For More Information
Master Gardeners: Many of the Purdue Extension publications Managing Insects, Mites and Other Arthropods mentioned during this class are available in your green Master Gardener notebook or online Purdue University http://www.ces.purdue.edu/extmedia/ent.htm
What you will learn What is a pest
z What is a pest z Any unwanted plant, animal,or z What it means to be an arthropod microorganism z Basic biology of insects and mites z How insects and mites damage plants with representative pests z Approaches to insect control
Is This a Pest? Classification of Japanese Beetle
Kingdom Animalia Phylum Arthropoda Class Insecta Order Coleoptera Family Scarabaeidae Genus Popillia Species japonica
E-214 Arthropoda (jointed foot) Species Percentage Arachnida Spiders, Ticks, Mites, PLANTS Scorpions INSECTS Insecta- Insects Crustacea Sowbugs, Pillbugs, Crabs, OTHER Shrimp OTHER ANIMALS Diplopoda - Millipedes OTHER Chilopoda - Centipedes ARTHROPODS
Insects & Relatives
Over z 100,000 species in N America 1,000,000 species known z 1,000 in a typical backyard z Mostly beneficial or harmless z Pollination Possibly z Food for birds and fish z Produce honey, wax, shellac, silk 10,000,000 cies z Less than 3% are pests z Destroy food crops, ornamentals UNIDENTIFIED z Attack humans and pets z Transmit disease
Arthropod Characteristics Metamorphosis
1. Have exoskeleton Adult breaks through a split in the insect 2. Segmented body exoskeleton 3. Jointed appendages 4. Grow by molting into larger stages called instars 5. Ventral nerve chord 6. Breath through gills or spiracles Incomplete Metamorphosis Incomplete z 3 Insect Stages Metamorphosis z Eggs z Larvae z Body form resembles adult ADULT EGG NYMPH z No wings z Adults z No increase in size NYMPH z Reproduction z Wings fully grown if present
Example: Squash Bug Do small butterflies grow up to be big butterflies?
Nymph 3 Adult
Nymph 2 Nymph 4
Do small butterflies grow up to be big butterflies? Complete Metamorphosis
ADULT No EGG
PUPA LARVA Complete Metamorphosis Do insects with complete metamorphosis feed on the same food?
z 4 Insect Stages z Eggs z Larvae z Pupae z Transformation from larva to adult z True legs, wings, antennae are formed z Adults
z No increase in size egg 1st 2nd 3rd pupa adult z Reproduction instar larva z Short Life span
Insect Characteristics Insects
z Three body regions z 3 Distinct body regions z 3 pairs of legs z Abdomen z Adults usually have 2 pairs of wings z Thorax z Head
**EXOSKELETON**
The Insect Body Head (Perception and Ingestion)
head thorax z 1 Pair of antennae z 1 Pair of compound eyes z Ocelli z **Mouthparts
abdomen Lubber Grasshopper Head with Mouth Dissected Piercing-Sucking Mouthparts antenna compound eye
ocelli antenna frons eyes Leg 1 mandible maxilla labrum clypeus maxilla labrum labium Leg 2 hypopharynx mandible Function of Head labium
Leg 3
Thorax Lubber Grasshopper Thorax (Locomotion)
pronotum
mesopleuron spiracle Hind leg z Wings (0 to 2 pair) metapleuron
coxa
femur
tibia trochanter z Legs (3 Pair)
Front leg tarsus Mid leg
Abdomen Abdomen Lubber Grasshopper Abdomen (Digestion and Reproduction)
z 1 Pair of cerci z Genitalia z **Fat storage abdominal tergites
cercus
spiracles abdominal sternites Lubber Grasshopper Internal Insect Systems
head thorax abdomen circulatory system
brain digestive tract
nervous system (after John Meyer NC-State)
Important clues to diagnosing Insect Respiration problems
z Symptom- change in plant appearance Tracheoles Tracheae caused by pest Spiracle z Sign- part of the pest itself z Plant species z Time of year
Where Insects and Mites Attack Plants Leaf Chewing Injury
z Chew off external plant parts z Chew holes in the leaves z beetles, wasps and sawflies, moths and butterflies, and grasshoppers and their relatives Leaf Symptoms- Defoliation= Parts missing Leaf Symptoms- Notch Shape Matters!
