophyes. cf. megasporan- the local microclimate and to control weeds. gium. Multiple fruit a fruit that is formed from a clus- Microspore a small spore which gives rise to the ter of fl owers. male gametophyte in heterosporous pterido- Muricate covered with numerous short hard phytes. Also for a pollen grain. cf. megaspore. outgrowths. cf . papillose. Midvein the main vascular supply of a simple Muriculate with numerous minute hard out- leaf blade or lamina. Also called mid-rib. growths; a diminutive of muricate. Mitosis is a process of cell division which Muticous blunt, lacking a sharp point. cf . mu- results in the production of two daughter cells cronate. from a single parent cell. MYB proteins are a superfamily of transcrip- Mollisols soils with deep, high organic matter, tion factors that play regulatory roles in devel- nutrient-enriched surface soil (A horizon), opmental processes and defense responses in typically between 60 and 80 cm thick. plants. 580 Scientific Glossary

Mycorrhiza the mutualistic symbiosis (non- Nom. nud. nomen nudum (Latin) the name of pathogenic association) between soil-borne a taxon which has never been validated by a fungi with the roots of higher plants. description. Mycorrhiza (vesicular arbuscular) endomyc- Nom. rej. nomen rejiciendum (Latin) name orrhiza living in the roots of higher plants pro- rejected in International Code of Botanical ducing inter-and intracellular fungal growth in Nomenclature. root cortex and forming speci fi c fungal struc- Notho- (subsp. or var.) pre fi x to the rank of a tures, referred to as vesicles and arbuscles. ab- hybrid taxon below the rank of species. brev. VAM. Nucellus central portion of an ovule in which Native a plant indigenous to the locality or region. the embryo sac develops. Naviculate boat-shaped. Nucellar embryony a form of seed reproduc- Necrotic applied to dead tissue. tion in which the nucellar tissue which sur- Nectariferous having one or more nectaries. rounds the embryo sac can produce additional Nectary a nectar secretory gland; commonly embryos (polyembryony) which are genetical- in a fl ower, sometimes on leaves, fronds or ly identical to the parent plant. This is found in stems. many citrus species and in mango. Nervation venation, a pattern of veins or nerves Nut a dry indehiscent 1-celled fruit with a hard as of leaf. pericarp. Nixtamalization refers to a process for the Nutlet a small. 1-seeded, indehiscent lobe of a preparation of maize (corn), or other grain, divided fruit. in which the grains are soaked and cooked in Ob- pre fi x meaning inversely or opposite to. an alkaline solution, usually limewater, and Obconic a 3-dimensional shape; inversely con- hulled. ic; cone shaped, conic with the vertex pointing Node the joint between segments of a culm, downward. stem, branch, or rhizome; the point of the stem Obcordate inversely cordate, broad and notched that gives rise to the leaf and bud. at the tip; heart shaped but attached at the Nodule a small knoblike outgrowth, as those pointed end. found on the roots of many leguminous, that Obdeltate inversely deltate; deltate with the containing Rhizobium bacteria which fi xes ni- broadest part at the apex. trogen in the soil. Oblanceolate inversely lanceolate, lance-shaped Nom. ambig. nomen ambiguum (Latin) am- but broadest above the middle and tapering to- biguous name used in different senses ward the base as of leaf. which has become a long-persistent source Oblate having the shape of a spheroid with the of error. equatorial diameter greater than the polar di- Nom. cons. nomen nonservandum (Latin) name ameter; being fl attened at the poles. conserved in International Code of Botanical Oblong longer than broad with sides nearly par- Nomenclature. allel to each other. Nom. dub. nomen dubium (Latin) an invalid Obovate inversely ovate, broadest above the proposed taxonomic name because it is not middle. accompanied by a defi nition or description of Obpyramidal resembling a 4-sided pyramid at- the taxon to which it applies. tached at the apex with the square base facing Nom. illeg. nomen illegitimum (Latin) illegiti- away from the attachment. mate taxon deemed as super fl uous at its time Obpyriform inversely pyriform, resembling a of publication either because the taxon to pear which is attached at the narrower end. cf. which it was applied already has a name, or pyriform. because the name has already been applied to Obspathulate inversely spathulate; resembling another plant. a spoon but attached at the broadest end. cf. Nom. invalid. nomen invalidum (Latin) invalid spathulate. name according to International Code of Obtriangular inversely triangular; triangular Botanical Nomenclature. but attached at the apex. cf. triangular. Scientific Glossary 581

Obtrullate inversely trullate; resembling a Palate (Botany) a raised appendage on the lower trowel blade with the broadest axis above the lip of a corolla which partially or completely middle. cf. trullate. closes the throat. Obtuse with a blunt or rounded tip, the converging Palea the upper of the two membraneous bracts edges separated by an angle greater than 90°. of a grass fl oret, usually enclosing the lodi- -oid suf fi x denoting a 3-dimensional shape, e.g. cules, stamens and ovary. pl. paleae. adj. pal- spheroid. eal. cf . lemma. Ochraceous a dull yellow color. Paleate having glumes. Ocreate having a tube-like covering around some Palm heart refers to soft, tender inner core and stems, formed of the united stipules; sheathed. growing bud of certain palm trees which are eaten Oleaginous oily. as vegetables. Also called heart of palm, palmito, Oligotrophic lacking in plant nutrients and burglar’s thigh, chonta or swamp cabbage. having a large amount of dissolved oxygen Palmate describing a leaf which is divided into throughout. several lobes or lea fl ets which arise from the Operculum a lid or cover that becomes detached same point. adj. palmately. at maturity by abscission, e.g. in Eucalyptus , Palmito see palm heart. also a cap or lid covering the bud and formed Palustrial paludal, swampy, marshy. by fusion or cohesion of sepals and/or petals. Palustrine marshy, swampy. adj. operculate. Palustrine herb vegetation that is rooted below Opposite describing leaves or other organs water but grows above the surface in wetland which are borne at the same level but on system. opposite sides of the stem. cf. alternate. Panduriform fi ddle shaped, usually with refer- Orbicular of circular outline, disc-like. ence to two dimensions. Order a taxonomic rank between class and fam- Panicle a compound, indeterminate, racemose ily used in the classifi cation of organisms, i.e. a in fl orescence in which the main axis bears lat- group of families believed to be closely related. eral racemes or spikes. adj. paniculate. Ori fi ce an opening or aperture. Pantropical distributed through-out the tropics. Organosols soils not regularly inundated by Papilionaceous butter fl y-like, said of the pea marine waters and containing a specifi c thick- fl ower or fl owers of Papilionaceae, fl owers ness of organic materials within the upper part which are zygomorphic with imbricate pet- of the pro fi le. als, one broad upper one, two narrower lateral Orth. Var. orthographic variant, i.e., an incor- ones and two narrower lower ones. rect alternate spelling of a name. Papilla a small, superfi cial protuberance on Ovary the female part of the pistil of a fl ower the surface of an organ being an outgrowth which contains the ovules (immature seeds). of one epidermal cell. pl. papillae. adj. pap- Ovate egg-shaped, usually with reference to two illose. dimensions. Papillate having papillae. Ovoid egg-shaped, usually with reference to Papillose covered with papillae. three dimensions. Pappus a tuft (or ring) of hairs, bristles or scales Ovule the young, immature seed in the ovary borne above the ovary and outside the corolla which becomes a seed after fertilisation. adj. as in Asteraceae often persisting as a tuft of ovular. hairs on a fruit. adj. pappose. Ovulode a sterile reduced ovule borne on the Papyraceous resembling parchment of paper. placenta, commonly occurring in Myrtaceae. Parenchyma undifferentiated plant tissue com- Oxisols refer to ferralsols. posed of more or less uniform cells. Pachymorphic describes the short, thick, rhi- Parietal describes the attachment of ovules to zomes of clumping bamboos with short, thick the outer walls of the ovaries. and solid internode (except the bud-bearing Paripinnate pinnate with an even number of internodes, which are more elongated). cf. lea fl ets and without a terminal lea fl et. cf. im- sympodial. paripinnate. 582 Scientific Glossary

-partite divided almost to the base into seg- Petiolule the stalk of a leafl et in a compound ments, the number of segments written as a leaf. adj. petiolulate. pre fi x. pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of a Patelliform shaped like a limpet shell; cap- solution. It is defi ned as the cologarithm of the shaped and without whorls. activity of dissolved hydrogen ions (H+). Patent diverging from the axis almost at right Phenology the study of periodic plant life cycle angles. events as in fl uenced by seasonal and interan- Peat is an accumulation of partially decayed nual variations in climate. vegetation matter. Phyllary a bract of the involucre of a composite Pectin a group of water-soluble colloidal car- plant, term for one of the scale-like bracts be- bohydrates of high molecular weight found in neath the fl ower-head in Asteraceae. certain ripe fruits. Phylloclade a fl attened, photosynthetic branch Pectinate pinnati fi d with narrow segments re- or stem that resembles or performs the func- sembling the teeth of a comb. tion of a leaf, with the true leaves represented Pedicel the stalk of the fl ower or stalk of a spike- by scales. let in Poaceae. adj. pedicellate. Phyllode a petiole that function as a leaf. adj. Pedicellate having pedicel. phyllodineous. cf. cladode. Peduncle a stalk supporting an infl orescence. Phyllopodia refer to the reduced, scale-like adj. pedunculate. leaves found on the outermost portion of the Pellucid allowing the passage of light; transpar- corm where they seem to persist longer than ent or translucent. typical sporophylls as in the fern Isoetes. Pellucid-dotted copiously dotted with im- Phytoremediation describes the treatment of mersed, pellucid, resinous glands. environmental problems (bioremediation) Peltate with the petiole attached to the lower through the use of plants which mitigate the surface of the leaf blade. environmental problem without the need to Pendant hanging down. excavate the contaminant material and dispose Pendulous drooping, as of ovules. of it elsewhere. Penniveined or penni-nerved pinnately veined. Pileus (Botany) cap of mushroom. Pentamerous in fi ve parts. Piliferous (Botany) bearing or producing hairs, Perennial a plant that completes it life cycle or as of an organ with the apex having long, hair- lives for more than 2 years. cf. annual, biennial. like extensions. Perfoliate a leaf with the basal lobes united Pilose covered with fi ne soft hairs. around--and apparently pierced by--the Pinna a primary division of the blade of a com- stem. pound leaf or frond. pl. pinnae. Pergamentaceous parchment-like. Pinnate bearing leafl ets on each side of a central Perianth the two outer fl oral whorls of the An- axis of a compound leaf; divided into pinnae. giosperm fl ower; commonly used when the Pinnati fi d, pinnatilobed a pinnate leaf parted calyx and the corolla are not readily distin- approximately halfway to midrib; when divid- guishable (as in monocotyledons). ed to almost to the mid rib described as deeply Pericarp (Botany). The wall of a ripened ovary; pinnati fi d or pinnatisect. fruit wall composed of the exocarp, mesocarp Pinnatisect lobed or divided almost to the midrib. and endocarp. Pinnule a lea fl et of a bipinnate compound leaf. Persistent remaining attached; not falling off. Pistil female part of the fl ower comprising the cf. caduceus. ovary, style, and stigma. Petal free segment of the corolla. adj. petaline. Pistillate having one or more pistils; having pis- cf. lobe. tils but no stamens. Petiolar relating to the petiole. Placenta the region within the ovary to which Petiolate having petiole. ovules are attached. pl. placentae. Petiole leaf stalk . adj. petiolate. Placentation the arrangement of the placentae Petiolulate supported by its own petiolule. and ovules in the ovary. Scientific Glossary 583

