Ecological Studies of Lygus Lineolaris and Phytophagous Thrips in Iowa Strawberry Fields
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Insect Management It All Started Long Before We Got Here…
1/23/2017 Why are these herbivores eating MY plants? Organic Insect Management It all started long before we got here…. • Vegetable Pests • Vegetable crops: – Adapted to secondary chemicals – ‘early succession’ – Use chemical cues to – Disturbed habitat locate host plants Ruth Hazzard – Rapid, succulent growth – Can only develop on University of Massachusetts Extension – Protected by secondary specific plant group Vegetable Program chemicals – Colonize & reproduce 2013 Beginning Farmer Professional Develoopment – ‘plant families’ rapidly Insects with wider host range What do these insects have in common? (multiple crop families) Life cycle: clues to management Just a few things to know about your pest…. Photo by Jude Boucher • Where and how does it spend the winter? Large Pupal • What plants does it feed on (‘hosts’)? larvae stage is in • When and how does it find the crop? soil • Are there preferences for some varieties or stages? • Which crop stages are damaged? • How, where and when does it reproduce during the summer? Small • How many generations per year? Larvae Adult • What life stages of the insect cause damage? • What life stages are most vulnerable? • What cultural practices protect the crop & reduce the pest? • Are there natural enemies (wild or released) • Are there effective insecticides? What do we need • How do I scout for it? to know about Eggs this insect? • What is the threshold or cue for action? 1 1/23/2017 Things to know about your farm IPM means prevention first: cultural practices • Plant date • Rotation options • Transplants • Row covers • Fallow & field areas nearby? • Mulches • Floral resources for • Other farms nearby? natural enemies • Resources for row • Crop rotation • Fallow periods, cover cover, pesticides, crops sprayers • Tolerant varieties Photo by M Spellman. -
Evaluation of a New Bt Toxin, Cry51aa2.834 16, for Control of Thrips and Tarnished Plant Bug in Cotton
University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 12-2018 Evaluation of a New Bt Toxin, Cry51Aa2.834_16, for Control of Thrips and Tarnished Plant Bug in Cotton Scott Hester Graham University of Tennessee, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss Recommended Citation Graham, Scott Hester, "Evaluation of a New Bt Toxin, Cry51Aa2.834_16, for Control of Thrips and Tarnished Plant Bug in Cotton. " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 2018. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/5316 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Scott Hester Graham entitled "Evaluation of a New Bt Toxin, Cry51Aa2.834_16, for Control of Thrips and Tarnished Plant Bug in Cotton." I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Entomology, Plant Pathology and Nematology. Scott D. Stewart, Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: Eric Blinka, Jerome Grant, Tyson Raper Accepted for the Council: Dixie L. Thompson Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) Evaluation of a New Bt Toxin, Cry51Aa2.834_16, for Control of Thrips and Tarnished Plant Bug in Cotton A Dissertation Presented for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree The University of Tennessee, Knoxville Scott Hester Graham December 2018 Copyright © 2018 by Scott H. -
Verbascum Thapsus By: Dave Long, UCCE Master Gardener of Lake Tahoe
UCCE Master Gardeners of Lake Tahoe (Invasive) Tahoe Plants and Trees Wooley Mullein – Verbascum Thapsus By: Dave Long, UCCE Master Gardener of Lake Tahoe The Wooley or Common Mullein is one of those plants that looks like it belongs here in the Tahoe Basin but is in reality not a native plant, originating in Eurasia. It is considered a noxious weed in some states and an invasive weed having a limited environmental impact statewide in California. The plant is fairly common in disturbed areas, especially dry gravelly areas next to water channels and soil benches of braided streams. Mullein is also found along roadsides and in reclamation areas. The Common Mullein is a member of the figwort