Skeletonization Irregular pattern (all veins remain)
Complete defoliation Circular pattern (all leaf tissue consumed)
Coleoptera (Beetles) Coleoptera (Beetles) Chewing Leaves Chewing Roots Black vine weevil
Black vine weevil (notching)
Japanese beetle skeletonization White grubs
Hymenoptera Coleoptera (Beetles) (bees, wasps, sawflies)
Coleoptera (Beetle order) (Leathery wings) Adults have hard outer skeleton Adults have 2 pairs wings Chewing mouthparts Antennae Larvae with head capsule 3 leg pairs on thorax Complete metamorphosis Redheaded pine sawfly adult, larvae, & pupae Hymenoptera Lepidoptera: (Bees, Ants, Wasps) Butterflies and Moths
Adults have 2 pairs of membranous wings Larvae have no legs or 3 pairs of legs on thorax and more than 4 leg pairs on abdomen Usually chewing mouthparts Soft-bodies or slightly hard-bodied adults Complete metamorphosis
Lepidoptera Orthoptera (Grasshopper, Cricket, (Butterflies, Moths, Caterpillars, Cutworms) Praying Mantid, Cockroach,Termite )
[front wings leathery, hind wings folded like a fan, chewing mouthparts, two cerci - usually short] Soft bodied adults, with 4 wings Larvae have chewing mouthparts Adults have coiled, sucking tube; feed on nectar Larvae are caterpillars; worm-like Larvae have legs on abdomen and thorax Complete metamorphosis
(Cockroaches) (E-23) Orthopteroid Orders (Grasshopper, Cricket, Praying Mantid, Cockroach,Termite )
Adults are moderate to large, often hard-bodied Simple metamorphosis Adults have 2 pairs of wings Chewing mouthparts Both adults and nymphs are damaging Hind legs usually enlarged for jumping Immature stages are called nymphs and resemble adults, but are wingless Slugs Sucking Mouthparts
• Slugs thrive in moist conditions on perennials like hosta. • Slugs feed on leaves low to the ground. E-45 • Control by reducing moisture. PIERCING-SUCKING •Water in the morning, pull back mulch. APHID • Use baits as chemical control.
Piercing Sucking Injury Homoptera (buglike insects: aphids, mealybugs, leaf, plant & tree hoppers, scales, cicadas) z Pierce skin and suck sap z Spotting of white, brown, red on leaves, fruits, [front wings same texture throughout, leathery or twigs membranous (wings often absent); long or bristlelike z Curling or puckering leaves antennae; sucking mouthparts arise from base of head, between front legs] z Deformed fruit and seeds cicada z Wilting, browning, dying plant z Sticky excrement - Honeydew aphids z Aphids, scale insects, squash bugs, leafhoppers, plant bugs
Homoptera Aphid Control (Scale Insects, Mealybugs, Aphids)
Natural enemies, such as lady beetles, lacewings, hover flies and parasitic wasps, often provide control Sprays of insecticidal soap, summer spray oil and z Small, soft bodied (except cicada) other insecticides are effective z Winged and unwinged forms A forceful spray of water may control small z Sucking mouthparts populations z Incomplete metamorphosis Ants feed on the honeydew of aphids and may kill z Many carry plant pathogens aphid predators Liquid Excrement of Sucking Insects and Sooty Homoptera (cont’d) Mold (buglike insects: aphids, mealybugs, leaf, plant & tree hoppers, scales, cicadas)
psyllids tree hoppers
whiteflies armored scales
Piercing-Sucking Injury Stippling on upper surface + black fecal spots + black eggs on lower surface = (Lacebugs). (white stipples on leaf surface) Fecal spots = +
eggs
Stippling on upper surface + webs and eggs on lower surface = (spider mite). Spruce webs Spider Mite
spider mite
egg Spider Mites (Class Acari) Spider Mite Control
Two-Spotted Spider Mite: Tetranychus z Avoid broad spectrum insecticides whenever urticae possible to avoid killing natural mite enemies Spruce Spider Mite: Oligonychus ununguis z Monitor using the tap method with an 8.5x11 sheet Identification of paper (2 dozen mites requires control with z Tiny, 8-legged animals barely visible pesticides) to the naked eye. Sharply striking z Apply a forceful spray of water for low populations branches over white paper will knock onto the paper where they can be (<2 dozen) of mites easily seen z Insecticidal soap, summer oil and other miticides E-42, E-21, E-70 are effective (2 sprays often needed)
Hemiptera Hemiptera (true bugs) (True Bug Order) [front wings half leathery & half membranous; hind wings membranous; usually long antennae; All bugs are insects, not all insects are bugs sucking mouthparts arise from front of head] Incomplete metamorphosis Have 2 pairs of wings z First pair are half-wings z Second pair are membranous z Nymphs resemble adults z Piercing-sucking mouthparts z Adults and nymphs are both damaging
