DOCSLIB.ORG

Insect Management It All Started Long Before We Got Here…

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

1/23/2017 Why are these herbivores eating MY plants? Organic Insect Management It all started long before we got here…. • Vegetable Pests • Vegetable crops: – Adapted to secondary chemicals – ‘early succession’ – Use chemical cues to – Disturbed habitat locate host plants Ruth Hazzard – Rapid, succulent growth – Can only develop on University of Massachusetts Extension – Protected by secondary specific plant group Vegetable Program chemicals – Colonize & reproduce 2013 Beginning Farmer Professional Develoopment – ‘plant families’ rapidly Insects with wider host range What do these insects have in common? (multiple crop families) Life cycle: clues to management Just a few things to know about your pest…. Photo by Jude Boucher • Where and how does it spend the winter? Large Pupal • What plants does it feed on (‘hosts’)? larvae stage is in • When and how does it find the crop? soil • Are there preferences for some varieties or stages? • Which crop stages are damaged? • How, where and when does it reproduce during the summer? Small • How many generations per year? Larvae Adult • What life stages of the insect cause damage? • What life stages are most vulnerable? • What cultural practices protect the crop & reduce the pest? • Are there natural enemies (wild or released) • Are there effective insecticides? What do we need • How do I scout for it? to know about Eggs this insect? • What is the threshold or cue for action? 1 1/23/2017 Things to know about your farm IPM means prevention first: cultural practices • Plant date • Rotation options • Transplants • Row covers • Fallow & field areas nearby? • Mulches • Floral resources for • Other farms nearby? natural enemies • Resources for row • Crop rotation • Fallow periods, cover cover, pesticides, crops sprayers • Tolerant varieties Photo by M Spellman. IPM means prevention first: Ladybeetles biological control Prey on • Conservation: Aphids, pollen, – Use selective small larvae insecticides Harmonia axyridis 12-spotted ladybeetle Asian multicolored ladybeetle Coleomegilla maculata • Plant floral resources for beneficials – nectar and pollen Aphidius colemani Aphid Parasitoids Insidious flower bug (similar to Minute pirate bug -- Orius spp.) Tiny wasps insert eggs into aphids Larva grow and pupate inside aphid Feed on aphids, mites, Aphid exoskeleton serves as pupal thrips case Frequently observed in Multiple generations per year sweet corn or wherever prey insects are found. Aphid ‘mummies’ before and after wasp emerges Photos by A. Cavanagh 2 1/23/2017 Flea beetle life cycle Flea beetles on Brassicas Above ground, on foliage •Overwinter as adult •Lay eggs in spring ADULT •New adults emerge Photo courtesy of Manitoba midsummer Agriculture and Food •Some may lay more eggs (partial Striped Flea PUP EGG 2nd) Beetle A S LAR Crucifer Flea Beetle Underground, VA near plant roots Flea beetle soil dwelling stages: Types of Flea Beetle Damage: ‘Shot-hole Damage’ Tiny Vulnerable to dessication & disturbance • Non-waxy leaves Well-adapted to survival • Feeding on entire surface • Common on bok choi, arugula, mustard, Chinese cabbage. Types of Flea Beetle Damage: Brassica groups ‘Marginal Damage’ Brassica rapa Brassica oleraceae Bok Choy • Occurs on waxy leaves • Mainly on Brassica oleracea crops (cabbage, Kale broccoli, etc) • These crops become more waxy when older Brassica napa Brassica juncea Mustard Red Russian Kale 3 1/23/2017 Flea beetle preference by species/cultivar, 2004 What Brassica crops and species do flea beetles prefer? 9 8 2004 experiment, UMass Research Farm 7 L_maritima Sweet Alyssum 6 B. oleracea ‘Blue Lagoon’ Cabbage 5 B. oleracea Flash Collards 4 rapa - pac_choirapa - rapa - komatsunarapa - junceagw_mustard - ‘Greasy greens’ 3 B. oleracea* (* non-waxy collard) oleraceagreasy_greens - 2 B. oleracea Gai-lan averagebeetles perplant 1 oleraceacollards - oleraceacabbage - B. rapa Pak Choi allyssum L_maritima- oleraceagai_lan - 0 B. rapa ‘Summerfest’ Komatsuna Total •The waxy B. oleracea, and the alyssum, had by far the fewest beetles. B. napus ‘Green Wave’ mustard •Greasy greens, non-waxy B. oleracea, had an equal number of beetles as B. Juncea, mustard. •The species with by far the highest beetle counts were the B. rapas, komatsuna and pac choi. flea beetles’ favorites 1. Brassica rapa 4. Brassica oleraceae Where do they go in winter? Bok Choy Kale Average Number of Flea Beetles per sample Overwintering Study Winter 2001-2002 3. Brassica 2. Brassica juncea 30 napa 25 20 Mustard 15 10 average # of beetles 5 Red Russian 0 Kale woods shrubby grassy location of sample Crop Rotation: No rotation means early Fall Brassicas where to plant Spring Brassicas and large Year 1 spring Year 2 Fall Brassicas populations of Brassicas? Year 1 flea beetles Overwintering site for beetles Overwintering site for beetles