Plano- a pre fi x meaning level or fl at. Pro subsp. (Latin) as a subspecies. Pleonanthic refer to palms in which the stem Pro syn. (Latin) as a synonym. does not die after fl owering. Prophyll a plant structure that resembles a leaf. Plicate folded like a fan. Prostrate lying fl at on the ground. Plumose feather-like, with fi ne hairs arising lat- Protandous relating to a fl ower in which the an- erally from a central axis; feathery. thers release their pollen before the stigma of Pneumatophore modi fi ed root which allows the same fl ower becomes receptive. gaseous exchange in mud-dwelling shrubs, Proximal end of any structure closest to the e.g. mangroves. point of attachment. cf. distal. Pod a dry 1 to many-seeded dehiscent fruit, as Pruinose having a thick, waxy, powdery coating applied to the fruit of Fabaceae ie. Caesalpini- or bloom. aceae, Mimosaceae and Papilionaceae. Pseudocarp a false fruit, largely made up of Podzol, Podsolic soil any of a group of acidic, tissue that is not derived from the ovary but zonal soils having a leached, light-coloured, from fl oral parts such as the receptacle and gray and ashy appearance. Also called spo- calyx. dosol. Pseudostem The false, herbaceous stem of a Pollen cone male cone or microstrobilus or pol- banana plant composed of overlapping leaf len cone is structurally similar across all coni- bases. fers, extending out from a central axis are mi- Pteridophyte a vascular plant which reproduces crosporophylls (modi fi ed leaves). Under each by spores; the ferns and fern allies. microsporophyll is one or several microspo- Puberulent covered with minute hairs or very rangia (pollen sacs). fi ne down; fi nely pubescent. Pollinia the paired, waxy pollen masses of Puberulous covered with a minute down. fl owers of orchids and milkweeds. Pubescent covered with short, soft hairs. Polyandrous (Botany) having an inde fi nite Pulvinate having a swelling, pulvinus at the number of stamens. base as a leaf stalk. Polyembryonic seed seeds contain many em- Pulvinus swelling at the base of leaf stalk. bryos, most of which are asexual (nucellar) in Pulviniform swelling or bulging. origin and genetically identical to the maternal Punctate marked with translucent dots or parent. glands. Polygamous with unisexual and bisexual fl owers Punctiform marked by or composed of points on the same or on different individuals of the or dots. same species. Punctulate marked with minute dots; a diminu- Polymorphic with different morphological vari- tive of punctate. ants. Pusticulate characterized by small pustules. Polypetalous (Botany) having a corolla com- Pyrene the stone or pit of a drupe, consisting of posed of distinct, separable petals. the hardened endocarp and seed. Pome a fl eshy fruit where the succulent tissues Pyriform pear-shaped, a 3-dimensional shape; are developed from the receptacle. attached at the broader end. cf. obpyriform. P o r e a tiny opening. Pyxidium seed capsule having a circular lid Premorse Abruptly truncated, as though bitten (operculum) which falls off to release the seed. or broken off as of a leaf. Raceme an indeterminate in fl orescence with a Procumbent trailing or spreading along the simple, elongated axis and pedicellate fl owers, ground but not rooting at the nodes, referring youngest at the top. adj. racemose. to stems. cf. ascending, decumbent, erect. Rachilla the main axis of a grass spikelet. Pro hyb. (Latin) as a hybrid. Rachis the main axis of the spike or other Pro parte (Latin) in part. in fl orescence of grasses or a compound leaf. Pro Parte majore (Latin) for the greater part. Radiate arranged around a common centre; as Pro parte minore (Latin) for a small part. of an in fl orescence of Asteraceae with mar- Pro sp. (Latin) as a species. ginal, female or neuter, ligulate ray- fl orets and 584 Scientific Glossary

central, perfect or functionally male, tubular, from a hemispherical tuft to a fl at whorl. adj. disc fl orets. cf . disciform, discoid. rosetted, rosulate. Radical arising from the root or its crown, or Rostrate beaked; the apex tapered into a slen- the part of a plant embryo that develops into der, usually obtuse point. a root. Rostrum a beak-like extension. Ray the marginal portion of the in fl orescence of Rosulate having a rosette. Asteraceae and Apiaceae when distinct from Rotate wheel shaped; refers to a corolla with a the disc. Also, the spreading branches of a very short tube and a broad upper part which compound umbel. is fl ared at right angles to the tube. cf. salver- Receptacle the region at the end of a pedicel or form . on an axis which bears one or more fl owers. Rotundate rounded; especially at the end or ends. adj. receptacular. Rugae refers to a series of ridges produced by Recurved curved downwards or backwards. folding of the wall of an organ. Re fl exed bent or turned downward. Rugose deeply wrinkled. Regosol soil that is young and undeveloped, Rugulose fi nely wrinkled. characterized by medium to fi ne-textured un- Ruminate (Animal) chew repeatedly over an consolidated parent material that maybe allu- extended period. vial in origin and lacks a signi fi cant horizon Ruminate endosperm uneven endosperm sur- layer formation. face that is often highly enlarged by ingrowths Reniform kidney shaped in outline. or infoldings of the surrounding tissue. cf. Repand with slightly undulate margin. homogenous endosperm. Replicate folded back, as in some corolla lobes. Rz value is a numerical reference to the mesh/ Resinous producing sticky resin. emulsion equalization on the screen. Resupinate twisted through 180°. Saccate pouched. Reticulate having the appearance of a network. Sagittate shaped like an arrow head. Retrorse bent or directed downwards or back- Saline soils soils that contain excessive levels wards. cf. antrorse. of salts that reduce plant growth and vigor by Retuse with a very blunt and slightly notched altering water uptake and causing ion-speci fi c apex. cf. emarginated. toxicities or imbalances. Revolute with the margins inrolled on the lower Salinity is characterised by high electrical con- (abaxial) surface. ductivities and low sodium ion concentrations Rhizine a root-like fi lament or hair growing compared to calcium and magnesium. from the stems of mosses or on lichens. Salverform applies to a gamopetalous corolla Rhizoid root-like fi laments in a moss, fern, fun- having a slender tube and an abruptly expand- gus, etc. that attach the plant to the substratum. ed limb. Rhizome a prostrate or underground stem con- Samara an indehiscent, winged, dry fruit. sisting of a series of nodes and internodes with Sand a naturally occurring granular material adventitious roots and which generally grows composed of fi nely divided rock and mineral horizontally. particles range in diameter from 0.0625 to Rhizophore a stilt-like outgrowth of the stem 2 mm. adj. sandy. which branches into roots on contact with the Saponins are plant glycosides with a distinc- substrate. tive foaming characteristic. They are found in Rhombic shaped like a rhombus. many plants, but get their name from the soap- Rhomboid shaped like a rhombus. wort plant ( Saponaria) . Rib a distinct vein or linear marking, often Saprophytic living on and deriving nourishment raised as a linear ridge. from dead organic matter. Riparian along the river margins, interface Sapwood outer woody layer of the tree just between land and a stream. adjacent to and below the bark. Rosette a tuft of leaves or other organs arranged Sarcotesta outermost fl eshy covering of Cycad spirally like petals in a rose, ranging in form seeds below which is the sclerotesta. Scientific Glossary 585

Scabrid scurfy, covered with surface abrasions, Setiform bristle shaped. irregular projections or delicate scales. Setulose with minute bristles. Scabrous rough to the touch. Sheathing clasping or enveloping the stem. Scale dry bract or leaf. Shrub a woody plant usually less than 5 m high Scandent refer to plants, climbing. and many-branched without a distinct main Scape erect fl owering stem, usually lea fl ess, ris- stem except at ground level. ing from the crown or roots of a plant. adj. Silicula a broad, dry, usually dehiscent fruit de- scapose. rived from two or more carpels which usually Scapigerous with a scape. dehisce along two sutures. cf. siliqua. Scarious dry, thin and membranous. Siliqua a silicula which is at least twice as long Schizocarp a dry fruit which splits into longi- as broad. tudinally multiple parts called mericarps or Silt is soil or rock derived granular material of cocci. adj. schizocarpous. a grain size between sand and clay, grain par- Sclerotesta the innermost fl eshy coating of cy- ticles ranging from 0.004 to 0.06 mm in diam- cad seeds, usually located directly below the eter. adj. silty. sarcotesta. Simple refer to a leaf or other structure that is Scorpoid refers to a cymose in fl orescence in not divided into parts. cf. compound. which the main axis appears to coil. Sinuate with deep wavy margin. Scutellum (Botany) any of various parts shaped Sinuous wavy. like a shield. Sinus an opening or groove, as occurs between Secondary venation arrangement of the lat- the bases of two petals. eral veins arising from the midrib in the leaf Sodicity is characterised by low electrical con- lamina. ductivities and high sodium ion; concentra- Secund with the fl owers all turned in the same tions compared to calcium and magnesium. direction. Sodic soils contains high levels of sodium salts Sedge a plant of the family Apiaceae, Cyper- that affects soil structure, inhibits water move- aceae. ment and causes poor germination and crop Segmented constricted into divisions. establishment and plant toxicity. Seminal root or seed root originate from the Soil pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of scutellar node located within the seed embryo the soil. See pH. and are composed of the radicle and lateral Solitary usually refer to fl owers which are borne seminal roots. singly, and not grouped into an infl orescence Senescence refers to the biological changes or clustered. which take place in plants as they age. Sorocarp fruiting body formed by some cellular Sepal free segment of the calyx. adj. sepaline. slime moulds, has both stalk and spore mass. Septum a partition or cross wall. pl. septa. adj. Sorophore stalk bearing the sorocarp. septate. Sorosis fl eshy multiple fruit formed from fl owers Seriate arranged in rows. that are crowded together on a fl eshy stem e.g. Sericeous silky; covered with close-pressed, pineapple and mulberry. fi ne, straight silky hairs. Sorus a discrete aggregate of sporangia in ferns. Serrate toothed like a saw; with regular, asym- pl. sori. metric teeth pointing forward. Spadix fl eshy spike-like in fl orescence with an Serrated toothed margin. unbranched, usually thickened axis and small Serratures serrated margin. embedded fl owers often surrounded by a Serrulate with minute teeth on the margin. spathe. pl. spadices. Sessile without a stalk. Spathe a large bract ensheathing an infl orescence Seta a bristle or stiff hair. pl. setae. adj. setose, or its peduncle. adj. spathaceous. setaceous. Spatheate like or with a spathe. Setaceous bristle-like. Spathulate spatula or spoon shaped; broad at Setate with bristles. the tip and narrowed towards the base. 586 Scientific Glossary