Thysanoptera (thrips) Thysanoptera (Thrips)
z Adults are small, soft-bodied insects z Mouthparts are rasping-sucking z Varied metamorphosis (complete; gradual) z Found on flowers or leaves of plants z Wings in 2 pairs, slender, feathery Piercing-sucking injury can distort Oviposition Injury plant tissue
z Laying Egg Injury z Laying eggs in critical plant tissues z Cicada deposits eggs, splitting & killing twigs z After hatching, no further damage
wooly elm aphid tarnished plant bug on apple
Ovipositor for Egg Insertion
Egg scar
Adult cicada Lays eggs
E-47W
Internal Feeding Leaf Symptoms- Leaf mining (moths, flies, beetles, Leaf miners, Gall Makers, Borers wasps)
- Eggs deposited into plant tissue - Eggs hatch inside plant - Larger hole is where insect exits plant - Leaf miners; Gall insects - Borers in wood or pith; Weevils in Fruits, nuts or seeds - Control emerging adults or immature stages prior to entering plant Horned Oak Gall Stem and Leaf Galls
Galls
Gall makers
E-56
Wood Borers Engraver or Bark Beetles
Sanitation + Adequate water= Cultural Control
Death by borers Blue Stain Fungus
Longhorned Beetle Life cycle Metallic wood boring beetle Î 1. Egg Niche Ï 2. Larva Ô
Í Í
4. Emergence Hole 5. Adult 3. Pupa Pupal skin of dogwood borer moth Ridged bark on birch caused by bronze birch borer
Packed tunnels of bronze birch borer beneath bark
E-50W Pupal skin Dieback
Sap Sucker Vs. Borer Insects Can Spread Disease
Dutch Elm Disease Bark beetles
Sap sucker holes in straight line; Borer holes are random. BP-50W
How Insects Spread Disease Break
z Insects disseminate over 200 plant diseases z Pest and Natural Enemy Cards z Bore into plants creating disease entrance point z Pest or Beneficial? z Carry disease causative agents from plant to plant z Carry pathogens on insect body and inject plant as z Complete or Incomplete Metamorphosis insects feed z Insecticide Table (E-221W) z Insect may serve as essential host for pathogen during a part of life cycle z Reference Library Pest Management Process Insect Control Tactics
z Correctly identify the pest z Cultural – select and grow plants that are genetically resistant to pests; Place plants in z Determine whether the number of pests will correct place. cause enough damage to warrant control z Biological – conserve and/or release natural z Consider more than one control tactic predators, parasites or diseases z Apply control methods at the correct time z Mechanical – physically remove or exclude z Evaluate level of control obtained pests z Chemical – select the least toxic pesticide to provide the control desired only after considering other methods
Is there a pest in this photo? It’s not easy being an insect
z Predators z Parasites z Diseases
E-92
Predators Hover fly (predator)
F
White eggs laid in Hover fly adult aphid colony
Larva eating aphids Hover (left) Fly - Wasp (right) Neuroptera (dobsonfly, lacewings, antlions)
[two pair wings with numerous veins, elongate larvae with elongate mandibles, larvae & adults usually predatory]
Green lacewing Eggs adult
E-92 •Number of wings •Waist •Shape of antenna Cocoon •Eyes E-44 Larva
Example of Parasite Lifecycle Parasites
Egg Larva
Adult Pupa
Hymemoptera Diseases (bees, wasps, ants)
Aphid wasp Ichneumonid parasitizing wasp attacking aphid wood-boring larva
Bacteria Virus Acrobat ants
Fungi
Yellowjacket wasp IPM Definition Microbial insecticides z I = Integrated: use multiple control methods Commercially prepared (as many as possible) products that contain active z P = Pest: determine that the insect or other insect-pathogenic pest found is the cause of the specific microorganisms. problem • Usually specific z M = Management: manage the pest population at an acceptable level (not total eradication)
Botanical insecticides Other insecticides
• Oils and soaps smother the insects •Naturally occurring toxic materials derived from • Active only when wet plants. Neem- Repellant and insect growth regulator
Other insecticides Chemical Control Trends
Spinosad kills caterpillars, leafminers and thrips. z Cannot usually control in the egg or pupa stage Moves through leaf z May or may not need to control adults surfaces z After egg hatch is often the best time to Spares most natural control pests enemies of spider mites and aphids Kills bees and wasps How to use a pesticide effectively Japanese Beetle
z Two damaging forms z Grubs – August to mid May z Identify the pest z Adults – Latter June to late August z Find out the specific life cycle z Treat them as two separate problems z Apply the recommended control at the z Review life cycle proper time
