Medical Clinics and Physicians of Southern Alberta

Gerald M. McDougall & Fiona C. Harris

~ ~ N

RA 983 .A4 105 A424 1991 C.2

Medical Clinics and Physicians of Southern Alberta

Gerald M. McDougall & Fiona C. Harris

with Jim Middlemiss Leopold Lewis & D.S. Grant © 1991 by Gerald M. McDougall.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, by print, photocopy, microfilm, or any other means, without written permission from the publisher.

Canadian Cataloguing in Publication Data: McDougall, Gerald M. (Gerald Millward), 1934- Medical clinics and physicians of Southern Alberta Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-83953-162-5 1. Group medical practice--Alberta--History. 2. Clinics--Alberta--History. I. Harris, Fiona C. II. Title. RA983.A4A46 1992 610'.65'09712309 C92-091727-5

Published by: G. M. McDougall 3707 Utah Drive N.W. Calgary, Alberta T2N 4A6

Printed in Canada, by the University of Calgary Printing Services. This book is dedicated to:

Donald R. Wilson, MD FRCPC Professor of Medicine, University of Alberta.

Edward L. Margetts, MD FRCPC Professor of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia. physicians who as clinicians, teachers, medical historians and friends had a great influence on my life, and my interest in medical education and medical history.

GMMcD.

FOREWORD

I was asked to read the manuscript of this book in the fall of 1989. Having read Teachers of Medicine, wherein one of the present editors coordinated the work of many of the early medical educators in tracing the development of grad­ uate clinical education in Calgary, I was pleased to examine this new work. After numerous delays, I finally sat down to read the manuscript one evening and did something I have never done before. I didn' t put it down until 3 a.m. the following morning. I was totally absorbed in this masterly coverage of what is in reality a broader coverage of the history of medical practice in the south. Therefore when asked to write this foreword, I had no hesitation in doing so. This publication is the first serious coverage of medical hi story to emerge since Dr. Heber Jamieson's Early Medicine in Alberta. As I read it, much of the early history of medicine in this part of the province which had been dormant in my mind came to life again. I came to know many of the early Calgary physi­ cians through my father who served four terms as president of the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Alberta - covering a span of twelve years. I had the good fortune to travel south with him on many occasions in the '20s and '30s - even before I entered medical school. r have very clear memories of Dr. Heber Jamieson; Dr. George Johnson, one of the early registrars of the College and briefly a member of the Brett Sanitarium in Banff and the Mackid group in Calgary; Dr. Mackid and Dr. Brett themselves; and two of the early distin­ guished members of the Calgary Associate Clinic: Dr. George Stanley and the scholarly historian, Dr. Earle Scarlett - to mention but a few .. I am tempted to fall into the trap of prolonged reminiscence, but common­ sense says "No." I shall mention only a few of the colorful characters that I can recall. It was my privilege to follow in the footsteps of that somewhat unpredictable physician and historian, Dr. Heber Jamieson, in developing a division of endocrinolgy at the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Alberta. I also became his doctor during the latter years of his life. Heber's spirit of adventure never failed him right up the the end of his days. Long after he had passed his 60th birthday, he decided he wanted to learn to fly. He engaged the services of Moss Burbridge, the chief flying instructor of the Edmonton Flying Club who later related many stories to me. Heber proved to be an apt pupil, his only failing being that he tended to level off too high when he came in to land. Moss decided on one final strategy. One pleasant day when they were flying back from Vegreville in one of the early two-seater Moth biplanes, Moss instructed Heber to land at the Cooking Lake field. As they started into their final approach, Moss tapped Heber on the shoulder and through the inadaquate speaking tube, told him firmly that he really had to land the plane this time. To this end, he pulled out his control column and threw it over the side. Heber, in the front seat nod-

iii ded, pulled his joy stick, and heaved it over too. I'm told that the look of terror on Moss' face was total! Heber then proceeded to land the plane without inci­ dent. Apparently he got wind the night before what Moss intended to do and procured an extra control from stores. Word has it that Moss was so mad that he didn ' t speak with Heber again for three months.

This book describes Dr. Brett as an amazing man of many talents outside medicine - not all of which I was aware. My recollection of this early pioneer was on a bright sunny Sunday morning when I was sent off to Sunday School. As I dawdled my way along thinking of ways and means to escape this weekly occasion, I encounterd Alberta's Lieutenant Governor at the comer of I 13th Street and Victoria Avenue - immaculately turned out - gray topper, morning coat, pearl gray vest, striped trousers, spats, carrying a cane at a jaunty angle. He stopped and we talked for a few minutes. I told him my father was a doctor too. He said he knew my father. Enquiring if I was going to Sunday School, as I was decked out in my best togs; he said he liked to walk to church and suggested that we might go together. As a small boy, I was petrified at the prospect and man­ aged to tell him that I had a few messages to do first.

I also have a very clear recollection of Dr. George Johnson, the registrar of the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Alberta. He was a ruddy-faced jovial man and a great friend of my father's. On one occasion, when I was with my father in Calgary - on College business, I presume, combined with his lifelong love of sporting dogs, he discovered that his old Buick touring car refused to start. He wanted to go down to High River on dog business, and arranged to bor­ row Dr. Johnson's Dodge tourer - built like a tank, very reliable and, of course, painted black. All went well on the trip down, but on the return trip the follow­ ing evening, all hell broke loose. My father, who had had a long tiring day in the field with hi s dogs, asked me to drive. Of course, I jumped at the chance. It was early evening and a big wind was beginning to blow. My father had neglected to tell me about the gear shift sequence - I thought it was the same as the old Buick, but it turned out to be the reverse. I seem to remember it was called an Imperial shift. When I put in gear what I thought was low, it was really high, and with difficulty I managed to get the car started, and then I shifted into what I though was second, but it wasn't at all, it was reverse. I draped myself over the steering wheel, and my father's face hit the windshield.

By this time, it was really blowing, and so we stopped and put on the old cel­ luloid curtains. The roar of the wind practically flapping off the curtains and more dust than I'd ever seen in my life before was indeed intimidating. We chugged along, at times barely moving. In those days, there were no road mark­ ers, and it was just a gravel trail, so I trusted to luck that I was on the right road north to Calgary. Two hours later, we staggered into Midnapore. My father had decided wisely that we should call it quits for the night, and we put up in the old

iv rambling hotel which has long since di sappeared. My father expressed his relief saying, "Son, tomorrow ni ght we'll have a real full -course dinner; soup, roast beef, and apple pie" at the York hotel where we were staying - $1 .50 per per­ son - early depression years!

I enjoyed the account of how Dr. George Stanley failed to get elected to the provincial legislature in 1909, losi ng both the WCTU vote, and the "wets" as well because of erroneous gossip and rumour concerning a cache of liquor in his basement. I had the good fortune to spend a pleasant and memorable afternoon with him and my father in Saskatoon. They were sharing a hotel room at the CMA meeting where they both received Senior Membership. Stories of the early days flew back and forth between them, aided and abetted by respectable amounts of the grape, just enough to keep the conversation flowing almost non­ stop for three hours.

I have many warm recollections of Dr. Earl Scarlett. To relate them here would be overloading this foreword. Suffice it to say that he was unquestionably the leading figure in medical hi story in the province among his many other accomplishments. Could it be that hi s life-long productivity and enthusiasm fo r medical hi story explains Calgary's pre-eminence in thi s field today? The statement is often made at these times that there are no more colorful characters, that they are all gone, and that nothing very exciting is happening on th e medical scene. I don't happen to believe that current times are dull. It is my hope that if and when Dr. McDougall completes a similar book on the northern half of the province sometime in the next while there wi ll be lots more colorful characters and events to set down in print.

Donald R. Wilson, M.D. Founding President, Alberta Medical Foundation March 1990.

v

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This book developed from our interest in the history of Alberta, and of med­ ical matters in the Province. The first study by Jim Middlemiss, a journalism/law student, was focused on the Mackid group, the McEachern group, the Calgary Associate Clinic, and the Haig Clinic in Lethbridge. Fiona Harris, a history stu­ dent from the University of Calgary, continued the project and completed further research and revised the early chapters. In addition to these revi sions, Fiona pre­ pared chapters on the Campbell Clinic, the Roy Clinic, and the Bigelow Fowler Clinic. The chapter on the Brett Hotel and Sanitarium was expanded and rewrit­ ten from an earlier paper. There are many people to thank for their assistance and cooperation. To the staff of the many libraries and archives which provided assistance for the research for thi s book. They not only pulled countless documents but frequently, upon our description of the project, would suggest other potential sources. The staff of these institutions are too numerous to name individually, but they were, without exception, exceedingly kind and helpful.

Interviews were a vital source for this book. At least one and often several people associated with each clinic were interviewed. Subsequently the finished articles were reviewed and subjected to corrections and comments, yet sti ll sub­ ject to the variations in recollection by us all. These interviews were not only historically valuable, but also highly enj oyable. It was a privilege to meet and talk with these helpful people. Each source is mentioned in the footnotes to each chapter, and others acknowledged in the bibliographical notes. Special mention is made of Smitty Gardner's continuing support.

The staff of the Office of Graduate and Continuing Medical Educati on, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Calgary provided constant support and prevented us from losing documents on the computers. Jocelyn Lockyer found time to proofread various drafts of the chapters and to make many helpful sug­ gestions. The office staff of Joan Rogers, Lorraine Wright, Candyce Clark, Caroline Collins, and Sherri Chorny by their many kindnesses, made our job more pleasant.

In addition to the University of Calgary, special thanks are due to the Alberta Medical Foundation and the Alberta government STE program. The Alberta Medical Foundation was continuously supportive of the project, and Dr. Donald R. Wilson, President, kindly provided a foreword for the book. Drs. Robert Frazer and John Lipinski, members of the Foundation Board, offered construc­ tive comments and corrections.

Carol Thurber and Pamela Harris proofread the final versions, and Jean Frazer assisted in the final compilation of photographs and text.

VII The financial assistance of the Alberta Medical Foundation, and the University of Calgary is gratefully acknowledged.

Gerald M. McDougall, University of Calgary, March 1990

Vlll MEDICAL CLINICS AND PHYSICIANS OF SOUTHERN ALBERTA 1875-1960

CONTENTS

Foreword ...... page 111 Acknowledgements ...... page vii Introduction ...... page

Chapter one Group Practice in Southern Alberta ...... page 3 Chapter two Early Medicine in Calgary ...... page 13 Chapter three The Mackid Group ...... page 21 Chapter four The McEachem Group ...... page 43 Chapter five The Calgary Associate Clinic ...... page 59

Chapter six Early Medicine in Lethbridge ...... page 89 Chapter seven The Campbell Clinic ...... page 97 Chapter eight The Roy Clinic ...... page 119 Chapter Nine The Haig Clinic ...... page 125 Chapter ten The Bigelow Fowler Clinic ...... page 145

Chapter eleven Early Medicine in Medicine Hat ...... page 159 Chapter twelve The Medicine Hat Clinic ...... page 163

Chapter thirteen Early Medicine in Banff ...... page 179 Chapter fourteen The Banff Sanitarium Hotel ...... page 181

ix Bibliographical Note ...... page 205 Appendix I - Mac kid Group ...... page 209 Appendix II - McEachem Group ...... page 211 Appendix III - Calgary Associate Clinic ...... page 213 Appendix IV - Campbell Clinic ...... page 225 Appendix V - Roy Clinic ...... page 229 Appendix VI - Haig Clinic ...... page 231 Appendix VII - Bigelow Fowler Clinic ...... page 235 Appendix VIII - Medicine Hat Clinic ...... page 239 Index ...... page 24 7

x PHOTOGRAPHS

Dr. Harry Good sir Mack id ...... page 40 Dr. James Delam ere Lafferty ...... page 40 Dr. Charles John Stewart ...... page 40 The Mackid Group during the l 940's ...... page 41 The Mackid Clinic home 1895 ...... page 42 The Mackid Clinic home 1963 ...... page 42

Dr. Thomas Henry Crawford ...... page 57 Dr. John Sinclair McEachem ...... page 57 Crawford/McEachem Office c 1907 ...... page 57 Dr. Willis Merritt ...... page 58 Dr. William Ezra Graham ...... page 58

Dr. William Ayer Lincoln ...... page Dr. Daniel Stewart Macnab ...... page 86 Dr. Albert Earl Aikenhead ...... page 86 Dr. James Scovil Murray ...... page 86 Dr. Earle Parkhill Scarlett ...... page 87 Dr. George Douglass Stanley ...... page 87 Dr. Harold Price ...... page 87 The Calgary Associate Clinic ...... page 88

Dr. Leverett George De Veber ...... page 115 Dr. Peter McGregor Campbell ...... page 115 Galt Hospital operating room ...... page 115 Drs. Walter Galbraith and Peter Campbell 1906 ...... page 116 Dr. Peter Campbell's College registration 1906 ...... page I 16 Dr. William Edward Bryans ...... page 1 17 Dr. Richard Newton Shillington ...... page 117

xi Dr. Louis Arthur Roy ...... page 124 Dr. Stephen Mathias Schmaltz ...... page Dr. Valerian Francis Swancesky ...... page 124

Dr. Arthur Aitcheson Haig ...... page 141 Dr. Willard Reddon Haig ...... page 141 Dr. Hugh Alexander Arnold ...... page 141 Dr. Edmund Cairns ...... page 141 Galt Medical Staff 1930's ...... page 142 Last Medical Staff meeting at Galt ...... page 143 The Haig Clinic ...... page 144

Dr. Jesse Kenneth Bigelow ...... page 158 Dr. Douglas B. Fowler ...... page 158

Dr. Frederick W. Gershaw ...... page 177 Dr. Donald Neil MacCharles ...... page 177 Dr. George Gordon Elder ...... page 178 Dr. Sidney Francis McEwen ...... page 178 Dr. Frank Hamilton Fish ...... page 178

Ban ff Sanitarium Advertisement c 1887 ...... page 180 Dr. Robert George Brett ...... page 203 Drs. Harry Brett and Gilbert Atkin ...... page 203 The Banff Sanitarium Hotel and Hospital ...... page 204 Sanitarium operating room 1896 ...... page 204

Dr. William Ayer Lincolu p. 124 Dr. Stephen Mathias Schmaltz p. 86

xii INTRODUCTION

The association of physicians in the group practice of medicine is the theme of this book. The multiple reasons to associate together are explored and relate to similar circumstances in the communities across Southern Alberta. Physicians recognized the advantages of having assistance with patient work load which included frequent home visits and night calls. Together their interests resulted in the development of local hospitals. Their affiliation with different hospitals fre­ quently intensified the extent of collaboration or competition between physician groups. Economic security and viabi lity of practice during difficult times was a con­ cern of medical practitioners on the prairies. Some groups of physicians accepted financial arrangements for the medical care of employees of companies or members of organizations. The development of contracts between railways, coal companies, irrigation districts and physicians was inevitable, and became a model for future prepaid medical plans. The important contribution of clinic development was to attract physicians to practice medicine in a distant part of Western Canada. Many of the physicians who came to Southern Alberta were gifted people, with strong personalities and a wide range of interests. Several played major roles in Provincial and national medical organizations, and some entered Provincial or Canadian political life. This book is not intended to be the definitive biography of these physicians, but to indicate their abilities, importance and the interplay of their association. In most instances the credit given to each is limited. The clinic founders are described in some detail while those who joined later are referred to briefly. Recent members of the various clinics after the 1950-80' s, are noted in the appendices.

Group Practice In Southern Alberta 3

GROUP PRACTICE IN SOUTHERN ALBERTA

Group practice (the association of physicians and the establishment of med­ ical clinics) has been a Western phenomenon. Most of the early group practices were found in Alberta and Saskatchewan even though their populati on was onl y a fraction of that of the Eastern provinces. Later, group practice al so became widespread in British Columbia. Even by 1975 "with only 26 percent of the Canadian population," the West had "50 percent of the total number of groups in practice" in Canada.' Group practice was ideally suited to conditions in Alberta. Some of the first groups were formed to meet the needs of the rapidly expanding Canadian Pacific Railway. Eventually, there were C.P.R. groups scattered throughout Alberta, as for many years the railway was the largest employer in the Province. Other groups formed to serve mining companies or other industries. Certain groups were founded simply because the physicians perceived the manifold benefits which could result for themselves and their patients. Associations of physicians were not entirely new in Canada. Doctors had long worked together in hospitals and sometimes shared offices. However, the group practices which developed in the West entailed a much closer association than this. According to the Canadian Medical Association, five common features defined group practices: 1) The group consisted of three or more full-time doctors.

2) The doctors were bound by a formal contract. 3) The doctors shared patient records. 4) The doctors pooled income and expenses and di stributed the net pro­ ceeds on a prearranged basis. 5) The doctors shared a common office.2 Thus the group practice required close cooperation among its members if it was to succeed. In general, the group practices described conform to this defini­ tion. A further development in group practice is more difficult to define, as dif­ ferent criteria applied from earlier to later times when the population was larger. Starting in the 1920' s, some of the group practices began to call themselves clin­ ics. Usually at the time of foundation (or name change) there were at least five members, including specialists. Subsequently, some became big multi-specialty groups, while others dwindled to two or three members. Certain group practices with very similar features steadfastly denied that they were clinics. The term was widely adopted in titles after the late 1940's. The early groups were usually formed by physicians who had previously practiced solo. Sometimes an established physician would invite a physician from elsewhere to join him, while at other times groups would be formed from 4 Medical Clinics and Physicians of Southern Alberta 1875-1960 an amalgamation of solo practices. Many things prompted these physicians to form groups. In group practice the burden of night and emergency calls could be shared so that the doctors had some time to rest and spend time with their families as office hours were often seven days a week. If the physician wanted to take a leave of absence for any reason, he was able to, secure in the knowledge that his patients would be well looked after and that he would have a practice to which he could return. Similarly, the group practice allowed the physicians more time for relaxation, additional training, or teaching. Economics, of course, was often an important factor. A group of physicians, willing to share laboratories, X-ray equipment, and waiting rooms, could afford superior facilities which were sel­ dom within the means of a solo practitioner. Years later, the business managers which some group practices hired, relieved the medical staff of the paperwork and left them more time for their patients, as well as divorcing the doctors from the monetary aspects of practice. Thus the doctors in the group practices were often better trained and suffered from less stress than the average solo practi­ tioner. The state of medical life in Alberta probably also played an important role in the formation of group practices. A medical school was formed in the province in 1913, at the University of Alberta in Edmonton, and for many years students had to complete the final years of their degrees at an Eastern university. The one medical school continued to serve all Alberta until the I 970's when the medical school was completed at the University of Calgary. The hospitals in Southern Alberta were unable to compensate for the lack of a medical school. The first civic hospitals were built at the end of the nineteenth century. Generally, they were small and ill equipped and had no intern or research programs except for nursing schools, which were organized to provide labour as well as to reduce the shortage of nurses. Therefore, there was very little to attract highly trained physicians to Southern Alberta. Group practices helped to fill this gap in med­ ical life, particularly in the larger centres of Calgary and Lethbridge. Because of their greater financial resources, group practices could often afford better equipment than the hospitals. Consequently, they introduced advances in medicine that otherwise would not have been available in many towns. Occasionally they would donate or loan equipment to the hospitals. Physicians not associated with a group practice in town would sometimes point to the facili­ ties of the clinic to demand equivalent equipment for their hospital. Due to their advanced facilities group practices were able to attract highly trained specialists. The group practices could afford to pay physicians a salary while they built up a practice. They were also accepted more rapidly, not only because the group practice physicians would encourage patients to see them, but also because they were a part of the group practice which people knew and trusted. Often it took at least two years for a new specialist to become accepted, during which time a solo practitioner could starve. The group practices could afford to send away physicians who had already been accepted by the town to be trained in a spe- Group Practice In S.outhern Alberta 5 cialty. Many group practices, in addition to sending their staff to conferences and refresher courses, held meetings and conferences within their home town, thus making all the physicians aware of medical advances. If a physician had difficulty making a diagnosis, there were other highl y trained physicians conve­ niently available for consultation. Therefore, group practices often raised the standard of medical life in Alberta. Many group practices were extremely successful. Some expanded from small general practice partnerships to large multi-specialist organizations. Expansion such as this was not always intentional. Frequently, ... it just happens - a man is taken in to help out and then sent away for extra training. It takes a couple to replace him. Then he returns and others are sent away and a group develops. 3 Other group practices sometimes did expand deliberately to improve the stan­ dard of medical life in their town. At the beginning of the twentieth century, physicians in Alberta were all general practitioners. Some preferred certain fields and perhaps would join a partnership or group so that they could do more surgery or obstetrics but every one carried on a general practice as well. Over a period of time as advances in medicine multiplied, medical knowledge became more complex and too extensive to be encompassed by one person. Therefore, while the general practitioner remained important in medicine, physicians who were informed in an area of special interest began to restrict their practice to those special fields of medicine. In the 191 O's and 20' s physicians began to spe­ cialize in certain fields while continuing to carry on a general practice. In the I 930's and 40's, many groups expanded rapidly as they began to add speciali sts to their practices. Because of the slow acceptance of specialties, many of the group associati ons, unlike Eastern Canada, remained centered around general practitioners. Some groups contained no specialists or perhaps only a surgeon. Patients requiring a spt:<.:ialist would be referred elsewhere. Although groups varied in their number of physicians and style of practi ce, there were numerous similarities between them. This was not surprising, as many of the physicians in these practices had received additional training at the Mayo Clinic. Therefore, practices often adopted certain ideas, which they had seen employed at the Mayo. In earlier years, patients from Alberta, many of whom were descendants of Midwestern American homesteaders, were often sent by train to Rochester, Minnesota where the famous clinic was located. These Albertans, like their parents, were familiar with the Mayo and felt secure about treatment there. Therefore, a physician who had been trained at the Mayo was well received by both the medical profession and the patients. In spite of these similarities, when there was more than one group practice in a town, there was sometimes great animosity between them. Dr. W . 0 . Rothwell, a surgeon with the Mackid practice in Calgary, commented: There was a lot of ill feeling prior to '48, but it was usually with the 6 Medical Clinics and Physicians of Southern Alberta 1875- 1960

founding members. The animosity tended to vanish as new, younger doc­ tors joined the practices.• Dr. W.J.Macdonald, a surgeon with the McEachern group in Calgary, agreed, "When I first started, if you were associated with one, you weren 't talked to by the others." There was a lot of competition but, he stressed, the doctors at that time were "a different type of person."5 If there was more than one hospital in a town, often the antagonism increased. In Calgary and Lethbridge, the group practices became associated with one hos­ pital and their practitioners refused to enter the doors of another hospital. Solo practitioners and other groups were often prejudiced against large multi­ specialty clinics. They had certain preconceptions about them which were not always correct. There were many faults with a clinic practice. In a clinic, you go to the clinic, you don't go to a doctor. The way a clinic' s set up, if you' ve got something wrong with your toe, you go see the orthopedic surgeon. If you've got something wrong with your tummy, you went to an internist. It was like a factory . One of the biggest problems was communication back and forth between people. There has to be one person in charge.6 The accusation that clinics worked in the manner of an assembly line may have been only some peoples perception, and seems to have had little basis in reality. Although some clinics may have functioned that way, most multi-spe­ cialty practices contained some general practitioners who attended to their own patients on a regular basis. Patients were sent to the specialist only when neces­ sary. Another common criticism of multi-specialty group practices or clinics was that the patient was not always referred to the best specialist, since the group tended to refer only among its own members. This possibly was true that clinics tended to refer patients to the clinic specialists. However, members of the clinics often had greater access to advanced training and upgrading so they may in fact have been the best specialists available. If the patient objected to the specialist recommended, he could undoubtedly go elsewhere, but there were many advan­ tages to staying within the clinic. Since records were shared, the specialist had easy access to patient records. Similarly, the general practitioner who was per­ sonally acquainted with the patient was readily available for consultation, as were several other highly trained physicians. The larger clinics, such as the Calgary Associate, were sometimes divided into departments. This served the patient a wider range of specialists and the doctor greater opportunities for consultation. The division into departments could have resulted in poor communication if the leaders had not taken measures to prevent it. For example, the Calgary Associate Clinic which otherwise could have suffered as a result of the size of the group, held weekly meetings and din­ ners as well as daily coffee sessions for improved communication. Many other groups had similar customs. Group Practice In Southern Alberta 7