family (Scrophulariaceae) that also includes our many types of native Indian paintbrush (Castilleja spp.) and the non-native garden snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus). The plant is an annual, biennial or short lived perennial (depending on environmental conditions) that during the first year (or 2) maintains a compact basal rosette of wooly, grey green oblong-obovate leaves, that may be up to 10 inches in length. During the second (occasionally 3rd) year a central flower stalk forms with leaves of decreasing size along the lower portion of the flower stalk. Under favorable conditions the flower stock may reach 5 foot or more in height. Cold and numerous freeze thaw cycles have little effect on the appearance of the leaved basal rosette, which is one of the first plants to emerge from winter dormancy. The flower stalk may remain erect, though dry and dead for a season or more. -
Twenty-Five Pests You Don't Want in Your Garden
Twenty-five Pests You Don’t Want in Your Garden Prepared by the PA IPM Program J. Kenneth Long, Jr. PA IPM Program Assistant (717) 772-5227 [email protected] Pest Pest Sheet Aphid 1 Asparagus Beetle 2 Bean Leaf Beetle 3 Cabbage Looper 4 Cabbage Maggot 5 Colorado Potato Beetle 6 Corn Earworm (Tomato Fruitworm) 7 Cutworm 8 Diamondback Moth 9 European Corn Borer 10 Flea Beetle 11 Imported Cabbageworm 12 Japanese Beetle 13 Mexican Bean Beetle 14 Northern Corn Rootworm 15 Potato Leafhopper 16 Slug 17 Spotted Cucumber Beetle (Southern Corn Rootworm) 18 Squash Bug 19 Squash Vine Borer 20 Stink Bug 21 Striped Cucumber Beetle 22 Tarnished Plant Bug 23 Tomato Hornworm 24 Wireworm 25 PA IPM Program Pest Sheet 1 Aphids Many species (Homoptera: Aphididae) (Origin: Native) Insect Description: 1 Adults: About /8” long; soft-bodied; light to dark green; may be winged or wingless. Cornicles, paired tubular structures on abdomen, are helpful in identification. Nymph: Daughters are born alive contain- ing partly formed daughters inside their bodies. (See life history below). Soybean Aphids Eggs: Laid in protected places only near the end of the growing season. Primary Host: Many vegetable crops. Life History: Females lay eggs near the end Damage: Adults and immatures suck sap from of the growing season in protected places on plants, reducing vigor and growth of plant. host plants. In spring, plump “stem Produce “honeydew” (sticky liquid) on which a mothers” emerge from these eggs, and give black fungus can grow. live birth to daughters, and theygive birth Management: Hide under leaves. -
On Lygus Lineolaris (Heteroptera, Miridae) and Other Arthropods
Young, O . P. 1889 . Predation by Pisaurina mira (Araneae, Pisauridae) on Lygus lineolaris (Heteroptera, Miridae) and other arthropods. J. Arachnol., 17 :43-48 . PREDATION BY PISA URINA MIRA (ARANEAE, PISAURIDAE) ON LYGUS LINEOLARIS (HETEROPTERA, MIRIDAE) AND OTHER ARTHROPODS Orrey P. Young Southern Field Crop Insect Management Laboratory ARS-USDA, P.O. Box 346 Stoneville, Mississippi 38776 USA ABSTRACT In the Delta area of Mississippi, a 13-month sampling program in old-field habitats adjacent to cotton fields demonstrated high densities of Pisaurina mira in June, which was coincident with high Lygus lineolaris populations . In July, P. mira populations were lower by 50% and L . lineolaris by almost 100% . From August through October, P. mira populations continued to decline while L . lineolaris increased . Field observations in the same old-field habitats', indicated L . lineolaris to be the most frequently captured prey item of P. mira . In laboratory feeding experiments over a 3-year period, all P. mira individuals consumed L . lineolaris and 22 of 35 other species of co-occurring potential arthropod prey . These data suggest that the predator P. mira may affect L . lineolaris populations and can survive on other prey when L. lineolaris is less abundant . INTRODUCTION Members of the Pisauridae in North America are wandering spiders that do not build snares and are typically found on vegetation or at water margins throughout North America (Carico' 1972) . Pisaurina mira (Walckenaer) is one of the most common spiders in the eastern United States and occurs in woods, old- fields, and meadows, but is especially abundant in th'o ecotonal areas between woods and fields (Carico 1972) . -