How Insecticides & Miticides Work Japanese Beetles Japanese Beetle Life Cycle in Indiana JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
Popillia japonica RESCUE Identification 3 1 z Adult is a stout, /8- /2" long, metallic green beetle with coppery wing covers z Larva is a C-shaped, white grub up to 1" long ID-217W, E-75
E-61 Curative Strategy Preventive Strategy
Japanese Beetle Grubs Preventative Grub Treatment
z Killing grubs will not prevent adults from z New class of products (Grubex, Merit, etc.) crossing the property line and eating your applied near July 1. Products are foliage! systemically absorb by grass. Baby grubs z Not all grubs are Japanese Beetle grubs! then die when ingesting roots. z Timing is critical to success! z Two different strategies to controlling grubs z Not generally recommended unless the area is consistently infested by grubs. Tips for a Successful Curative Curative/Rescue Treatment Treatment
z Best applied in mid-August to early Sept. (curative) z Water lawn 24 hours before z After mid-Sept., effectiveness to treatment drops off sharply. (rescue) application with 1 to 1.5 inches of z Spring time treatments rarely effective, but that is water: brings the grub closer to the when homeowners notice the large grubs. May be surface needed if soil is being “stirred” z Apply a granular insecticide, not a z Most effective springtime treatment is probably Dylox liquid z Water lightly immediately to activate the insecticide and wash it to the soil surface
White Grub – Cultural Control White Grub Control
z Adults lay few eggs in un-watered turf or under z 10 or more grubs per square foot cause turf trees. Minimize irrigation in July damage and require insecticide treatment. Do not treat small grub populations z Keep turf vigorous (water & fertilizer) once grubs have hatched in August z Avoid planting root crops in new gardens where grass was growing in the past 3 years z Scout irrigated turf in early August by cutting through the turf and pulling it back z Maintain gardens free of grassy weeds
Japanese Beetle Adult Control Japanese Beetle Adult Control
z Plant less susceptible ornamentals z Don’t use traps, they attract more than catch z Hand-pick adult beetles and early damage z Protect small plants with netting or cheesecloth z Treat for aesthetics; the beetles are unlikely to harm z Use insecticides against the beetles the health of established plants
z Adults can fly 0.5-2.0 miles per day so grub control is unlikely to reduce adult beetle damage E-75, ID-217W – Crabapples resistant to apple scab and Japanese beetle. JB and Other White Grubs Bagworms Masked Chafer - Cyclocephala sp. Japanese Beetle - Popillia japonica Bagworm True White Grub - Phyllophaga sp. Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis Identification Identification z Larva is a C-shaped white grub up to 1" long z Each caterpillar lives in a silk tent up z 1 1 Masked chafer adults are /2" long, stout, tan to 1 /2" long that is covered with beetles pieces of brown foliage. (a) z 3 1 1 Japanese beetle adult is a stout, /8- /2" long, z Adult males are black, /2" long metallic green beetle with coppery wing heavy-bodied moths with clear wings covers z Adult females are caterpillar-like and z True white grub adults are usually 1" long, stay in the bag stout, brownish beetles E-27 z E-61, E-75, E-70, E-21
Bagworm Control Occasional Invaders
Eliminate eggs in old female bags by removing and Spiders (E-72) destroying bags between September and June Earwigs z Handpick and destroy the caterpillar-containing bags if practical Millipedes, centipedes, sowbugs (E-55) z Apply biological insecticides (Btk, Spinosad) in Bugs (boxelder) (E-24) mid to late June; check again for live bagworms in Asian lady beetle (E-214W) 2 weeks Clover mite (E-59)
Brown recluse spider Shore earwig (=fiddleback)
Black Widow spider European earwig with eggs Millipede (Diplopoda)
Centipede (Chilopoda)
Sowbug/pillbug (Isopoda)
Occasional Invader Management Stinging Insects
Social Wasps & Hornets (E-44) Monitor (identify species involved, find (yellowjackets, baldfaced hornet, Polistes, etc.) outside sources) Modify Landscape (reduce foundation Solitary Wasps & Bees (E-63) plantings, organic mulches, aphid & scale (carpenter bee, cicada killer, mud daubers, etc.) prone plants) Exclusion (caulk & seal doors & windows; Honey Bees & Bumble Bees (E-44) fix screens & door sweeps) Ants (E-22) Mechanical Destruction (vacuum) Pesticides (As needed. “Scheduled” perimeter & baseboard sprays not recommended!)