Dr. Willard Haig, founder of the Haig Clinic in Lethbridge, insisted that the large group practices did not operate in a machine-like manner. Physicians in Lethbridge maintained reasonably good working relationships, but there was animosity toward clinic practice from solo practitioners in the early years. This was noted generally throughout Alberta.7 Many solo practitioners feared that if they referred a patient to a specialist in one of the group practices, they would never get the patient back. Dr. George Prieur, a pediatrician at the Calgary Associate Clinic, acknowl- edged that referrals were limited and explained:

The worry was, and it was theoretical, if you went to somebody at the clinic and you got a specialist, you didn't want to go back to your family doctor. Doctors were always saying 'they [the clinic] stole our patients.' Strictly speaking, you sent them back to the doctors, but if they turned up on our doorstep and said 'we want to keep coming here,' you couldn' t very well tum them away.8

The size and efficiency of some clinics undoubtedly were impressive and may have convinced many patients to switch permanently without a deliberate attempt on the part of the clinic physician. At the Haig Clinic, Dr. Edmond Cairns, who was the only pediatrician in the area, received most of the referrals.9 Sometimes resentment arose because of the extra leverage solo practitioners believed group practice physicians had. They thought that group practice physi­ cians received benefits such as additional hospital beds. Patients themselves contributed to the competition amongst the practices in other ways. Even those with serious problems would rather wait to see their own physician than allow another practitioner to examine them. '0 A 1950 letter to the editor from F. B. Bowman of Hamilton, Ontario, followed an article by Dr. P. H. Thorlakson of the Winnipeg Clinic, in the Canadian Medical Association Journal detailed the benefits of group practice. This summed up many of the concerns solo practitioners had about group practice.

When a group of men, say an internist, surgeon, and laryngologist join together to save expenses for office space and in this way can employ a radiologist and laboratory technician one cannot be critical, but where an organization is incorporated with a large staff of nurses and technicians and specialists in every branch, and where the charges are based on the study of each patient's financial standing by an expert accountant, one wonders whether the business success of the clinic might not overshadow its medical side. Where a clinic only accepts referred patients or those who come directly to the clinic for treatment nothing can be said. Where a clinic contracts with large corporations, hotels, insurance companies etc. to do all examinations and treatments for a certain amount it is certainly no help to the practitioners in the community. Group practice is here to stay, but only where it makes for better diagnosis and reduces office 8 Medical Clinics and Physicians of Southern Alberta 1875-1960

expenses, not where it interferes with individual practice by both general practitioners and specialists. 11

As this quote suggests, it was contract work which stirred up the greatest resentment among other practitioners. In the early days of medicine, all patients paid a fee determined by the physician, as well as a mileage charge consisting of a fixed rate per mile if the physician had to travel to attend the patient. The latter was necessary, since Alberta was sparsely settled and some physicians had to travel great distances on poor or nonexistent roads to make house calls. Unless a family was fairly well to do, a doctor's bill for a serious illness could be unman­ ageable. Some companies wanted to help their employees with medical costs by signing a contract with a physician and agreeing to pay a fixed yearly fee in return for complete or partial medical attention for the employees and usually their families as well. Often the fee would be deducted from the employees' pay cheques, but it was usually a fairly small sum. Contract medicine helped not only the patient by allowing him to afford medical care, but also the doctor who frequently received no payment for his work in these early days. Contract medicine resulted in the founding of many medical group practices. As a company or organization grew, it would often become necessary for a physician to form a group which could enlarge to provide medical care for the growing company or group. Groups were being formed for contract medicine as early as 1889, when Drs. J. D. Lafferty and H. G. Mackid went into partnership in Calgary to look after the Canadian Pacific Railway. Contracts were made with industries such as coal companies, lodges, associations of teachers, farmers and many other groups or organizations. Contract work met with different reactions in different cities. In Calgary, with the exception of the contract with the Canadian Pacific Railway, which seems to have been widely accepted, any physician or group entering into contract work risked being ostracized by medical men in the town and berated by the Calgary Medical Society. On the other hand, all the group practices in Lethbridge, a community dependent on industries such as the coal mines, entered into contract work. The number of contracts being entered into increased after World War I. Physicians who were generally able to collect no more than sixty'percent of their fees were lured by the promise of a fixed income into entering medical con­ tracts.1 2 Since there was no standardization amongst the contracts that physicians were accepting, there was often underbidding by competing physicians. This brought about a call for order by the federal and provincial medical associations.

At the 1923 Annual meeting of the [Alberta] College of Physicians and Surgeons it was observed that 'it is unprofessional for a physician to dis­ pose of his services under conditions that make it impossible to render ade­ quate service to his patients or which interfere with reasonable competition among the physicians of a community. To do this is detrimental to the pub­ 13 lic and to the individual physician and lowers the dignity of the profession. Group Practice In S.outhem Alberta 9

Some physicians felt that contract work unfairly limited the patient who might prefer a physician other than the one specified in his contract and objected to the limits it placed on their ability to attract patients. They insisted that contract work should only be allowed: ... in isolated mining or lumber camps, but in large towns and cities rail­ road employees, lodge members, workers in factories etc., should not be limited to a certain individual doctor or small group, but they should have their freedom of choice to choose whomever they may wish. 14 Many physicians ignored such editorials and continued their secure contracts. The depression which followed the stock market crash in October, 1929 affected everyone including doctors. Because there was no universal system of medical coverage, physicians were never assured payment of their fee. People who had no money, but were too proud to ignore doctors' bills, often paid in ser­ vices or commodities. At the Calgary Associate Clinic: . .. the depression hit the clinic very hard. The only income came from in surance examinations which Dr. Stanley did for the government. Payment of accounts at the clinic were accepted in all forms from turkeys to strawberries and raspberries, which were sold to clinic staff and friends. 15 Despite the lack of payment, the physicians remai ned busy, vigorously attend­ ing patients regardless of their financial standing. Although there was no money, people did not stop getting sick. Often the physicians were almost as badly off as their patients. The early 1930s were the years of the great depression and a survey made at the time by Dr. W.H. McGuffin showed that of the doctors then practic­ ing in the city [Calgary], about 25 percent were getting along reasonably well, 25 percent were in serious financial difficulty and 50 percent were operating on a day-to-day basis. In the face of this si tuation, satisfactory arrangements were made with the City Council by which each practitioner received a monthly stipend (about $20) to reimburse him for the very large amount of free work which he was obliged to do under the prevail­ ing economic situation. 16 At this time private contracts became very common. In these, physicians entered into contracts for a set sum with individual families who did not have access to a company contract. These contracts helped physicians survive the depression and enabled patients to receive complete medical attention without the humiliation of being unable to pay the doctor's bill. As conditions became worse, the demands for concessions made upon con­ tracted physicians by their employers increased. Physicians became increasingly competitive, reducing their charges and eventually cutting out mileage costs entirely. This encouraged patients to call a physician other than the one that was IO Medical Clinics and Physicians of Southern Alberta 1875-1960 closest to them, creating much ill feeling.17 Physicians found that their traveling increased, which left them less able to tend those who needed attention more urgently. In an attempt to solve some of these problems, the Church of Jesus Christ and Latter Day Saints (Mormon) and physicians in Cardston adopted a new kind of prepaid medical scheme in 1932, the Cardston Medical Contract. For twenty­ fi ve dollars per year, a family could go to any physician included in the contract.18 The practice may have been more widespread as Drs Harold Soby and York Blayney of High River charged families twenty-five dollars per year no matter what their medical needs and one dollar per day stay in hospital. 19 These plans were later adopted by the Lethbridge Northern Irrigation District and the physicians of Lethbridge, including several group practices. These contracts foreshadowed the implementation of "prepaid" medical plans. However, in Calgary and north of Calgary, such contracts tended to be strongly opposed. Almost two decades later, the Calgary Medical Society provided the strongest opposition to Medical Services Incorporated, the new health insurance pro­ gram .20 As the depression came to an end and the second World War began, contracts began to be negotiated in favor of physicians and competition decreased. Since physicians were required in the armed services, they were in short supply on the prairies, particularly in isolated mining and logging camps which produced resources essential for the war effort. The difficult conditions that had arisen during the depression promoted dis­ cussions about the implementation of "state" or "socialized" medicine. This, it was argued, would relieve the financial burden many people found themselves under when faced with serious illness. After much debate, Medical Services Incorporated (M.S.I.) a physician sponsored plan was finally instituted in 1948. Under M.S.I. people paid a fee to the administrators of the plan to cover all med­ ical services, who would in return pay physicians for services rendered. During the 1950' s, most physicians enrolled and contract practice came to an end along with all its inherent problems. The end of contract medicine silenced many of the remaining objections to group practice. Most of the early practitioners who had been so strongly preju­ diced against it were gone. The next generation of doctors tended to be more open minded and less competitive. In an address given at the meeting of the Canadian Medical Association in 1948, it was suggested that:

Group practice offers many advantages. With the pooling of office facili­ ties and equipment, there can be a reduction in overhead costs, and what is more important, it does permit for recreation and study. Most general practitioners are working too long hours with insufficient holidays ... I urge that serious consideration be given by more men, especially the younger men, to the setting up of partnerships. 21

Following this speech, group practices spread dramatically. Many established Group Practice In ~outhem Alberta 11 group practices adopted the title "clinic" at this time. Although some solo practi­ tioners continued to criticize group practices, most of the opposition had been sil enced.

7!E * * * Many years later, by the l 970's and 80' s, conditions were very different. All city hospitals were funded by the Government and had equipment which was far beyond the budget of most groups. Specialists were attracted to Alberta without the intervention of the groups since there were two respected medical schools which offered a wide variety of training, in concert with hospitals throughout the province. However, in smaller communities, many of the original advantages still applied. A substantial number of towns in Alberta contained at least one medical group practice. Some as general practice groups and others multi-spe­ cialty. In Calgary, Southern Alberta's largest city, many of the large groups have changed or have become greatly reduced in size, but small groups and walk-in clinics appear to be increasing in number. It has become accepted that physi­ cians need holidays and that they should work reasonable hours. To do thi s it is helpful to work in a partnership, or a small group, or at least to have a working agreement with another physician in the same building who can cover their prac­ tice. Young physici ans frequently enter partnerships after the completi on of their residency program to have certain standard equipment and facilities which are expensive. More importantly, most young doctors value the spare time that a partnership allows. Group practice has evolved dramatically through the last century. However, thi s process cannot be described wholly in general terms. Each and every group practice or clinic was as unique as the physicians who establi shed it and worked in it. 12 Medical Clinics and Physicians of Southern Alberta 1875-1960

Notes

1 E. Hardwick, E. Jameson, E. Tregillus, The Science, the Art and the Spirit: Hospitals, Medicine and Nursing in Calgary, (Calgary: Century Publications, 1975) p. 125. 2 Canadian Medical Association, Group Practice in Canada, (Toronto: Ryerson Press, 1967) p. 8. 3 J. 0 . Baker, "A Medical Man From Glengarry and Stormont." Calgary Associate Clinic Historical Bulletin, 18(August 1953) pp. 8-10. 4 W. 0 . Rothwell, interview with J. Middlemiss, 15 July 1986, Calgary, Alberta. 5 W. J. Macdonald, interview with J. Middlemiss, 15 July 1986, Calgary, Alberta. 6 Macdonald. 7 W. Haig, interview with J. Middlemiss, 30 July 1986, Lethbridge, Alberta. 8 Dr. G. Prieur, interview with J. Middlemiss, 14 July 1986, Calgary, Alberta. 9 E. Cairns, interview with J. Middlemiss, 22 July 1986, Lethbridge, Alberta. 10 Macdonald. 11 F. W. Bowman, letter to the editor, Canadian Medical Association Journal, 61 (November 1950) p. 518. 12 H . C. Jamieson, Early Medicine in Alberta, (Edmonton: University of Alberta, 1947) p. 56. 13 W. G. Hunt, "Annual Meeting of the College of Physicians and Surgeons of the Province of Alberta", Canadian Medical Association Journal, 13(0ctober 1923) p. 764. 14 Ibid 15 V. Orr, "History of the Calgary Associate Clinic," unpublished essay, 1976, University of Calgary Medical Library, Calgary, Alberta. 16 E. P. Scarlett, "The Walled Stead," Alberta Medical Bulletin, 2l(November 1956) p. 5. 17 Canadian Medical Association Journal, 32(June 1935) p. 714. 18 W. Parsons, essay on group practice in collection of his writings, Red Deer District Museum and Archives, Red Deer, Alberta pp. 5-6. 19 H. Soby, Obituary. Calgary Herald January 5, 1989. 20 W. Parsons, pp. 10, 13, 14. 21 "General Practice in the Changing Order," address given at the 79th Annual Meeting of the Canadian Medical Association, Canadian Medical Association Journal, l 9(August 1948) p. 168. Early Medicint: in Calgary 13

EARLY MEDICINE IN CALGARY

The confluence of the Bow and Elbow Rivers traditionally served as a meet­ ing place for several native tribes. In the second half of the nineteenth century, traders also began to visit the area, however, there was little permanent settle­ ment until 1875, when a detachment of the newly formed North West Mounted Police built a fort eventually named Fort Calgary. Settlers, attracted by the rich land and the safety that the presence of the fort promised, soon followed. However the isolation of the new settlement prevented all but the hardiest pio­ neers from attempting the trip. The North West Mounted Police brought the first medical practitioners to Calgary to take care of their men. As early as December 31, I 875, Dr. Richard Barrington Nevitt, the surgeon at Fort Macleod, included the following in a report: I think it would be advisable to establish a Hospital there [Calgary] so that in case of any sudden call, I should find everything ready to hand. With this intention in view, my orders for medicines for the ensuing year will be pretty large and should the government see fit to appoint another sur­ geon for that post, the Hospital will be ready for him.1

It has not been determined precisely when this suggestion was carried out, but a Mounted Police hospital had certainly been established by February of I 878 when Dr. Nevitt mentions in a Jetter that he must inspect it. From the casualness of the comment it seems probable that the hospital had existed for some time. 2 Calgary's first hospital consisted of a one-room log cabin with three cots, a pot­ bellied stove, and a Jantern. 3 In addition to the Mounties, the North West Mounted Police physicians also tended to native peoples and settlers in the area. Early physicians serving in this capacity included Ors John Draught Lauder, George A Kennedy, and Leverett George De Veber. Although by 188 I there were only approximately seventy­ five permanent residents in Calgary,4 other settlers were scattered across the ter­ ritory and these physicians often travelled great di stances to tend to them. On April 4, 1883, the Macleod Gazette announced in the Calgary Notes col­ umn that, "The new hospital is now open. It is comfortable, large and well lighted, one of the best in the country." Although thi s was a hospital of the Mounted Police, it also served civilian patients. The first civilian practitioner, Dr. Andrew Henderson, arrived in Calgary soon after the hospital opened. Later in the same year, the Canadian Pacific Railway reached Calgary, bringing with it large numbers of settlers and railway workers and a few physicians, including Dr. Neville James Lindsay and Dr. Robert George Brett. Although Calgary con­ tinued to expand rapidly, achieving a population of five hundred by the time of incorporation as a town in 1884, no more than six physicians appear to have practiced in Calgary for more than a few months between this time and 1889. 14 Medical Clinics and Physicians of Southern Alberta 1875-1960

Meanwhile, the N.W.M.P. infirmary continued to serve as the town's only hos­ pital.5 The tiny infirmary was nearly always filled past its capacity. The maj ority of the patient population consisted of young unmarried men who usually resided in hotels and boarding houses. If they caught an infectious di sease, they had nowhere to go. Often owners of private homes, especially physicians, would take patients in and benevolent societies did their best to help, but these mea­ sures were insufficient.6 Communicable diseases such as smallpox, typhoid fever, scarlet fever, measles, diphtheria and other infections were common. In 1890, the townfolk, distressed by several instances of men or women dyi ng alone and uncared for in Calgary, decided to erect the Calgary General Hospitai, probably the second hospital incorporation in Alberta after Medicine Hat. Soon afterwards the Grey Nuns founded the Holy Cross Hospital, but both hospitals were small and poorly equipped. The hospitals had very little money and relied on small charges and the contributions of citizens. Thus they were usually unable to finance up-to-date equipment and facilities. Physicians supplied their own instruments, and even gloves and towels for many years. 7 Group practi ce was a way of meeting some of the deficiencies. Two or more physicians working together could afford facilities and equipment unavailahle to most solo practitioners. Thus during the first decades of Calgary's phenomenal expansion, two-man partnerships were relatively common, and later by 1922, three larger group practices had been formed: the Mackid group (1902), the McEachern group (l 905), and the Associate Physicians and Surgeons (l 922), which later became the Calgary Associate Clinic (C.A.C.). In addition, the Gunn, Hackney, Shore: Eye, Ear, Nose, and Throat Clinic had also been estab­ lished in the city. It is noteworthy that the Mackid group had a microscope and an X-ray machine before either hospital had acquired such equipment. 8 Similarly, when the C.A.C. and the McEachern group became multi-specialist groups, they were able to attract specialists who otherwise would not have con­ sidered coming to Calgary. The group practices could provide a salary for a new specialist who was becoming established and might not otherwise be able to earn sufficient income to survive. Such specialists were more readily accepted by conservative Calgarians because they were associated with a well known group. Thus group practice was very important in improving the general stan­ dard of medical care in Calgary. Group practices also affected the hospitals. The rivalry between the Calgary General Hospital and the Holy Cross Hospital was quite intense and seems to have emerged at an early date. Groups and some solo practitioners practiced exclusively at one hospital and would not associate with or in some cases even speak to a member of a group from the other hospital. The Mackid group prac­ ticed out of the Calgary General and the Calgary Associate Clinic and the McEachern group practiced out of the Holy Cross.9 Because of this strict division, the group practices helped to determine the clinical profile of each hospital. Since the groups brought the first specialists in Early Medicine.in Calgary 15 some fields of medicine into Calgary by their selection of speciali st members, the clinics influenced the development of specialty services and the provision of special equipment in the hospitals to which they confined their practices. For example, Dr. W. Merritt of the McEachem group was the first cardiologist in Calgary and Dr. Scarlett of the Calgary Associate Clinic brought the first cardio­ graph to the city. The Calgary Associate Clinic also had the first chest surgeon, Dr. Hugh Stuart, who practiced almost exclusively at the Holy Cross Hospital, although he was eventually persuaded to perform a few operations at the General Hospital and the Baker Sanatorium. Consequently, the Holy Cross Hospital became the preferred center for the treatment of heart disease at an early date. The groups, especially the Calgary Associate Clinic, frequently donated special equipment to and supported the development of new facilities in "their" hospital. Rivalry was not confined to those practicing at different hospitals. There was also friction between the individual groups including the Calgary Associate Clinic and the McEachern group which practiced at the same hospital, and between the groups and certain solo practitioners. Some of the early physicians would not hesi tate to denigrate a fellow professional to a patient, perhaps refer­ ring to him as an "old butcher." Solo practitioners felt threatened by the success of the group practices and told their patients that the groups were "a machine," or "a mill that [once] you got into, you couldn't get out [of] ." The groups received few referrals since it was believed that, "If you sent a patient to that damn clinic, you would never see the patient again." 10 This was undeniably true in some instances. The physicians in group practices were usually well trained and their facilities, equipment, and staff were superior. The patients were natu­ rally impressed and if they wanted to keep coming to the group practices, they were probably not discouraged. The Calgary Associate Clinic, the largest group practice, was especially unpopular with most solo practitioners. In revenge for real or imagined offenses, some Calgary physicians would play petty tricks on other physicians, especially those in group practice. On one occa­ sion, a group in Calgary offered a position to a young graduate. When another physician learned about this, he called the group and informed the members that he had already offered the young man a position, which in reality he never had any intention of doing. The group politely withdrew their offer and the young doctor, now without a position, moved south. 11 Competitiveness may have been intensified by the scarcity of contract prac­ tice in Calgary. Physicians who entered into contracts could risk ostracism by the medical profession and possible denial of hospital privileges. 12 During the first two or three decades of the twentieth century, the Calgary Medical Society, which was founded in 1906 and appears initially to have been controlled by a few prominent physicians, made the lives of physicians who committed this offense miserable. An exception was the C.P.R. contract held by the influential Mackid group; however, contract practice never really took root in Calgary. The groups other than Mackid did not have specific patients whom they took care of 16 Medical Clinics and Physicians of Southern Alberta 1875-1960 under a contract and they were in open competition with each other and the solo practitioners in Calgary. In cities such as Lethbridge where the groups had a smaller proportion of pri vate patients, the competition was probably slightly less intense. This is not to say that the Calgary Medical Society had an adverse influence on medical life in Calgary. Jn fact, it almost certainly exerted a very beneficial influence. Contract medicine was frowned upon by many physicians throughout Canada since it was open to various abuses. Many towns attempted to ban it, although south of Calgary where there were many mines and industries and smaller towns, contract practice was more readily accepted and many physicians engaged in this form of association. Practices in the larger cities such as Calgary may have found it necessary to impose tighter controls since they sometimes tended to attract all types - both the unsavory characters in addition to men of excellent skills and high ethical standing. The provincial medical organizations wielded little power in the first two decades of the twentieth century. Medical licenses were relatively easy to obtain, and once granted were virtually impossi­ ble to revoke. Therefore, it was the responsibility of local medical societies to suppress unscrupulous physicians by the use of ostracism by the medical com­ munity, manipulation of hospital privileges and any other available means. The Calgary Medical Society was very effective in this role and undoubtedly pre­ vented many abuses. As provincial bodies such as the Alberta Medical Association and the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Alberta grew stronger, they replaced local bodies in this role. 13 The animosity between the groups extended even to their titles. The Mackid and McEachern groups steadfastly refused to be called "clinic." While the McEachem group had all the common features of a clinic, the Mackid group did, in fact, lack some of them. It never had a business manager or specialists; however, it was a clinic as defined by the Canadian Medical Association. The rivalry did not always have an entirely negative effect. For two years after the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons was formed in 1929, physi­ cians were invited to send the council (which was composed mainly of Canadian medical school professors) applications for charter membership. Council mem­ bers were given applications from their geographic area and asked to select those who were suitable. 14 Dr. D. S. Macnab, an excellent physician and surgeon who had been trained in an outstanding American medical school, and who was the president of the Associate Clinic, was denied a fellowship without examina­ tion, probably due to the influence of some rival physicians. Angered by this action, he afterwards hired physicians almost exclusively from outside Alberta (consequently, they would not have been trained by the professors who black­ balled him). They were often from the Mayo Clinic where a very high level of training was maintained and, therefore, some truly outstanding physicians and surgeons, sometimes the first specialists in their fields in the city or even the province, were brought to Calgary. 15 Other factors, besides Dr. Macnab's leadership of the clinic, were probably Early Medicine.in Calgary 17