WOODS, ROADS, WOODS, ROADS, HOUSES, FIELDS HOUSES, FIELDS 4 1/23/2017 Rotating spring Mid-season rotation: crop as far as Plant fall Brassicas in a new field to escape newly Fall Brassicas possible from emerged adults Year 1 last fall’s crop Late Brassicas in field 2 delays arrival and reduces Summer adults beetle numbers Very hungry!!! Overwintering site for beetles Stop feeding, Early Brassicas in field 1 leave the field WOODS, ROADS, Overwintered adults HOUSES, FIELDS Spring Brassicas hungry!! Year 2 May June July August September October Bolted Brassica field: incubator for next generation UMass flea beetle insecticide trials, 2003-2004 of flea beetles Caryn Andersen et al Weekly sprays on Komatsuna greens (Brassica rapa) Results: • Spinosad had significantly less feeding damage than control • Pyganic was no different from unsprayed control • Row cover was the most effective treatment Flea beetle on Cabbage Methods, PTC Research Plots, 2004 Abby Seaman, Cornell, 2011 • Crop: Cabbage “Farao F1” • Planting date: 5/23 1 2 4 5 • Application dates: 5/31, 6/7, 6/14 (started as soon as flea beetles arrived) 50’ Sevin 50’ No Spray 50’ Sevin • Evaluation date: 6/20 No Spray Treatment Rate Mean Damage Rating* Entrust 2.5 oz/A 1.7 A Pyganic 5.0 9 oz/A 2.7 B No border (Cabbage only) With border (Komatsuna & Neemix 4.5 10 oz/A 2.5 B Collards around Cabbage) Neemix + Pyganic 10 oz + 9 oz/A 2.7 B Untreated control 2.5 B • Four replications. Plot size: 20’x15’ *Rating 1-5 with 1 = no damage and 5 = plant almost dead • Treatments (insecticides) applied ONLY in the border (randomized). Treatment Mean • Borders and main crop scouted weekly. Control 2.48 a Entrust 1.68 b Neemix 2.48 a Neemix + Pyganic 2.67 a Pyganic 2.73 a 5 1/23/2017 (graph 2) Average Beetle Numbers (graph 1) Average Beetle Numbers 8 7 7 6 6 5 5 Spraye d PTC 4 4 Bordersno Border 3 yes 3 nos 2 yes 2 1 Avg.Beetles perPlant SeasonalAvg. Beetles perPlant 1 0 Border Main 0 Location of Beetles - border or main Border Main crop Location of Beetles - border or main • Unsprayed borders had the highest beetle numbers, regardless of whether or not they crop contained komatsuna. Main crops of plots surrounded by unsprayed borders had the next highest number of beetles. • The komatsuna border had significantly more beetles than anything else. • The sprayed borders and the main crops inside of sprayed borders had the lowest average • There were no differences between main crops, which indicates that the beetle counts. This indicates that spraying the borders alone may be effective at controlling komatsuna did not actually increase the number of beetles in the main crop. flea beetles in the main crop. • It did not, however, lower the number of beetles in the main crop compared with • The presence or absence of komatsuna in the border had no impact on the effectiveness of the border spray. the main crop of the un-bordered plots. Full Bloom farm trap crop study, 2013 Full Bloom farm trap crop study, 2013 • Brassica rapa, B. juncea as Results: trap crop (mixtures) in border bok choy More beetles in border (early) rows (near likely migration) kale 2 lacinato 2 More beetles in bok choy (later) • Main crop: kale, collard, red russian 2 Spray boy choy & border 2X as often lacinato, red russian border mix Reduced sprays in remaining crop • Preferred ‘sink’ crop (bok kale choy) lacinato Product strategy: • Scout weekly: damage, red russian Use Pyganic if control needed but beetles/plant border mix rain expected Use mix if pressure is high • Thresholds: 1 to 2/plant, 10- road Use Entrust to get 5-7 day residual 25% damage last year's brassicas • Use Pyganic, Entrust, or mix Management Strategies for Flea Beetles… 1. Escape them: crop rotation between and during the season 2. Starve them: no host crop for a generation 3. Kill them: tillage after harvest, insecticides 4. Exclude them: row cover 5. Grow healthy plants; use transplants 6. Use trap crops and spray those more often 6 1/23/2017 Soil bags Row cover roller Why has flea beetle grown to be such a serious Eggplant flea beetle pest on organic farms? Feeds only on Solanaceous crops – tomato, potato, eggplant --- NOT the same species as crucifer flea beetle Similar life cycle: one generation per year, but two periods of adult feeding (May/June and late July/early Aug) Which organic insecticides work on flea beetle and Flea beetle numbers on sticky card traps Colorado potato beetle in eggplant? 0.6 0.6 2009 Expt, UMass Crops Research Farm 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 Plant Plant 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0 0 Average Flea Beetle Card Count per no pyganic pyganic Average Flea Beetle Card Count per no entrust entrust 0.6 Eggplant (‘Nadia’) 0.5 3 insecticides: Surround, Entrust, Pyganic 0.4 Alone and in mix of 2 or
Recommended publications
  • Evaluation of a New Bt Toxin, Cry51aa2.834 16, for Control of Thrips and Tarnished Plant Bug in Cotton