Yellowjacket Baldfaced Hornet Polistes Wasp = Umbrella Wasp Carpenter Bee
Cicada Killer Wasp (feeds on horse flies!)
Ground Wasps (feed on caterpillars!)
Mud dauber nest (feed on spiders!
Stinging Insect Management Honey bee swarming Monitor (identify species involved; find nesting site) Modify Landscape (reduce ground covers, thick mulch layers, maintain turf) Exclusion (caulk & seal access to all voids; fix screens; tightly seal garbage & dumpsters) Mechanical Removal (professionals only!) Pesticides (“Wasp & Hornet” sprays – prefer professional use!) Education (notify residents of offensive materials – musk oils & strong perfumes/deodorants, body odor, patterned clothing) Bumble bee Common Indiana Ants Nuisance Ants House & Building Invaders
Food Preferences (sugars, oils, or Larger Yellow (Citronella) Ant omnivores) Odorous House Ant Acrobat Ants Nesting Habits (soil, tree voids, or Argentine Ant building voids) Little Black Ant
Reproductive Strategy (single or Pavement Ant multiple queens) Pharaoh Ant Thief Ant
Ant Management
Identify species if possible
Locate nesting site (outside and/or inside) Prune back trees and shrubs touching infested building Seal external entry sites Exclude with perimeter sprays Select appropriate bait Treat colonies (injection, dusts, baits)
Common Indiana Ants Carpenter Ant Carpenter Ant Management
Locate nesting site(s) (outside and/or inside - look Characterized by having polymorphic at night, repair water damaged structures) workers Prune back trees and shrubs touching Nest by excavating decaying wood or infested building voids (they don’t eat the wood, they cast out wood shavings!) Seal external entry sites
Major nests in trees (satellite nests in buildings Exclude with perimeter sprays where water is available) Treat colonies (injection, dusts) (baiting is Most active at night (best time to find colony(ies) is rarely successful) at night!) Termites Carpenter Ants Enter structures in mud tubes constructed from soil Require moisture Feed on wood • Enter structures from by Immatures are white and wingless foraging above ground. Adults have equal sized wings E-2, 4 • Live in wood, do not feed on wood. • Have thin waists • Black ants up to ½” long with one bump on petiole • Active at night. Follow them to find nests
E-22
Household Related Parasites Fleas
Cat, dog & rat fleas are most Fleas (E-8) commonly found (cat flea is, by far, the most common on dogs and cats!) Ticks (E-71) Adults suck blood for food Lice (head, body, pubic) Eggs drop from host Mosquitoes (E-52-W) Flea larvae feed on organic debris & blood excrement from adult fleas Pupae may remain dormant
Flea Life Cycle Flea Control Coordination
Eggs - 2-14 days Larvae - 7-60 days Pet Pupae - 5-15 days Adults - 2-12 months females - 15-20 eggs/day – Exterior Interior 600 total Sucking Lice (Anoplura) American dog tick male 2 obligate human parasites
E-71
Head, or body louse
Blacklegged (deer) tick female Pubic louse
Mosquitoes Nuisance & Filth Flies (E-7)
Many species involved – varied life cycles House Fly Larvae grow in temporary pools of Blow Flies water (from acres of wet fields to tiny tree holes and roadside cans, old tires, plant containers or trash) Flesh Flies May require area treatments Fruit Flies Moth Flies (drain fly) Cluster Fly E-52W Phorid Flies
House fly Stable fly Nuisance & Filth Fly Pest Management
Monitor (identify species involved) Sanitation (destroy attractants – food & breeding materials; remove pet feces) Exclusion (store foods in tightly sealed containers; seal trash & garbage) Cluster Exclusion (seal buildings – window screens, fly Fruit door sweeps) fly Traps (sticky traps, light traps) Pesticides (surface residuals, aerosols – last resort! Use on exterior in severe cases.) Scale Insects Scale Insect Control
Oystershell Scale: Lepidosaphes ulmi z Pine Needle Scale: Chionaspis pinifoliae Dormant oil sprays are effective; apply in late winter or early spring when above 40 Euonymous Scale: Unaspis euonymi degrees Identification 1 z Crawlers, newly hatched nymphs, can be z Oystershell scale is /8" long, brown or gray, curved. (a) controlled with insecticidal soap, summer 1 z Pine needle scale is /8" long, white, and oil and various other insecticides, but timing wider at one end. (b) is critical 1 z Euonymous scale males are /8" long, z Identify the scale species correctly to slender, white; females like oystershell. determine the proper time to control the (c) crawlers E-29, E-70
Jumping Spider Abdomen
Cephalothorax
Chelicera (fang)
Pedipalp