Spicate borne in or forming a spike. Standard refers to the adaxial petal in the fl ower Spiculate spikelet-bearing. of Papilionaceae. cf. keel, wing. Spike an unbranched, indeterminate in fl ore- Starch a polysaccharide carbohydrate consist- scence with sessile fl owers or spiklets. adj. ing of a large number of glucose units joined spicate, spiciform. together by glycosidic bonds a -1-4 linkages. Spikelet a small or secondary spike character- Stellate star shaped, applies to hairs. istics of the grasses and sedges and, gener- Stem the main axis of a plant, developed from ally composed of 2 glumes and one or more the plumule of the embryo and typically bear- fl orets. Also applied to the small spike-like ing leaves. in fl orescence or in fl orescence units commonly Sterile lacking any functional sexual parts found in Apiaceae. which are capable of fertilisation and seed Spine a stiff, sharp, pointed structure, formed by production. modi fi cation of a plant organ. adj. spinose. Stigma the sticky receptive tip of an ovary Spinescent ending in a spine; modi fi ed to form with or without a style which is receptive to a spine pollen. Spinulate covered with small spines. Stilt root a supporting root arising from the Spinulose with small spines over the surface. stem some distance above the ground as in Spodosol see podsol. some mangroves, sometimes also known as a Sporidia asexual spores of smut fungi. prop root. Sporangium a spore bearing structure found in Stipe a stalk that support some other structure ferns, fern allies and gymnosperms. pl. spo- like the frond, ovary or fruit. rangia. adj. sporangial. Stipel secondary stipule at the base of a lea fl et. Sporocarp a stalked specialized fruiting struc- pl. stipellae. adj. stipellate. ture formed from modi fi ed sporophylls, con- Stipitate having a stalk or stipe, usually of an taining sporangia or spores as found in ferns ovary or fruit. and fern allies. Stipulated having stipules. Sporophore a spore-bearing structure, especial- Stipule small leaf-like, scale-like or bristle-like ly in fungi. appendages at the base of the leaf or on the Sporophyll a leaf or bract which bears or sub- petiole. adj. stipulate. tends sporangia in the fern allies, ferns and Stolon a horizontal, creeping stem rooting at gymnosperms. the nodes and giving rise to another plant at Sporophyte the spore-producing phase in the its tip. life cycle of a plant that exhibits alternation Stoloniferous bearing stolon or stolons. of generations. Stoma a pore in the epidermis of the leaf or stem Spreading bending or spreading outwards and for gaseous exchange. pl . stomata. horizontally. Stone the hard endocarp of a drupe, containing Spur a tubular or saclike extension of the corolla the seed or seeds. or calyx of a fl ower. Stramineous chaffy; straw-liked. Squama structure shaped like a fi sh scale. pl. Striae parallel longitudinal lines or ridges. adj. squamae. striate. Squamous covered in scales. Striate marked with fi ne longitudinal parallel Squarrose having rough or spreading scale-like lines or ridges. processes. Strigose bearing stiff, straight, closely appressed Stamen the male part of a fl ower, consisting typ- hair; often the hairs have swollen bases. ically of a stalk (fi lament) and a pollen-bearing Strobilus a cone-like structure formed from portion (anther). adj. staminal, staminate. sporophylls or sporangiophores. pl. strobili. Staminate unisexual fl ower bearing stamens but Style the part of the pistil between the stigma no functional pistils. and ovary. Staminode a sterile or abortive stamen, often Sub- a prefi x meaning nearly or almost, as in reduced in size and lacking anther. adj. sta- subglobose or subequal. minodial. Subcarnose nearly fl eshy. Scientific Glossary 587

Sub-family taxonomic rank between the family Taxon the taxonomic group of plants of any and tribe. rank. e.g. a family, genus, species or any Subglobose nearly spherical in shape. infraspeci fi c category. pl. taxa. Subretuse faintly notched at the apex. Tendril a slender, threadlike organ formed Subsessile nearly stalkless or sessile. from a modifi ed stem, leaf or leafl et which, Subshrub intermediate between a herb and shrub. by coiling around objects, supports a climb- Subspecies a taxonomic rank subordinate to ing plant. species. Tepal a segment of the perianth in a fl ower in Substrate surface on which a plant or organism which all the perianth segments are similar in grows or attached to. appearance, and are not differentiated into ca- Subtend attached below something. lyx and corolla; a sepal or petal. Subulate narrow and tapering gradually to a fi ne Tetrasporangium a sporangium containing four point, awl-shaped. haploid spores as found in some algae. Succulent fl eshy, juicy, soft in texture and usu- Terete having a circular shape when cross- ally thickened. sectioned or a cylindrical shape that tapers at Suckers young plants sprouting from the under- each end. ground roots of a parent plant and appearing Terminal at the apex or distal end. around the base of the parent plant. Ternate in threes as of leaf with 3 lea fl ets. Sulcate grooved longitudinally with deep fur- Testa a seed coat, outer integument of a seed. rows. Thallus plant body of algae, fungi, and other Sulcus a groove or depression running along the lower organisms. internodes of culms or branches. Thyrse a dense, panicle-like infl orescence, as of Superior refers to the ovary is free and mostly the lilac, in which the lateral branches termi- above the level of insertion of the sepals, and nate in cymes. petals. cf. inferior. Tomentose refers to plant hairs that are bent and Suture line of dehiscence. matted forming a wooly coating. Swidden slash-and-burn or shifting cultivation. Tomentellose mildly tomentose. Syconium a type of pseudocarp formed from a Torus receptacle of a fl ower. hollow receptacle with small fl owers attached Transpiration evaporation of water from the to the inner wall. After fertilization the ovaries plant through leaf and stem pores. of the female fl owers develop into one-seeded Tree that has many secondary branches sup- achenes, e.g. fi g. ported clear of the ground on a single main Symbiosis describes close and often long-term stem or trunk. mutualistic and bene fi cial interactions be- Triangular shaped like a triangle, 3-angled and tween different organisms. 3-sided. Sympetalous having petals united. Tribe a category intermediate in rank between Sympodial refers to a specialized lateral growth subfamily and genus. pattern in which the apical meristem. cf mo- Trichome a hair-like outgrowth of the epider- nopodial. mis. Synangium an organ composed of united spo- Trichotomous divided almost equally into three rangia, divided internally into cells, each con- parts or elements. taining spores. pl. synangia. Tridentate three toothed or three pronged. Syncarp an aggregate or multiple fruit formed Tri fi d divided or cleft into three parts or lobes. from two or more united carpels with a single Trifoliate having three leaves. style. adj. syncarpous. Trifoliolate a leaf having three lea fl ets. Syncarpous carpels fused forming a compound Trifurcate having three forks or branches. pistil. Trigonous obtusely three-angled; triangular in Synteny presence of two or more genetic loci on cross-section with plane faces. the same chromosome. Tripartite consisting of three parts. Tannins group of plant-derived phenolic com- Tripinnate relating to leaves, pinnately divided pounds. three times with pinnate pinnules. 588 Scientific Glossary

Tripliveined main laterals arising above base of Unifoliolate a compound leaf which has been lamina. reduced to a single, usually terminal lea fl et. Triploid describing a nucleus or cell that has Uniform with one form, e.g. having stamens of three times (3n) the haploid number (n) of a similar length or having one kind of leaf. cf. chromosomes. dimorphic. Triveined main laterals arising at the base of Uniseriate arranged in one row or at one level. lamina. Unisexual with one sex only, either bearing the Triquetrous three-edged; acutely 3-angled. anthers with pollen, or an ovary with ovules, Trullate with the widest axis below the middle referring to a fl ower, in fl orescence or individ- and with straight margins; ovate but margins ual plant. cf. bisexual. straight and angled below middle, trowel- Urceolate shaped like a jug, urn or pitcher. shaped. Utricle a small bladdery pericarp. Truncate with an abruptly transverse end as if Valvate meeting without overlapping, as of se- cut off. pals or petals in bud. cf. imbricate. Tuber a stem, usually underground, enlarged Valve one of the sections or portions into which as a storage organ and with minute scale-like a capsule separates when ripe. leaves and buds. adj. tuberous. Variant any de fi nable individual or group of in- Tubercle a wart-like protuberance. adj. tubercu- dividuals which may or may not be regarded late. as representing a formal taxon after examina- Tuberculate bearing tubercles; covered with tion. warty lumps. Variegate, variegated diverse in colour or Tuberization formation of tubers in the soil. marked with irregular patches of different Tuft a densely packed cluster arising from an colours, blotched. axis. adj. tufted. Variety a taxonomic rank below that of sub- Turbinate having the shape of a top; cone-shaped, species. with the apex downward, inversely conic. Vein (Botany) a strand of vascular bundle tis- Turgid distended by water or other liquid. sue. Turion the tender young, scaly shoot such as as- Velum a fl ap of tissue covering the sporangium paragus, developed from an underground bud in the fern, Isoetes. without branches or leaves. Velutinous having the surface covered with a Turnery articles made by the process of turning. fi ne and dense silky pubescence of short fi ne Twining winding spirally. hairs; velvety. cf. sericeous. Ultisols mineral soils with no calcareous Venation distribution or arrangement of veins in material, have less than 10% weatherable a leaf. minerals in the extreme top layer of soil, and Veneer thin sheet of wood. with less the 35% base saturation through- Ventral (Botany) facing the central axis, op- out the soil. posed to dorsal. Umbel an in fl orescence of pedicellate fl owers of Vernation the arrangement of young leaves almost equal length arising from one point on or fronds in a bud or at a stem apex. cf. cir- top of the peduncle. adj. umbellate. cinnate. Umbellet a secondary umbel of a compound Verrucose warty. umbel. cf. umbellule. Verticil a circular arrangement, as of fl owers, Umbellule an, a secondary umbel of a com- leaves, or hairs, growing about a central point; pound umbel. cf. umbellet. a whorl. Uncinate bent at the end like a hook; unciform. Verticillaster false whorl composed of a pair of Undershrub subshrub; a small, usually sparsely opposite cymes as in Lamiaceae. branched woody shrub less than 1 m high. cf . Verticillate whorled, arranged in one or more shrub. whorls. Undulate with an edge/margin or edges wavy Vertisol a soil with a high content of expansive in a vertical plane; may vary from weakly to montmorillonite clay that forms deep cracks strongly undulate or crisped. cf. crisped. in drier seasons or years. Scientific Glossary 589