    Evaluation of a New Bt Toxin, Cry51aa2.834 16, for Control of Thrips and Tarnished Plant Bug in Cotton

    University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 12-2018 Evaluation of a New Bt Toxin, Cry51Aa2.834_16, for Control of Thrips and Tarnished Plant Bug in Cotton Scott Hester Graham University of Tennessee, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss Recommended Citation Graham, Scott Hester, "Evaluation of a New Bt Toxin, Cry51Aa2.834_16, for Control of Thrips and Tarnished Plant Bug in Cotton. " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 2018. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/5316 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Scott Hester Graham entitled "Evaluation of a New Bt Toxin, Cry51Aa2.834_16, for Control of Thrips and Tarnished Plant Bug in Cotton." I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Entomology, Plant Pathology and Nematology. Scott D. Stewart, Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: Eric Blinka, Jerome Grant, Tyson Raper Accepted for the Council: Dixie L. Thompson Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) Evaluation of a New Bt Toxin, Cry51Aa2.834_16, for Control of Thrips and Tarnished Plant Bug in Cotton A Dissertation Presented for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree The University of Tennessee, Knoxville Scott Hester Graham December 2018 Copyright © 2018 by Scott H.
  • Twenty-Five Pests You Don't Want in Your Garden

    Twenty-Five Pests You Don't Want in Your Garden

    Twenty-five Pests You Don’t Want in Your Garden Prepared by the PA IPM Program J. Kenneth Long, Jr. PA IPM Program Assistant (717) 772-5227 [email protected] Pest Pest Sheet Aphid 1 Asparagus Beetle 2 Bean Leaf Beetle 3 Cabbage Looper 4 Cabbage Maggot 5 Colorado Potato Beetle 6 Corn Earworm (Tomato Fruitworm) 7 Cutworm 8 Diamondback Moth 9 European Corn Borer 10 Flea Beetle 11 Imported Cabbageworm 12 Japanese Beetle 13 Mexican Bean Beetle 14 Northern Corn Rootworm 15 Potato Leafhopper 16 Slug 17 Spotted Cucumber Beetle (Southern Corn Rootworm) 18 Squash Bug 19 Squash Vine Borer 20 Stink Bug 21 Striped Cucumber Beetle 22 Tarnished Plant Bug 23 Tomato Hornworm 24 Wireworm 25 PA IPM Program Pest Sheet 1 Aphids Many species (Homoptera: Aphididae) (Origin: Native) Insect Description: 1 Adults: About /8” long; soft-bodied; light to dark green; may be winged or wingless. Cornicles, paired tubular structures on abdomen, are helpful in identification. Nymph: Daughters are born alive contain- ing partly formed daughters inside their bodies. (See life history below). Soybean Aphids Eggs: Laid in protected places only near the end of the growing season. Primary Host: Many vegetable crops. Life History: Females lay eggs near the end Damage: Adults and immatures suck sap from of the growing season in protected places on plants, reducing vigor and growth of plant. host plants. In spring, plump “stem Produce “honeydew” (sticky liquid) on which a mothers” emerge from these eggs, and give black fungus can grow. live birth to daughters, and theygive birth Management: Hide under leaves.
  • On Lygus Lineolaris (Heteroptera, Miridae) and Other Arthropods