behind the Council's decision. He had rather a difficult personality which antag­ onized some of his contemporaries. He had supported the American College of Surgeons in opposition to the Canadian College. The American College was founded by Canadian and American surgeons prior to the formation of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada in 1929, and many prominent Canadian surgeons who belonged to the American College suggested that this body made it unnecessary for there to be a separate Canadian College to assess training and grant diplomas. 16 Dr. Macnab later became chairman of the Western Canada Division of the American College of Surgeons. The lack of cooperation and communication was in some respects a great loss to medical life in Calgary. Certain meetings, conferences, and courses often excluded another group, and there was very little consultation and referral between the groups. However, the effects of this were not wholly negative. Each group was determined to be superior to their rivals. If a more hi ghly trained physician was associated with one group, the others might send their own physi­ cians away for further training. When a group held a course or seminar, the oth­ ers would hear about it and proceed to invite a specialist from out of town and hold their own session on the same subject. Therefore, the rivalry sometimes improved the standard of medical life in Calgary and helped to compensate for the lack of a medical school. Members of the Calgary group practices were highly respected outside Calgary and received referrals from physicians throughout Southern Alberta and Eastern British Columbia.

* * *' Much of the conflict arose from the small-town atmosphere of Calgary prior to the second World War and by the strong personalities of the early physicians who had controlled medical life in Calgary for many decades. The post-war boom changed Calgary immeasurably. Most of the more outspoken and irascible physicians had died or retired by the 1940's and early 1950's or at least had lost their influence. The new generation of physicians not only had different ideas about professional courtesy, but thought the ancient rivalries were ridiculous. Unlike the older physicians who had come from many different medical schools, a large proportion of the younger physicians had studied together at the University of Alberta, or had interned together at a Calgary or Edmonton hospi­ tal. When they joined the rival groups, they did not abandon their friendships. They called in their peers for consultations and referred patients to speciali sts in other groups in spite of the attitudes of the older members of their groups. The rapid growth of specialization after the second World War made referral essential since the general practitioner could no longer cope with all areas of medicine. The number of specialists within groups increased and most were unwilling to continue with general practice. Therefore, referrals became increas­ ingly important to the group practices and they made every effort to send patients back to referring physicians. Professional courtesy also became an important factor. Solo practitioners realized this and became less hostile. 18 Medical Clinics and Physicians of Southern Alberta 1875-1960

The barriers between the hospitals were partially broken down. By thi s time, hospitals had been expanded which provided more neutral ground and eased the tension between the two oldest hospitals. The younger physicians were more willing to cross the barriers which their seniors had erected and join the staff of both rival hospitals. In the early years, a visit from a physician on the staff of a ri val hospital had been an occasion attended by great pomp and ceremony entail­ ing considerable preparation on the part of the staff. Thus it was only agreed to when essential. 17 The younger physicians were perhaps more willing to admit thei r deficiencies, and consequently, were much less hesitant about asking other physicians to see a case in consultation or to assist when they were the least doubtful about a situation or procedure. Dr. H. H. (Bill) Black, a physician who joined the Mackid clinic after the sec­ ond World War, recalled how one young surgeon, Dr. W. 0. Rothwell helped to overcome the rivalry between both the hospitals and the clinics. In the late I 940's, a train started to pull onto a siding as another train was going through and the resulting accident was one of the most severe in the history of the C.P.R. in Alberta. Large numbers of passengers were severely injured and were taken to the Calgary General Hospital in which th e Mackid group, who held the Canadian Pacific Railway contract, practiced. The temperature was thirty below zero Fahrenheit and most of the patients were suffering from shock and frost­ bite. Dr. L. S. Mackid took hi s usual surgical team and suggested that Dr. Rothwell , a young surgeon who had recently joined the group, put together another team from the remaining family practitioners in the group. Dr. Rothwell refu sed and insisted that they get a first class specialist in anesthesia and another well trained surgical team from the Calgary Associate Clinic. This occasion greatly increased interaction between the Calgary General and Holy Cross hos­ pital staffs and the members of the two groups and in so doing increased their respect for each other. Because physicians such as Dr. Rothwell and others ignored petty rivalries, much ancient hostility ceased to exist and patients bene­ fited thereby. 18 Rivalries did not dissolve altogether and groups tended to cling to tradition and practice at only one or two hospitals in Calgary, but the animosity was greatly reduced. Bitterness began to di spel, and it vanished within a very few years. By the early to mid l950's, inter-professional relations in the medical pro­ fession in Calgary were excellent. lt is ironic that at thi s time when the value of group practice in Calgary was being recognized and applauded, many of the original reasons for their forma­ tion had disappeared. Facilities and equipment at the hospitals were now better than any clinic could afford. Moreover, it was considered a conflict of interest for a group to own pharmacies, laboratories, and X-ray facilities. Unlike some smaller towns and cities, there were many private laboratory facilities in Calgary to fill the void. The city was now large enough that many specialists came of their own accord, although the Calgary Associate Clinic did continue to recruit many outstanding specialists. Physicians' office hours were reduced to a reason- Early Medicine ip Calgary 19 able length and house calls were becoming obsolete. Emergency cases outside office hours could be taken care of at the hospital by the regular staff and spe­ cialists on call. Thus the physician had more time fo r rest and study.

In th e J 960's, medicare and massive government investment in hospitals and the medical school had a significant influence. The McEachern group was reduced to a partnership in the late 1960' s and the Mackid group in the early I 980's, since they were unable to find replacements for physicians who had resigned or retired. The Calgary Associate Clinic changed its organization extensively and reduced its membership to barely half its peak size. However, while the large multi-specialty groups now appear to be declining in Calgary, partnerships and small groups are becoming more and more common as physi­ cians realize their value in permitting some leisure time. The increasing expense of outfitting an office is also an important factor. Therefore, group practices still have a place in Calgary medical life. During the 1980's, a new type of group practice has arisen in Calgary, the drop-in medical clinic. Their number has increased rapidl y in Calgary and seems likely to continue to grow. Many physicians and patients lament the loss of the "personal" side of medicine that was so much a part of the family doctor. In spite of their size and specialization, the early group practices always assigned each patient their "own" physician. Like the physicians, patients are divided over this issue, but it is they who will ultimately decide whether personal service or convenience will triumph. 20 Medical Clinics and Physicians of Southern Alberta 1875-1960

Notes

1 Dr. Richard Barrington Nevitt, Annual report to the North West Mounted Police, dated 31 December 1875, Glen bow Archives, Calgary, Alberta. 2 Dr. Richard Barrington Nevitt, letter to fiance, dated 24 February 1878, Glenbow Archives, Calgary, Alberta. 3 E. Hardwick, E. Jameson, E. Tregillus, The Science, the Art and the Spirit: Hospitals, Medicine and Nursing in Calgary, (Calgary: Century Publication, 1975)p.21. 4 Hardwick p. 7. 5 H. C. Jamieson, Early Medicine in Alberta, (Edmonton: University of Alberta, 1947) pp. 32-5. 6 Hardwick pp. 21-2. 7 Hardwick's book is an account of the history of Calgary's hospitals. See especially pp. 26-9. 8 L. S. Mackid, transcript of taped interview with S. Jameson, 1969, L. S. Mackid papers, Glenbow Archives, Calgary, Alberta. 9 W. J. Macdonald, interview with J. Middlemiss, 15 July 1986, Calgary, Alberta. 10 D. L. McNeil, Medicine of My Time , transcript of taped interview with A. Kirchner, University of Calgary Medical Library, Calgary, Alberta. 11 H. A. Arnold and E. Cairns, interview with J. Middlemiss, 22 July 1986, Lethbridge, Alberta. 12 This happened to Dr. D. S. Macnab, see chapter on the Calgary Associate Clinic for details. 13 See Hilda Neatby, "The Medical Profession in the North West Territories" in Medicine in Canadian Society, S. E. D. Shortt ed. (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press 1981) pp. 165-188 and Jamieson pp. 53-71 for further infor­ mation about medical organizations in Alberta. 14 See D. Sclater Lewis, The Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada 1920-1960, (Montreal: McGill University Press, 1962) for a full account of the founding and early years of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada. 15 G. M. McDougall ed., Teachers of Medicine: The Development of Graduate Clinical Medical Education in Calgary, (Calgary: Gerald M. McDougall, 1987) p. 161. 16 Lewis pp. 9-10. 17 A. Dick, personal communication with F. C. Harris at office of Dr. Rothwell and Associates, spring 1988, Calgary, Alberta. 18 H. H. Black, interview with F. C. Harris, 13 January 1988, Calgary, Alberta. The Mackicj Group 21

THE MACK.ID GROUP

by J. Middlemiss and F. C. Hanis

The Canadian Pacific Railway contract for medical services provided the foundation for Calgary's earliest group practice which was often referred to, incorrectly but appropriately, throughout its long history as the C.P.R. Medical Clinic. The group " . .. formed because of the C.P.R. contract. It grew up with the C.P.R." 1 The far flung ranch life and the numerous rai lway construction camps in the '80s furnished numerous accidents and cases of sickness, especially typhoid fever, or as it was called, mountain fever, which came to Calgary for treatment. 2

Railway constructi on in those days was attended by accidents of major and minor severity and unsanitary camps invited fly borne diseases. The water supplies were often contaminated and long remained so. In conse­ quence of this, medical men were required to look after the thousands of men on construction work.3

Dr. Harry Goodsir Mackid held a large contract with the C.P.R. and eventu­ ally became chief surgeon for the entire Western division. As the number of men on the C.P.R. payroll increased, Dr. Mackjd had to find new associates to help take care of them and thus the practice gradually expanded. Upon Dr. Mackid's death in 1916, hi s son Dr. Ludwig Stewart Mackid took charge. Although the group did not number three physicians until 1904, the roots of the group may be traced back to 1890 when the partnership of Lafferty and Mackid was formed to take care of C.P.R. workers on the Calgary to Edmonton branch line. For although thi s association was short li ved, it was then that Dr. Mackid received his first experience with the C.P.R. and group practice in Calgary. The contract with the C.P.R. provided a large family practice for the physi­ cians. The contract did not cover specialty services for the employees. Instead, those patients who required such services would be referred to specialists out­ side the group. Within the group, the only physicians trained in a specialty were the two Dr. Mackids and Dr. W.O. Rothwell who joined years later, as the sur­ geons, all of whom had a sizable general practi ce. In fact, in spite of his out­ standing training and surgical ability, Dr. L. S. Mackid always insisted that he was a general practitioner who did a little surgery on the side.4 A seven day work week was expected in the early days of the practice. There were office hours Saturday and Sunday prior to the second World War and even afterwards the practice retained its Saturday hours. In addition to this, there was always a physician on call.5 The contract, although it provided a stable base for the practice, had to be 22 Medical Clinics and Physicians of Southern Alberta 1875-1960 renewed each year. A panel of C.P.R. physicians from across Alberta would meet with union representatives to arrive at a fee acceptabl e to both parties which was collected for the practice by the C.P.R. Although the group had some private patients, the proportion of these was fairly small. Therefore, the practice had no need of a business manager to organize fees, collections, and other bu si­ ness matters. 6 Like most group practices, revenues were pooled and the physicians "mutu­ all y agreed to a division of the income," with the surgeons drawing a larger per­ centage than the general practitioners. Because they shared expenses, the group was able to afford superior facilities and equipment. For instance, they bought an X-ray machine as early as 1908. 7 Although it contained many other physicians and its formal titles reflected this, the practice was most closely associated with the Mackid name. When not identifying the group by its association with the C.P.R., contemporaries com­ monly used the unofficial title, "the Mackid group." For convenience, the latter title has been utilized in this book since the name changes, although relatively few in number, are rather confusing.

The First C.P.R. Partnership: Lafferty and Mackid Dr. Harry Goodsir Mackid's first association with the Canadian Pacific Railway and with group practice occurred in 1890 when Dr. James Delamere Lafferty asked him to enter into a partnership to provide medical services during the construction of the Calgary-Edmonton line. Dr. Lafferty was a remarkable individual and very influential in early Alberta medicine. Dr. James Delamere Lafferty was born in Perth, Ontario in 1849 and received his early education locally. In the early 1860's, he was employed as deputy Registrar of titles in Kingston where he remained until he had earned enough money to attend medical school at Queen's University. He graduated in 1871 at the age of 21. After returning to Perth and practicing for a year, Dr. Lafferty was invited to accompany Sir William Osler to the then very famous institution in New York, Ward Island Hospital (which later became part of Bellevue). Here he did post­ graduate work for two years before proceeding to London, England to take a course at St. Bartholomew's Hospital. Upon his return, he resumed private prac­ tice at Pembroke, Ontario. There in 1876, he married Jessie P. Gray. Dr. Lafferty's connection with the C.P.R. began when he was appointed med­ ical superintendent of construction of the railway in the West. This position entailed a lot of travel in the areas the railway was going through. In 1881, fol­ lowing several moves, the physician and his family settled in Winnipeg. There he became involved in commerce. The Canadian banks were unwilling to expand into the newly opened West. Frustrated by this, Dr. Lafferty convinced British investors to help him open a string of banks in Manitoba and Saskatchewan. Later, after he had moved fur­ ther West, he also opened several branches in Alberta towns including Calgary, The Mack.id.Group 23

Edmonton, and Lethbridge. When the chartered banks finally came to the West in the early nineties, they were allowed to absorb these smaller banks. In spite of his business dealings, Dr. Lafferty was not overly concerned with the accumulation of money. A coll eague recalled that:

Dr. Lafferty was a man of unusual attainments and distinctive personality. He excelled as a diagnostician and internist and as such was highly esteemed both by patient and colleague. But it was the terrific drive which always kept him dashing from one activity to another that is remembered as an outstanding characteristic of the man. He was usually in too big a hurry to bother sending out his bills and at times it was even difficult to pay him. One patient ... after failing to extract a statement from him . . . finally button-holed the doctor at the station on the eve of his departure for Ottawa, and outlined to the best of his memory the various services his family had received. 'Well ,' said the doctor candidly, 'I'd probably charge fifty dollars in an itemized bill - but twenty-five dollars would be of more use to me now.' And so the account was liquidated.8

Dr. Lafferty briefly returned to Kingston, but soon found that he missed the West. He and his family traveled to the end of the line which was then Calgary, and like many others were strongly attracted to the sparsely populated region. In 1885, the Lafferty fami ly moved permanently to Calgary where Dr. Lafferty soon built up a busy practice. By 1887, he maintained an office next to Lafferty & Smith's Bank as well as a private residence. In addition to being a surgeon for the C.P.R at Calgary, Dr. Lafferty was medical officer to all of the Indian reservations near Calgary. He became an authority on tuberculosis and contributed much to the development of organized systems to control the disease. Dr. Lafferty was also active in politics as a mem­ ber of Calgary's first city council and in 1890 he became mayor. The Calgary General Hospital, where he was one of the first staff members, was built during his term in office. In the same year, he was a Liberal candidate for the Dominion parliament, although he knew that no Liberal had any chance of winning a seat at this time.9 Dr. Lafferty was active in most of the medical societies of his time. He was Registrar of the College of Physicians and Surgeons of the North West Territories from 190 I until 1906 when it was reorganized into the Alberta College of Physicians and Surgeons, and he became the first Registrar of the new body. He was largely responsible for the Medical Professions Act and a great deal of other medical legislation which regulated medical care in the new territory. He was anxious that the North West Territories not become "the dump­ ing ground for the overflow of the rest of the Dominion" and tried to make examinations a prerequisite for all physicians desiring to practice in the Territories. He was concerned that these examinations provide a fair test of the candidate's ability and emphasized this in his reports. Dr. Lafferty himself often acted as examiner and proved himself well fitted to this difficult task. 10 24 Medical Clinics and Physicians of Southern Alberta 1875-1960

He was known to be a shrewd judge of character. A Calgary doctor related how on one occasion when he and several other candidates were writing the examinations of the Alberta College of Physicians and Surgeons, Dr. Lafferty was the presiding examiner. An emergency call came and the doctor was gone for over an hour and a half. 'There was no question of putting us on our honour,' said the Calgary doctor. 'It was taken for granted that we were gentlemen.' Strangely enough the one man who took advantage of the examiner's absence was the only one to fail. The doctor had sized up his man. 11

After his retirement from general practice in 1909, Dr. Lafferty was appointed superintendent of hospitals by Alberta's Department of Health. He continued to act as medical officer to the Indian reservations until 1911 when the Conservatives came to power in a federal election and Dr. Lafferty, a staunch Liberal, immediately resigned in disgust. 12 He also resigned as Registrar at this time. He later broke with his old friend Sir Wilfred Laurier over the question of conscription. Dr. Lafferty worked at his other appointments until his death in 1920.13 In 1890, when the pressures of his large practice and his duties as mayor caused him to search for help, Dr. Lafferty had to be careful in his choice of partners. The C.P.R. contract which he had recently obtained carried with it a great deal of responsibility. He needed a partner young enough to cope with the heavy work load, yet with excellent training and experience similar to his own. These qualifications were not easy to find in the North West Territories in 1890. Dr. Lafferty was fortunate.

Dr. Harry Goodsir Mackid was relatively young, experienced, and had one of the best medical educations in the North West Territories at this time. He soon became respected not only throughout the North West Territories but also across Canada. Dr. Mackid was born in Goderich, Ontario in 1858 and received his early education there. He received a B.A. and an M.D. at the University of Toronto in 1879. While in medical school he served with the Queen's Own Rifles. In addition to the training he received in Canada, Dr. Mackid studied in Vienna from 1886 to 1887 and in Berlin, London, Glasgow, and Edinburgh (where he worked under Lord Lister) in the l 890's and again at the same hospi­ tals in 1907, receiving an impressive and lengthy string of qualifications in med­ icine and surgery. Dr. Mackid first practiced in Lucknow, Ontario. There in 1881 , he married Matilda Elizabeth Meyer. Three years later, after the birth of a son, Ludwig Stewart, the family moved to Seaforth where Dr. Mackid practiced until they came to Calgary in 1889. Mrs. Mackid's sister was married to William Pearce, a prominent Calgarian, who was able to help the family become established in the young town. After a year, Dr. Mackid went into partnership with Dr. Lafferty who by then had obtained the C.P.R. contract for the construction of the Calgary-Edmonton branch of the railway. A member of the Mackid family The Mackid Group 25 would continue the C.P.R. relationship for almost 65 years. An innovator, Dr. Mackid, introduced St. John's Ambulance first aid courses to the C.P.R. Ogden shops and the city police. Moreover, he was the first physi­ cian to give compulsory smallpox and typhoid inoculations, again to the C.P.R. employees. In 1908, Dr. Mackid also implemented one of Canada's first medical plans. Fifty cents per month was deducted from the salaries of C.P.R. employees to provide complete medical care and hospitalization for both the employees and their families. This practice continued, with appropriate changes in the deducted fee to cover changes in the cost of operation, until the implementation of provin­ cial medical plans. 14 Dr. Mackid was known for his humor, yet was able to handle difficult situa­ tions. In 1907, Sir Ernest Waterloo, an English lord and legal advisor to the C.P.R., was taken suddenly ill aboard the train from Winnipeg to Calgary and Dr. Mackid was asked to meet the train upon its arrival. After careful examination of the patient, the doctor advised that Sir Ernest had an acute appendicitis and the offending part must be removed immediately. 'Not in Canada - I must go home for that,' said the Englishman, who had little faith in the ability of a colonial surgeon. At thi s point, Dr. Mackid took a tape measure from his pocket and proceeded to take the width and depth measurements of the man. 'What are you doing?' asked the amazed nobleman. 'Just estimating the size of the box you'll require to get home in,' was the reply. Needless to say, the lawyer agreed to surgery, the appendix was removed and Sir Ernest convalesced in Dr. Mackid's home. 15

Dr. Mackid made occasional visits to Europe to keep up with the latest inno­ vations in medicine. During a trip to Vienna in the 1890's with Dr. Brett of Banff, the first microscope to be used in Calgary was given to Dr. Mackid by Professor Emil Shemk. The professor had been medical adviser to the Czar of Russia, but having lost favor with the Czar and his right to practice medicine, he had secluded himself in hi s home. Ors. Mackid and Brett were among the very few people he would agree to see. 16 One of Dr. Mackid's favorite pastimes was the making of small bets. One day he was visited by a cockney woman who delivered the milk.