Vertosols soils that both contain more than 35% Viviparous describes seeds or fruit which sprout clay and possess deep cracks wider than 5 mm before they fall from the parent plant. during most years. Whorl a ring-like arrangement of leaves, sepals, Vesicle a small bladdery sac or cavity fi lled with stamens or other organs around an axis. air or fl uid. adj. vesicular. Winged having a fl at, often membranous Vestigial the remaining trace or remnant of expansion or fl ange, e.g. on a seed, stem or an organ which seemingly lost all or most one of the two lateral petals of a Papiliona- of its original function in a species through ceous fl ower or one of the petal-like sepals of evolution. Polygalaceae. cf. keel, standard. Vestiture covering; the type of hairiness, scali- Xanthophylls are yellow, carotenoid pigments ness or other covering commonly found on the found in plants. They are oxidized derivatives external parts of plants. cf. indumentum . of carotenes. Vibratile capable of to and for motion. Xeromorphic plant with special modi fi ed struc- Villose covered with long, fi ne, soft hairs, fi ner ture to help the plant to adapt to dry conditions. than in pilose. Xerophyte a plant which naturally grows in dry Villous covered with soft, shaggy unmatted hairs. regions and is often structurally modi fi ed to Vine a climbing or trailing plant. withstand dry conditions. Violaxanthin is a natural xanthophyll pigment Zygomorphic having only one plane of sym- with an orange color found in a variety of metry, usually the vertical plane, referring to a plants like pansies. fl ower, calyx or corolla. cf. actinomorphic. Viscid sticky, being of a consistency that resists Zygote the fi st cell formed by the union of two fl ow. gametes in sexual reproduction. adj. zygotic. Common Name Index

A Bird fl u (H5N1) virus , 155 Abiu , 129–131 Bird pepper , 206, 213 Ackee , 4–8, 10–12 Bird’s-eye pepper , 213 African bitter pea-aubergine , 310 Bitter tomato , 310 African chillies , 213 Blackberry , 395 African eggplant , 310 Blackberry nightshade , 395, 413 African fi nger millet , 12 Black fruited nightshade , 395 African locust bean , 11 Black nightshade , 318, 319, 323, 395, 396, 431 African pepper , 161, 213 Black raspberry , 462, 472 African shea tree , 1 Black seed , 20, 31, 113, 477 Aji Amarillo , 197, 198 Bladderberry , 283, 300 Aji Pepper , 197 Bladder cherry , 283 Akee , 1, 4–6, 8, 12 Blueberry , 462 Akee Apple , 4 Bolsa mulaca , 283 Aki , 4 Boxthorn , 240, 267, 270, 271 Alupag-amo , 30, 31, 45 Brazilian cocoa , 80 Amarillio chilli , 197 Breastberry , 364 Amazon grape fruit , 446, 448 Brinjal , 311, 316, 370, 372, 378, 382 Amazon tree grape , 446–448 Broccoli , 181, 513, 552 American black nightshade , 318 Brush pepperbush , 490 Anaheim , 170, 207 Bullet wood tree , 119 Angular winter cherry , 283 Bully tree , 111 Annato seed , 206 Bulro kugi , 267, 271 Annual ground cherry , 283 Annual nightshade , 395 Ants , 69, 215, 358, 377, 564, 584 C Apple of Sodom , 364 Cachucha peppers , 209 Asian Bulletwood , 119 Canistel, egg fruit , 2, 133–136 Aubergine , 310, 311, 333, 370, 371, 376, 429 Cape gooseberry , 2, 283, 300–302, 304, 305 Avian in fl uenza virus strains , 155 Cape tomato , 326 Aztec Berry , 300 Capsicum, chili , 2 Capsicum pepper , 11, 161, 166, 170, 218 Caqui, East Coast , 107 B Castor oil , 7, 141, 358 Baculovirus , 480 Cat’s eye , 15, 33 Badian star anise , 151 Cattle tick , 439 Bakul , 119, 120, 122 Catuaba , 88 Balloon cherry , 283 Cayenne , 161–164, 213, 214, 217, 220, 226 Bananas , 112, 420 Cayenne pepper , 161, 197, 220 Barbados gooseberry , 300 Cherry eggplant , 429 Barbary boxthorn , 240 Cherrylance-leaf ground cherry , 283 Barbary matrimony vine , 240 Cherry pepper , 161 Barbary wolfberry , 240 Cherry tomato goldenberry , 300 Bell peppers , 161, 163, 167, 169–171, 173–176, 178, Chicle , 98, 111, 116, 136, 143 179, 183, 187, 188, 190, 197, 199, 207, 456, 552 Chico sapote , 111 Bird-eye chilli , 213, 216 Chiku , 2, 111, 114

T.K. Lim, Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants: Volume 6, Fruits, 590 DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-5628-1, © Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2013 Common Name Index 591

Chile De Cera , 213 Dayak eggplant , 311, 316 Chili , 2, 161, 162, 170, 183, 185, 205, 207, Deadly nightshade , 2, 395 213–215, 218 Devil’s fi g , 429 Chili peppers , 161, 183, 185, 205, 213, 218, 221, Dog tomato , 283 223, 232 Domestic grape , 450 Chillies , 171, 190, 211, 213, 372 Dorrigo pepper , 490 Chilli, fruit pointing upwards , 213 Dragon’s eye fruit , 18 Chilli padi , 216, 234 Duke of Argyll’s teaplant , 240 Chiltepin chili , 207 Duke of Argyll tea tree , 240, 267 Chinese anise , 151 aniseed , 151 E averrhoe , 39 Egg fruit , 2, 133–135 boxthorn , 267 Egg fruit tree , 133 cherry , 45 Eggplant , 2, 310, 311, 313, 315, 316, 333, 370–379, chilli pepper , 217 381–385, 429, 430, 432, 439, 552 desert-thorn , 267 Epstein–Barr virus , 155, 180, 524 red jujubes , 268 Ethiopian eggplant , 310 scarlet eggplant , 310 European grapes , 451 star anise , 151–159 teaplant , 240 wolfberry , 240, 267 F Chitlepin , 161 Faint pepper bush , 490 Christmas pepper , 161 Fennel , 126, 152, 529, 552 Chrysanthemum , 26, 55, 258, 268 Fijian longan , 92 Cilantro , 206 Fisalia tooth-leaved bladder , 283 Cinnamon , 11, 139, 152 Fox face , 364 Cinnamon bark , 126 Frog , 384 Cloves , 126, 152, 206, 431 Cluster beans , 431 Cockspur pepper , 213 G Cocoa , 80, 139 Gadung , 126 Cocona , 2, 365, 424–427 Gallbladder cancer , 232 Coconut , 108, 311, 372, 431, 466, 473 Garden egg , 310, 311 Coffee , 81, 82, 141, 241, 268, 278, 331, 447 Garden huckleberry , 395 Common beans , 11, 12, 303 Garden nightshade , 395 Common boxthorn , 267 Garden tomato , 339 Common grapevine , 450 Garlic , 152, 206, 355, 372, 431, 560 Common matrimoney vine , 240 German cockroaches , 158 Common nightshade , 395 Giant rambutan , 1, 59, 60 Cone pepper , 161 Gilo , 310, 311, 315, 316, 382 Coriander , 126, 190, 431 Ginger , 88, 112, 152, 221, 431, 529, 552 Corn , 139, 152, 406, 420, 518, 572, 576, 581 Glossy nightshade , 318 Cornish pepper leaf , 493 Goat , 12, 213, 287, 413 Cowpea , 11, 12 Goat-lice , 439 Cow pops , 283 Goat’s pod , 213 Cow’s udder , 364 Goji , 240, 242, 247, 249, 256, 260 Coxsackie virus B3 (CVB3) , 54 Goji berry , 2, 240, 245–247, 256, 259, 260, 267, 269, Cranberry , 462, 472, 474 270, 279 Cumin , 431 Goldenberry , 300, 302–304 Cutleaf groundcherry , 283 Golden leaf tree , 97 Cut-leaved ground cherry , 283 Gooseberry-tomato , 300 Go Qi Zi , 267 Gow Kee , 267 D Grape , 3, 67, 345, 446–448, 450–482, 555 Damiana , 87 Grapefruit , 355 Damson plum , 103 Grapevine , 450, 452, 457, 458, 481 Date plum , 103 Green bell peppers , 174 Dawa , 92, 93 Green capsicum , 161, 166, 169 592 Common Name Index

Green cat’s eye , 15 J Green chilli , 170, 171, 207, 372 Jalapeno , 165, 210, 211 Green-fruited pea , 429 Jalapeno peppers , 161, 167 Green mata kucing , 1, 15, 37 Jamaican bitter balls , 310 Green peppers , 11, 161, 163, 171, 172, 179, 327 Japanese star anise , 157, 158, 159 Green sapote , 2, 143, 144 Japanese termites , 158 Green tea , 22, 50, 67, 68, 87, 228 Jews’s apple , 370 Ground cherry , 283, 300 Johore fruit , 39 Guarana , 1, 80–89 Guinea pepper , 213 Guinea worm , 294, 412, 521 K Gully bean , 429 Kakus , 1, 33, 34, 36, 37 Guring , 33 Kangaroo apple , 336, 337 Ketumbar , 126 Kumba , 310, 311, 316 H Habanero chilli pepper , 205, 207, 208 Habaneros , 183, 190, 197, 205–211 L Hairless rambutan , 72 Lalaki , 31 Hairy-fruited eggplant , 333 Large-fruited black nightshade , 318 Hairy lychee, rambutan , 62 Lava sapote , 138 Hairy nightshade , 333 Leechee , 45 Halapenos , 161 Leek , 175 Harsh , 395 Lemon , 175 Hazelnut , 350 Lichee , 45 Hematophagous fl y , 439 Licorice , 152 Hepatitis C virus , 406 Lime , 47, 98, 112, 116, 134, 198, 206, 324, 420, 571 Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) , 54, 68, 294, Liquorice , 152, 268 322, 381, 434, 507, 531 Litchi , 1, 26, 45, 48–56, 62, 75 Herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) , 68 Locoto , 197 Herpes zoster virus , 225, 226, 322, 531, 552, 557 Longan , 1, 18–27, 30, 31, 33–37, 49, 55, 75, 92 Himalayan goji , 240, 279 Long pepper , 161 Hog weed , 283 Love apple , 364 Honey pear , 389 Lulo , 419–422, 424 Hot chili , 213 Luna nut , 42 Hot chili pepper , 221 Lungan , 18 Hot peppers , 170, 172, 173, 179, 186, 187, 197, 200, Lycee , 19, 20 211, 213, 234 Lychee , 1, 45–56, 62, 92 Hot red peppers , 172, 188, 200, 225, 228 Hot short pepper , 219 M Hound’s berry , 395 Macaw bush , 364 House fl y , 117 Mace , 190, 569 Hungarian pepper , 161 Mad apple , 370 Husk cherry , 300 Magic berry , 146 Husked tomato , 283 Malagueta chilli pepper , 218 Malaria vector , 437 Malaysian , 39, 95, 164, 215 I Mamee apple , 138 Inca berry , 300 Mamee zapote , 138 Indian anise , 151 Mamey colorado , 138, 139 Indian medlar , 119 Mamey sapote , 2, 138–141, 143, 144 Indian nightshade , 333 Mandarin orange , 158 In fl uenza virus , 54, 155, 544 Mangoes , 206 Inkberry , 395 Marmalade plum , 111, 138 Isau , 1, 33, 35–37 Marmalade tree , 138 bala , 33, 37 Mata kucing , 1, 33, 35, 37 beleng , 33, 37 Matrimony , 240, 267 Island Lychee , 92 Matrimony vine , 240, 267 Common Name Index 593

