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Six Slide Per Page Handout For More Information Master Gardeners: Many of the Purdue Extension publications Managing Insects, Mites and Other Arthropods mentioned during this class are available in your green Master Gardener notebook or online Purdue University http://www.ces.purdue.edu/extmedia/ent.htm What you will learn What is a pest z What is a pest z Any unwanted plant, animal,or z What it means to be an arthropod microorganism z Basic biology of insects and mites z How insects and mites damage plants with representative pests z Approaches to insect control Is This a Pest? Classification of Japanese Beetle Kingdom Animalia Phylum Arthropoda Class Insecta Order Coleoptera Family Scarabaeidae Genus Popillia Species japonica E-214 Arthropoda (jointed foot) Species Percentage Arachnida Spiders, Ticks, Mites, PLANTS Scorpions INSECTS Insecta- Insects Crustacea Sowbugs, Pillbugs, Crabs, OTHER Shrimp OTHER ANIMALS Diplopoda - Millipedes OTHER Chilopoda - Centipedes ARTHROPODS Insects & Relatives Over z 100,000 species in N America 1,000,000 species known z 1,000 in a typical backyard z Mostly beneficial or harmless z Pollination Possibly z Food for birds and fish z Produce honey, wax, shellac, silk 10,000,000 cies z Less than 3% are pests z Destroy food crops, ornamentals UNIDENTIFIED z Attack humans and pets z Transmit disease Arthropod Characteristics Metamorphosis 1. Have exoskeleton Adult breaks through a split in the insect 2. Segmented body exoskeleton 3. Jointed appendages 4. Grow by molting into larger stages called instars 5. Ventral nerve chord 6. Breath through gills or spiracles Incomplete Metamorphosis Incomplete z 3 Insect Stages Metamorphosis z Eggs z Larvae z Body form resembles adult ADULT EGG NYMPH z No wings z Adults z No increase in size NYMPH z Reproduction z Wings fully grown if present Example: Squash Bug Do small butterflies grow up to be big butterflies? Nymph 3 Adult Nymph 2 Nymph 4 Do small butterflies grow up to be big butterflies? Complete Metamorphosis ADULT No EGG PUPA LARVA Complete Metamorphosis Do insects with complete metamorphosis feed on the same food? z 4 Insect Stages z Eggs z Larvae z Pupae z Transformation from larva to adult z True legs, wings, antennae are formed z Adults z No increase in size egg 1st 2nd 3rd pupa adult z Reproduction instar larva z Short Life span Insect Characteristics Insects z Three body regions z 3 Distinct body regions z 3 pairs of legs z Abdomen z Adults usually have 2 pairs of wings z Thorax z Head **EXOSKELETON** The Insect Body Head (Perception and Ingestion) head thorax z 1 Pair of antennae z 1 Pair of compound eyes z Ocelli z **Mouthparts abdomen Lubber Grasshopper Head with Mouth Dissected Piercing-Sucking Mouthparts antenna compound eye ocelli antenna frons eyes Leg 1 mandible maxilla labrum clypeus maxilla labrum labium Leg 2 hypopharynx mandible Function of Head labium Leg 3 Thorax Lubber Grasshopper Thorax (Locomotion) pronotum mesopleuron spiracle Hind leg z Wings (0 to 2 pair) metapleuron coxa femur tibia trochanter z Legs (3 Pair) Front leg tarsus Mid leg Abdomen Abdomen Lubber Grasshopper Abdomen (Digestion and Reproduction) z 1 Pair of cerci z Genitalia z **Fat storage abdominal tergites cercus spiracles abdominal sternites Lubber Grasshopper Internal Insect Systems head thorax abdomen circulatory system brain digestive tract nervous system (after John Meyer NC-State) Important clues to diagnosing Insect Respiration problems z Symptom- change in plant appearance Tracheoles Tracheae caused by pest Spiracle z Sign- part of the pest itself z Plant species z Time of year Where Insects and Mites Attack Plants Leaf Chewing Injury z Chew off external plant parts z Chew holes in the leaves z beetles, wasps and sawflies, moths and butterflies, and grasshoppers and their relatives Leaf Symptoms- Defoliation= Parts missing Leaf Symptoms- Notch Shape Matters! Skeletonization Irregular pattern (all veins remain) Complete defoliation Circular pattern (all leaf tissue consumed) Coleoptera (Beetles) Coleoptera (Beetles) Chewing Leaves Chewing Roots Black vine weevil Black vine weevil (notching) Japanese beetle skeletonization White grubs Hymenoptera Coleoptera (Beetles) (bees, wasps, sawflies) Coleoptera (Beetle order) (Leathery wings) Adults have hard outer skeleton Adults have 2 pairs wings Chewing mouthparts Antennae Larvae with head capsule 3 leg pairs on thorax Complete metamorphosis Redheaded pine sawfly adult, larvae, & pupae Hymenoptera Lepidoptera: (Bees, Ants, Wasps) Butterflies and Moths Adults have 2 pairs of membranous wings Larvae have no legs or 3 pairs of legs on thorax and more than 4 leg pairs on abdomen Usually chewing mouthparts Soft-bodies or slightly hard-bodied adults Complete metamorphosis Lepidoptera Orthoptera (Grasshopper, Cricket, (Butterflies, Moths, Caterpillars, Cutworms) Praying Mantid, Cockroach,Termite ) [front wings leathery, hind wings folded like a fan, chewing mouthparts, two cerci - usually short] Soft bodied adults, with 4 wings Larvae have chewing mouthparts Adults have coiled, sucking tube; feed on nectar Larvae are caterpillars; worm-like Larvae have legs on abdomen and thorax Complete metamorphosis (Cockroaches) (E-23) Orthopteroid Orders (Grasshopper, Cricket, Praying Mantid, Cockroach,Termite ) Adults are moderate to large, often hard-bodied Simple metamorphosis Adults have 2 pairs of wings Chewing mouthparts Both adults and nymphs are damaging Hind legs usually enlarged for jumping Immature stages are called nymphs and resemble adults, but are wingless Slugs Sucking Mouthparts • Slugs thrive in moist conditions on perennials like hosta. • Slugs feed on leaves low to the ground. E-45 • Control by reducing moisture. PIERCING-SUCKING •Water in the morning, pull back mulch. APHID • Use baits as chemical control. Piercing Sucking Injury Homoptera (buglike insects: aphids, mealybugs, leaf, plant & tree hoppers, scales, cicadas) z Pierce skin and suck sap z Spotting of white, brown, red on leaves, fruits, [front wings same texture throughout, leathery or twigs membranous (wings often absent); long or bristlelike z Curling or puckering leaves antennae; sucking mouthparts arise from base of head, between front legs] z Deformed fruit and seeds cicada z Wilting, browning, dying plant z Sticky excrement - Honeydew aphids z Aphids, scale insects, squash bugs, leafhoppers, plant bugs Homoptera Aphid Control (Scale Insects, Mealybugs, Aphids) Natural enemies, such as lady beetles, lacewings, hover flies and parasitic wasps, often provide control Sprays of insecticidal soap, summer spray oil and z Small, soft bodied (except cicada) other insecticides are effective z Winged and unwinged forms A forceful spray of water may control small z Sucking mouthparts populations z Incomplete metamorphosis Ants feed on the honeydew of aphids and may kill z Many carry plant pathogens aphid predators Liquid Excrement of Sucking Insects and Sooty Homoptera (cont’d) Mold (buglike insects: aphids, mealybugs, leaf, plant & tree hoppers, scales, cicadas) psyllids tree hoppers whiteflies armored scales Piercing-Sucking Injury Stippling on upper surface + black fecal spots + black eggs on lower surface = (Lacebugs). (white stipples on leaf surface) Fecal spots = + eggs Stippling on upper surface + webs and eggs on lower surface = (spider mite). Spruce webs Spider Mite spider mite egg Spider Mites (Class Acari) Spider Mite Control Two-Spotted Spider Mite: Tetranychus z Avoid broad spectrum insecticides whenever urticae possible to avoid killing natural mite enemies Spruce Spider Mite: Oligonychus ununguis z Monitor using the tap method with an 8.5x11 sheet Identification of paper (2 dozen mites requires control with z Tiny, 8-legged animals barely visible pesticides) to the naked eye. Sharply striking z Apply a forceful spray of water for low populations branches over white paper will knock onto the paper where they can be (<2 dozen) of mites easily seen z Insecticidal soap, summer oil and other miticides E-42, E-21, E-70 are effective (2 sprays often needed) Hemiptera Hemiptera (true bugs) (True Bug Order) [front wings half leathery & half membranous; hind wings membranous; usually long antennae; All bugs are insects, not all insects are bugs sucking mouthparts arise from front of head] Incomplete metamorphosis Have 2 pairs of wings z First pair are half-wings z Second pair are membranous z Nymphs resemble adults z Piercing-sucking mouthparts z Adults and nymphs are both damaging Thysanoptera (thrips) Thysanoptera (Thrips) z Adults are small, soft-bodied insects z Mouthparts are rasping-sucking z Varied metamorphosis (complete; gradual) z Found on flowers or leaves of plants z Wings in 2 pairs, slender, feathery Piercing-sucking injury can distort Oviposition Injury plant tissue z Laying Egg Injury z Laying eggs in critical plant tissues z Cicada deposits eggs, splitting & killing twigs z After hatching, no further damage wooly elm aphid tarnished plant bug on apple Ovipositor for Egg Insertion Egg scar Adult cicada Lays eggs E-47W Internal Feeding Leaf Symptoms- Leaf mining (moths, flies, beetles, Leaf miners, Gall Makers, Borers wasps) - Eggs deposited into plant tissue - Eggs hatch inside plant - Larger hole is where insect exits plant - Leaf miners; Gall insects - Borers in wood or pith; Weevils in Fruits, nuts or seeds - Control emerging adults or immature stages prior to entering plant Horned Oak Gall Stem and Leaf Galls Galls Gall makers E-56 Wood Borers Engraver or Bark Beetles Sanitation + Adequate water= Cultural Control
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