When Mrs. Fulham came in with a sore foot, she took off her shoe and her stocking and exposed her foot. Dr. Mackid looked at it and remarked, 'I'll bet a dollar that's the dirtiest foot in the N.W. Territory! ' Mrs. Fulham replied, 'I'll take that bet,' and the money was put up. Then Mrs. Fulham took off the other stocking. Dr. Mackid paid the money; he had lost the bet. i 1

Unknowingly, Dr. Mackid had an early encounter with Alberta's oil and gas resources. In 1890, in a valley by Sheep Creek near the Turner homestead, two 26 Medical Clinics and Physicians of Southern Alberta 1875-1960 pioneer homesteaders, John Ware and Sam Howe, came upon a pool of water which their horses refused to drink. Curious, Ware lit a match and was able to ignite the liquid. After a whi sky bottle was filled, the two men ventured to the only "scientific man" they knew, Dr. Mack.id. The physician was of the opinion that "their find was likely a vegetable oil ooze from the coal beds common to that area, so the cowboys promptly lost interest." It wasn't until 1910 that the Turner Valley oil and gas field was officially discovered.18 Like Dr. Lafferty, Dr. Mack.id was active in the medical affairs of the time. He was a fellow of the American College of Surgeons, a very high attainment in Canada at that time. In 1893, he was the third physician to become president of the North West Territories Medical Association (the predecessor of the Alberta Medical Association) and in 1911, he became the first Albertan president of the Canadian Medical Association (the next Albertan, Dr. J. S. McEachern, the leader of another group practice in Calgary, served in 1934). In 1891, he was appointed coroner. He was a driving force in the building of the Calgary General Hospital; he admitted the first two patients (both typhoid victims) and performed the first surgery. Because of this early connection and the Mack.id group's medical abil­ ity, the Mack.id group was influential at the General Hospital for many years and seldom practiced in other hospitals. Dr. Mack.id also admitted the first patient, a victim of a nose bleed, to the Holy Cross Hospital. 19 However, in later years the Drs. Mackid had little to do with the latter hospital which was the domain of the other group practices in Calgary. Prior to the establishment of the hospitals, Dr. Mack.id and hi s wife frequently took care of patients in their own home. He was highly respected as a physician, a surgeon and as a human being. A colleague wrote that: Dr. Mack.id was an accurate observer, a clever diagnostician and an expert operator. His leanings were distinctly surgical, and in the broad field of railroad surgery, where he had had for many years such unsurpassed facil­ ities, his opinion was considered authoritative. Socially he was a delight­ ful companion, full of bright sparkling wit, a good raconteur and a man who thoroughly enjoyed life's varied processes.20 Perhaps it was for these reasons that Dr. Mackid was asked to become the chief surgeon for the entire Western Branch of the C.P.R., a position which he held until his death in 1916. 21 The precise date of his appointment is uncertain, but it had certainly occurred by 1912, when it is mentioned as a well established fact in a biography.22 The offices of Drs. Lafferty and Mack.id were initially located on the corner of Stephen Avenue (Eighth) and First Street West nearly opposite the Alberta Hotel. It is probable that this was the house in which Dr. Mack.id resided, since the partners' advertisements in the Calgary Herald in late 1890 and early 1891 state that Dr. Mackid was available at this address day and night, but Dr. Lafferty only from 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. daily and at other times at his residence. The Mackid 9roup 27

The partnership lasted little more than a year. On Friday, 2 October 1891 , the following notice was inserted in the Calgary Herald:

DISSOLUTION OF PARTNERSHIP Take Notice that on the 22nd day of September last the Partnership Existing Between DRS. LAFFERTY & MACKID Was Dissolved by mutual consent. Their offices shall remain where they were until fur­ ther notice. They would specially request all accounts to be settled at once. Receipts and accounts to be signed by both of them. J. D. LAFFERTY H. G. MACKID

The precise reason for the dissolution of this partnership is unknown although there are many probable causes. The Calgary-Edmonton branch railway was completed in 1891, ending the contract. There may no longer have been enough work for two physicians in the practice, especially since Dr. Lafferty lost his bid for reelection as mayor in 1891, in spite of the enthusiastic support of the Calgary Herald and its attempt to discredit his opponent. The C.P.R. may have offered them separate advantageous contracts. Dr. Mackid certainly appears to have been associated with the C.P.R. fairly continuously after 1890. In any event, neither physician entered immediately into another partnership, although medical advertisements in the Calgary Herald during the next few years indicated that Dr. Lafferty was briefly associated with a Dr. McDonald in 1893 and that Dr. Mackid had a Dr. McLean take care of his practice when he went on holiday in 1892. While Dr. Mackid remained in their old offices during this period, Dr. Lafferty advertised himself as being located on Stephen A venue West, "day and night." This address may refer to the Alberta Hotel block where Dr. Lafferty certainly practiced for a period in the 1890's.23 Unfortunately, Calgary physicians stopped advertising in newspapers by 1894 and city directo­ ries from this period do not supply specific addresses. By 1895, Dr. Harry Goodsir Mackid had built a large two storey house at 220 Angus (Sixth) Avenue S.E. and moved his family and eventually his practice into it. Initially, the dining room served as an office. Later, Dr. Mackid built a little office and surgery behind the main building which was connected to the house by a passageway. This structure grew by stages and soon became a large addition surrounded by a sprawling veranda. Although patients would enter via the veranda, the passageway remained and the physicians would have their cof­ fee or tea in the dining room of the main house where they could not be dis­ turbed by patients. The offices, examining room, lab, X-ray room, and a small surgery were located on the ground floor of the new structure, while the upstairs had been designed as a spacious, pleasant apartment. The apartment was occu­ pied at various times by nurses, office help, and young doctors who were just starting out. It was occupied longest by Miss Jessie I. Smith, a nurse, during her 28 Medical Clinics and Physicians of Southern Alberta 1875- 1960 years of work with the group from the I 920's until the l 940's and was, in fact, probably originall y intended as the nurses' quarters so that there would always be a nurse on the premises in case of emergency. 24 The interior of the office section of the house was rather remarkable and per­ haps reflected the group's long associati on with the C. P.R. The son of a C.P.R. employee recalling visits to the Mackid group, indicated that it resembled a rail­ way waiting room similar to others scattered across Alberta. It contained stiff, square wooden benches and on the walls were hung C.P.R. promotional pictures showing spectacular scenes of the Rockies and the numerous antlered trophy heads common to many C.P.R. stations in the West such as Banff and Golden. The decorations remained thus at least until the J 950's. The practice continued to be located here until 1967, when the building was demolished to make way for the skyscrapers which now dominate downtown Calgary.25

Mackid and Stewart By 1902, the growth of Dr. Mackid 's practice had made the addition of a part­ ner essential. Since the Drs. Mackid had a very hi gh regard for the medical train­ ing offered at McGill University, most of the new associates over the next three decades were graduates of that school. A recent arrival in Calgary, Dr. Charles John Stewart, was invited to become Dr. Mackid's first new associate. He was born in 1871 in Russell (or, according to his obituary in the Grande Prairie Herald, Brussels), Ontario. He received hi s earl y education in Ru ssell and later at the Kemptville hi gh school and the Morrisburg Collegiate Institute. Prior to becoming a physician, Dr. Stewart taught school for several years in Ontario. He attended medical school at McGill University where he graduated in 190 I. In the same year, he registered in the North West Territories. It is probable, although by no means certain, that Dr. Stewart practiced solo briefly in Calgary before entering into partnership with Dr. H. G. Mackid, si nce their names are li sted separately in the Henderson direc­ tory for 1902. However, they were definitely practicing together early in 1903 under the name of Mack.id and Stewart out of Mackid's home, according to the Bell telephone directory. By 1905, Dr. Charlie Stewart and Dr. Donald D. (Dan) McLaren, a more recent associate of the group, were practicing as partners in their own offices in Calgary, but were still living with Dr. Mackid in his home on Sixth Avenue. However, Dr. Stewart married Ethel Buckland in the same year and presumably moved elsewhere in Calgary. Dr. McLaren also married at thi s time. Like Ors. Lafferty and Mackid, Dr. Stewart was heavily involved in medical affairs and politics. He was the fourth president of the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Alberta (from 1909 to 1910) and represented Calgary at many med­ ical meetings and conventions. While in Calgary, he also ran as a Liberal candi­ date for Member of Parliament in two elections. Dr. Stewart continued to practice with Dr. McLaren until 1913, first in the Bums Block and then in the Lineham Block in Calgary. At thi s time Dr. Stewart The Mackid Group 29 went to London, England to undertake postgraduate training. On a previous vi sit in 1910, he received an L.R.C.P. and an M.R.C.S. While there in 1914, he enlisted in the Canadian Army Medical Corps. At the end of World War I, Dr. Stewart established a practice in the newly settled town of Grande Prairie, where he remained until his death on June 23, 1921. He had planned to leave Grande Prairie on July 15th of that year to take up a practice in Harley Street, London. 26 The addition of Dr. Stewart was evidently insufficient to cope with the heavy work load. Dr. Donald D. (Dan) McLaren, a physician who was well acquainted with Dr. Stewart (whose mother's maiden name was McLaren) having attended most of the same schools, joined the group. Dr. McLaren was born in Russell, Ontario in 1875. He attended the local public school and the Morrisburg Collegiate Institute. He taught school from 1893 until 1899 in Ontario. He then studied medicine at McGill University, graduating in 1903, and immediately came West to practice in Calgary. Dr. McLaren regi stered in the North West Territories in 1904. A contemporary recorded that Drs. Stewart and McLaren were both associated with Dr. Mackid in 1904.27 Dr. McLaren left after only a brief time to enter into a two man partnership with Dr. Charlie Stewart. In 1905, Dr. McLaren married Mirna Turnbull. After Dr. Stewart's departure for London, Dr. McLaren practiced alone in Calgary for the remainder of his career. In 1947, he was made a life member of the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Alberta in recognition of hi s long practice in Alberta. He died in 1951 .28 It is uncertain why Drs. Stewart and McLaren left the Mackid practice. Probably there was not enough work for all of the physicians, especially since Dr. H. G. Mackid' s son, Dr. Ludwig Stewart Mackid, graduated from medical school in l 904 and returned to Calgary to practice with his father.

Mackid and Mackid Dr. Ludwig Stewart Mackid was born in Lucknow, Ontario in 1882. He was seven years old when he came to Calgary with his family in 1889. Since there was no school in Calgary at this time, he and Dr. Lafferty's three sons were taught by a tutor in the basement of the Lafferty house. However, the boys proved to be too rambunctious for this arrangement, so young Mackid was sent to St. John's College in Winnipeg. He returned to Calgary in 1892 or 1893, by which time a school had been organized in the young town. He was eventually asked to leave the school after a caper involving spit-balls. His parents sent him away again, this time to attend the Upper Canada College in Toronto. He later studied medicine at McGill University.29 Medical students in those days faced many obstacles, one of which was the lack of cadavers and skeletons for anatomical studies. Very often, sometimes unjustly so, students were accused of stealing corpses from graves or mortuaries to acquire the specimens necessary to improve their understanding of medicine. Young Mackid was one of these offenders. One day, during his last summer vacation before his graduation, Mackid Junior and an accomplice went out to the 30 Medical Clinics and Physicians of Southern Alberta 1875-1960

Native cemetery north of St. George's [sland to obtain some bones from the coffins sitting exposed on the hill. The tribe wisely kept a close watch over the land. While carrying out their task, the students were suddenly interrupted by one of the natives. The two culprits, clutching their specimens, were pursued by the justly indignant watchman until the thieves managed to get lost in a crowd downtown.30 Upon his graduation in 1904, Dr. L. S. Mackid practiced with his father for a brief period. Afterwards, he did postgraduate work in surgery in Vienna for nine months and travelled across Europe. In 1906, he spent time at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota. Dr. Charlie Mayo invited young Dr. Mackid to prac­ tice at the Mayo Clinic, but the Albertan missed the open prairies. Later he would say, "I couldn't live in Rochester. r had to get out where there was some fresh air."31 However, he continued to visit the States on a regular basis, taking courses at the hospitals of Rochester, Cleveland, Baltimore, and New York. Like hi s father, he also continued to visit Europe, going to London in 1909 and Berlin in 1911. Ludwig Stewart Mack.id married Ada Hammond in 1910. Dr. Ludwig Stewart Mackid's return to the city did not pass unnoticed by Calgarians. To show his appreciation of his son's accomplishments, Dr. H. G. Mack.id presented him with the gift of a new Hupmobile (the second car in Calgary). A short time later, a delegation of a grievance committee called upon father to inform him that 'action' would be taken unless his ram­ bunctious young son improved his driving habits. He had recently been observed tearing up Stephen A venue at the unheard of speed of 18 mph.32 In spite of this inauspicious beginning young Dr. Mackid soon established himself in Calgary. His natural talents had been developed by the special train­ ing he had received and thus he rapidly earned the respect and confidence of patients and practitioners alike. Dr. Mackid was anxious to maintain and improve his skill and knowledge and visited the Mayo Clinic for a few weeks yearly to receive extra training. His peers soon recognized his outstanding quali­ fications. In 1912, he was appointed to sit on the first board of examiners (for the subject of anatomy) after the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Alberta decided that all candidates wishing to practice in the province must be properly examined to ensure adequate training. He continued to practice with the group until 1915 when he left to join the armed services. He quickly establi shed a reputation as an expert surgeon and was soon promoted to chief surgeon at a base hospital in England. In 1916, he recei ved word of his father's death. Despite the attempts of the head of the British Army Medical Corps to keep him in England, the determined young man set off to take up his father's practice. Upon his return, he recalled: Lord Shaugnessy met me at the train, and he said 'I want you to go home and take your father's place as Chief of Surgery in the C.P.R. for the whole of Alberta,' which included parts of B.C. and Saskatchewan.33 The Mackid Group 31

Dr. Ludwig Stewart Mackid accepted and held thi s position until all contracts were nullified by the implementation of Medical Services Incorporated. He moved into his father's house and let a partner, Dr. Archibald Henderson Maclaren, have the large red brick house he had built for himself next door. Dr. Mackid lived in the main house briefly and then settled on a farm where Glenmore reservoir is now situated. After Dr. Mackid's move, Dr. Saunders, another partner, took over the residential portion of the house until his death in the I 940's. Dr. Mackid faced many unusual problems, some of these were caused by the difficulties of communication with new Albertans who did not speak English, many of whom were employed by the C.P.R. We were obliged to pull teeth and we felt we were pretty handy at it. Well, you will remember the large influx of Central Europeans about that time. They had a lot of tooth ache and a lot of bad habits as well, so when a tooth was pulled, they would expectorate on the floor. The result, they had to be taught, so they received a kick in the pants. It got so that when a tooth was pulled, they grabbed it and ran, and they would not expectorate till they got to the post office. They thought the kick in the pants was part of the treatment.34 Dr. Mackid retired from the group in 1958, at the age of 76. He had per­ formed all the surgery for the practice until ten years previously when he had decided that it was time to limit himself to general practice and let a younger man gradually take over the surgery. He died in 1975 at the age of 93. 35

Mackid and Maclaren The two Dr. Mackids practiced together without other partners for only a brief time. In the year after Dr. L. S. Mackid returned from hi s postgraduate training, they found it necessary to add another physician, Dr. Archibald Henderson Maclaren. The group continued to practice under the title Mackid and Mackid until approximately 1912. At thi s time it was changed to Mackid and Maclaren and remained so until the l 960's, long after both Dr. H. G. Mackid and Dr. Maclaren had died and Dr. L. S. Mackid had retired. Dr. Archibald Henderson Maclaren was born in 1876 in Huntington, Quebec. He obtained his early education at the Huntington Academy and then entered McGill University in 1894. He received a degree in arts with honours in 1898 and then entered the medical school from which he graduated in 1902. He spent a year as an intern at St. Luke's Hospital in Ottawa and then accepted a position as a ship's surgeon for two years traveling to West Africa, India, and South America. Upon his return in 1905, Dr. Maclaren was employed as the medical officer for the survey parties for the transcontinental railway in Quebec and Ontario until 1907 when he came to Calgary and took up practice with Dr. Mackid. He settled into the practice easily since, Dr. Maclaren possessed to an unusual degree, a very attractive personality 32 Medical Clinics and Physicians of Southern Alberta 1875- 1960

and the ability to make and to hold hi s friends down through the years. He was held in high regard by his confreres in Calgary.36 He was married in 1911 to Agnes Meyer, a niece of Dr. H. G. Mackid's wife, and practiced with the group until the elder Dr. Mackid' s death in 1916. Shortly after this, Dr. Maclaren joined the army medical corps and was stationed at the No. 3 General Hospital in Boulogne, France. In 1919 he was demobilized and returned to practice with Dr. Ludwig Stewart Mackid. He was an enthusiastic athlete and especially enjoyed golf, hockey, and fishing. 37 The Canadian Pacific Railway continued to expand to meet the needs of the rapidly growing population of Alberta. By 1909, the Mackid group found it nec­ essary to invite yet another associate to join them. Dr. George Ray Johnson was born in Welsford, New Brunswick in 1877 and received a B.A. in 1898 at Sackville in the same province. Following this, he studied medicine at the College of Physicians and Surgeons in Baltimore, Maryland, completing hi s degree at McGill University in 1902. He spent the next two years as a ship's doctor and then three more as a medical officer for the railway survey parties in Northern Ontario. He came West in 1908 to join the Brett Hospital in Banff. He began working with the Mackid group in the following year, leaving in 1912 to enter into partnership with Dr. F. L. Hazard. He also married one of Mrs. Mackid's nieces. After serving in the first World War, he became Director, Department of Soldier Civil Re-establishment Service, a position which he held until 1928 when he resumed private practice. He was Registrar of the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Alberta from 1922 until 1945 , became a senior member of the Canadian Medical Association in 1942, and in 1946 President of the Canadian Medical Council. He was also Chief Coroner for Calgary for many years. He died in 1956.38 After Dr. Johnson's departure, the group did not immediately take on another partner. This may have been due to the greater number of physicians practicing in Calgary and outlying districts by this time or to a reduction in railroad con­ struction activity in the area. During World War I, the departure of physicians overseas created a shortage of qualified medical practitioners at home. Dr. Ludwig Stewart Mackid's departure left the practice shorthanded and the death of hi s father, Dr. Harry Goodsir Mackid, intensified the problem, for although the younger Dr. Mackid returned immediately, Dr. A. H. Maclaren decided to join the medical corps soon afterwards. When Dr. Maclaren left for the army, Dr. William Edward Saunders was invited to join the practice to take hi s place. Dr. Saunders was a native of Woodstock, New Brunswick and had received hi s early education there. He attended medical school at McGill University, where he graduated in 1902. He first practiced in Maine. In 1905, he came to Alberta and did locum tenens work with several renowned pioneer doctors including Ors. Mewburn, Kennedy and Brett. However, due to poor health, Dr. Saunders gave up medicine in 1908, took up a homestead fifteen or twenty miles north of Cochrane, and proceeded The Mack.id Group 33 to breed prize poultry. In 1912, at his wife's urging, he came out of retirement to practice with Dr. Andrew Walter Park who attended to the workers from the nearby mines, quarries and brick yards. However, a depression affecting these industries soon put an end to the partnership. In 1913, Dr. Saunders returned to his homestead where he remained until 1916 when the shortage of physicians created by the first World War convinced him to join the Mack.id group as a general practitioner. He remained with the group until hi s death in 1947.39 It is evident that the addition of Dr. Saunders was insufficient to meet the needs of the growing practice. The physicians of the group also hired three young University of Toronto graduates at about the same time. None of these remained with the group after the war. Dr. Morley C. Salmon, a 191 l graduate, was listed in the Henderson Directories for Calgary in 1916 as a member of the Mack.id group; Dr. John E. Macklim was listed in 1916 and 1917; and Dr. M. McDonald, about whom there seems to be no further information, was listed in 1918. Due to the nature of city directories, these physicians probably joined the group somewhat before these dates. Dr. Morley C. Salmon was born in London, Ontario in 1885. His family moved to Lucknow in the same province during his boyhood, but almost cer­ tainly after the Mackid family had left that town. He later attended the Kincardine high school. He taught school from 1904 until 1907 when he entered the University of Toronto. Upon his graduation in 191 1, he practiced in Langdon, Alberta where he remained until coming to Calgary in the fall of 1915. In 1912, he married Irene Reid. Dr. Salmon practiced with the Mack.id group for one year only, after which he practiced solo elsewhere in Calgary for many years. Throughout this time, he continued to maintain offices in Langdon. Ill health caused him to retire to Victoria, British Columbia where he died in 1937 at the age of 51. He is buried in Calgary.40 Dr. John Edward Macklim was born in Moffat, Halton County, Ontario and grew up in Hespeler. He attended Knox College in Toronto and then the University of Toronto where he graduated in 191 l. Dr. Macklim came directly to Alberta and established his first practice in Carstairs where he remained four years. Dr. Macklim then came to Calgary and became associated with the Mackid group for two years. He left to do eight months postgraduate work in Chicago, after which, in 1918, he went overseas with the Canadian Medical Corps with the rank of Captain. He served as a specialist attached to Witley Hospital, England. Upon his discharge in 1919, he took up solo practice in Calgary as a specialist in heart, blood, urinary, and skin diseases. He became a life member of the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Alberta, and of the Canadian Medical Association, Alberta Division. He died in 1966 at the age of 79 .4 1 The return of Dr. Maclaren alleviated the immediate need for additional physicians within the group. Drs. Mack.id, Saunders, and Maclaren seem to have practiced together without any outside aid until 1929 when Dr. T. Edwin Kirk was listed as a member of the group. Dr. Kirk was a 1927 graduate of McGill 34 Medical Clinics and Physicians of Southern Alberta 1875-1960