    On Lygus Lineolaris (Heteroptera, Miridae) and Other Arthropods

    Young, O . P. 1889 . Predation by Pisaurina mira (Araneae, Pisauridae) on Lygus lineolaris (Heteroptera, Miridae) and other arthropods. J. Arachnol., 17 :43-48 . PREDATION BY PISA URINA MIRA (ARANEAE, PISAURIDAE) ON LYGUS LINEOLARIS (HETEROPTERA, MIRIDAE) AND OTHER ARTHROPODS Orrey P. Young Southern Field Crop Insect Management Laboratory ARS-USDA, P.O. Box 346 Stoneville, Mississippi 38776 USA ABSTRACT In the Delta area of Mississippi, a 13-month sampling program in old-field habitats adjacent to cotton fields demonstrated high densities of Pisaurina mira in June, which was coincident with high Lygus lineolaris populations . In July, P. mira populations were lower by 50% and L . lineolaris by almost 100% . From August through October, P. mira populations continued to decline while L . lineolaris increased . Field observations in the same old-field habitats', indicated L . lineolaris to be the most frequently captured prey item of P. mira . In laboratory feeding experiments over a 3-year period, all P. mira individuals consumed L . lineolaris and 22 of 35 other species of co-occurring potential arthropod prey . These data suggest that the predator P. mira may affect L . lineolaris populations and can survive on other prey when L. lineolaris is less abundant . INTRODUCTION Members of the Pisauridae in North America are wandering spiders that do not build snares and are typically found on vegetation or at water margins throughout North America (Carico' 1972) . Pisaurina mira (Walckenaer) is one of the most common spiders in the eastern United States and occurs in woods, old- fields, and meadows, but is especially abundant in th'o ecotonal areas between woods and fields (Carico 1972) .
  • Numbers and Types of Arthropods Overwintering on Common Mullein, Verbascum Thapsus L

    Numbers and Types of Arthropods Overwintering on Common Mullein, Verbascum Thapsus L

    J. ENTOMOL. SOC. BRIT. COLUMBIA 100, DECEMBER 2003 79 Numbers and types of arthropods overwintering on common mullein, Verbascum thapsus L. (Scrophulariaceae), in a central Washington fruit-growing region DAVID R. HORTON and TAMERA M. LEWIS USDA-ARS, 5230 KONNOWAC PASS Rd., WAPATO, WA, UNITED STATES 98951 ABSTRACT Densities and types of arthropods overwintering on common mullein, Verbascum thapsus L., in a fruit-growing region of Central Washington were determined. Over 45,000 arthropods were collected from 55 plants (5 plants from each of 11 sites), dominated numerically by Acari and Thysanoptera. Insects representing 8 orders and 29 families were identified, distributed both in the basal leaf rosettes and in the stalk material of the plants. One specialist insect herbivore of mullein, the mullein thrips, Haplothrips verbasci (Osborn), was abundant at all sites. Several pest and predatory taxa that commonly occur in orchards were also collected, suggesting that mullein may be a source of overwintered pests or predators moving into orchards in early spring. Pest taxa included primarily western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande)), Lygus spp., and tetranychid spider mites. Common predators included phytoseiid mites and minute pirate bugs (Orius tristicolor (White)). Sites that were geographically close to one another were not more similar (in taxonomic composition of overwintering arthropods) than more distantly separated sites. Key words: common mullein, overwintering, orchard pests, predatory arthropods, mullein thrips, western flower thrips, Orius tristicolor, mites INTRODUCTION Common mullein, Verbascum thapsus L. (Scrophulariaceae), is a biennial herb native to Eurasia (Munz 1959) but now common throughout North America. The species occurs in open waste areas, along fence lines, in overgrazed pastures, and along river bottoms, often found growing in large single-species stands.
  • Can Spiders Effectively Control Pest Populations?

