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Strawberry Malformation and the Tarnished Plant Bug

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Strawberry Malformation and the Tarnished Plant Bug University of New Hampshire University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository Doctoral Dissertations Student Scholarship Spring 1993 Strawberry malformation and the tarnished plant bug David Thomas Handley University of New Hampshire, Durham Follow this and additional works at: https://scholars.unh.edu/dissertation Recommended Citation Handley, David Thomas, "Strawberry malformation and the tarnished plant bug" (1993). Doctoral Dissertations. 1726. https://scholars.unh.edu/dissertation/1726 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Scholarship at University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. University Microfilms International A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor. Ml 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800.521-0600 Order Number 9400386 Strawberry malformation and the tarnished plant bug Handley, David Thomas, Ph.D. University of New Hampshire, 1993 UMI 300 N. Zeeb Rd. Ann Arbor, MI 48106 STRAWBERRY MALFORMATION AND THE TARNISHED PLANT BUG by DAVID THOMAS HANDLEY B.S. University of Massachusetts, 1980 M.S. University of New Hampshire, 1983 DISSERTATION Submitted to the University of New Hampshire in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Plant Science May, 1993 This dissertation has been examined and approved. Dissertation Director, James E. Pollard Associate Professor of Plant Biology /g/meA James F. Dill lopf>eratirating Professor of Entomology University of Maine Lincoln C. Peirce Professor of Plant Biology and Genetics / £Mf Alan T. Eaton Associate Extension Educator Pest Management Specialist ( -£J' ■QT'________ / Thomas D. Lee £ Associate Professor of Plant Biology i xf. \A , J WilliamiG. Lord Associate Extension Educator Fruit Specialist Date ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work could not have been completed without the help of many people, and I am truly grateful to them all. I wish to thank Dr. James Pollard for his willingness to take me and this project on, and serving as dissertation director and advisor. His counsel and generosity were invaluable. Dr. James Dill bears much of the responsibility for getting me into this and I suppose some day I’ll thank him for that. For now, I’d like to thank him for his guidance and for making sure that I kept a sense of humor. I would like to express my appreciation to the other members of the dissertation committee: Dr. Alan Eaton, whose interest and enthusiasm was truly motivating, especially when it went so far as unsolicited tarnished plant bug collecting; Dr. Lincoln Peirce, who was especially helpful and insightful in regards to data analysis and the publishing labyrinth; Dr. Thomas Lee, who provided an unwavering positive outlook and guidance through administrative red tape; and William Lord, who found time to have many lively and valuable discussions with me, providing insight into this work, our profession, and fishing. The excellent technical support of Melanie Schupp was a key part of this work and I am truly grateful for her efforts. Valuable technical assistance also came from Megan Bates, Lynn Grondin, and Nancy Cherim. I thank them all. The Maine Agricultural Experiment Station was extremely generous in providing land, equipment and labor for the field and greenhouse experiments. I would especially like to thank the staff at Highmoor farm, including John McCue, Dr. James Schupp and Scott Bates for their efforts, advise and support. The University of Maine Cooperative Extension Service was very gracious in allowing me to take educational leaves to carry out my research. I am especially grateful to O. Lewis Wyman, who encouraged me to pursue this effort and paved the way through the administrative pitfalls. I must also thank the many vegetable and small fruit growers in the state of Maine who not only tolerated my long absences from the office, but expressed genuine interest and encouragement throughout the project. Some of the research was funded by a grant from the USDA Low Input Sustainable Agriculture Project (Cooperative Agreement 92 COOP-1-7191). I would like to thank Dr. Barbara Goulart at the Pennsylvania State University for including my work in that project. I would like to thank the North American Strawberry Growers Association, which also provided funding. I cannot adequately express my gratitude for the endless support, encouragement and understanding of my family. This work is a reflection of their faith in me. Finally, I would like to thank Karen Rasmussen. Her assistance in this project, her friendship, support, patience and understanding were invaluable. PREFACE This work was published in four separate, peer-reviewed, refereed articles. They comprise chapters two through four of this dissertation and appear in the same format in which they were published. For that reason, each chapter has a brief literature review associated with it, in addition to the more detailed review of the literature that comprises chapter one. v TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................................. iii PREFACE ........................................................................................................................... v LIST OF TABLES .............................................................................................................. viii LIST OF FIGURES............................................................................................................ ix ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................ x INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER PAGE I. REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE.................................................................... 3 Strawberry Flower and Fruit Development ..................................................... 3 The Tarnished Plant Bug, Lygus lineolaris Palisot de Beauvois.................. 6 Strawberries and Lygus ........................................................................................ 10 II. STRAWBERRY FRUIT DEVELOPMENT AND THE EFFECTS OF FEEDING BY THE TARNISHED PLANT BUG (LYGUS LINEOLARIS) ........................................................................................... 15 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 15 Strawberry Fruit Development .............................................................. 15 The Tarnished Plant Bug (Lygus lineolaris Palisot de Beauvois) . 16 Fruit Malformation in the Strawberry . ............................................ 18 Materials and Methods ........................................................................................ 20 Effect of the Tarnished Plant Bug at Different Fruit Stages 21 Effects of Feeding Duration of the Tarnished Plant B u g .................. 21 Results ........................................................................................................................ 22 Effect of the Tarnished Plant Bug at Different Fruit Stages 22 Effects of Feeding Duration of the Tarnished Plant B u g .................. 23 D iscussion...................................................................................................................24 Effect of the Tarnished Plant Bug at Different Fruit Stages 24 Effects of Feeding Duration of the Tarnished Plant B u g .................. 25 III. A MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION OF TARNISHED PLANT BUG (HETEROPTERA: MIRIDAE) FEEDING DAMAGE TO STRAWBERRY........................................................................................ 30 Abstract ..................................................................................................................... 30 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 31 Materials and Methods
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