Numbers and Types of Arthropods Overwintering on Common Mullein, Verbascum Thapsus L
J. ENTOMOL. SOC. BRIT. COLUMBIA 100, DECEMBER 2003 79 Numbers and types of arthropods overwintering on common mullein, Verbascum thapsus L. (Scrophulariaceae), in a central Washington fruit-growing region DAVID R. HORTON and TAMERA M. LEWIS USDA-ARS, 5230 KONNOWAC PASS Rd., WAPATO, WA, UNITED STATES 98951 ABSTRACT Densities and types of arthropods overwintering on common mullein, Verbascum thapsus L., in a fruit-growing region of Central Washington were determined. Over 45,000 arthropods were collected from 55 plants (5 plants from each of 11 sites), dominated numerically by Acari and Thysanoptera. Insects representing 8 orders and 29 families were identified, distributed both in the basal leaf rosettes and in the stalk material of the plants. One specialist insect herbivore of mullein, the mullein thrips, Haplothrips verbasci (Osborn), was abundant at all sites. Several pest and predatory taxa that commonly occur in orchards were also collected, suggesting that mullein may be a source of overwintered pests or predators moving into orchards in early spring. Pest taxa included primarily western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande)), Lygus spp., and tetranychid spider mites. Common predators included phytoseiid mites and minute pirate bugs (Orius tristicolor (White)). Sites that were geographically close to one another were not more similar (in taxonomic composition of overwintering arthropods) than more distantly separated sites. Key words: common mullein, overwintering, orchard pests, predatory arthropods, mullein thrips, western flower thrips, Orius tristicolor, mites INTRODUCTION Common mullein, Verbascum thapsus L. (Scrophulariaceae), is a biennial herb native to Eurasia (Munz 1959) but now common throughout North America. The species occurs in open waste areas, along fence lines, in overgrazed pastures, and along river bottoms, often found growing in large single-species stands. -
Can Spiders Effectively Control Pest Populations?
ISSN 1070–1524 Spider Predation in Agroecosystems: Can Spiders Effectively Control Pest Populations? Darlene Maloney Francis A. Drummond and Randy Alford Technical Bulletin 190 August 2003 MAINE AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION The University of Maine Spider Predation in Agroecosystems: Can Spiders Effectively Control Pest Populations? Darlene Maloney Graduate Student Francis A. Drummond Professor and Randy Alford Professor Department of Biological Sciences The University of Maine Orono ME 04469 The Maine Agricultural and Forest Experiment Station provides equal program opportunities without regard to race, age, sex or preference, creed, national origin, or disability. CONTENTS SPIDERS AS PREDATORS IN AGRICULTURAL ECOSYSTEMS ......................................................................... 5 REDUCTION OF INSECT PEST DENSITIES BY SPIDERS ................................................................................... 6 Top-Down Effects .................................................................... 8 Wasteful Killing ...................................................................... 12 Spider Assemblages............................................................... 13 Prey Specialization ................................................................ 14 Role of the Generalist Spider ............................................... 16 Functional Response ............................................................. 17 Numerical Response ............................................................. 20 EFFECTS -
Strawberry Malformation and the Tarnished Plant Bug
University of New Hampshire University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository Doctoral Dissertations Student Scholarship Spring 1993 Strawberry malformation and the tarnished plant bug David Thomas Handley University of New Hampshire, Durham Follow this and additional works at: https://scholars.unh.edu/dissertation Recommended Citation Handley, David Thomas, "Strawberry malformation and the tarnished plant bug" (1993). Doctoral Dissertations. 1726. https://scholars.unh.edu/dissertation/1726 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Scholarship at University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. -
