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Exotic Species Survey of the Kokoda Track, Papua New Guinea

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Exotic Species Survey of the Kokoda Track, Papua New Guinea Exotic Species Survey of the Kokoda Track, Papua New Guinea Honolulu, Hawai‘i December 2015 Cover shot: Alola Village and Kokoda Track showing anthropogenous vegetation. Photo: Allen Allison. Exotic Species Survey of the Kokoda Track, Papua New Guinea Allen Allison Linda Pratt Thane Pratt Clyde Imada Pacific Biological Survey Bishop Museum Honolulu, Hawai‘i 96817, USA Report prepared for: PNG Conservation and Environmental Protection Authority (CEPA), Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea Bishop Museum Technical Report 67 Honolulu, Hawai‘i December 2015 Bishop Museum Press 1525 Bernice Street Honolulu, Hawai‘i Copyright © 2015 Bishop Museum All Rights Reserved Printed in the United States of America ISSN 1085-455X Contribution No. 2015-004 to the Pacific Biological Survey Table of Contents Executive Summary ..................................................................................................................... v 1 Introduction .....................................................................................................................1 2 Purpose ............................................................................................................................2 2.1 Compilation of a Checklist of Exotic Species ..................................................................2 2.2 Document Particularly Problematic Species ..................................................................2 3 Personnel .........................................................................................................................3 3.1 Field Team ....................................................................................................................3 3.2 Laboratory Team ...........................................................................................................3 4 Field Itinerary and Schedule .............................................................................................3 5 Methods ...........................................................................................................................4 6 Results ..............................................................................................................................4 6.1 Plants ............................................................................................................................5 6.1.1 Medium-Crowned Hill Forest .................................................................................7 6.1.2 Lower Montane Forest ...........................................................................................7 6.1.3 Riparian Vegetation ...............................................................................................8 6.1.4 Anthropogenous Grasslands and Disturbed Areas ..................................................8 6.1.5 Gardens and Cultivated Areas ................................................................................9 6.1.6 Rivers and Streams ..............................................................................................10 6.1.7 Beneficial Uses of Exotic Plants ............................................................................10 6.2 Animals .......................................................................................................................11 6.2.1 Insects .................................................................................................................11 6.2.2 Fishes ...................................................................................................................11 6.2.3 Amphibians and Reptiles ......................................................................................12 6.2.4 Birds ....................................................................................................................12 6.2.5 Mammals .............................................................................................................12 7 Additional Survey Work Off the Kokoda Track ................................................................12 7.1 Study Site ....................................................................................................................13 7.2 Results ........................................................................................................................13 8 Discussion.......................................................................................................................14 i 9 Recommendations..........................................................................................................18 9.1 Regular surveys ...........................................................................................................18 9.2 Species Eradication and Monitoring ............................................................................18 9.3 Field Guide and Citizen Science ...................................................................................18 10 Literature Cited ..............................................................................................................20 11 Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................21 Appendices Appendix 1 – Weed Species in Henty and Pritchard (1975) - Updated .......................................23 Appendix 2 – Checklist of Exotic Plant Species ...........................................................................29 Appendix 3 – Plant Specimens Collected ...................................................................................55 Appendix 4 – Other Natural History Observations .....................................................................67 Appendix 5 – Exotic Plant Species Around Manumu No. 2 Village .............................................68 List of Tables Table 1 – The ten worst exotic plant species growing along the Kokoda Track, based on abundance and invasive tendencies............................................................................14 Table 2 – Exotic pest species occurring along the Kokoda Track that are among the top 30 weeds in the Wet Tropics of North Queensland ..........................................................16 Table 3 – Species of plants and animals occurring along the Kokoda Track that are included on the Global Invasive Species Programme's list of the world's 100 worst alien invasive species ........................................................................................................................17 List of Figures Figure 1 – Exotic vegetation along the Kokoda Track near Kokoda Station ..................................5 Figure 2 – Remnant rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis) from a semi-abandoned plantation along the Kokoda Track near Kokoda Station .........................................................................5 Figure 3 – Rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) near Kokoda Station .................................................6 Figure 4 – Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) plantation near Kokoda Station. The oil palm is native to West Africa ...................................................................................................................6 Figure 5 – Alola Village and Kokoda Track showing anthropogenous vegetation .........................6 ii Figure 6 – Anthropogenous grasslands and garden clearings along the central section of the Kokoda Track ................................................................................................................6 Figure 7 – Kokoda Track – typical exotic vegetation.....................................................................7 Figure 8 – Native species colonizing disturbed areas along the Kokoda Track ..............................7 Figure 9 – Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) ......................................................................11 Figure 10 – Secondary-growth forest at southern edge of Manuma No. 2 Village .....................13 Figure 11 – Secondary-growth vegetation at southern edge of Manuma No. 2 Village ..............13 Figure 12 – Secondary growth within forest at northern margin of Manuma 2 Village ..............13 Figure 13 – Prickly chaff flower (Achyranthes aspera) ...............................................................29 Figure 14 – Goatweed (Ageratum conyzoides) ..........................................................................29 Figure 15 – Golden Trumpet Vine (Allamanda cathartica) .........................................................30 Figure 16 – Spanish needle (Bidens pilosa) ................................................................................30 Figure 17 – White angel’s trumpet (Brugmansia candida) .........................................................31 Figure 18 – Elephant grass (Cenchrus sp.) ..................................................................................32 Figure 19 – Knapweed (Centaurea sp.) ......................................................................................32 Figure 20 – Clidemia (Clidemia hirta) .........................................................................................33 Figure 21 – Thickhead (Crassocephalum crepidioides) ...............................................................34 Figure 22 – Montbretia (Crocosmia × crocosmiiflora) ................................................................34 Figure 23 – Crotalaria (Crotalaria retusa) ..................................................................................35 Figure 24 – Cigar plant (Cuphea ignea) ......................................................................................35
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