    Can Spiders Effectively Control Pest Populations?

    ISSN 1070–1524 Spider Predation in Agroecosystems: Can Spiders Effectively Control Pest Populations? Darlene Maloney Francis A. Drummond and Randy Alford Technical Bulletin 190 August 2003 MAINE AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION The University of Maine Spider Predation in Agroecosystems: Can Spiders Effectively Control Pest Populations? Darlene Maloney Graduate Student Francis A. Drummond Professor and Randy Alford Professor Department of Biological Sciences The University of Maine Orono ME 04469 The Maine Agricultural and Forest Experiment Station provides equal program opportunities without regard to race, age, sex or preference, creed, national origin, or disability. CONTENTS SPIDERS AS PREDATORS IN AGRICULTURAL ECOSYSTEMS ......................................................................... 5 REDUCTION OF INSECT PEST DENSITIES BY SPIDERS ................................................................................... 6 Top-Down Effects .................................................................... 8 Wasteful Killing ...................................................................... 12 Spider Assemblages............................................................... 13 Prey Specialization ................................................................ 14 Role of the Generalist Spider ............................................... 16 Functional Response ............................................................. 17 Numerical Response ............................................................. 20 EFFECTS
  • Strawberry Malformation and the Tarnished Plant Bug

    Strawberry Malformation and the Tarnished Plant Bug

    University of New Hampshire University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository Doctoral Dissertations Student Scholarship Spring 1993 Strawberry malformation and the tarnished plant bug David Thomas Handley University of New Hampshire, Durham Follow this and additional works at: https://scholars.unh.edu/dissertation Recommended Citation Handley, David Thomas, "Strawberry malformation and the tarnished plant bug" (1993). Doctoral Dissertations. 1726. https://scholars.unh.edu/dissertation/1726 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Scholarship at University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps.
  • Quantifying Tarnished Plant Bug, Lygus Lineolaris (Palisot De Beauvois), Resistance to Acephate in Louisiana Josh T

    Quantifying Tarnished Plant Bug, Lygus Lineolaris (Palisot De Beauvois), Resistance to Acephate in Louisiana Josh T

    Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Master's Theses Graduate School 2010 Quantifying tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois), resistance to acephate in Louisiana Josh T. Copes Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses Part of the Entomology Commons Recommended Citation Copes, Josh T., "Quantifying tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois), resistance to acephate in Louisiana" (2010). LSU Master's Theses. 691. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses/691 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Master's Theses by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. QUANTIFYING TARNISHED PLANT BUG, LYGUS LINEOLARIS (PALISOT DE BEAUVOIS), RESISTANCE TO ACEPHATE IN LOUISIANA A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science In The Department of Entomology by Josh T. Copes B.S., University of Louisiana at Monroe, 2007 May 2010 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thanks to God for all of his blessings, and to my family for their love and who were always there for me. I deeply appreciate all of the guidance, support, and knowledge bestowed upon me by Drs. Ralph Bagwell and Rogers Leonard during my graduate studies at Louisiana State University. Dr. Leonard kindly accepted me as his graduate student after my former major professor Dr.
  • Tarnished Plant Bug, Lygus Lineolaris (Palisot De Beauvois) (Insecta: Hemiptera: Miridae)1 Wayne N

    Tarnished Plant Bug, Lygus Lineolaris (Palisot De Beauvois) (Insecta: Hemiptera: Miridae)1 Wayne N