Rubus Fruticosus and Verbascum Thapsus Medicinal Plants Collected from Dir (L) N.W.F.P
Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory study of Rubus fruticosus and Verbascum thapsus medicinal plants collected from Dir (L) N.W.F.P. Pakistan Muhammad Riaz, B. Pharm. Department of Pharmacognosy Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Karachi Karachi-75270, Pakistan 2012 Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory study of Rubus fruticosus and Verbascum thapsus medicinal plants collected from Dir (L) N.W.F.P. Pakistan THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE FULFILMENT OF THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILLOSOPHY By Muhammad Riaz, B. Pharm. Supervised by Dr. Mansoor Ahmad, I.F. Meritorious Professor Department of Pharmacognosy Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Karachi Karachi-75270, Pakistan 2012 DIDICATED TO MY PARENTS i PUBLICATION FROM THESIS Riaz M , Ahmad M and Rahman N (2011). Antimicrobial screening of fruit, leaves, root and stem of Rubus fruticosus . J. Med. Plants Res ., 5(24): 5920-5924. ii CONTENTS i. Acknowledgements viii ii. Abstract ix iii. Khulasa xii 1. Introduction 01 I. Rubus fruticosus 03 II. Verbascum thapsus 07 2. Literature search i. Literature survey of Rubus fruticosus 13 ii. Therapeutic application of Rubus fruticosus 15 iii. Literature data for total phenols, anthocyanins and ascorbic acid 17 iv. Phytochemical literature survey of Rubus fruticosus 18 v. Structures of chemical constituents reported from R. fruticosus 23 vi. Literature survey of Verbascum thapsus 28 vii. Pharmacological literature survey of Verbascum thapsus 30 viii. Phytochemical literature survey of Verbascum thapsus 32 ix. Structures of chemical constituents reported from V. thapsus 38 3. Experimental 42 i. General/Materials 42 ii. Instruments 43 iii. Abbreviations 44 iv. Pharmacognostic evaluation/Standardization of drugs 45 v. Thin layer chromatography 48 vi. -
CHARACTERIZATION of SCROPHULARIACEAE BASED on GROSS MORPHOLOGY and PETIOLE ANATOMY *Saikat Naskar PG Department of Botany, Barasat Govt
Indian Journal of Plant Sciences ISSN: 2319–3824(Online) An Open Access, Online International Journal Available at http://www.cibtech.org/jps.htm 2015 Vol. 4 (4) October-December, pp. 121-126/Naskar Research Article CHARACTERIZATION OF SCROPHULARIACEAE BASED ON GROSS MORPHOLOGY AND PETIOLE ANATOMY *Saikat Naskar PG Department of Botany, Barasat Govt. College, Barasat, Kolkata- 700124 *Author for Correspondence ABSTRACT The family Scrophulariaceae s.l. has been treated differently by different taxonomists. In modern phylogenetic based classifications many traditional members of Scrophulariaceae have been placed under different families. Therefore in the present study gross morphological and petiole anatomical characters have been used to characterize the family Scrophulariaceae s.l. to understand the morphological and petiole anatomical distinctness among the families which are disintegrated from Scrophulariaceae s.l. INTRODUCTION Scrophulariaceae is considered as a problem family. It was treated variously by plant taxonomists. Scrophulariaceae s.l. is the largest family under Lamiales and has worldwide distribution from tropical to temperate regions. This family is recognisable by its bilaterally symmetric flowers, axile placentation with numerous ovules, capsular fruits and seed with endosperm. But, Scrophulariaceae shares these important morphological characters with related families. Due to absence of any morphological synapomorphic characters the monophyly of this family was in question. Bentham (1876) classified Scrophulariaceae into three subfamilies, viz. Pseudosolaneae, Antirrhinoideae and Rhinanthoideae where Pseudosolaneae was defined as a link with Solanaceae. Pennell (1935) suggested that the similarity of Scrophulariaceae with Solanaceae is actually derived independently within Scrophulariaceae. Therefore he eliminated subfamily Pseudosolaneaea and placed its genera to Antirrhinoideae. Melchior (1964) the included the families Orobanchaceae, Globulariaceae, Selaginaceae, Plantaginaceae and Lentibulariaceae within Scrophulariaceae. -