Measles virus , 294 Peach tomato , 424 Mede berry , 240 Pea eggplant , 429, 432 Mellow fruit , 389 Peanuts , 5, 372 Melon , 34, 355 Pear , 5, 355, 389, 581 Melon pear , 389 Pearl millet , 12 Melon shrub , 389 Pepino , 2, 389–393 Meritam , 75, 78 dulce , 389, 390 Mexican chillies , 213 melon , 389 Mickey mouse plant , 364 Pepper , 2, 3, 11, 134, 161–163, 166–190, 197, Milk fruit , 97 199–202, 205–211, 213–215, 217–223, Miracle berry , 146 225, 228, 231–234, 327, 372, 378, 431, 456, Miracle fruit , 2, 146–150 490, 492–495, 498, 552 Miraculous berry , 146 bush , 490, 492, 493 Mississippi sport pepper , 161 fruit , 169, 170, 172, 173, 178, 179, 185, 187, 200, Mock tomato , 310 210, 218 Mosquitoes , 158, 409, 437, 526, 540, 567 tree , 3, 490 Mountain kangaroo apple , 336, 337 Peruvian ground cherry , 300, 301 Mountain lychee , 45 Peruvian hot pepper , 197 Mountain pepper , 493, 494, 498 Peruvian pepino , 389 Mountain pepperbush , 493 Petty morel , 395 Muirapuama , 88 Phaleria jack , 2, 442 Mullaca , 283, 284 Pigs ears , 364 Murraya curry leaves , 431 Pimento pepper , 161 Mushrooms , 175, 372, 552 Plate brush , 429 Mustard seeds , 546 Plum , 97, 103, 107, 111, 138 Plum tree , 107 Pod pepper , 161 N Poha berry , 300, 301 Naranjilla , 2, 419–422 Poisonberry , 395 Naseberry , 111 Polio virus I , 294 Nematodes , 438, 439, 521, 526, 559 Potato bush , 395 Nightshade , 395 Potatoes , 2, 139, 358, 376, 384, 395 Nightshade black-berry , 395 Pulasan , 75–79 Nipple fruit , 364 Pungent pepper , 213 Nipple nightshade , 364

Q O Quito-orange , 419 Obra cabbage , 300 Oceanic , 92 Olive plum , 103 R Ongael , 442 Raisin , 47, 452, 472, 481 Onions , 5, 175, 206, 327, 372, 431, 452, 560 Rambutan , 1, 20, 30, 37, 59–70, 72, 75, 76, 78 Oolong tea , 83 Red and green bell pepper , 174 Orange , 20, 67, 152, 175, 330, 381 Red bell pepper , 171, 173, 174, 179 Orange, bitter , 87 Red chilli , 170, 171, 183, 188, 190, 207, 215, 221, Orange, mandarin , 158 228, 431 Orange, Seville , 206 Red chilli pepper , 223, 232 Orange, sour , 112 Red chilli powder , 431 Orinoco apple , 424 Red cone pepper , 161 Ornamental pepper , 161 Red coondoo Spanish cherry , 119 Red mata kucing , 37 Red medlar , 240 P Red paprika , 169, 178, 180, 185 Paci fi c Lychee , 92 Red peppers , 161, 163, 168, 169, 171, 172, 175, 176, Palm oil , 5, 11 178, 179, 188, 190, 213, 225, 228, 231, 234, 372 Papayas , 20, 206 Red raspberry , 462 Paprika , 161–163, 167–169, 172, 175, 178–180, 185, Red sapote , 138 188–190, 197, 213, 214, 233 Rice , 5, 44, 112, 152, 241, 268, 385, 430, 438, 452 Pea aubergine , 310, 429 Rocoto , 199, 209 594 Common Name Index

S Terung dayak , 310, 311, 316, 333 Sage , 83 Terung Iban , 310, 316, 333 Sakay , 213 Thai cultivated nightshade , 429 Sambar onion , 431 Thai hairy-fruited eggplant , 333 Sapodilla , 2, 105, 109, 111, 113, 114, 116, 117, 144 Thai pea eggplant , 429 Sarawak wild eggplant , 310, 311, 316 Thoor dhal , 431 Satan chili , 205 Thornapples , 2, 429 Satin leaf fruit , 97, 103, 104 Tibetan goji , 240, 279 Satin-leaf tree , 103 Ti-Es , 133, 134 Sau , 1, 33, 34, 36, 111 Ti-ku-pi , 273 Savory akee , 4 Tit Plant , 364 Scarlet eggplant , 310 Tit/Titty fruit , 364 Scotch bonnet , 206 Tobacco , 158, 368, 469, 470, 521, 524 Serait , 1, 72, 73 Tomatillo , 284, 326, 345, 397 Serrano pepper , 163, 167 Tomato(es) , 2, 5, 168, 179, 206, 209, 260, Sesame seeds , 5 283, 300, 310, 315, 316, 326, 327, 330, Shallots , 206 339–358, 372, 376, 384, 395, 424, 430, Shea butter , 1, 12 439, 552, 557, 559 Sheep parasite , 439 bush , 395 Shum , 310, 311, 316 fruit eggplant , 310 Small- fl owered nightshade , 318 fruit worm , 348 Snails , 12, 293, 323, 409, 410, 542, 556 Tooth-leaved winter cherry , 283 Sour brinjal , 311, 316 Topiro , 424 Spanish cherry , 2, 119 Torres Straits Wongi , 107 Spiny longan , 1, 30, 31 Tree grape, 446 Spur pepper , 213 Tree melon , 389 Star anise , 151–159 Tree tomato, 326, 330 Star aniseed , 151 Trengganu cherry , 39 Starapple , 2, 97–101, 103, 129 True sapote , 138 Star plum , 97 True star anise , 151 Strawberries , 20, 48, 300, 355, 552 Tuko , 103 Strawberry tomato , 300 Turkey berry , 364, 424, 429, 431, 435 Sua , 37 Turmeric , 69, 221, 431, 552 Sunberry , 283 Sundakai , 433, 434, 436 Susumba , 429 U Susumber berries , 429, 437, 438 Uvilla , 300, 301, 446 Sweet bell peppers , 178 Sweet berry , 146 Sweet cucumber , 389 V Sweet green pepper , 163, 169, 178 Vanilla , 134, 152, 327 Sweet pepino , 389 Vegetable brain , 4 Sweet peppers , 163, 169, 177 Violet pepper , 378 Sweet red pepper , 161, 163, 169, 172 Virus B3 (CVB3) , 54

T W Tabasco sauce pepper , 213 Water lychee , 45 Tamarillo , 2, 326–331 Water nightshade , 429 Tamarind , 125, 206, 372, 431 West Indian star apple , 97 Tasmanian pepperberry , 493 White fl ies , 345 Tasmanian pepper bush , 493 White fl y , 345, 358 Tasmannia pepper , 3, 495 Wild African aubergine , 310 Tea , 22, 43, 47, 50, 55–57, 67, 68, 81, 83, 106, Wild baccatum , 197 141, 152, 157, 158, 228, 240, 241, 245, Wild cape gooseberry , 283 260, 267, 268, 278, 284, 294, 515, 526, Wild Chinese yam , 268 540, 562 Wild currants , 395 Teak , 11, 442 Wild dilly , 105, 106 Terong asam , 311, 316, 333, 335 Wild eggplant , 311, 316, 371, 429 Terung asam , 310–314, 316, 333, 335, 367 Wild gooseberry , 2, 283 Common Name Index 595

Wild pea-aubergine , 310 Y Wild pepper , 213 Yellow bell pepper , 170, 207 Wild physalis , 283 Yellow lantern , 205 Wild sapodilla , 105 Yellow pepper , 163, 168–171, 189, 207 Wild star apple , 103 Yellow sapote , 133, 134 Wild tomato , 283 Yellow star apple , 129 Wine grapes , 450, 453, 456, 458–460, 482 Yellow tree tomato , 326 Winter cherry , 283, 300 Wolfberry , 240, 244, 249, 257–260, 267, 268 Z Wongai , 107–109 Zanzibar pepper , 213 Wongi plum , 107 Zapotillo , 111, 133, 138, 143 Wrinkled pepper , 161 Zombie fruit , 364 Scienti fi c Name Index

A Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans , 480 Acanthus mollis , 410 Aedes aegypti , 158, 409 Acer , 1 Aeromonas hydrophila , 479 Achradelpha Alkekengi pubescens , 300 A. mammosa , 110 Allium cepa , 330 A. viridis , 143 Allophylus , 1 Achras Alternaria solani , 158 A. breviloba , 110 Anchomanes difformis , 294 A. caimito , 129 Angelica sinensis , 245 A. calderonii , 110 Anopheles A. conzattii , 110 A. culicifacies , 409 A. coriacea , 110 A. stephensi , 409, 437 A. dactylina , 110 A. subpictus , 437 A. gaumeri , 110 Aphania neo-ebudica , 92 A. guapeba , 129 Aporetica pinnata , 92 A. latiloba , 110 Aquillaria agallocha , 276 A. lobulata , 110 Argania spinosa , 1–2 A. lucuma , 110 Artemia A. mammosa , 107, 110, 138 A. salina , 115 A. meridionalis , 110 A. salina nauplii , 322 A. occidentalis , 110 Ascardia galli , 125 A. octodecem fi da , 107 Aspergillus A. paludosa , 110 A. fl avus , 115, 156, 219, 220, 231, 290, 497 A. petenensis , 110 A. fumigatus , 219–220, 435, 497 A. rojasii , 110 A. niger , 84, 220, 231, 331 A, sapatilla , 110 A. orchraceus , 290, 591 A. sapota , 110 A. parasiticus , 220 A. sapota f. asperma , 110 Astragalus membranaceus , 268 A. sapota var. candollei , 110 Atropa belladonna , 2 A. sapota var. globosa , 110 A. sapota var. lobata , 110 A. sapota var. ovalis , 110 B A. sapota var. pedicellaris , 110 Bacillus A. sapota var. sphaerica , 110 B. amyloliquefaciens , 479 A. sapota var. typica , 110 B. brevis , 479 A. striata , 110 B. cereus , 84, 183, 184, 201, 211, 219, 434, 479 A. tabogaensis , 110 B. coagulans , 479 A. tainteriana , 110 B. licheniformis , 123 A. tchicomame , 110 B. megaterium , 115, 183, 479 A. verrucosa , 110 B. subtilis , 84, 115, 123, 183, 201, 211, 219, 220, A. zapota , 110 290, 434, 479 A. zapota var. major , 110 Bakeriella dulci fi ca , 146 A. zapota var. zapotilla , 110 Barleria lupulina , 68 A. zapotilla , 110 Bemisia tabaci , 345, 358 Achyranthes bidentata , 252 Biomphalaria Acinetobacter baumannii , 156 B. alexandrina , 409, 410

T.K. Lim, Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants: Volume 6, Fruits, 596 DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-5628-1, © Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2013 Scientifi c Name Index 597