University and registered in Alberta in February, 1929. Hi s stay was of short duration and by 1930 he had been replaced by Dr. Charles Burton Wright. Dr. Wright graduated from McGill University in 1929 and joined the practice in the following year at the age of 28. For many years Dr. Wright lectured in obstetrics to student nurses at the Calgary General Hospital. He replaced Dr. Mack.id as the senior member of the group from 1957 to 1962, before he himself retired in 1963.42

The Next Generation

By 1940, most of the physicians in the group were nearing retirement age. Ors. Saunders and Maclaren died during this decade. The physicians found it necessary to add several new members to the group to lighten their work load. Like some of the earlier members, many of these younger physicians remained with the group for only a brief time before moving on to other positions. In 1942, Dr. Elmer Hector McFayden joined the practice. Dr. McFayden was born in 1909. He graduated from the University of Alberta in 1940 and in the same year opened a practice in Exshaw where he married Dorothy Crocker, a Holy Cross Hospital nursing graduate. Deciding he needed more experience, he came to Calgary and became the first intern at the General Hospital. However, he soon secured a release from this contract so that he could undertake the care of the one thousand employees of a new munitions plant under the supervision of Dr. Mack.id, beginning on November 1, 1941 . The position was intended to last for the duration of the war, after which Dr. McFayden would continue to work with the Mackid group. However, his association with it was brief. In 1943, he joined the Baker Clinic in Edmonton, then in 1946 he moved yet again, this time to take up practice with Ors. Kennedy and Galbraith of Stettler. Next, in partnership with Dr. H. F. Mcinnis, he bought the practice of Dr. L. M. Rogers in Camrose. He died in 1972.43 Dr. James Walter Love also joined the practice in 1942. He was born in Calgary in 1909 and attended the University of Alberta, where he graduated in 1942. He practiced with the group briefly and then left to join the Royal Canadian Army Corps with the rank of Major. After the war, he returned to Calgary and rejoined the Mackid practice. He left in or shortly after 1947 to practice solo in the Medical Arts Building in Calgary. He died in 1983.44 Dr. Peter Archibald McDonald joined the group in about 1943, presumably to help take the place of the physicians who had left to join the war effort. He was born in 1881 and attended Western University in London, Ontario. He registered in Alberta in 1917 and practiced in the coal branch district of Alberta until he was forced to leave due to ill health in the early 1940' s. He came to Calgary soon afterwards and, according to the city directories, remained with the Mack.id group until 1946 or shortly thereafter. Throughout the association, he lived at the Mack.id house. Dr. McDonald died in 1947.45 Another native Albertan became associated with the practice in 1945. Dr. The Mackid-Group 35

William Ronald Fraser was born in Lacombe, Alberta in 1911 and had been a classmate of Dr. Love. He left after a very short time to take up solo practice.46 In 1947, Dr. Harvey Hugh (Bill) Black joined the practice. Dr. Black was born in Toronto, Ontario in 1914. He received a degree in economics and politi­ cal science and then worked in the investment and financial publishing business. However, he soon realized that he wanted to become a doctor and began to take his premedical training at night school. He returned to medical school full time and graduated from McGill University in 1943. Dr. Black interned at the Montreal General Hospital and then spent three years in the Royal Canadian Medical Corps. Upon hi s release, he undertook a rotating internship. Although by thi s time Dr. Black could have qualified as a specialist in more than one field, he came to Calgary because he did not want to speciali ze. He enjoyed all aspects of medicine and was unwilling to give any up, as he wou ld have had to in order to work in an Easte.rn hospital. By 195 1, he was the president of the medical staff at the Calgary General. He left the group in 1961 to take on a solo practice. Dr. Black's interest in fa mil y medicine led him in 1964 to help organize a resi­ dency program in fami ly medicine for young physicians who wanted additional training, but did not want to specialize. The idea of extra training in general practice was a fairly radical concept, but its advantages were soon realized and the Calgary program was imitated throughout North America. Dr. Black was appointed associate director of the Family Medicine Residency program at the Calgary General Hospital. He remained in this position until hi s retirement. He left retirement to implement a similar program in Charleston, South Carolina. After a year, he returned to Calgary and worked with Student Health Services from 1976 to 1986. He is currently engaged in research and writing.47 Dr. William Huey, a 1939 graduate of Edinburgh University, joined the group in the same year as Dr. Black. He was born in Northern Ireland in 191 3, and reg­ istered in Alberta in 1946. However, he left before he had been associated with the group for more than a year. He died in 1958.48 In 1948, Dr. Ludwig Stewart Mackid, then 66 years old and the group's only surgeon, invited Dr. William Oswald Rothwell to join the practice as surgeon, so that he might ease away from this aspect of practice. Dr. Rothwell was born in Regina, Saskatchewan in 191 3 and graduated from McGill Uni versity in 1937. Like the Drs. Mackid, Dr. Rothwell became chief of staff and head of surgery at the Calgary General Hospital. Dr. Bl ack recalled that he was an outstanding teacher of interns and residents over many years. He was still with the group in 1988, although only part time. His son Bruce has fo ll owed in hi s footsteps and has completed a surgical training program at the Un iversity of Calgary.49 By 1948, Dr. Noel L Smith, a thirty year old nati ve of Belfast, Ireland had also joined the group as a general practitioner. He received his medical degree in Dublin, Ireland in 1942. In 1946, he began an internship at the Calgary General Hospital. He remained with the group until about 1960 when he suffered a coro­ nary and found it necessary to retire from general practice with the group. Upon his recovery, he continued to work out of the Colonel Belcher hospital, but had 36 Medical Clinics and Physicians of Southern Alberta 1875-1960

another coronary in 1964 which proved fatal. While in Calgary Dr. Smith, an enthusiastic musician, organized a band of doctors and pharmacists in which he played the saxophone.50 Dr. Norman J. (Nick) Wight joined the group in 1952. The son of Sergeant Bob Wight, a pioneer Mountie, he was born and raised in Bassano. He served with the R.C.A.F. in World War II. Upon his return he entered medical school at the University of Alberta and graduated in 195 J. He came to the practice directly from Edmonton. Dr. Wight practiced family medicine with the group until ill health forced him to retire in 1978. He was extremely active in the youth science fair and also in the St. John's Ambulance as a trainer and examiner. He was awarded the serving medal of the Order of St. Johns in 1970 by the Governor General of Canada. He died in 1979.51

I.Ater Developments By the early 1950's, the two storey house at 220 Sixth Avenue S.E. was becoming rather crowded. Therefore, more office space was added to the struc­ ture. The office, since Dr. Rothwell's arrival, was always staffed by two nurses. House call s were the order of the day. Not only did physicians visit people in their homes, but the nurses did as well. Sent out to attend dressings and adminis­ ter medicine, the nurses traveled in a car supplied by the physicians. Of course, the stables originally located behind the house had long since been replaced by a garage and a man to look after the cars.52 Unlike many group practices, the group did not grow to a vast size. This was partially due to the nature of their practice. It was only necessary to expand to meet the needs of the C.P.R. employees and their families. The limitation of the physicians to general practitioners also prevented their expansion. The largest size that the practice attained was six physicians in the I 950's: Drs. Mackid, Wright, Smith, Black, Rothwell, and Wight. Even then, Dr. Rothwell insisted, "six was too big. Your problems multiply with the numbers."53 Even in this peak period, one can see the beginning of the decline of the Mackid group. In the early I 950's, the Canadian Pacific Railway enrolled their employees in Medical Services Incorporated. Of course, many of the group's old patients continued to come to the group, but others decided to go elsewhere, now that they were not limited to the Mackid group. The other reasons for the group's existence had vanished similarly. It was now considered a conflict of interest for physicians to own laboratories or X-ray facilities, especially since outside facilities were excellent and readily available in a city such as Calgary by thi s time. By 1966, the name which had remained Mackid and Maclaren since 1912 was changed to W. 0 . Rothwell and Associates, following a guideline passed by the Alberta Medical Association's Committee on Ethics which prohibited group practices from retaining names of physicians no longer practicing with the group. At the same time, the practice, a victim of downtown rehabilitation, was one of the first businesses to be paid by the city to relocate. A move to the The Maclcid ~roup 37

Palliser Square building, home of the C.P.R. stati on, was planned, but since the building was still under construction when the doctors were ready to move, the group relocated in the old Greyhound Building at 622 First Street S.W. There they remained until 1972 when the practice finally moved to Palliser Square West at 422, 131 Ninth Avenue S.W. Dr. Rothwell explained, "We felt obliged to come here [Palliser Square] because of the C.P.R."54 In the new offices, many reminders of the history of the group remain. On one wall of the waiting room is a small portrai t gallery of some of the notable past members of the group as well as some photographs of the original building. The other walls and the offices are decorated with pictures of trains which Dr. Rothwell has collected during his career with the group. The old waiting room benches, as stiff, square, and uncomfortable as ever, are still in use (all but one of them have been at the clinic longer than either physician) and on them one can often find C.P.R. employees, now mostly retired, and their fami lies who continue as patients. By the late 1980's only Dr. Ian M. Gunn, a 1960's arrival, practiced full time with the group whi le Dr. Rothwell worked part time. At this time Dr. Gunn has practiced with the group for more than twenty-seven years and Dr. Rothwell for forty . During an interview early in 1988, they said that they plan to end thi s part­ nership in the very near future. 38 Medical Clinics and Physicians of Southern Alberta 1875-1960

Notes

1 W. 0 . Rothwell, interview with J. Middlemiss, 15 July 1986, Calgary, Alberta. 2 Canadian Medical Association, 65th Annual Meeting Brochure dated June 1934, Glen bow Archives, Calgary, Alberta. 3 H. C. Jamieson, Early Medicine in Alberta, (Edmonton: University of Alberta, 1947) p. 29. 4 H. H. Black, interview with F. C. Hanis, 13 January 1988, Calgary, Alberta. 5 Rothwell. 6 Rothwell. 7 Rothwell. 8 Calgary Associate Clinic Historical Bulletin, 5(February 1941) p. 4. 9 Calgary Albertan, 30 July 1920. io Hilda Neatby, "The Medical Profession in the North-West Territories," in S. E. D. Shortt, ed. Medicine in Canadian Society: Historical Perspectives, (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1981) pp. 176-8. 11 Calgary Associate Clinic Historical Bulletin, 5(February 1941) p. 4. 12 Calgary Associate Clinic Historical Bulletin, 13(November 1948) p. 59. 13 Alberta Medical Bulletin, I !(January 1946) p. 32. 14 E. Hardwick, E. Jameson, E. Tregillus, The Science, the Art and the Spirit: Hospitals, Medicine and Nursing in Calgary, (Calgary: Century Publications, 1975) p. 19. 15 Hardwick pp. 18-9. 16 Hardwick p. 19. 17 Alberta Medical Bulletin, 14(April 1949) p. 48. 18 The High River Pioneers' and Old Timer's Association, Leaves from the Medicine Tree, (Lethbridge: Lethbridge Herald, 1960) p. 384. 19 "Marion E. Moodie: The First Nurse to Graduate in Alberta," Calgary Associate Clinic Historical Bulletin, 4(February 1940) p. 8. 2° Canadian Medical Association Journal, ?(February 1917) p. 169. 21 Canadian Medical Association Journal, ?(February 1917) pp. 168-9. 22 Archibald Oswald MacRae, History of the Province of Alberta, (The Western Canada History Co., 1912) pp. 483-4. 23 The Calgary Herald, 9 November 1897. 24 Rothwell. 25 G. M. McDougall, personal communication with F. C. Harris, Calgary, Alberta. 26 Grande Prairie Herald, 5 July 1921 and MacRae pp. 838-9. 27 Calgary Associate Clinic Historical Bulletin, (November 1948) p. 56. 28 Alberta Medical Bulletin, 17(February 1952) p. 54; Canadian Medical Association Journal, 66(February 1952) p. 193 and MacRae p. 839. 29 L. S. Mackid, transcript of taped interview with S. Jamieson, 1969, L. S. Mackid Papers, Glenbow Archives, Calgary, Alberta. The Mack.id Group 39

JO Mack.id Transcript. 31 Mack.id Transcript. 32 Hardwick p. 73. JJ Mackid Transcript. 34 Mack.id Transcript. 35 Rothwell. 36 Canadian Medical Association Journal, 5 l (July 1944) p. 90. 37 Canadian Medical Association Journal, 51 (July 1944) p. 90 and MacRae pp. 484-5. 38 Calgary Albertan, l 4 February 1956. 39 Alberta Medical Bulletin, I 3(April 1948) p. 28. 40 Canadian Medical Association Journal 36(May 1937) p. 548 and John Blue, Alberta Past and Present: Historical and Biographical, vol. III, (Chicago: Pioneer Hi storical Publishing Co., 1924) pp. 429-30. 41 Canadian Medical Association Journal, 94(March 1966) p. 690 and Blue pp. 453-4 42 Rothwell. 43 Dr. McFayden made so many career moves in so short a time that to footnote them individually within the text would be intrusive. In order of appearance they are: Calgary Herald, 16 December 1940; Alberta Medical Bulletin, 5(0ctober 1940) p. 18; G. M. McDougall ed., Teachers of Medicine: The Development of Graduate Clinical Medical Education in Calgary, (Calgary: Gerald M. McDougall, 1987) pp. 37-8; Alberta Medical Bulletin, 8(April 1943) p. 12; 11 (January 1946) p. 2; 11 (April 1946) p. 22. 44 Calgary Herald, 12 January 1983. 45 Canadian Medical Association Journal, 57(0ctober 1948) p. 48. 46 Alberta Medical Bulletin, ?(January 1942) p. 11 . 47 Black. 48 This information was supplied by the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Alberta. 49 Rothwell. 50 Rothwell. 51 Calgary Herald, 12 April 1979. 52 Rothwell. 53 Rothwell. 54 Rothwell. 40 Medical Cl ini cs and Physicians of Southern Alberta 1875- 1960

Dr. Harry Goodsir Mackid, the founder of the Mackid Group, in 1893. Glenbow Archives, Calgary

Dr. James Delamere Lafferty, the first partner Dr. Charles John Stewart, one of the first of Dr. Mackid in Calgary. members of the Mackid Group. Glenbow Archives, Calgary Glenbow Archives, Calgary The Mackid Group 41

The Mackid Group during the /940's. L to R.: Drs. Archibald Henderson Maclaren, James Walter Love, Ludwig Stewart Mackid, Charles Burton Wright, William Edward Saunders. Glenbow Archives, Calgary 42 Medical Clinics and Physicians of Southern Alberta 1875-1960

The home of the Mackid Group in 1895. Rothwell and Associates, Calgary

The home of the Mackid Group in 1963. Rothwell and Associates, Calgary The McEachem. Group 43

THE MCEACHERN GROUP

by J. Middlemiss and F. C. Harris

Calgary's second group practice developed from the desire of several physi­ cians to improve the standard of medical care available to Calgarians and to make their own life and work a little easier. The group was founded in 1905 when Dr. Thomas Henry Crawford invited the newly arrived Dr. John Sinclair McEachern to practice with him. 1 The two physicians obviously found this arrangement convenient and several years later decided to expand further so that they could afford better equipment and facilities. Unlike the other two groups in Calgary, this group never had a permanent name. Throughout the group's history, the title was changed to include the names of the physicians currently within the group. Therefore, although the title was originally Crawford and McEachern, it was changed to McEachern, Graham, Crawford, and Merritt when Ors. William Ezra Graham and Willis Merritt joined. When Dr. Graham retired permanently from the group in 1921 , his name was immediately removed from the title. This practice of changing the title to keep pace with the changes that occurred within the practice as new part­ ners were added and others left, continued until the title was changed perma­ nently to Ingram and Associates in 1963. Due to the large number of partners in the group, the old system was no longer feasible. Physicians practicing with the group usually did not immediately become partners, so a physician might work with the group for several years before his name was incorporated into the title. Even contemporary physicians and patients utilized many different titles for the group.2 To avoid confusion the name of the group's most famous physician who remained through the greater part of its history, Dr. John Sinclair McEachem, is used.

A contemporary physician, Dr. J. W. Richardson, recalled the original part­ nership:

When I first came to Calgary in 1910 there were just twelve doctors prac­ ticing in this city. Most of the men were strong minded, capable and indi­ vidualistic. There were only two clinics or groups of doctors working together. The clinic as we know it now was unknown then. I was very much impressed by the work of what was then known as the Crawford and McEachern clinic. I considered them outstanding, professionally. They always practiced under very high ethical standards.3

According to the 1910 Henderson Directories for Calgary, there were actually more than three times this number of physicians practicing in Calgary in this year. However, the rapid growth of the practice substantiates the comment about the excellence of Dr. Crawford and Dr. McEachem's work. Initially the partners 44 Medical Clinics and Physicians of Southern Alberta 1875-1960 practiced in offices 7 - 10 in the McDougall Block on the S.W. comer of First Street and Eighth A venue East. Later members of the group would insist that the group never became a "clinic." Each person had his own patients. The group formed an association to reduce costs. "Labs were handy things to have and the best way to maintain one was by entering into an association."4 Although the physicians may not have thought of the practice as a clinic, it eventually gained most of the characteristics of one. Like many clinics, the earn­ ings were pooled, with physicians initially drawing a salary and then working their way into a partnership. In I 952, the starting salary for a general practitioner was $500.00 a month. This was soon followed by a raise, retroactive to the time of employment. After a time, usually about three years, the physicians might be admitted to the partnership.5 In the later years of the group, a business manager took care of the finances. Sunday hours were a normal part of the heavy sched­ ule at the practice and the physicians remained on call outside of office hours. "If you were the junior man in the group . . . , you got a lot of the night work from the other fellows," a surgeon with the group noted.6 Therefore, the physi­ cians did share their work load to some extent. In addition, since the practice came to contain many specialists, it is probable that the members referred patients to each other. Even in the early years, Dr. Crawford tended to specialize in obstetrics and Dr. McEachem in surgery, although both were general practi­ tioners. It is evident that other Canadian physicians regarded the McEachem group as a clinic. When the Canadian Association of Medical Clinics was founded in I 964, the McEachem group was one of the "known clinics" asked to send dele­ gates. They did so and members of the group became active in this organization.7 The physicians with the McEachem group were usually older, experienced men with very good training, often in a specialty. Although they later hired younger men, the good training remained and despite the many changes that took place in the McEachem group over the years, the group continued to be highly respected. Like the Calgary Associate Clinic, they practiced almost exclusively at the Holy Cross Hospital. Although the members of these two groups, especially the older members, frequently quarreled, the Associate Clinic had a great deal of respect for their rivals, and when necessary would call them in for consultations. In general, although the group received many referrals because of the fine reputations of the members, most of these came from outside Calgary.8 Dr. McNeil, a physician with the Calgary Associate Clinic, described the work of the McEachem group. It was generally considered if you went to the McEachem Clinic your choice of doctors was very good. You were going to see serious, good capable men. My wife to be was Dr. McEachem's operating room nurse for a period. He would be assisted by one of the junior men - Dr. Ingram or Dr. Inksater. The work was careful, precise and painfully prolonged. The McEachem Group 45

Dr. McEachem's operating theatre was so quiet you could hear anything. Everything asked for; an instrument, for exampl e was requested in a gen­ tl e, dignified manner.9

The group itself appears to have been organized in a similarly dignified man­ ner. Although there was no elected or appointed president, the senior member of the group was unofficia ll y in c harge. For ma ny decades thi s was Dr. McEachem. He was fo llowed in tum by Dr. Menitt, Dr. Jennings, and finally Dr. In~am who supplied leadership until the group's di ssolution. Most of the decision making, however, was done in a remarkably democratic manner by the entire group. Members of the group also mutually agreed upon the admittance of new members. Dr. Jack Manes, a l 950's member, recalled some of their meth­ ods. The partners would hold about three or four meetings a year to discuss any matters needing attention. If something came up requiring immediate attention we would hold a special meeting to resolve the matter. In January of each year we would hold our annual meeting. One of the items on the agenda, of course, was the distribution of income. This to me was very intriguing, and could only work with a group that was fai r minded and conscientious. Each partner would write down on a slip of paper what percentage he felt that he and all the other partners should receive. The slips would then be given to the business manager who would total them and take an average, which would then be announced as the forthcoming percentages. Strangely enough it worked. I know that the final figures were never more than one half a percentage point off what I had written on my slip. This system worked for many years until one of the new part­ ners decided that he should receive an immense percentage, and the rest a pittance. This changed then to the three senior partners deciding on a fa ir distribution.10

Having the senior partners make decisions about percentages was not a great improvement. Debates over earnings were a factor in the demise of the group in the late 1960's.