    EENY-245 Tarnished Plant Bug, Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois) (Insecta: Hemiptera: Miridae)1 Wayne N. Dixon and T. R. Fasulo2 Introduction Distribution The tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Lygus lineolaris occurs in all Canadian provinces, the Beauvois), attacks a wide variety of economically important continental United States, and most of the states of Mexico herbaceous plants, vegetable crops, commercial flower (Kelton 1975, Young 1986). plants, fruit trees, and nursery stock (Kelton 1975). In fact, over half of the cultivated plant species grown in the United Description States are listed as host plants for tarnished plant bugs (Capinera 2001). Adult The adult male is 4.90 to 5.95 mm long, with a width of 2.38 Less well known, but of increasing importance, is that Lygus to 3.01 mm; while the adult female is 5.25 to 5.95 mm long lineolaris feeds on conifer seedlings. Coniferous nursery with a width of 2.52 to 3.01 mm. The head is yellowish- stock in British Columbia, Oregon, Florida, Mississippi, brown, with the frons smooth with black submedian Arkansas, and Oklahoma has been damaged by Lygus line- lines. The rostrum is 2.17 to 2.52 mm long. The pronotum olaris (Schowalter et al. 1986, Shrimpton 1985, South 1986). is yellowish to reddish brown, with the anterior angles Approximately 50% of the loblolly pine seedlings in one rounded. The mesoscutum is black in color with the lateral southern forest nursery was damaged by Lygus lineolaris areas pale or reddish. The hemelytra (anterior wings) are (South 1986). In early 1989, the risk of feeding damage by reddish brown, with a pubescence moderately long, dense Lygus lineolaris prompted several Florida forest nurseries and yellowish.
  • Effect of Lygus Bugs (Hemiptera: Miridae) on Field Beans in Manitoba

    Effect of Lygus Bugs (Hemiptera: Miridae) on Field Beans in Manitoba

    EFFECT OF LYGUS BUGS (HEMIPTERA: MIRIDAE) ON FIELD BEANS IN MANITOBA A Thesis Submitted to The Faculty of Graduate Studies The University of Manitoba By Tharshinidevy Nagalingam In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for The Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of Entomology © 2016 Copyright by Tharshinidevy Nagalingam Winnipeg, Manitoba, CANADA ABSTRACT Tharshinidevy Nagalingam. The University of Manitoba, 2016. EFFECT OF LYGUS BUGS (HEMIPTERA: MIRIDAE) ON FIELD BEANS IN MANITOBA Supervisor: Prof. Neil J. Holliday Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois), L. elisus (Van Duzee), L. borealis (Knight) and Adelphocoris lineolatus (Goeze) were the major species of plant bugs present in commercial field bean and soybean fields in 2008–2010. Lygus lineolaris comprised 78–95% of the mirid adults and <10% were A. lineolatus. Lygus lineolaris reproduced in field beans and completed a single generation. In field beans, adults entered the crop in late July, corresponding to growth stages from late vegetative to pod initiation, and females laid eggs in the crop. Nymphs hatched and developed and were most numerous at the seed development and seed filling stage. At seed maturity, late instar nymphs and adults were present. In soybeans, L. lineolaris reproduced but nymphs had poorer survival than in field beans. Late in the season, adult numbers greatly increased in field beans and soybeans, partly due to immigration of adult Lygus bugs from early‐ maturing crops. Field beans and soybeans appeared to be a transient host for A. lineolatus. There were no effects on yield quality or quantity associated with the numbers of plant bugs seen in field surveys. In laboratory and field cages, the type of injury from L.
  • Tarnished Plant Bugs, Mites, and Other Strawberry Insect Pests

    Tarnished Plant Bugs, Mites, and Other Strawberry Insect Pests

    Tarnished Plant Bugs, Mites, and Other Strawberry Insect Pests Donn Johnson Fruit/Pecan Entomologist Commercial Fruit IPM In-Service Training October 10, 2012 Fruit Research Station Clarksville, AR Training Agenda: What is Insect Pest Management? Tour online resources Identification of fruit pests Calculating degree days (DD) Season Sampling Plan - files in Online DropBox: History - 2011 trap/damage data By fruit crop (apple/peach; bramble and grape): – Seasonal phenology of key insect pests – Sheets identifying damage, time to scout, pest ID, name – Pest monitoring procedures – Making pest management decision (economic thresholds) New pests? Barbara will check traps for BMSB and SWD Insect Pest Management (IPM) • Identify the pest and its damage • Understand pest life cycle relative to crop growth stages (phenology) • Annually, by crop or cultivar block record history of pest phenology, abundance & % damage • Know when and how to sample for each pest • Is there an economic threshold that alerts you to need for a spray? • Example: 1 plum curculio/trap/week • If you need to spray - what to spray and when? • Alternate insecticide/ miticide sprays with different modes of action (IRAC#) to delay resistance development Link: http://comp.uark.edu/~dtjohnso/ Specific Online Resources from Webpage: Fruit / Nut Pest Management Fruit Pest Management home page: – http://comp.uark.edu/~dtjohnso/ Scouting suppliers: I use Great Lakes IPM: – http://comp.uark.edu/~dtjohnso/PM_Suppliers.html Degree day calculator: − http://comp.uark.edu/~dtjohnso/DD_calculator.html
  • How Does the Intricate Mouthpart Apparatus Coordinate for Feeding in the Hemimetabolous Insect Pest Erthesina Fullo?