B. arabica , 410 C. annuum var. abbreviatum , 183, 187, 219 B. glabratus , 367 C. annuum var. acuminatum , 161, 172, 176, 179, 180, B. tenagophila , 293 187, 188 B. glabrata , 323 C. annuum var. angulosum , 181 Bipolaris maydis , 158 C. annuum var. annuum , 170, 173, 209, 218 Blattella germanica , 158 C. annuum var. aviculare , 161 Blighia sapida , 1, 4–12 C. annuum var. cerasiferum , 180, 187 Boberella C. annuum var. cerasiforme , 161 B. angulata , 283 C. annuum var . fasciculatum , 161, 171, 176 B. peruviana , 300 C. annuum var. frutescens , 213 B. pubescens , 300 C. annuum var. glabriusculum , 172, 173, 200, 207, Boberella halimifolia, 240 209, 218 Boehmeria nivea , 2 C. annuum var. grossum , 161, 172, 174, 187 Bothrops atrox , 229 C. annuum var. longum , 161 Botryodiplodia theobromae , 157 C. annuum var. lycopersiciforme rubrum , 168 Browallia , 2 C. baccatum , 2, 169, 171, 172, 183, 191, 198–202, Brunfelsia , 2 208–211, 218, 234 Bulinus C. baccatum L. var. baccatum , 202 B. globosus , 12 C. baccatum L. var. pendulum , 197, 199, 209 B. truncatus , 12, 409 C. baccatum var. baccatum , 198, 202 Bumelia dulci fi ca , 146 C. baccatum var. pendulum , 197–202 C. baccatum var. praetermissum , 171, 198, 200, 202, 208, 218 C C. cerasiforme , 161 Caenorhabditis elegans , 257 C. chacoense , 200 Cainito pomiferum , 97 C. chinense , 2, 169–172, 174, 177, 183, 191, Caleatia caimito , 129 199–201, 205–211, 217–219, 225, 234 Calocarpum C. conoides , 161 C. huastecanum , 138 C. cordiforme , 161 C. mammosum , 110 C. fastigiatum , 213 C. mammosum var. bonplandii , 138 C. frutescens , 2, 161, 163, 169, 171, 172, 174, 177, C. mammosum var. candollei , 138 183, 191, 199–201, 205, 208–211, 213–234 C. mammosum var. ovoideum , 138 C. frutescens var. abbreviatum , 219 C. sapota , 138 C. frutescens var. cerasiforme , 161 C. viride , 143 C. frutescens var. conoides , 161, 217 Calospermum C. frutescens var. fasciculatum , 161, 219, 231 C. mammosum , 110 C. frutescens var. grossum , 161 C. mammosum var. ovoidea , 138 C. frutescens var. longum , 161, 220 C. parvum , 138 C. frutescens var. pendulum , 197 Camellia sinensis , 83 C. grossum , 161 Canarium album , 158 C. hispidum , 161 Candida , 25 C. indicum , 161 C. albicans , 25, 156, 184, 220, 277, 289–290, 435, C. indicum var. pendulum , 197 497, 547, 561 C. microcarpum , 202 C. guilliermondii , 184 C. minimum , 213 C. krusei , 25, 497 C. pendulum , 197, 202 C. lipolytica , 497 C. petenense , 161 C. parapsilosis , 25, 184 C. pubescens , 171, 181, 183, 185, 199–201, 208, 209, C. stellatoidea , 290 211, 218, 277, 327, 408, 427, 434 C. torulopsis , 290 C. sinense , 205 C. tropicalis , 184, 497 C. toxicarium , 205 C. utilis , 497 Capura Capsicum , 184, 201, 206, 210, 211, 219 C. alata , 39 C. annuum , 2, 11, 161–191, 199–201, 205, C. fruticosa , 42 207–211, 213, 215–219, 221, 225, 231, Carica papaya , 294 233, 234, 378 Cecropia , 2, 294 C. annuum L. var. annuum , 172 Cestrum , 2 C. annuum L. var. glabriusculum , 173 Chenopodium album , 399 C. annuum L. var. grossum , 161, 172 Chromobacterium violaceum , 115 598 Scientifi c Name Index

Chrysophyllum D. crinita , 62 C. bicolor , 97 D. dentatus , 17 C. bonplandii , 97 D. fumatus , 15–17 C. caeruleum , 97 D. fumatus subsp. fumatus , 1, 15–17 C. cainito , 2, 97–101 D. fumatus subsp. j avensis , 17 C. cainito var. caeruleum , 97 D. fumatus subsp. philippinensis , 17 C. cainito var. jamaicense , 97 D. lichi , 33, 45 C. cainito var. martinicense , 97 D. longan. ssp. malesianus var. echinatus , 33 C. cainito var. pomiferum , 97 D. longan. ssp. malesianus var. malesianus , 33 C. cainito var. portoricense , 97 D. longan ssp. longan , 27 C. cainito var. typicum , 97 D. longan ssp. malesianus , 27 C. jamaicense , 97 D. longan ssp. malesianus var. echinatus , 37 C. maliforme , 97 D. longan ssp. malesianus var. malesianus , 34, 37 C. mirapoanum , 103 D. longan subsp. longan var. longan , 1, 18–27 C. monopyrenum , 97, 103 D. longan subsp. malesianus var. echinatus , C. oliviforme , 2, 103–104 1, 30–31, 37 C. oliviforme var. typicum , 103 D. longan subsp. malesianus var. malesianus , C. ottonis , 97 1, 33–37 C. sericeum , 97 D. longan var. echinatus , 27 Cichorium intybus , 406 D. longan var. longan , 1, 18–27 Cissus vinifera , 450 D. longan var. longepetiolatus , 27 Citrullus colocynthis , 233 D. longan var. malesianu , 27 Citrus sinensis , 67, 330 D. longan var. obtusus , 27 Clinacanthus siamensis , 68 Dioscorea Clostridium D. hispida , 126 C. sporogenes , 183, 201, 211, 219 D. opposita , 268 C. tetani , 183, 201, 211, 219 Dracaena , 335 Codonopsis pilosula , 268 Drimys Colletotrichum lindemunthianum , 184 D. aromatica , 493 Colocasia esculenta , 365 D. dipetala , 490 Coriander sativum , 126, 189 D. insipida , 490 Coriandrum sativum , 190 D. lanceolata , 493 Corvinia litchi , 45 Drosophila melanogaster , 188, 473 Corynebacterium xerosis , 183 Drymispermum Cryptococcus neoformans , 25, 220, 322, 497 D. blumei , 442 Culex D. cauli fl orum , 442 C. quinquefasciatus , 158, 409, 437 D. laurifolium , 442 C. tritaeniorhynchus , 437 D. phaleria , 442 Cupania D. urens , 442 C. akeesia , 4 C. edulis , 4 C. sapida , 4 E Curcuma longa , 221 Eccremanthus eximius , 92 Cyphomandra , 358 Eikenella corrodens , 156 C. betacea , 326, 330 Eleusine coracana ssp. africana , 12 C. crassifolia , 326 Enterobacter C. procera , 326 E. aerogenes , 479 E. agglomerans , 220 E. cloaca , 183 D Enterococcus feacalis , 479 Dabanus Epidermophyton fl occosum , 322, 497 D. acuminatus , 92 Erwinia D. pinnatus , 92 E. carotovora subsp. carotovara , 190 Dactimala oliviformis , 103 E. carotovora var. carotovora , 331 Damalinia caprae , 439 Escherichia coli , 25, 51, 84, 88, 115, 156, 183, 185, 189, Datura , 2 220, 233, 289, 290, 412, 413, 434, 479, 480, 530, Dendrocnide , 2 555, 557, 564 Dias dubiosa , 442 Euphoria , 33 Dimocarpus E. cambodiana , 33 Scientifi c Name Index 599

E. crinita , 62 Heliothis zea , 348 E. didyma , 33, 45 Helminthosporium sativum , 123 E. echinulata , 18 Herschelia edulis , 300 E. elongata , 33 Hibiscus sabdariffa , 365 E. fragifera , 33 Hippobosca maculata , 439 E. glabra , 62 E. gracilis , 33 E. litchi , 45 I E. longana , 18, 75 Ilex paraguayenis , 87 E. malaiensis f. declavata , 33 Illicium , 2 E. microcarpa , 30, 33 I. anisatum , 157, 158 E. nephelioides , 30 I. san-ki , 151 E. nephelium , 62 I. verum , 2, 151–159 E. pallens , 33 Imbricaria E. pinnata , 92 I. malabarica , 107 E. pometia , 92 I. perroudii , 119 E. ramboutan , 62 Irina E. ramboutan-ake , 75 I. alnifolia , 92 E. sclerocarpa , 33 I. diplocardia , 92 E. setosa , 33 I. glabra , 92 E. sinensis , 18 I. tomentosa , 92 E. succulenta , 33 I. tomentosa forma cuspidata , 92 I. tomentosa var. alnifolia , 92 Iris pseudacorus , 410 F Fasciola , 323 F. gigantica , 410 J F. hepatica , 410 Jasminoides fl accida , 240 Fossaria (Lymnaea) cubensis , 323, 367 Jasminoides fl accidum, 240 Fusarium , 115, 331 F. graminearum , 159, 220 F. moniliforme , 219, 220 K F. oxysporum , 184, 220 Kadsura , 2 F. vasinfectum , 435 Kaukenia F. verticilloides , 290 K. elengi , 119 Fusobacterium nucleatum , 480 K. kauki , 107 K. timorensis , 119 Klebsiella pneumoniae , 183, 220, 290, 479 G Kluyveromyces marxianus , 183, 184 Galba truncatula , 410 Koelreuteria edulis , 42 Gambeya mammosa, 110 Ganoderma G. applanatum , 331 L G. lucidum , 259 Labatia Geotrichum candidum , 231 L. lasiocarpa , 129 Gleichenia , 78 L. reticulata , 129 Guapeba Lactobacillus acidophilus , 278 G. caimito , 129 Lagenaria siceraria , 365 G. lasiocarpa , 129 Leishmania , 497 G. laurifolia , 129 L. amazonensis , 292 Guapebeira L. major , 292 G. brasiliensis , 129 L. panamensis , 307 G. laurifolia , 129 Lenzites elegans , 331 Guersentia oliviformis , 103 Lepisanthes L. alata , 1, 39–41 L. fruticosa , 1, 42–44 H Leptinotarsa decemlineata , 497 Haemaphysalis bispinosa , 439 Leucosmia burnettiana , 442 Haemonchus contortus , 439 Listeria monocytogenes , 183, 479, 480 Helicobacter pylori , 181, 185, 277, 408, 427, Litchi 434, 480 L. chinensis , 1, 45–56 600 Scientifi c Name Index