The First Partnership: Crawford and McEachern

Dr. Thomas Henry Crawford, the first member of the group to come to Calgary, was born in 1871 near Athens, Ontario. He received hi s elementary and hi gh school education in that town which enabled him to teach school in Leeds County fo r several years. Following this, he attended the medical school at Trinity College in Toronto, graduating in 1900. He practiced for two years in Perrington, Michigan before moving to Calgary in 1902. He quickly became involved in many activities in the new town, including the Y.M.C.A. and the Boy Scouts. Dr. Crawford specialized primarily in obstetrics, an area in which hi s ski ll and knowledge were highl y respected. He entered into partnership with 46 Medical Clinics and Physicians of Southern Alberta 1875-1960

Dr. McEachern in 1905 and remained the senior member of the group until his death in 1925. He was elected president of the Calgary Medical Society in 1922 and played a large part in making inoculations against diphtheria and scarlet fever available to school children free of charge. 11 The other half of the partnership, Dr. John Sinclair McEachem, was born in Stayner, Simcoe County, Ontario in 1873. He received his early education in the local public schools and later at the Collegiate Institute at Collingwood, after which he taught school for four years. He then began his medical training at Trinity College where he graduated in 1897. Dr. McEachern became house sur­ geon at the Toronto General Hospital before taking a course at the New York PostGraduate Hospital. He then established a solo practice in Elmvale, a small town in Ontario, where he remained six years. Soon afterwards in 1899, he mar­ ried Elizabeth Johnston. In 1904, he left to do postgraduate work in surgery in England. Upon his return in 1905, he registered as a physician in the North West Territories, which included Alberta until its inception into confederation as a separate province later in 1905, and came to Calgary where he practiced surgery for many years. 12 Dr. McEachern was highly respected by his patients and his fellow practition­ ers, not only for his capability as a physician but also because of his firm princi­ ples and high ideals. Dr. George Prieur, a pediatrician at the Associate Clinic, remembered an occasion when he called Dr. McEachern in for a consultation on one of his patients. "He agreed with my diagnosis and no surgery was indicated. But the quality of the man showed when he would not consider charging any fee." 13 Dr. Macdonald, a surgeon who joined the group during the 1940's, remem­ bered Dr. McEachern as being "very, very formal; a wee, little, short chap with strong ethics." On his Sunday rounds, regardless of prevailing fashions, he inevitably wore a frock coat and striped trousers, since he felt that this was the proper attire for a physician. 14 Dr. McEachern was heavily involved in the politics of medicine and made many valuable contributions. He was largely responsible for saving the Canadian Medical Association when it was in dire financial straits during the l 920's. At the Halifax meeting of the Canadian Medical Association in 1920,

it was disclosed that it [the C.M.A.] had but a few hundred members, practically no assets and approximately $14,000 of liabilities. The sugges­ tion was made that it disband. McEachern was on his feet in a flash. He deplored any such suggestion, and, as is so often the case under the cir­ cumstances, found himself appointed chairman of a committee of one with power to add, to consider the situation and bring in a report. 15

To remedy the financial situation, Dr. McEachern suggested doubling the annual membership fee and floating a $20,000 bond issue. The plan was suc­ cessful and the Canadian Medical Association has moved steadily forward ever since. The McEachem Group 47

Elected president of the Alberta Medical Association in 1908, Dr. McEachem saw the benefits of a federal structure for the provincial medical associations. This would result in greater efficiency si nce it would centralize revenues and resources and allow programs to be coordinated throughout Canada. The merg­ ing of overlapping programs would free physicians and funds for other pro­ grams. In 1934, when he became the second Albertan to be elected president of the c.M.A.(the first was Dr. Harry Goodsir Mackid of the Mackid group), he urged the provinces to unite under the C.M.A. In 1935, the Alberta Medical Association under the leadership of its president, Dr. Daniel Stewart Macnab (also the president of the Calgary Associate Clinic) was the first to do so. Dr. McEachem believed that "the doctor has three functions; first to prevent disease; second to relieve pain; and third, to assist nature in the curing of dis­ ease."16 He made important contributions in all of these areas. Along with Dr. W. H. McGuffin, who had an X-ray clinic in Calgary, Dr. McEachem founded the Alberta Cancer Society. He led the medical profession on a crusade to eradicate the disease. He recognized the need for early diagnosis and tried to encourage the establishment of a national body to fight cancer. He faithfully supplied both the Alberta Medical Bulletin and the Canadian Medical Association Journal with articles about cancer to increase public and medical awareness. While president of the C.M.A., Dr. McEachem also tried to promote aware- ness of cancer among physicians. In 1937, it was John McEachern who persuaded the Canadian Medical Association to establish a Department of Cancer Control and to proceed with the organization of a Canadian Cancer Society. 17 He was also one of the original members of the King George V Silver Jubilee Cancer Fund. Established in 1935, it contained more than $450,000 that was used to educate the public and profession about the disease. Much discussion revolved around cancer and how the fund could best be used to battle the disease. In council discussion it was asked if money would be available for research. Dr. J. S. McEachem, then Chairman of the Committee on Cancer, said that there were astounding variations in the attitude toward research; some thought it was vital work; others that radium should be made generally available; others that diagnostic clinics should be set up. His own feeling was that we should concentrate for the present on teaching about early signs and symptoms and the necessity for prompt treatment and recognition of our limitations. When these things had been done he thought there would be a demand for research and then the money would be forthcoming.18 When paying tribute to Edward Jenner, whose observations as a student led to the discovery of small-pox vaccinations, Dr. McEachem said that: One of the most important results of Jenner's discovery was that it 48 Medical Clinics and Physicians of Southern Alberta 1875- 1960

aroused others to consider the possibility of immunization against other diseases ... it was not so much the importance of the individual discovery in medical research, but the influence this discovery had on making other people think and improve in other directions. 19 Despite his involvement in committees and associations, Dr. McEachem still found time to give one hour lectures to nurses at the Holy Cross Hospital on a variety of topics.20 Shortly before hi s death in 1947, he was awarded the first honorary life mem­ bership by the Canadian Cancer Society. He also received the King George V Silver Jubilee medal and the Dr. Starr award for human itarian services, the latter being one of the highest awards a physician can receive.

The First Associates In 1912, Drs. McEachem and Crawford were joined by three physicians, Drs. William Ezra Graham, Willis Merritt, and Heber Havilock Moshier. At this time, the group moved to 200 Maclean Block, 109 Eighth Avenue S.E. Dr. William Ezra Graham was born at Smith's Falls, Ontario. He attended Trinity College in Toronto, graduating in 1899. He practiced at Enniskillen, Ontario until 1900 when he emigrated to England. While there, he obtained a M.R.C.S . and a L.R.C.P. at London and a F.R.C.S . at Edinburgh which was an outstanding qualification for the time. Dr. Graham's obituary states that he remained in England until 1907 when he came to Calgary. However, he proba­ bly left Engl and prior to thi s time. For although contemporary city directories suggest that he did indeed arrive in Calgary in 1907, he registered in the North West Territories in 1905 and in Alberta in 1906. Prior to joining Drs. McEachem and Crawford, Dr. Graham practiced at 9 Bums Block. Although this cannot be substantiated, it seems probable that he was in some way associ­ ated with Drs. Charles John Stewart and Donald D. McLaren, both formerly of the Mackid group. The latter partnership occupied 8 and 9 Bums block from 1905 until 1908 when Dr. Graham was first li sted in 9 and they in 8 only. However, this association could not have lasted long. By 1910, Drs. Stewart and McLaren had moved to offices 8, 9, and 10 in the Lineham Block, while Dr. Graham remained in his Bums Block office until he joined the McEachem group. Dr. Graham worked with Drs. McEachem, Crawford, and Merritt until 1914 when he left to serve overseas in the first World War. Upon his return, he served along with Dr. G. R. Johnson, formerly of the Mack.id group, at the Soldiers Civil Re-establishment as a specialist in surgery for a year and a half. Throughout this period and the war years, Dr. Graham was listed as a member of the McEachem partnership. He appears to have retired from the group in 1921 when he became terminally ill with cancer. He died in 1922 in Calgary at the age of 47.21 Dr. Willis Merritt was a native of Smithville, Ontario. He received hi s degree The McEachern Oroup 49

in Toronto in 1905 and completed postgraduate work as an internist and anes­ thetist at Johns Hopkins. He came to Calgary in 191 I as the first cardiologist in me young town. Dr. Merritt became hi ghly respected within the medical community. One of I.he few physicians who refused to become involved in petty di sagreements, he was often called when other physicians (including those from the other group practices) required a second opinion. He was recogni zed as "a first class diag­ nostician . . . In the early days if you encountered problems, the thing to do was to get Dr. Merritt to come handle it. "22 Dr. Prieur, who occasionally attended some of Dr. Merritt's younger patients, commented that he was always impressed by their good manners. When Dr. Prieur asked how he came to have such well behaved patients, Dr. Merritt told the young pediatrician that "I run my practice, my practi ce does not run me." 23 Although Dr. Merritt sometimes seemed stern, he was well liked by the younger doctors. Dr. Macdonald recalled that:

He would never carry an air of superiority or flaunt hi s knowledge. He treated everyone with the same respect and was one of the nicest people to anyone junior to him.24

Dr. Merritt was elected president of the Alberta Medical Association in 1926 and succeeded Dr. McEachern as the senior member of the practice in 194 7. He decided to retire in 1951 although hi s name remained in the group 's title until 1955 . He died in 1959.25

Dr. Heber Havilock Moshi er was a 1909 graduate of the University of Toronto. According to the records of the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Alberta, he was born in Calgary. After interning at the Toronto General Hospital for two years, Dr. Moshier registered in Alberta in 191 2 and was li sted as a member of the group in the same year. He was only associated with the group briefly since he accepted the chair of physiology and biochemistry at the newly formed University of Alberta Medical School in 191 3 or 1914. While there, Dr. Moshier also took charge of the Provincial Laboratory. He went overseas in 1916 along with several students to aid in the war effort. Jn a despatch dated 7 April , 1918, General Sir Douglas Haig listed Major H. H. Moshier as one of the Canadians worthy of special mention. Tragically in 1918, not long after he was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant Colonel in the No. 11 Canadian Field Ambulance, Dr. Moshier was killed in action in France. In 1925, the Volunteer Overseas Medical Officers Association offered the Moshier Memorial Medal for general proficiency at the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Alberta.26

The practice expanded rapidly. Since the work load became too heavy for the physicians following the departures of Ors. Moshier and Graham, Dr. Arthur Irvine McCalla was invited to join the practice in 1914. He was born in St. Catherines, Ontario in 1887 and spent his youth there. He attended the University of Toronto where he received first a degree in arts and then another 50 Medical Clinics and Physicians of Southern Alberta 1875-1960 in medicine in 1911 . After hi s internship, he did postgraduate work in pathol­ ogy. He arrived at Calgary in 1914 as a pathologist at the Calgary General Hospital. Within the same year he joined the McEachern group. He later became a diagnostician and surgeon and was highly respected for his work in these fields. He served as president of the Calgary Medical Society.27 Dr. McCalla and his wife Muriel were closely involved with the Calgary Symphony Orchestra. The creation and continuance of the Calgary Symphony Orchestra were impossible without hi s determination and steadfast support. The office of President which his modesty declined, but which was his right of service was accepted only because his fellow directors resolutely declined to con­ sider hi s refusal and elected him in his absence. 28 In addition to his love of music, he was an enthusiastic gardener. However, Dr. McCalla had little leisure to enjoy these activities. He worked with the group until 1935 when he died of pneumonia at the age of 48.29

The Next Generation When the deaths of Ors. Graham and Crawford and the expansion of the prac­ tice necessitated the addition of several new physicians, the partners continued to recruit physicians with some specialist training, although they were still expected to carry on a general practice. As the next new associate, the members of the group chose a highly trained physician already well known to Calgarians, Dr. William Henry McFarlane. Dr. McFarlane was born near London, Ontario in 1888. He attended the University of Western Ontario where he graduated in 1910 as a gold medalist. He undertook postgraduate work in London, England prior to establishing a practice in Wallacetown, Ontario. He served in the first World War and then, in 1919, took up solo practice in Calgary. He joined the group seven years later, replacing Dr. Crawford as the obstetrician. He worked there until his death in the operating room in 1943. 30 Dr. McEachern said of Dr. McFarlane: His training fitted him to practise modern scientific medicine; but his native qualities fitted him to practice his art in accordance with the best traditions of the 'Doctors of the Old School'. To hundreds of men, women and children in Calgary and the district he was not only the beloved physi­ cian, but as well, guide, philosopher and friend. No labour was too great or too exhausting if it would bring help to his patients. This caused him to work without cessation until he fell dead at a patient's side.31 Dr. Harry Nelson Jennings arrived very soon after Dr. McFarlane. He was born in Simcoe, Ontario in 1893. He enlisted during World War I, serving with the Canadian Expeditionary Force, the Royal Flying Corps and the Royal Air Force. Following this, having been persuaded to study medicine by the renowned physician, Sir William Osler, he attended the University of Toronto, The McEacherQ Group 51 graduating in 1924. He did his internship at Buffalo, New York and then post­ graduate studies in pathology at the University of Toronto. Afterwards, he came to Calgary to practice and became associated with the McEachern group. Ten years later, he left the group to go to Britain for two years postgraduate work in internal medicine. Upon his return, in addition to his work with the group, he became chief of the department of medicine at the Holy Cross Hospital, a posi­ tion he held for eighteen years. He also was heavily involved in the medical societies of the time. He was a president of the Alberta Medical Association and a senior member of the Canadian Medical Association. A brilliant physician himself, he demanded perfection from both his colleagues and students. For example, upon his arrival at the Holy Cross Hospital at 8: 15 a.m., he expected his interns to have completed their rounds.32 Thus, although they admired his teaching and medical abilities, he was not always popular with his contempo­ raries on a personal level. In his spare time, Dr. Jennings was an avid big game hunter and became an outstanding marksman. With Dr. Ingram, Dr. Jennings supplied the leadership and guidance that was needed to keep the practice together after the founding members had retired. He himself retired in 1959 or 1960 and died in 1974.33 In 1928, Dr. William E. Ingram, a general surgeon, joined the practice. He was born in Summerberry, Saskatchewan in 1901. He graduated from the University of Manitoba in 1927 and moved to Calgary in the next year when he began his association with the group. He was active in medical politics and in 1958 was elected president of the Council of the College of Physicians and Surgeons. Dr. Manes, who worked with him for many years, recalled: Dr. Ingram was a very shy and retiring man, he was quite introverted, but God had given him the finest pair of hands and brain that a surgeon could ask for. In the operating room he was an absolute magician. I have never seen a finer surgeon than he was. I was honoured to be able to watch his surgery and doubly honoured to be his associate. He was a blessing to the people of Calgary, because of his talent. Incidentally on his retirement he was appointed Emeritus Chief of Surgery at the Holy Cross in recognition of his ability. 34

A contemporary physician supported Dr. Manes' comments about Dr. Ingram.

For several years, many Calgary doctors and many grateful patients looked upon him as one of the best abdominal surgeons in Calgary. He was a good diagnostician and a very busy and expert surgeon.35

Dr. Ingram eventually took charge of the group and remained with it until its dissolution. He died in 1985 at the age of 83. 36 In 1935, Dr. Hugh Ratcliffe Inksater joined the practice, bringing with him a strong background in research and surgery. He was born in St. Catherines, Ontario in 1906 and received his early education there. Following his graduation 52 Medi cal Clinics and Physicians of Southern Alberta 1875-1960

from the University of Toronto in 1930, Dr. Inksater interned in surgery at the Toronto General Hospital and then at the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto. Following thi s, he did research work at the Banting Institute before returning to the Si ck Children's Hospital as a resident in surgery. After a year, he became a resident in surgery at St. Michael 's Hospital in Toronto for another year, before coming West in 1935 to practice with the McEachern group.37 Here Dr. Inksater remained until World War II broke out. He joined the R.C.A.M.C. and went overseas in November of 1941 as a Captain in the Royal Canadian Artillery. He died two months later in an accident during a blackout in England on January 18, 1942.38 Dr. John T. Maclean, a general practitioner, joined the practice in 1937. He was born in Winnipeg, Manitoba in 1910. After graduating from the University of Manitoba in 1934, he became an intern on the staff of the Royal Victoria Hospital, specializing for one year in urology and two in general medicine, before coming to Calgary in 1937. He is not li sted as a member of the group after 1940.39 Dr. Maclean was replaced by Dr. Norman Scott Park who joined the practice in 1940. Dr. Park graduated from the University of Toronto in 1939 and regis­ tered in Calgary in the following year. In 1941 , he married Olive Elizabeth (Patty) Wilson. He left in 1942 for active service with the R.C.A.F. 40

Post-War Expansion The end of the second World War brought an influx of physicians to the prac­ tice, including several specialists. Dr. William J. Macdonald, a 1945 graduate of the University of Alberta, became associated with the practice in 1946 after completing his internship at the Holy Cross Hospital. He remained there until 1951 when he went to the Mayo Clinic for further training. He returned to practice with the group in 1954, specializing in cardiovascular and thoracic surgery, and stayed with the group until its dissolution. He is now the chief of surgery at the Holy Cross Hospital.41 Dr. Logan Miller Fairbairn al so joined at this time as a surgeon. He was born in Carnduff, Saskatchewan in 1905 and attended the University of Manitoba, graduating in 1927 as a silver medalist. He first practiced medicine and general surgery in Estevan, Saskatchewan from 1928 until 1940 when he went overseas in the second World War. He served with the No. 8 General Hospital until 1945. Upon hi s return, he came to Calgary and joined the McEachern group. He soon became involved in medical affairs in Calgary and in 1949 became the president of the Calgary Medical Society. He remained with the group until 1955 when he entered pri vate practice in Calgary. During his career, Dr. Fairbairn undertook postgraduate work in Chicago, Vienna, and England. Dr. Fairbairn retired in 1971 and died in the following year.42 Dr. John Maxwell, an obstetrician, also joined at the end of the war. He was a The McEacher:n Group 53

native Albertan, having been born in Cochrane in 1909. In 1914, hi s family moved to Calgary where he received his early education. At the age of eighteen he began a career as a teacher, working in Empress, Belfast, and Calgary. He attended University briefly in 1929 but had to drop out due to lack of funds. He taught for six years at High River and then took charge of King George school in Calgary. By this time he had saved enough money to put himself through medical school. He attended the University of Alberta and then interned at the Holy Cross Hospital. He left to join the armed services overseas. Upon hi s return, Dr. Maxwell joined the McEachern group, where he remained until 1955 when he became the superintendent of the Colonel Belcher Hospital. He retired from this position in 1974, although he continued to work as a consultant at sev­ eral nursing homes.43 To make room for these and future additions, the practice moved in 1949, to the third floor of the newly constructed Medical Arts Building on Sixth Avenue and Third Street S.W., where they maintained laboratory and X-ray facilities.44

Dr. John Jacob Porter was the first specialist in diagnostic and therapeutic radiology to become associated with the group. He was born in Calgary in 1916. He attended the Central Collegiate Institute and afterwards the University of Alberta where he graduated in 1940. Dr. Porter then served in the second World War, first in the army and later in the air force. He joined the group for a time after receiving his postgraduate training. Dr. Porter practiced in Calgary until his retirement. As well as being an enthusiastic musician, Dr. Porter was actively engaged in the Alberta political scene as a member of the conservative party. He was the provincial party president from 1963 to 1966. He died in 1985 at the age of 69. 45

Dr. John Dalton Manes was the next physician to join the group. Dr. Manes was born in Winnipeg, Manitoba in 1920 when his parents were returning home to Calgary from a business trip in the East. He spent his youth in Calgary and considers himself a native Calgarian. His grandfather, Dr. John Thomas Manes, was a pioneer physician in Calgary for many years and registered in the North West Territories in 1905. In 1941, John Dalton Manes broke off his studies at the University of British Columbia which he had subsidized by working as a welder, to enter the Canadian Armed Forces. He served with the artillery over­ seas. Upon his return, he entered McGill University where he graduated in 1951. Following his internship at the Holy Cross Hospital, he joined the practice in July, 1952 as a general practitioner and anesthetist. He left upon his appointment as medical director of the Holy Cross Hospital in 1967. In the same year, Dr. Manes was appointed executive director of the Canadian Association of Medical Clinics, a position which he held until 1971. In 1979, Dr. Manes became the administrator of the Holy Cross. He retired in 1987. In recognition of his work, Dr. Manes was awarded a Queen Elizabeth Silver Jubilee medal.46

Dr. James Edward Ross Junkin had joined the group as a general surgeon by 54 Medical Clinics and Phys icians of Southern Alberta 1875-1960

1952. He was born in Toronto, Ontario in 1925 and attended the University of Toronto, graduating in 1949. He left the group in about 1954 to become a con­ sultant to the Workers' Compensation Board of Alberta. * * ' During the later decades of the practi ce, the* group usually contained seven or eight physicians and seems to have served a consistently large clientele. However, the partnership began to break up in the late l 960's. Changes in peo­ ple's thinking and personalities created debate and conflict over the earning capacities of the mixture of specialists and general practitioners.47 Changes in the city found physicians increasingly reluctant to practice in downtown Calgary and the McEachern group's attempts to recruit new members were generally unsuccessful.