    How Does the Intricate Mouthpart Apparatus Coordinate for Feeding in the Hemimetabolous Insect Pest Erthesina Fullo?

    insects Article How Does the Intricate Mouthpart Apparatus Coordinate for Feeding in the Hemimetabolous Insect Pest Erthesina fullo? Yan Wang and Wu Dai * Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of the Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +89-29-8708-2098 Received: 9 July 2020; Accepted: 2 August 2020; Published: 4 August 2020 Simple Summary: To better understand the feeding mechanism of Erthesina fullo, the fine structure of the mouthparts is examined with scanning electron microscopy, and feeding performance are observed directly under laboratory conditions for the first time. The adult feeding process involves several steps, including exploring and puncturing of the host plant epidermis, a probing phase, an engorgement phase, and removal of the mouthparts from the host tissue. Proceeding from labium towards the mandibular stylets, the movement pattern becomes increasingly stereotypical, including the sensilla on the tip of the labium probing, the labium making an elbow-like bend between the first and second segment, the base of the stylet fascicle housing in the groove of the labrum, the mandibular stylets penetrating the site and maxillary stylets feeding. The morphology of mouthparts is similar to those of other Heteroptera. The four-segmented labium has eleven types of sensilla. The mandibular stylet tips have two nodules preapically on the convex external surface. The structure and function of the mouthparts are adapted for the phytophagous feeding habit in this species. This study increases the available detailed morphological and behavioral data for Hemiptera and will potentially contribute to improving our understanding of this pest’s feeding behavior and sensory mechanisms.
  • Insect Pests Associated with Birdsfoot Trefoil, Lotus Corniculatus, in Wisconsin

    Insect Pests Associated with Birdsfoot Trefoil, Lotus Corniculatus, in Wisconsin

    The Great Lakes Entomologist Volume 22 Number 1 - Spring 1989 Number 1 - Spring 1989 Article 4 April 1989 Insect Pests Associated With Birdsfoot Trefoil, Lotus Corniculatus, in Wisconsin Mark S. Wipfli Michigan State University John L. Wedberg University of Wisconsin David B. Hogg University of Wisconsin Thomas D. Syverud University of Wisconsin Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle Part of the Entomology Commons Recommended Citation Wipfli, Mark S.; edberW g, John L.; Hogg, David B.; and Syverud, Thomas D. 1989. "Insect Pests Associated With Birdsfoot Trefoil, Lotus Corniculatus, in Wisconsin," The Great Lakes Entomologist, vol 22 (1) Available at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol22/iss1/4 This Peer-Review Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Biology at ValpoScholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in The Great Lakes Entomologist by an authorized administrator of ValpoScholar. For more information, please contact a ValpoScholar staff member at [email protected]. Wipfli et al.: Insect Pests Associated With Birdsfoot Trefoil, <i>Lotus Cornicul 1989 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST 25 INSECT PESTS ASSOCIATED WITH BIRDSFOOT TREFOIL, LOTUS CORNICULATUS, IN WISCONSIN Mark S. Wipflil, John L. Wedberg2, David B. Hogg2 and Thomas D. Syverud3 ABSTRACT Insect surveys taken during 1984-1986 in Ashland and Bayfield Counties of northern Wisconsin revealed that several potential insect pest species were common in birdsfoot trefoil, Lotus corniculatus. Three plant bug species, including: the tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris: alfalfa plant bug, Adelphocoris lineolatus; and Plagiognathus chrysan­ themi were abundant in most sampled fields. P. chrysanthemi was the most abundant species, was only present in the northern locations, and completed one generation per year.