Pest Management of the New Zealand Flower Thrips on Stonefruit in Canterbury in Relation to Previous Research and Knowledge Gained from the Research in This Study
Lincoln University Digital Thesis Copyright Statement The digital copy of this thesis is protected by the Copyright Act 1994 (New Zealand). This thesis may be consulted by you, provided you comply with the provisions of the Act and the following conditions of use: you will use the copy only for the purposes of research or private study you will recognise the author's right to be identified as the author of the thesis and due acknowledgement will be made to the author where appropriate you will obtain the author's permission before publishing any material from the thesis. PEST MANAGEMENT OF THE NEW ZEALAND FLOWER THRIPS THRIPS OBSCURATUS (CRAWFORD) (THYSANOPTERA: THRIPIDAE) ON STONEFRUIT IN CANTERBURY, NEW ZEALAND. A THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF CANTERBURY D. A. J. TEULON LINCOLN COLLEGE 1988 DEDICATED TO JOHN FRANCIS BRUGES 1957-1987 Abstract of a thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Ph.D. PEST MANAGEMENT OF THE NEW ZEALAND FLOWER THRIPS THRIPS OBSCURATUS (CRAWFORD) (THYSANOPTERA: THRIPIDAE) ON STONEFRUIT IN CANTERBURY, NEW ZEALAND. by D.AJ. TEULON The New Zealand flower thrips (Thrips obscuratus (Crawford» is an important pest of stonefruit during flowering and at harvest in New Zealand. The biology and control of this species fonned the basis for this study. A simple method for laboratory rearing is described that facilitated studies on the bionomics of T. obscuratus. Aspects of reproduction, fecundity, requirements for oviposition and development, development rates, temperature thresholds, thennal constants, and lifespan are detailed. T. obscuratus has been reported from at least 223 eqdemic and introduced plant species. -
The Disintegration of the Scrophulariaceae and the Biological Control of Buddleja Davidii
The disintegration of the Scrophulariaceae and the biological control of Buddleja davidii M.K. Kay,1 B. Gresham,1 R.L. Hill2 and X. Zhang3 Summary The woody shrub buddleia, Buddleja davidii Franchet, is an escalating weed problem for a number of resource managers in temperate regions. The plant’s taxonomic isolation within the Buddlejaceae was seen as beneficial for its biological control in both Europe and New Zealand. However, the re- cent revision of the Scrophulariaceae has returned Buddleja L. to the Scrophulariaceae sensu stricto. Although this proved of little consequence to the New Zealand situation, it may well compromise Eu- ropean biocontrol considerations. Host-specificity tests concluded that the biocontrol agent, Cleopus japonicus Wingelmüller (Coleoptera, Curculionidae), was safe to release in New Zealand. This leaf- feeding weevil proved capable of utilising a few non-target plants within the same clade as Buddleja but exhibited increased mortality and development times. The recent release of the weevil in New Zealand offers an opportunity to safely assess the risk of this agent to European species belonging to the Scrophulariaceae. Keywords: Cleopus, Buddleja, taxonomic revision, phylogeny. Introduction there is no significant soil seed bank. The seed germi- nates almost immediately, and the density and rapid There are approximately 90 species of Buddleja L. early growth of buddleia seedlings suppresses other indigenous to the Americas, Asia and Africa (Leeu- pioneer species (Smale, 1990). wenberg, 1979), and a number have become natural- As a naturalized species, buddleia is a shade-intolerant ized outside their native ranges (Holm et al., 1979). colonizer of urban wastelands, riparian margins and Buddleia, Buddleja davidii Franchet, in particular, is an other disturbed sites, where it may displace indigenous escalating problem for resource managers in temperate species, alter nutrient dynamics and impede access regions and has been identified as a target for classi- (Smale, 1990; Bellingham et al., 2005).