When the remaining physicians learned that the Medical Arts Building was going to be demolished, most decided to dissolve their partnership rather than relocate as a group. Drs. Ingram and Dr. William J. MacDonald continued to practice together in another office from approximately 1969 to 1978 when Dr. Ingram retired. The McEachem Group 55

Notes

1 "Calgary Men Who Are Doing Their Work Well," Calgary Herald, 9 January 1932. 2 w. J. Macdonald, interview with J. Middlemiss, 15 Jul y 1986, Calgary, Alberta. 3 J. W. Richardson, The Prairie Doctor, unpublished manuscript, Glenbow Archives, Calgary, Alberta, pp. 85-6. • Macdonald. 5 J. D. Manes, personal communication (letter) to F. C. Harris, 29 May 1988. 6 Macdonald. 7 Manes. 8 Manes. 9 D. L. McNeil, "Medicine of My Time", transcript of taped interview with Andras Kirchner, University of Calgary Medical Library, Calgary, Alberta, p. 39. 10 Manes. 11 Canadian Medical Association Journal, 15(December 1925) p. 281-2. 12 Calgary Herald, 1 September 1932 and Archibald Oswald MacRae, History of the Province ofAlberta, (The Western Canada History Co., 1912) pp. 568-9. 13 George Prieur, 1976 copy of speech, Prieur papers, Glenbow Archives, Calgary, Alberta. 14 Macdonald. 15 T. C. Routley, "Men and Books," Canadian Medical Association Journal, 58(March 1948) p. 290. 16 E. Hardwick, E. Jameson, E. Tregillus, The Science, the Art and the Spirit: Hospitals, Medicine and Nursing in Calgary, (Calgary: Century Publications, 1975) p. 19. 17 Routley p. 290. 18 H. E. Macdermott, History of the Canadian Medical Association, vol. II, (Toronto: Murray Printing and Gravure Ltd., 1958) p. 128. 19 Calgary Herald, 3 December 1943. 20 T . Cashman, Heritage of Service: The History of Nursing in Alberta, (Edmonton: Commercial Printers Ltd., 1966) p. 55. 21 Calgary Herald, 27 November 1922 and Calgary Albertan, 27 November 1922. 22 J. S. Gardner, interview with J. Middlemiss, 20 July, 1986, Calgary, Alberta. 23 Prieur speech. 24 Macdonald. 25 Alberta Medical Bulletin, I 3(July 1948) p. 28. 26 H. C. Jamieson, Early Medicine in Alberta, (Edmonton: University of Alberta, 1947) p. 171; Calgary Associate Clinic Historical Bulletin, I 3(February 1949) pp. 72-3; and Canadian Medical Association Journal, 8(August 1918) p. 762 (dispatch); and 8(November 1918) p. 762 (promotion). 56 Medical Clinics and Physicians of Southern Alberta 1875-1960

27 Alberta Medical Bulletin, 15(0ctober 1950) p. 32. 28 Alberta Medical Bulletin, 15(0ctober 1950) pp. 34-5. 29 Calgary Herald, undated article from McCalla clipping file at the Glenbow Archives, Calgary, Alberta. 30 Alberta Medical Bulletin, 8(April 1943) p. 44. 31 Calgary Herald, 25 January 1943. 32 Manes. 33 Calgary Herald, 14 December 1974. 34 Manes. 35 Gardner. 36 Calgary Herald, 18 February 1985. 37 Alberta Medical Bulletin, 1(October 1935) p. 30. 38 Alberta Medical Bulletin, ?(April 1942) p. 46. 39 Alberta Medical Bulletin, 2(0ctober 1937) p. 24. 40 Calgary Herald, 1 September 1988. 4 1 Macdonald. 42 Calgary Herald, 21 February 1972. 43 Calgary Herald, I May 1974. 44 Macdonald. 45 Calgary Herald, 22 and 26 September 1985. 46 Calgary Herald, 13 February 1982 and Manes. 47 Macdonald. The McEache~ Group 57

Dr. John Sinclair McEacl1 em . Dr. Thomas He11ry Crawford. Gle 11 bow Archives, Calgary Gle11bow Archives, Calgary

McDo ugull Block, Calgary.

The McDougall Block on the S. W. corner of First Street and Eighth Avenue East, C. 1907-12. The partnership of Drs. Crawford and McEachern practiced in offices numbered 7 • 10 before other physicians joined. Glenbow Archives, Calgary 58 Medical Clinics and Physicians of Southern Alberta 1875- 1960

Dr. Willis Merritt, an early member of the McEachern Group. Glenbow Archives, Calgary

Dr. William Ezra Graham, an early member of the McEachern Group. Glenbow Archives, Calgary The Calgary Associate Clinic 59

THE CALGARY ASSOCIATE CLINIC

By J. Middlemiss and F. C. Harris

In 1922, the first authenti c medical "clinic" was established in Calgary. Unlike the other group practices in Calgary, the Calgary Associate Clinic (C.A.C.) was not formed solely through convenience or circumstance. It was the result of many years of planning and research on the part of Dr. Daniel Stewart Macnab, its first president. He visited successful clinics across North America such as the Mayo in Rochester, Minnesota, to learn what made a good clinic work and then convinced four well -established physicians to join him: Ors. George Douglass Stanley, Albert Earl Aikenhead, William Ayer Lincoln, and James Scovil Murray. All had relinqui shed solo practices to join the clinic. Prior to thi s time all had practiced in the same office building independently. Dr. Mac nab was a qualified surgical specialist, while the others were general practi­ tioners.1 The group was original ly known as Associate Physicians and Surgeons because of the professional prejudice against the term "clinic" and the possible confusion that it might create in the public mind. Dr. G.D. Stanley wrote of Dr. Macnab:

Unquesti onably hi s biggest and most worthwhile task was the assembling of a group of capabl e, middle-aged medical and surgical practitioners on Dec. 1, 1922, to organi ze hi s dream and then keeping together enough of them, along wi th a succession of competent additional physicians, to maintain and promote that which has grown during the process of years to be the Associate Clinic of today.2 Dr. Macnab had definite ideas about group practice. "He insisted that a feel­ ing of mutual respect and a spirit of loyalty to one another were absolutely essential for success in a clinic." He recogni zed that:

... ability without definite loyalty is the most dangerous combination an associate of the clinic can possess ... Loyalty was hi s prime demand and hi s personal loyalty to each individual associate was unbounded.3

Dr. Macnab encouraged institutions that would bond this loyalty. He initiated weekly luncheons, where physicians delivered speeches and papers on various topics. The members reviewed their work, highlighting successes and fai lures, and delivered papers on current and controversial topics. Guest lecturers were also invited. These meetings were usually held on Wednesdays, commencing at noon and running until 2 p.m. They were held in various locations within Calgary until finally finding a permanent home at the Palliser Hotel. The meet­ ings acted as a built-in educational system since any member returning from a course or conference would report on what he had learned. At times when they 60 Medical Clinics and Physicians of Southern Alberta 1875-1960

had no speaker, they would discuss articles in current medical journals. These meetings and discussions provided a constant source of learning and stimulus to keep up with current medical knowledge and practice.4 In addition to the luncheons, in 1932 a historical club was formed from which developed the Calgary Associate Clinic Historical Bulletin. It was Canada' s first journal to be devoted wholly to medical history. Dr. McNeil, a clinic physician, recalled:

Other doctors in the city outside the clinic were invited for a talk . .. We often had people from a distance. We would send invitations to Edmonton, maybe to Grande Prairie or to Lethbridge to very fine men who had been in this province for a long time who had great reputations who could tell you about the history of Alberta. They were invited to come and the clinic paid their hotel room .. . and gave some allowance.5

Both the luncheons and the historical meetings were recognized as significant contributions to medical life in Alberta. However, these meetings were not as effective as they might have been. Although they were officially open to any physician who wished to attend, other Calgary physicians, especially those from the other clinics, were seldom invited. Consequently, they missed the benefits of sharing knowledge with some of the most highly trained men in Calgary. These meetings, in particular the historical meetings, were attended by some of the most revered physicians in Alberta. In addition to the weekly and historical meetings, the staff met daily for tea at 4 p.m. in the library whenever their schedules permitted. The discussions here were usually of a non-medical variety but provided relaxation and built up a feeling of camaraderie within the clinic. Although the meetings, the Historical Bulletin, and the library were important contributions to medicine in Calgary, the Calgary Associate Clinic most of all deserves recognition for having brought highly trained physicians to Calgary in almost every branch of medicine. Although specialists were needed in many places, it was often difficult for them to establish themselves in a new town. The Calgary Associate Clinic attracted specialists since they were guaranteed a steady income while they became accepted and had many other highly qualified doctors available for consultation.6 Unlike the other group practices, the Calgary Associate Clinic recruited many of their physicians from outside Alberta and often Canada, especially in the 1930's and 1940's. This was due in part to the influence of Dr. Macnab who felt that he had been slighted by other physicians in Alberta when the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons was forrned. 7 Many of these specialists came from the Mayo Clinic. The Calgary Associate Clinic maintained close contact with the Mayo. Its members frequently attended courses and referred patients there. In addition, "Most of these men, Dr. Macnab, Stanley, and of course, Dr. Scarlett and the others had a close personal relationship with many of the staff of the Mayo Clinic."8 Thus they could easily find the best physicians available. The Calgary Associate Clinic 61

Once these physicians had joined the clinic, their education did not cease. Besides operating the educational meetings, the clinic set aside money to send its members to conferences and courses so that they received the most up-to-date training. Located in a two-storey house at 140 Sixth Avenue S.W., the clinic was well prepared to serve Calgary's population of more than 63 ,000. It employed one nurse, a laboratory technician and a janitor. The laboratory and some X-ray ser­ vices were contracted to Dr. Walter Southard Quint, a pathologist and radiolo­ gist from the Universities of Heidelberg and Toronto. 9 In addition, there was a secretary, Mi ss Isabel Ure, who acted as operator, bookkeeper and receptionist. Mr. S. Hillocks was the legal adviser. 10 The clinic was open five-and-a-half days a week, which included Saturday morning. However, all the physicians were required to work six-and-a-half days. Each physician would take an afternoon off sometime during the week. When the physicians first arrived they were paid a salary; later if they were happy at the clinic and the older physicians were satisfied with their work, they could work their way into the partnership. 11 To ensure the smooth operation of the clinic, the partners met monthly. An administration committee, consisting of the president and two elected members, performed any executive duties.

The Associate Physicians and Surgeons The son of strict Presbyterian parents, Dr. Daniel Stewart Macnab, was born in 1879 in Malagash, Cumberland County, Nova Scotia. When he was fifteen, hi s father became a permanent invalid and young Stewart Macnab had to aban­ don his education to take charge of the family farm . He did thi s efficiently until a half brother came and took over some of the work so that he could resume hi s schooling while continuing to do a large portion of the farm work. At eighteen, he was able to move to Rhode Island, where he lived with his sister and worked in a dairy and soft drink plant to earn enough money to attend university. He refused offers of financial assistance from another half brother, Dr. David Stewart, Professor of Surgery at Bellevue Hospital in New York City. He returned to Canada with enough money to enter Colchester County Academy and received a first class teaching license. For two years he taught at Malagash for $300 a year until he could afford to go to New York University and Bellevue Medical College. Bright and enthusiastic, he led his class each year and then, upon hi s gradua­ tion in 1907, joined the Bellevue Hospital. He served as an intern and house sur­ geon for three years. 12 In 1910 shortly after hi s marriage to Caroline Frazer, a Johns Hopkins Hospital trained nurse, he contracted diphtheria and decided to come to Calgary to regain his health. Although he originally intended to concentrate on internal medicine, he discovered a lack of sufficient surgical skill in Calgary and decided to devote himself to surgery instead. Badly in need of a steady income, he immediately associated with Dr. C. E. Coleman to practice medical contract 62 Medical Clinics and Physicians of Southern Alberta 1875-1960 work. At thi s time, medical contract work was being debated in medical journals and at medical functions across Canada. Since the physicians of Calgary were mostl y against it, This brought him into conflict with the profession of the city, but the Holy Cross Hospital opened its doors and its operating room to him and advised him that they would stand by him through thick and thin.13 Dr. Macnab continued to work solely at the Holy Cross and gradually his rela­ tionship with the other physicians began to improve. He became highly respected in Calgary when others realized how dedicated he was. "He practiced kind-hearted, excellent medicine 24-hours-a-day, seven days a week." 14 Dr. McNeil recorded Dr. Macnab's work habits: Dr. Macnab would work for weeks, to a point of exhaustion, and then he might be admitted to the Holy Cross for a few days' rest ... I can remem­ ber him having drenching sweats, obviously an autonomic nervous system reaction during these hospital admissions.15 His main fault according to his friends and associates was that he " . . . prac­ ticed the loudest unprintable cuss words in the community."16 This failing was compounded by the fact that Dr. Macnab had a remarkably loud voice and his comments tended to reach everyone within a wide radius. Some people insisted that they " . . . never considered it as profanity coming from him; it seemed more like just emphasis." 17 Nonetheless, Dr. Macnab always apologized for his out­ bursts. Dr. McNeil recalled: Dr. Macnab was a most conscientious man and he tried his very best to carry out the best medical and surgical work he could. He would become anxious in the operating room; his language would become bad, he swore; you could hear this awful language coming out, the nurses and everybody would be yelled at and everybody was tense. The assistants and the anes­ thetist could catch hell at any time ... Dr. Macnab when he finished would go around to every nurse that had been in the room and he would personally apologize for what he said in hi s excitement and might say, 'I can't thank you enough', and they loved him so I don't think that he was that much of a terror. When they got sick they would have Dr. Macnab.18 With typical determination, one day Dr. Macnab announced that he would abandon his habit of swearing and did so, immediately and perrnanently.19 Dr. Macnab fought all his life to improve the quality of medical care available to Canadians. In order to change some of the poor medical conditions in Calgary and Alberta, Dr. Macnab was active in several organizations. He sat on tt,e executive of the Calgary Medical Society for several years, and was elected President in 1920. In 1935 he was elected President of the Alberta Medical Association. During hi s term of office he travelled all over The Calgary Associate Clinic 63

Alberta, talking to various groups in the provi nce, and helping to organize the first rural district medical societies. Also during hi s year in office, Alberta became the first Division in Canada to affiliate with the Canadian Medical Association. In 1937 Dr. Macnab was appointed Chairman of the Western Canada Division of the American College of Surgeons.20 Within the clinic Dr. Mac nab devoted himself to the well-being of the patient rather than financial gain. In spite of this, some doctors accused the efficiently run clinic, wi th its business manager, of being a machine that cared little for the patient. However, Dr. McNeil insisted: One of the first things that Dr. Macnab told me and it was repeated [was] that I must not at any time ever be concerned whether the patient could pay or not. You carried out whatever you want[ed] ... in examination or treatment without concern as to cost.21 Thus the patient received the best medical care available regardless of hi s financial status. Dr. Macnab continued to work at the same frantic pace until 1948 when he became permanently incapacitated by a serious illness. He was given a room in the Holy Cross Hospital where he had spent so much of his career. There he died in 1951.22 Dr. George Douglass Stanley was born in 1876 in Exeter, Ontario. He moved with hi s family to St. Mary's, Ontario where he received his early education and then attended the Stratford Normal School. He taught school from 1893 to 1897 before entering the University of Toronto. While there, he developed pulmonary tuberculosis and was forced to fi nish part of hi s final year in the Gravenhurst Sanatorium. There he met his future wife and wrote his final examinations in addition to forming the Lungers Club, whose members he kept in touch with for the rest of their li ves. (Dr. Stanley was the last surviving member.)23 Dr. Stanley graduated in 1901 and was released from the sanatorium. Badly in need of money, he looked for a job in spite of his ill health. He met one of his professors who, after one shocked glance at pale and sickly looking Dr. Stanley, advised him in the following terms: Look here young man, if you entertain any notion of continuing to live on for a while, get out of here at once. Go 'way out to Alberta, take lots of her fresh ai r and sunshine and forget your disappointments.24 Dr. Stanley took this advice and borrowed the fare for a harvesters' excursion to Alberta. There he searched for a town where he could establi sh a practice. He himself explained his final decision: Why did I choose High Ri ver in preference to other communities in Alberta? Again a chance conversation did it. I was travelling on the train to look over an opening in a certain town where I had a strong inclination to locate. There was a small deputization of its citizens, who had been to 64 Medical Clinics and Physicians of Southern Alberta 1875-1960

Calgary for the express purpose of finding a doctor on the train also and they proceeded to picture the marvelous opportunity their locality offered. All I had to do was settle down quietly and bide my time until the present doctor went off on another drunk, and the prize was mine! They warned me above all else to stay away from High River. I li stened attentively and replied with an astuteness for which I still give myself a pat on the back, 'Gentlemen, I fear you have me wrong. I'm no temperance reformer, I'm a practicing physician,' and I proceeded forthwith to Hi gh River. In spite of the fact that I have always been an ardent anti-liquor advocate I still believe that the principle of my decision was good. Another doctor tried the experiment for three months and was starved out. The resident doctor reformed immediately and remained in a state of grace until his competi­ tor left and then he resumed his former routine. 25 Dr. Stanley found himself amongst gamblers, cowpokes, homesteaders, drunks and the zany journalist Bob Edwards, with whom he developed a lasting friendship. Through a combination of luck and skill, Dr. Stanley quickly estab­ lished himself in thi s remarkable community. Again Dr. Stanley tells his own story: I assume that my readers are anxious to know what initial surgical opera­ tions or medical cures established my professional reputation on a suffi­ ciently sure and sound basis that I have been able to carry on with a fair degree of success ever since. I should say that my first two cases did the trick. The first case was one of quinsy. My young patient was unable to swallow at all and was having considerable difficulty in breathing. I attempted to palpitate the abscess in the throat but in my clumsy nervous­ ness I poked it with the end of my finger-and presto! the cure was effected. The magic outcome was a winner for the new doctor and the entire community soon heard about it. The second case was a well known character .. . who presented himself to have a couple of teeth extracted. 'I want them both out,' he said, pointing to two lower molars. I had one pair of upper molar forceps but tackled the job. I fastened onto the back molar and began to extract. The forceps slipped its hold, lodged between the two molars, and out came the pair as clean as a whistle. That new doctor was not only expert to [sic] pulling a single tooth but he knew how to get them two at a time.26 In 1903, Annie Colvin came to High River to marry Dr. Stanley whom she had met while he was recovering in the sanatorium from tuberculosis. As they prepared to depart for Banff on their honeymoon, they were interrupted by a rancher whose wife was in labour. The rancher pleaded with Dr. Stanley to attend the birth. Dr. Stanley protested but his new bride insisted that he do his duty. It would be twelve years before they would enjoy their honeymoon! Dr. Stanley was active in politics. He sat as a M.L.A. and in various medical organizations. Although an abstainer, it was the presence of alcohol that lost him The Calgary Associa~e Clinic 65 his first political victory. In 1907, two years prior to Dr. Stanley running for the legislature as a member for High River, he was visited by a relative from the East who had taken ill and would eventually die. In the later stages of the illness, the relative, unable to keep down solid food, asked for some beer. Dr. Stanley immediately went to the hotel and purchased a dozen bottles. The ill man greatly enjoyed the first beer and when word of the man's pleasure was sent East, the family responded by sending an assortment of liquor to Dr. Stanley. The man died before he could drink a second beer and the liquor was stored in the base­ ment of the Stanley home. During Dr. Stanley's campaign, workers were hired to renovate the basement. The men came upon the liquor and the work was soon forgotten. Mrs. Stanley was forced to drag the men, by then in an alcoholic stu­ por, from the cellar. Dr. Stanley later told how thi s occurrence caused him to lose the election: I was not only a drinker, but the meanest kind of drinker for I was too miserably stingy to share my liquor with any of the boys. I lost the W.C.T.U. vote because I had too much liquor, and I lost the Anti-vote because I had kept it all for myself.27 Nevertheless, he reached the legislature in 1913 and remained in office until he moved to Calgary. He re-entered politics in 1930 as the representative for Calgary East. While in High River, Dr. Stanley owned and operated the first hospital between Calgary and Fort Macleod and helped to build the town' s first Methodist Church. In 1918, Dr. Stanley developed an extremely severe case of pneumonia after going out on an emergency call while suffering from influenza. When he finally was allowed to leave the hospital, he realized, regretfully, that small town medi­ cine was becoming too strenuous for him and that a quieter practice in Calgary would suit him better. Dr. Stanley practiced solo in Calgary for two years. During this time, while Dr. Stanley was the president of the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Alberta, a motion was brought forward that dependents of workmen be included in the Workmen's Compensation Act. Dr. Stanley, who had been absent from that meeting, was called before the Calgary Medical Society to explain the ratio­ nale behind the motion to the irate physicians. He was berated mercilessly by the opposition which included Dr. Macnab. In reply, Dr. Stanley, who actually agreed with the opposition but thought that he should stand by the decisions of the College, said that:

Since coming to Calgary a couple of years ago, whenever I am faced with a question respecting medical procedure, I have learned to follow one invariable policy, and that is to find out what certain doctors in Calgary would do, and then do the opposite.28 Although Dr. Macnab (who had had his share of problems with these physi- 66 Medical Clinics and Physicians of Southern Alberta 1875-1960 cians) disagreed with his stand, he was impressed with Dr. Stanley's courage and soon extended an offer to Dr. Stanley to become one of the first members of the medical clinic. Dr. Stanley quickly established himself at the clinic. In the 1930's, he took charge of the insurance examinations which provided the clinic's major source of income during the depression. A special field of medical practice to which he was devoted and in which he came to possess great wi sdom was that of insurance examinations. This he raised to a fine art. We as his colleagues used to tell him that if such examinations are required in heaven, he will be in great demand and be blissfully in his element.29 Dr. Stanley, along with Dr. Scarlett, founded the Calgary Associate Clinic Historical Bulletin. Hi s column "Medical Pioneering in Alberta," provides a valuable record of Alberta' s early practitioners which has been relied upon extensively in this book. He was a chairman of the Boards of Governors of both the University of Alberta and Mount Royal College. He received a L.L.D. from the University of Alberta in 1951 in recognition of his contributions to Canadian life. He also received the King George Coronation Medal in 1937 and became an honorary life member of the Canadian Medical Association in 1950. In spite of his many activities, Dr. Stanley set high standards for his work as a physician and was greatly loved by his patients. One of his patients grew up to be a jour­ nalist and wrote about her old family doctor. It used to be quite a privilege to be sick in our house - that is, if you were doctor-sick and not just castor-oil sick - because then you had a visit from Dr. Stanley. Dr. Stanley had white hair and a slight limp and a rich laughing voice that you could hear as soon as he stepped on the porch. And as soon as you did hear it, absolutely everything was O.K. no matter how bad it had been before. You stopped being tense and scared and even, sometimes, sick, because he was there, and he would take all your burdens on his shoulders, and not notice them even and he would listen to you so carefully and tell you just exactly what to do, and he would kid a little and tell you his latest corny joke. They were always corny, those jokes, and funny and gentle. And they fitted each one of us . For the five-year-old of the family who lay abed one whole year, there was always the solemn prescription at the end of each visit of a bottle of pop and an ice cream cone, of four balloons for purposes of blowing up, of one tin truck, red, for pushing about the bedspread - prescriptions always as solemnly filled . .. He was never surprised, and never, never shocked. You had eaten green The Calgary Associate Clinic 67

apples, had you? Well, so had he, once. And you had broken your glasses and cut your cheek, scuffling in the school hall ? Well, that was the trouble with glasses. Darned nuisance, weren't they? And like that, the guilt that was half of the sickness melted away. He knew the whole family and all of the ailments that any member of it had ever had. He knew our names, first and second, too. He knew all of our good points and none, so far as I could ever discover, of our bad ones. 30 Dr. Stanley worked strenuously and unceasingly until two weeks before his death in 1954.3 1 Dr. Albert Earl Aikenhead was born in 1882 on a farm near Brucefield, Ontario. He attended the Clinton Collegiate Institute as a boy. He graduated from the University of Western Ontario in 1907 and subsequently interned at St. Joseph's Hospital in London, Ontario for a year. Dr. Aikenhead then establi shed a practice at Hensall , where he married Blanche Armitage. In 191 2, he came to Calgary and built up a solo practice before joining the clinic ten years later. Dr. Aikenhead was deeply committed to his patients' well-being. Unwilling to specialize, he served as a general practitioner and surgical assistant. Later he became an anesthetist although he never limited hi s work to thi s branch of medi­ cine. A. E. A. was one of the last of a generation of practitioners who took the whole of medicine for their practice ... He looked after all kinds and con­ ditions of people because they were human beings and were ill, acting to all such as friend and adviser. 32 Dr. Aikenhead was a member of the advisory board of the Salvation Army and superintendent at Grace Hospital (the Salvation Army Hospital). Hi s son John later joined the clinic, first as a family practitioner and then as an ophthal­ mologist. Physicians in Calgary frequently recall the friendliness of the family. Whenever a new physician came to town, Mrs. Aikenhead would immediately invite him over for tea or dinner. Dr. Aikenhead retired from the clinic in 1947. He became more acti ve in municipal affairs and was elected to city council in 1948. However, he contin­ ued to take pride in watching the progress of the younger physicians at the clinic. He died late in 1954, the last of the original five physicians.33 Dr. William Ayer Lincoln was born in Stanstead, Quebec, probably in 1878. He graduated from McGill University in 1904 and came to Calgary in 1907 where he went into private practice. In 1913, he left for a brief period to do post­ graduate work in London, England. He returned to Calgary and resumed private practice, prior to forming the group practice. During this time he built up an excellent reputation. At the clinic and at the Holy Cross Hospital, Dr. Lincoln was often responsi­ ble for taking X-rays. X-ray equipment in the 1920s was slightly cruder than the machinery of 68 Medical Clinics and Physicians of Southern Alberta 1875-1960

today. None of the wires were shielded, and red and blue lights would run up and down the crackling wires when the machine was turned on by a foot switch on the floor or a panel. This lighting and noise display unnerved many potential X-ray patients. One day a patient happened to step on the foot switch by mistake and Dr. Lincoln, who did the X-rays was in the area and he was thrown across the room. Half his trousers were burnt away when he carefully picked himself up off the floor and said, 'We must do something about that, it's very awkward.' 34