L. chinensis var. euspontanea , 45 M. calderonii , 110 L. litchi , 45 M. conzattii , 110 L. philippinensis , 45 M. emarginata subsp. Jaimiqui , 105 L. ramboutan , 62 M. gaumeri , 110 L. ramboutan-ake , 75 M. grisebachii , 110 Lucuma M. jaimiqui , 2, 105–106 L. bonplandii , 138 M. kauki , 2, 107–109 L. caimito , 129 M. meridionalis , 110 L. campechiana , 133 M. meridionalis var. caribbensis , 110 L. elongata , 133 M. parvifolia , 119 L. glabrifolia , 133 M. rojasii , 110 L. heyderi , 133 M. striata , 110 L. inseparabilis , 133 M. tabogaensis , 110 L. laeteviridis , 133 M. zapota , 2, 109–117 L. lasiocarpa , 129 M. zapotilla , 110 L. laurifolia , 129 Manilkariopsis L. laurifolia var. reticulata , 129 M. lobulata , 110 L. mammosa , 110 M. meridionalis , 110 L. nervosa , 133 M. petenensis , 110 L. palmeri , 133 M. rojasii , 110 L. rivicoa var. angustifolia , 133 M. striata , 110 L. salicifolia , 133 M. tabogaensis , 110 L. sphaerocarpa , 133 Mansoa alliacea , 367 L. temare , 129 Marisa cornuarietis , 323 L. zapota , 110 Meloidogyne , 438 L. zapota var. anguai , 110 Melongena Lycium , 2 M. esculenta , 370 L. barbarum , 2, 240–261, 278 M. ovata , 370 L. chinense , 2, 241, 245, 256, 260, 261, 267–279 Maurella , 324 L. europaeum , 240 Micrococcus luteus , 123 L. fl accidum , 240 Microsporum L. halimifolium , 240 M. canis , 220, 322 L. lanceolatum , 240 M. gypseum , 322 L. subglobosum , 240 Mimusops L. turbinatum , 240 M. browniana , 107 L. vulgare , 240 M. elengi , 2, 107, 119–126 Lycopersicon , 358 M. elengi var. parvifolia , 119 L. aethiopicum , 310 M. erythroxylon , 119 L. cerasiforme , 339 M. grisebachii , 110 L. esculentum , 339, 348 M. hexandra , 122 L. esculentum ssp. galenii , 339 M. hookeri , 107 L. esculentum var. cerasiforme , 339, 346 M. javensis , 119 L. esculentum var. esculentum , 339 M. kauki , 107 L. esculentum var. leptophyllum , 339 M. kauki var. browniana , 107 L. esculentum var. pyriforme , 339 M. latericia , 119 L. hirsutum , 348 M. lucida , 119 L. lycopersicum , 339 M. manilkara , 107, 122 L. lycopersicum var. cerasiforme , 339 M. parvifolia , 119 L. pyriforme , 339 M. timorensis , 119 Lymnaea Morella , 324 L. columella , 323 Moringa oleifera , 124 L. cubensis , 367 Musca domestica , 117 L. natalensis , 409 Mycobacterium M. avium , 289 M. intracellulare , 289 M M. kansasii , 289 Macrocarpon , 474 M. malmoense , 289 Magnolia xerophila , 119 M. smegmatis , 479 Manilkara M. tuberculosis , 289 M. achras , 110 Myristica fragrans , 190 M. breviloba , 110 Myzus persicae , 498 Scientifi c Name Index 601

N O Neisseria gonorrhoeae , 289, 290, 529 Otolepis Nephelium O. alata , 39 N. acuminatum , 92 O. cambodiana , 42 N. bengalense , 18 O. erythrocalyx , 42 N. chinense , 45 O. fruticosa , 42 N. chryseum , 62 O. furcata , 42 N. chryseum var. topengii , 62 O. nodosa , 42 N. cuspidatum , 60 O. sessilis , 42, 44 N. cuspidatum var. bassacense , 60 Otophora N. cuspidatum var. cuspidatum subvar. O. acuminata , 42 dasyneurum , 60 O. alata , 39 N. cuspidatum var. cuspidatum subv. cuspidatum , 60 O. blancoi , 42 N. cuspidatum var. eriopetalum , 60, 61 O. cambodiana , 42 N. cuspidatum var . multinerve , 60 O. eberhardtii , 42 N. cuspidatum var. ophiodes subvar. beccarianum , 60 O. edulis , 39 N. cuspidatum var . ophiodes subvar. ophiodes , O. erythrocalyx , 42 60, 61 O. fruticosa , 42 N. cuspidatum var. robustu m , 1, 59–61 O. furcata , 42 N. didymum , 18 O. glandulosa , 42 N. diplocardia , 92 O. latifolia , 42 N. echinatum , 62 O. nodosa , 42 N. eximium , 92 O. resecta , 42 N. fumatum , 15, 17 N. glabrum , 62, 72 N. intermedium , 17, 75 P N. lappaceum , 1, 37, 62–70 Palaquium gutta , 1 N. lappaceum var. glabrum , 62 Panax ginseng , 84, 276 N. lappaceum var. lappaceum , 69 Paramphistomum cervi , 439 N. lappaceum var. maingayi , 72 Parietaria , 2 N. lappaceum var. pallens , 69 Parkia biglobosa , 11 N. lappaceum var. topengii , 62 Paulinnia , 1 N. lappaceum var. xanthoides , 69 P. sorbilis , 80 N. litchi , 45 P. cupan a , 1, 80–89 N. longana , 18, 33 P. cupan a var. cupana , 80, 81 N. longana var. acuminata , 18 P. cupana var. guarana , 89 N. longana var. pallida , 18 P. cupana var. sorbilis , 80, 81, 83, 89 N. maculatum , 62 Pediococcus acidilactici , 278 N. maingayi , 1, 72–74 Penicillium , 290 N. malaiense , 33 P. chrysogenum , 497 N. mutabile , 75 P. cyclopium , 84 N. mutabile var. pallens , 62 P. marneffei , 497 N. obovatum , 62 P. notatum , 331 N. pallens , 75 Pennisetum glaucum , 12 N. philippense , 75 Petunia , 2 N. pinnatum , 92 Phaleria N. pupillum , 18 P. capitata , 2, 242–245 N. ramboutan-ake , 1, 75–79 P. cauli fl ora , 442 N. rambutan , 62 P. cumingii , 442–445 N. robustum , 59 P. disperma , 442 N. schneideri , 30 P. dubiosa , 442 N. sufferrugineum , 62 P. urens , 442 N. topengii , 62 Phaseolus vulgaris , 12 N. xanthioides , 62 Pheretima posthuma , 125 Nicotiana , 2 Phomopsis sojae , 331 Nierembergia , 2 Phyllanthus amara , 294 Nigella sativa , 477 Physa cubensis , 323 Nispero achras , 110 Physalis , 2 Nocardia asteroides , 123 P. angulata , 2, 283–295 Normania , 358 P. angulata fo. ramosissima , 283 602 Scientifi c Name Index

P. angulata var. capsicifolia , 283 P. caimito var. laurifolia , 129 P. angulata var. ramosissima , 283 P. caimito var. typica , 129 P. capsicifolia , 283 P. campechiana , 2, 133–136 P. chenopodifolia , 300 P. campechiana var. nervosa , 133 P. ciliata , 283 P. campechiana var. palmeri , 133 P. edulis , 300 P. campechiana var. salicifolia , 133 P. esculenta , 300 P. campechiana var. typica , 133 P. esquirolii , 283 P. dulci fi ca , 146 P. ixocarpa , 345 P. elongata , 133 P. lagascae , 295 P. glabrifolia , 133 P. lanceifolia , 283, 285, 286 P. laeteviridis , 133 P. latifolia , 300 P. lasiocarpa , 129 P. linkiana , 283 P. laurifolia , 129 P. minima , 283, 285–287, 289–293, 295 P. leucophaea , 129 P. peruviana , 2, 287, 300–308 P. mammosa , 110 P. peruviana var. latifolia , 300 P. mante , 133 P. puberula , 300 P. sapota , 2, 138–141 P. ramosissima , 283 P. temare , 129 P. tomentosa , 300 P. viridis , 2, 143–144 Pichia membranifaciens , 184 Proteus Pilea , 2 P. mirabilis , 84, 123 Pionandra betacea , 326 P. vulgaris , 12, 84, 479 Plantago major , 295 Pseudocapsicum torulosum , 310 Plasmodium Pseudomonas , 434 P. berghei , 293 P. aeruginosa , 84, 115, 156, 183, 220, 289, P. falciparum , 293, 437, 540 290, 479 P. yoelii , 383, 409 P. corrugata , 331 Pneumocystis carinii , 220 P. fl uorescens , 84 Polyomavirus , 480 P. solanacearum , 290, 331 Pometia P. syringae pv. s yringae , 331 P. acuminate , 92 Pseudonephelium P. alnifolia , 92 P. fumatum , 15 P. annamica , 92 P. javanicum , 17 P. coriacea , 92 Ptychopetalum olacoides , 88 P. curtisii , 33 Pycnoporus sanguineous , 331 P. glabra , 92 Pythium aphanidermatum , 157, 158 P. gracilis , 92 P. macrocarpa , 92 P. pinnata , 92–96 R P. pinnata forma acuminata , 92, 93, 96 Radlkoferella P. pinnata forma alnifolia , 92, 93, 96 R. glabrifolia , 133 P. pinnata forma cuspidata , 92, 93, 96 R. inseparabilis , 133 P. pinnata forma glabra , 92, 93, 96 R. sphaerocarpa , 133 P. pinnata forma macrocarpa , 92, 93, 96 Rehmannia P. pinnata forma pinnata , 92, 93, 96 R. glutinosa , 250, 255, 276 P. pinnata forma repanda , 92, 93, 96 R. glutinosa var. purpurae , 276 P. pinnata forma tomentosa , 92, 93, 96 Reticulitermes speratus , 158 P. pinnata var. javanica , 92 Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus , 117, 439 P. tomentosa , 92 Rhizoctonia P. tomentosa var. cuspidate , 92 R. batiticola , 413 Poria cocos , 245, 276 R. solani , 158 Porphyromonas gingivalis , 480 Rhizopus oryzae , 231 Pourouma , 2 Rhodnius prolixus , 292 P. cecropiifolia , 2, 446–448 Rhodotorula rubra , 183 P. edulis , 446 Rhopalosiphum padi , 498 P. multi fi da , 446 Richardella P. sapida , 446 R. nervosa , 133 P. uvifera , 446 R. dulci fi ca , 146 Pouteria , 135, 141 R. salicifolia , 133 P. caimito , 2, 129–131 R. temare , 129 Scientifi c Name Index 603

S S. ambrosiacum , 310 Saccharomyces , 231 S. americanum , 2, 318–324, 397, 400, 401 S. cerevisiae , 184, 455, 497 S. americanum subsp. nodi fl orum , 318 Salmonella , 183 S. americanum var. nodi fl orum , 318 S. choleraesuis , 497 S. anguivi , 311 S. cibrum , 434 S. angulatum , 419 S. typhi , 25, 115, 435 S. arecunarum , 424 S. typhimurium , 51, 55, 88, 123, 183, 187, 189, 232, S. aurantiacum , 310 233, 355, 382, 409, 434 S. betaceum , 2, 326–331 Salpiglossis , 2 S. brieyi , 310 Salvia of fi cinalis , 83 S. calvum , 318 Sapindus S. caribaeum , 318 S. baccata , 42 S. cestrophyllum , 395 S. cinereus , 33 S. chenopodioides , 321, 401 S. edulis , 45 S. crassifolium , 326 S. fruticosa , 42 S. curtipes , 318 Sapota S. daturifolium , 429 S. achras , 110 S. decipiens , 395 S. achras var. lobata , 110 S. depilatum , 318 S. achras var. sphaerica , 110 S. dillenii , 395 S. elongata , 133 S. distichum , 311 S. mammosa , 138 S. dulcamara , 384 S. zapotilla , 110 S. edule , 370 Sarcina lutea , 25, 115 S. edule var. multi fi dum , 370 Schisandra , 2 S. eleagnifolium , 384 Schistosoma , 323 S. elskensii , 310 S. haematobium , 409, 410 S. erythrocarpon , 318 S. mansoni , 187, 409, 410 S. esculentum , 370 Schizanthus , 2 S. esculentum var. aculeatum , 370 Schizophyllum commune , 331 S. esculentum var. inerme , 370 Schizosaccharomyces pombe , 184 S. esculentum var. subinerme , 370 Sclerotinia sclerotiorum , 413 S. fauriei , 318 Scubulon humboldtii , 339 S. ferox , 316, 334, 335 Scytalia S. ferox var. lasiocarpum , 333 S. chinensis , 45 S. ferrugineum , 429 S. litchi , 45 S. fi cifolium , 429 S. ramboutan , 62 S. fi stulosum , 318 Sechium edule , 116, 370, 409 S. ganchouenense , 318 Serjania , 1 S. geminifolium , 310 Shigella dysenteriae , 435, 557 S. gollmeri , 318 Sideroxylon S. gilo , 310, 315, 382 S. campestre , 133 S. gilo subsp . megalacanthum , 310 S. derryanum , 103 S. gilo subsp. monteiroi , 310 S. dulci fi cum , 146 S. gilo var. ellipsoideum , 310 S. sapota , 138 S. gilo var. erectifructum , 310 Solandra , 2 S. gilo var. pierreanum , 310 Solanum , 2, 358, 422, 426 S. gilo var. sparseaculeatum , 310 S. acanthifolium , 429 S. giorgii , 310 S. adventitium , 318 S. globiferum , 364 S. aethiopicum , 310–316, 370, 376, 377 S. guatemalense , 389 S. aethiopicum var. aculeatum , 310 S. hebephorum , 389 S. aethiopicum var. armatum , 310 S. hirsutum , 333 S. aethiopicum var. giorgii , 310 S. humile , 395 S. aethiopicum var. inerme , 310, 370 S. hybridum , 310 S. aethiopicum var . integrifolium , 310 S. imerinense , 318 S. aethiopicum var. modicelobatum , 310 S. immane , 333 S. aethiopicum var. paaschenianum , 310 S. incanum , 315, 371, 372 S. aethiopicum var. violaceum , 370 S. inconspicuum , 318 S. alibile , 424 S. indecorum , 318 S. amarantoides , 318 S. indicum , 310, 320, 365 604 Scientifi c Name Index

S. indicum subsp . ambifarium , 310 S. muricatum var. protogenum , 389 S. inops , 318 S. muricatum var. teleutogenum , 389 S . insanum , 370 S. naumannii , 310 S. insigne , 326 S. nigrum , 2, 318, 321, 322, 324, 395–413 S. integrifolium , 310 S. nigrum forma luridum , 395 S. judaicum , 395 S. nigrum forma nodi fl orum , 318 S. kupperi , 310 S. nigrum forma glabrum , 318 S. largi fl orum , 429 S. nigrum forma violaceum , 318 S. lasiocarpum , 2, 316, 333–335 S. nigrum subsp. chlorocarpum , 395 S. lasiocarpum var. domesticum , 333 S. nigrum subsp. dilleni , 395 S. lasiocarpum var. velutinum , 333 S. nigrum subsp. humile , 395 S. linearifolium , 2, 336–338 S. nigrum subsp. luteovirescen , 395 S. linnaeanum , 371 S. nigrum subsp. nutans , 318 S. lobelii , 310 S. nigrum subsp . schultesii , 395 S. longifolium , 389 S. nigrum var. acuminatum , 318 S. longum , 370 S. nigrum var. americanum , 318 S. lusitanicum , 310 S. nigrum var. atriplicifolium , 395 S. lycopersicum , 2, 339–358 S. nigrum var. dillenii , 318, 395 S. lycopersicum var. cerasiforme , 339 S. nigrum var. minor , 318 S. lycopersicum var. lycopersicum , 339 S. nigrum var. nodi fl orum , 318 S. maccai , 429 S. nigrum var. pauci fl orum , 318 S. macrocarpon , 2, 315, 316, 419 S. nigrum var. virginicum , 318 S. macrotonum , 318 S. nodi fl orum , 318 S. mammosissium , 364 S. nodi fl orum subsp. nutans , 318 S. mammosum , 2, 364–368 S. nodi fl orum var. acuminatum , 318 S. mammosum var. corniculum , 364 S. nodi fl orum var. fauriei , 318 S. mannii , 429 S. nodi fl orum var. macrophyllum , 318 S. mayanum , 429 S. nodi fl orum var. pauci fl orum , 318 S. melanocarpum , 370 S. nodi fl orum var. petiolastrum , 318 S. melongena , 2, 313–315, 365, 370–385, 439 S. nodi fl orum var. puberulum , 318 S. melongena subsp. agrest e , 370 S. nodi fl orum var. sapucayense , 318 S. melongena var. esculentum , 370 S. nodi fl orum var. virginicum , 318 S. melongena var. giganteum , 370 S. nollanum , 419 S. melongena var. globosi , 370 S. obtusifolium , 310 S. melongena var. inerme , 370 S. oleraceum , 318 S. melongena var. leucoum , 370 S. oleraceum var. macrocarpum , 318 S. melongena var. ovigera , 370 S. olivare , 310 S. melongena var. racemi fl orum , 370 S. ovatifolium , 310 S. melongena var. racemosum , 370 S. ovigerum ß oblongocylindricum , 370 S. melongena var. stenoleucum , 370 S. ovigerum sinuatorepandum , 370 S. melongena var. variegatum , 370 S. ovigerum subrepandum , 370 S. melongena var. violaceum , 370 S. ovigerum var. album , 370 S. melongena var. viride , 370 S. ovigerum var. insanum , 370 S. melongenum , 370 S. ovigerum var. luteum , 370 S. merrillianum , 318 S. ovigerum var. ruber , 370 S. microtatanthum , 318 S. ovigerum var. violaceum , 370 S. minutibaccatum , 318 S. ovigerum violaceum , 370 S. minutibaccatum forma nodi fl orum , 318 S. paaschenianum , 310 S. minutibaccatum subsp. curtipedunculatum , 318 S. pachystylum , 318 S. monteiroi , 310 S. papilionaceum , 395 S. morella , 395 S. parvi fl orum , 318 S. morella subsp . nigrum , 395 S. pauci fl orum , 318 S. moschatum , 395 S. pedunculatum , 389 S. muricatum , 2, 389–393 S. pentagonocalyx , 318 S. muricatum forma glaberrimum , 389 S. photeinocarpum , 318 S. muricatum var. dissectum , 389 S. pierreanum , 310 S. muricatum var. papillosistylum , 389 S. platanifolium , 364 S. muricatum var. parvifolium , 389 S. poggei , 310 S. muricatum var. popayanum , 389 S. pseudo fl avum , 395 S. muricatum var. praecedens , 389 S. pseudomelongena , 310 Scientifi c Name Index 605

Solanum (cont.) Streptococcus S. pterocaulon , 318 S. b -haemlyticus , 435 S. ptychanthum , 318 S. faecalis , 183 S. quadrangulare , 318 S. mutans , 25, 84, 184, 480 S. purpuratum , 318 S. pyogenes , 183, 201, S. quadriloculare , 333 211, 219 S. quitoense , 2, 419–422, 427, 439 Streptosolen , 2 S. quitoense f. septentrionale , 419 Synsepalum S. quitoense var. septentrionale , 419 S. dulci fi cum , 2, 146–150 S. racemi fl orum , 310 S. glycydora , 146 S. repandum , 335 S. retro fl exum , 321, 401 S. rhinozerothis , 318 T S. sarrachoides , 384 Tarebia granifera , 323 S. scabrum , 310, 389 Tasmannia S. schroederi , 310 T. aromatica , 493 S. schultesii , 395 T. cordata , 3 S. sciaphilum , 318 T. insipida , 3, 490–492 S. sessili fl orum , 2, 424–427 T. lanceolata , 3, 493–498 S. sinaicum , 410 Teremis elliptica, 240 S. sparsespinosum , 310 Trichilia catigua , 87 S. stramonifolium , 429 Trichoderma viride , 84, 123 S. subsessile , 310 Trichophyton S. subspathulatum , 318 T. mentagrophytes , 156, 220, 322, 497 S. sudanense , 310 T. rubrum , 220, 322, 497 S. suffruticosum , 395 T. tonsurans , 220 S. tenellum , 318 Triguer a , 358 S. texanum , 310 Trypanosoma S. topiro , 424 T. cruzi , 292, 322, 323, 497 S. torvum , 2, 315, 367, 429–439 T. rangeli , 292 S. torvum var. daturifolium , 429 Turnera diffusa var. S. trongum var. divaricatum , 370 aphrodisiaca , 87 S. trongum var. rumphii , 370 S. trongum var. tongdongense , 370 S. torvum var. typicum , 429 U S. triangulare , 318 Urtica , 2, 399 S. trilobatum , 379 S. trongum , 370 S. tuberosum , 2 V S. undatum , 371 Vaccinium macrocarpon , 474 S. undatum var. violaceum , 310 Vasianfactum sp , 115 S. variegatum , 389 Vibrio S. verapazense , 429 V. cholerae , 183, 434, 516 S. villosissimum , 364 V. mimicus , 25 S. villosum , 321, 322, 397, 400, 401, 410 Vigna unguiculata , 12 S. vulgare , 395 Vitellaria S. vulgatum var. chlorocarpum , 395 V. campechiana , 133 S. vulgatum var. nigrum , 395 V. mammosa , 110 S. wallisii , 389 V. nervosa , 133 S. willdenowii , 310 V. paradoxa , 1, 12 S. worsleyi , 310 V. salicifolia , 133 S. zeylanicum , 333, 370 V. sphaerocarpa , 133 S. zuccagnianum , 310 V. tenuifolia , 133 S. zuccagnianum var. allogonum , 310 Vitis Sonchus asper , 399 V. amurensis , 456 Spodoptera littoralis , 497 V. vinifera , 3, 450–482 Staphylococcus S. aureus , 25, 84, 156, 183, 184, 220, 277, 289, 290, 412, 434, 479, 480, 514, 527, 535 W S. epidermidis , 68 Winterana lanceolata , 493 606 Scientifi c Name Index

X Xerospermum Xanthomonas X. ferrugineum , 33 X. axonopodis , 290 X. topengii , 62 X. campestris pvar vesicatoria , 331 X. vesicatoria , 290 Z Xantolis palmeri , 133 Zingiber of fi cinale , 88, 221 Xenopus laevis , 384 Zygosaccharomyces bailii , 497