Like other doctors at the clinic, Dr. Lincoln was active in both civic and med­ ical affairs in Calgary. In addition to being an alderman for four years and chair­ man of the public library, he served as the president of the Alberta Medical Association in 1916; was on the member board of executives of the Canadian Medical Association; and after being president in 1946, during the next year was made a life member of the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Alberta. Dr. Lincoln was the first superintendent of the Calgary General Hospital. In the lat­ ter capacity in 1913, appalled by the inadequate equipment in the hospital, he took up a collection from the staff and bought much needed new instruments from Betts of Chicago for the young hospital. 35 He was also active in establish­ ing the Calgary chapter of the Victorian Order of Nurses. In 1930, Dr. Lincoln became a fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons in England and later in Canada. He was the first of the founding members to leave the clinic. Although the precise reason is now unknown, later clinic members ascribed it to personality conflicts, especially with Dr. Macnab. Dr. Lincoln, unlike Dr. Macnab was selected as a charter member of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada after it was formed in 1929 (charter mem­ bers were elected during the first two years) because of his membership in the Royal College of Surgeons in England and his record as a practitioner. This undoubtedly strengthened past bad feelings between the two.36 Both physicians had very strong characters which frequently clashed. By 1938, Dr. Lincoln had established a private practice in Calgary as a very able and busy surgeon. Although Dr. Lincoln was "a complete contrast" to Dr. Macnab's colourful per­ sonality, as he had a "precise, sober nature" and never used bad language, he enjoyed discussing, often heatedly, world affairs.37 He died in Calgary in 1950 at the age of 72. 38

The fifth founding member, Dr. James Scovil Murray, was a native of St. John, New Brunswick. He received his early education at Saint John High School and at Rothesay Collegiate School, before attending McGill University where he graduated in 1904. He first practiced in Upham, King's County, later moving on to Hampton, New Brunswick before coming to Alberta in 1909. Here he maintained a solo practice in Okotoks and then in Calgary prior to joining the clinic. Within the group, Dr. Murray was the unofficial problem solver. His presence in a room was often enough to lift the spirits of those whom he attended. "When The Calgary Ass~ciate Clinic 69 he entered a sick room he inspired confidence - hi s patients felt better; got bet- ter.,, 39 During the early years, group practices often faced strong opposition from the solo practitioners. Many criticisms and slurs were brought against physicians in group practice. To his credit, it was Dr. Murray who helped to bring the group together to rise above the disparaging remarks of hi s fellow professionals. Shortly after joining in practice with his professional associates, he was wounded to the heart by some unkind and untrue accusations that had been made against him and hi s associates. Accordingly, he met his associ­ ates as soon as he could get them together and hi s counter-proposal was put to them as follows, 'Let us give each other the right hand of fellow­ ship in faithful promise that henceforth as a matter of policy, no matter what unkind thing may be said, we will never utter back a single word of resentment. ·4-0

Dr. Murray was an avid fisherman, taking great pleasure in the trout waters of the Highwood River, and was skilled both as a mechanic and a driver. He drove yearly to Vancouver, a city he loved, for the family vacation. The early cars, however, had to be driven up hills backwards to maintain the flow of gas to the engine. Dr. Murray's daughter recalled how he found a solution to thi s problem: Dad attached a pump to his gas tank under the front seat and when a hill threatened, mother would stand up and pump to keep up the pressure, and uphill the car would sail forwards. 41 fn spite of his enjoyment of these activities, Dr. Murray never let his hobbies or even his own personal needs interfere with hi s practice. Whatever he was doing, he would readily abandon to tend a patient. He especially enjoyed obstet­ rical work, in spite of the odd hours it entailed. One associate estimated that Dr. Murray delivered more than 3000 babies during hi s career although he never actually specialized in obstetrics.42 A cardiac condition forced Dr. Murray in 1943 to take a part-time position with a shipping company in Vancouver, performing examinations of seamen. He died there in 1947.43 The clinic tended to invite criticism from conservative Calgary physicians. It was innovative and made no attempt to keep a low profile. Furthermore, it prob­ ably did take patients away from other physicians which caused bitterness. But even more importantly Dr. Macnab himself was quite antagonistic and was not slow to criticize others. Therefore, some contemporaries probably felt justified in treating the clinic and Dr. Macnab rather harshly. On one occasion, the clinic offered a position to a young graduate in the East. The graduate wrote a letter to a professor at the University of Toronto inquiring about the standing of the physicians at the Calgary clinic. The professor in turn sent the letter to a friend who was a doctor in Calgary. The graduate received a reply denouncing the physicians as unprofessional. The graduate decided to visit the clinic in spite of 70 Medical Clinics and Physicians of Southern Alberta 1875-1960 thi s. During his visit, he realized that the description had been false and told Dr. Macnab what had been said. Dr. Macnab ignored the slanderous remarks, instead of confronting the other physician with them or retaliating in kind. The young man accepted the position, but ill health prevented him from returning to the clinic.44 On another occasion, it was rumored that the clinic had taken on some indus­ trial contract work. Dr. Macnab was called before the Calgary Medical Society where he was berated for one-and-a-half hours. He said nothing until they fin­ ished, at which point he quietly denied the allegations and said that the clinic had never entered into a contract and had no intention of doing so. The critics were dumbfounded.45

The Calgary Associate Clinic The five founding members practiced together in the house at 140 Sixth Avenue S.W. until 1928, when they decided that they were firmly enough estab­ lished to start an expansion that was second to none in the city. The members were persuaded that a better correlation of their joint med­ ical and surgical activities could be attained by instituting a reasonable degree of specialization which would not interfere unduly with a well rec­ ognized principle attached to the family practice of medicine.46 With the exception of Dr. Macnab, the surgeon, the clinic physicians were all general practitioners, although Dr. Lincoln had some training in surgery and they all had certain preferences in medicine. The group bought the old Central Methodist Church manse at 214 Sixth Avenue S.W. In the fall of 1929, the manse was moved to the rear of the lot, and a brick front facing Sixth Avenue was erected. At the time the quarters were quite ample, with a large square reception area from which a broad central staircase led to the second floor. There was office space (consulting-room and examining room) for ten doctors. The X-ray section was at the back of the original building. A spacious boardroom and a storage area for supplies were in the basement. An embryo library and a dispensary, opened in 1930, were also located in the basement.47 It was at this time that the name was changed to "The Calgary Associate Clinic." In . . . 1928, there were 86 physicians practicing in Calgary, most as gen­ eral practitioners. Because the city did not have a university nor a medical school, medical organizations and medical life generally were below the level which prevailed in cities possessing such advantages. There was thus little change in the direction of the cosmopolitan medicine, and this was reflected in the fact that specialists and such innovations as a clinic The Calgary Associ_ate Clinic 71

were something less than welcome. This reactionary feature continued to dog medical life and development in the city for the next 30 years.48 In spite of this, in 1928 the group began to recruit specialists. Dr. Harold Price joined the practice as the clinic's first pediatrician. A native of Toronto, Ontario, his father was the first dental radiologist in Toronto and the second in Canada. Thus the younger Dr. Price was not afraid to try new ideas. He entered the University of Toronto in 1915, but left the next year to enlist in the armed fo rces where he had a distingui shed career. He returned to his studies after the war and received a B.A. in premedical arts in 1921. He next studied medicine at Johns Hopkins where he graduated in 1924. Dr. Price took up a rotating surgical internship at the University Hospital for a year and then accepted a Rockefeller research fellowship in pl astic surgery there. Unfortunately, due to radiation burns received during some earl y X-ray research projects he had taken part in, Dr. Price was forced to give up hi s hopes of becoming a surgeon. He later explained that: Since much of the work that year had been spent with chi ldren it was nat­ ural that I would spend the fo llowing year as an intern at the Harriett Lane Home for Children which was the pedi atric department of Johns Hopkins Hospital. A final year before coming to Calgary was spent as resident in pediatrics at the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto.49 Dr. Price joined the Calgary Associate Clinic on the recommendation of Dr. Pirie, a prominent pioneer pediatrician in Calgary. The concept of a special doc­ tor for children was strange to many parents. After Dr. Price's arrival :

Every Tuesday morning the clinic sponsored a 'well-baby cli nic,' where infants up to two years old who had been deli vered by clinic doctors could be weighed and measured and diets could be prescribed.so

Dr. Price continued as head of the department of pediatrics at the C.A.C. until his retirement in 1961. In 1969, he wrote:

l find it almost embarrassing after a lifetime in Calgary to walk through The Bay or any of the large shopping centers. Not usuall y just one but several women are likely to stop me and say something like, 'Why Dr. Price, I'm so glad to see you. You remember little Tommy whom you pulled through pneumonia, well he graduated at Edmonton, is now mar­ ried and has two children and li ves at Vancouver.' The greatest reward is a grateful patient.s1

Dr. Price died at the age of 78 in l 975.s2

Dr. Alexander James Fisher, an obstetrician, joined the clinic in 1930. Dr. Fisher was a native of Stratford, Ontario where he received hi s early education. He graduated from the University of Toronto in 1928 and came to the Calgary Associate Clinic as the head of the department of obstetrics and gynecology 72 Medical Clinics and Physicians of Southern Alberta 1875-1960 after completing his post-graduate work in New York. He remained in thi s posi­ tion for the rest of his career. Another associate recalled: He had no certified qualifications, but such was not common in the com­ munity. He was a very capable, good physician. Hi s dedication might be shown as follows -'it was not uncommon for him to lie down next to the obstetrical table and give a little of his Group "O" blood to a patient whom he thought had lost too much blood. ' 53 Dr. Fisher worked at a frantic pace. Perhaps as a result of this, he died of a heart attack in 1951 at the age of 46. 54 Dr. Earle Parkhill Scarlett, a specialist in internal medicine, joined the clinic in the same year as Dr. Fisher. Dr. Scarlett was born in High Bluff, Manitoba in 1896. He received his early education at the Winnipeg Collegiate Institute and Wesley College. Later he attended the University of Manitoba where he received a B.A. He became a lecturer in English at Wesley College from 1915 to 1916 when he joined the armed services in which he served with the 2nd Canadian Machine Gun Battalion. After his return, he entered the University of Toronto. While there, he founded and edited the University of Toronto Undergraduate Medical Journal, the first journal of its kind in North America. Upon his graduation in 1924, Dr. Scarlett married Jean Odell and then began three years of postgraduate training on the staff at the Henry Ford Hospital in Detroit. Following this, he accepted a position as Assistant Professor at Iowa State University where he did extensive research on heart disease. However, he disliked the materialism there, so in 1930 Dr. Scarlett brought hi s family to Calgary. 55 He later recalled his arrival: I came to Calgary in the fall of 1930 and was met at the station by Doctor Stanley who took me to the Holy Cross Hospital where first of all he introduced me to a pair of eyes above a surgeon's mask. Those eyes turned out to belong to Dr. Macnab. The setting as I saw it on that occa­ sion was typical. Dr. Macnab was always operating intently as if his own life depended on the issue; Dr. Murray, sitting in relaxed fashion at the head of the table was giving the anesthetic; Dr. Aikenhead was assisting, moving about the scene, saying little, and doing his job; Dr. Lincoln was in the dressing room discussing in a fine flow of conversation some topic of world affairs. Dr. Stanley was host and spokesman for the group. It was a characteristic setting that I was to become so familiar with in succeeding years.56 Dr. Scarlett was at first regarded with some suspicion in Calgary as he had brought the first electrocardiograph into the young town. However, he soon became highly respected by doctors and patients alike. Other physicians would often call him in for consultations, for although his examinations were almost invariably brief: His knowledge in medicine was broad . .. The accuracy of Dr. Scarlett's The Calgary Associate Clinic 73

diagnosis was pretty high. This is remarkable because the patients were not 'worked up' by a resident prior to his visit, nor did he have the results 57 of laboratory investigations which are available now to a consultant. Dr. Scarlett also quickly became involved in community life in Calgary. He was engaged in many organizations and activities in cluding the Calgary Symphony Orchestra and the Y.M.C.A., where he gave the first sex educati on classes in Calgary. From 1946 to 1951 he was a member of the Board of Governors of the University of Alberta and later he became Chancellor. He suc­ ceeded Dr. Macnab as president of the clinic from 194 7 unti 1 I ~56 when he decided to work only part time. Dr. Scarlett's many activities kept him exceptionall y busy. He suffered sev­ eral coronaries before he could be convinced to reduce hi s interests. He retired 58 in J 959 and gave up most of his professional activities. In 1971 , a high school in Calgary was named after him and he addressed each year's graduating class until hi s death in 1982. One of hi s most memorable statements was: The best way to face life is with the saving grace of humour, compassion, ceaseless curiosity, a love of beauty, a sense of comradeship and loyalty with all men, women, and animals.59 One of Dr. Scarlett's many important achievements was the founding of a hi s­ torical club at the clinic in 1932. Meetings were held during the winter from September to April. For each meeting two papers would be assigned on some aspect of medical hi story. In actual fact, the librarians frequently had to write the papers for the physicians or at least do much of the research. The physicians giv­ ing the papers were also usually expected to provide photographs or portraits. Eventually the clinic accumulated a large gallery which was housed in the library .6() From this tradition grew Canada's first journal which was completely devoted to medical history, the Calgary Associate Clinic Historical Bulletin. Edited by Dr. Scarlett, who also wrote for several other journals, the Bulletin was pub­ lished quarterly from 1936 to 1958. Dr. Scarlett recall ed its conception: I think we were in the downstairs rotunda of the clinic and Stanley came down the stairs and said, 'Look here, Scarlett, I've just been doing a little thinking. We've got a good historical society going here, and I understand you' re a writer. Why don' t you start a magazine?' 'God almi ghty,' I said, Tm not an editor, don't know a thing about it. I've written a little but that's all.' 'Well ,' he said, 'you do the writing and f'll gather the raw material and you whip it into shape and I'll help you to see if we can get the money out of these fellows to back it..6 1 In addition to providing copies of the papers from the C.A.C. meetings, the Bulletin printed articles from across Canada and even from other countries. Each issue included a section about Alberta's medical hi story written by Dr. Stanley, the co-editor. Today the Historical Bulletin often contains the only information 74 Medical Clinics and Physicians of Southern Alberta 1875-1960 we have remaining about many pioneer physicians. Thi s publication was extremely popular and had a large circul ation worldwide, but it was always given without charge to whomever asked for it. To free the medical staff from administrative tasks a business manager, Mr. Sid Dorland, and a credit manager, Mr. C. 0 . Brown were also added to the staff in 1930. Thi s was consi dered an advantage, since the physicians never knew whether a patient paid or not. Mr. Dorland, a former pharmacist, opened a phar­ macy at the clinic which was operated by Mr. R. Westrop. In the 1950' s, follow­ ing a resolution of the Alberta College of Physicians and Surgeons that practic­ ing physicians should not own pharmacies, the clinic pharmacy was sold, although it continued to be located within the building.62 Mr. Dorland was later replaced as administrator by Mr. Ed O'Connor who was associated with the clinic until the early 1980's. After moving to the new building, in spite of its addition of specialists, the clinic found that it had extra room. Since the clinic hoped to provide complete patient care, it was willing to rent this space to non-members who practiced a specialty which the clinic did not. These included Dr. Sandercock, a dentist, who was replaced in 1934 by Dr. Groff who, in tum, appears to have left by 1937, and Dr. Samuel Cunard West Morris who initially limited his practice to physi­ cal therapy and later di seases of skin and scalp. Dr. Morris was born in 1880 at Broule, Alberta. He graduated from McGill University in 1903 and registered in Alberta in 1913. Contemporary directories locate him in the clinic building from 1930 until 1935. In 1932, Miss Margaret Shields, the nurse who had served the entire clinic since 1928, retired for a brief time, probably due to exhaustion. Prior to joining the clinic, she had been night supervisor at the Calgary General Hospital where she had trained. At this time the clinic increased the number of nurses on the staff to a more realistic number. Miss Shields, who became Mrs. Duthie, returned to become the supervisor of nurses at the clinic. In between marrying and raising a family, she held this position until 1958 when she retired from nursing and took charge of the clinic library until her death in 1982. During the 1930' s when the principal income of the clinic came from insurance examina­ tions, Mrs. Duthie helped patients and physicians alike by selling turkeys, rasp­ berries, and strawberries. She would get orders from the staff and their friends and ask patients who had no money to bring in the produce in lieu of cash. She paid the patients considerably more than they would get from a store, but since there was no mark up, the staff paid extremely low prices. Half the proceeds would go towards the doctors' bills and half would be paid to the grateful patients. Mrs. Duthie also arranged to buy shopworn children's clothing from the Bay and gave it to needy patients.63 The library had grown gradually. By pooling their journals and setting aside funds to buy medical textbooks, the physicians were able to build up an excel­ lent collection. In 1935, Mrs. Frances Coulson was hired as a full time librarian and an outstanding medical history collection was accumulated. The library was The Calgary Associate Clinic 75

open to all physicians whether they were clinic members or not. This was the home of the Historical Club meetings as well as the daily coffee sessions.64

Expansion and Specialization After the mid- I 930's the clinic began to expand even more rapidly. Many physicians joined the staff during the next five years, most of them young enthu­ siastic specialists with outstanding training. Dr. Macnab reversed the trend that was appearing in the McEachern and Mackid groups at this time, of hiring mainly those physicians that had attended the Uni versity of Alberta or interned at a Calgary hospital. He deliberately recruited highly trained speciali sts from outside Alberta especiall y from the Mayo Clinic, although many physicians were recruited from Eastern Canada. Dr. McNeil, who became associated with the clinic in the late 1930's, explained that this was due to conflicts between Dr. Macnab and other Calgary physicians, particularly those in group practice. 65 In 1935, the practi ce was joined by Dr. Clyde Marcus Cabot. Dr. Cabot received his medical degree at the University of Minnesota in 1930. He com­ pleted a year's internship at the Minneapolis General Hospital and then joined the Mayo Clinic in the departments of laryngology, oral and plastic surgery, ophthalmology, and otology and rhinology for four years before becoming asso­ ciated with the Calgary Associate Clinic as a specialist in otolaryngology.66 An associate at the clinic recalled that he was:

. .. the best E.N.T. physician I have ever known ... In my later associa­ tion ... I learned much from him. I soon realized that should you refer a patient to him, you must have considered the whole medical implications broadly, for he might send the patient back to you with a significant med­ ical and perhaps more than an E&T [sic] diagnosis.67

Dr. Cabot left the clinic in 1941 to take up a State Government appointment in Red Wing, Minnesota.68

He was followed in 1936 by Dr. Hugh Alexander Stuart, a surgeon. He was born in 1904 in Sydney, Nova Scotia. He received his early education at Sydney Academy and attended McGill University. Following his graduation in 1928, he did postgraduate training at the Royal Victoria Hospital in Montreal. He then accepted a position as physician to the Canadian Government Arctic Expedition and the R.C.M.P in Baffin Island. After two years, he left to join the neurosurgi­ cal staff of the Postgraduate Hospital at the University of Pennsylvania. He remained there until he received a three year fellowship in general surgery at the Mayo Clinic where he later became an assistant in surgery before leaving to come to Calgary.69 Dr. Stuart was an outstanding surgeon and is said to have introduced chest surgery to Calgary and possibly to Alberta, as well. He certainly performed the first advanced chest surgery at the Baker Sanitarium. Until his arrival, the sur- 76 Medical Clinics and Physicians of Southern Alberta 1875- 1960 geons there had only been able to perform minor operations.70 He was a fellow of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada, a fellow of the American College of Surgeons, and a member of the Western Society of Clinical Surgeons. Dr. Stuart worked with the clinic until 1955 when he retired to California. He died in San Jose in 1965.71 Soon after Dr. Stuart's arrival, Dr. Frederick Pilcher, a genitourinary surgeon, joined the clinic. He was born in Peterburg, Virginia in 1906. He attended the University of Virginia, graduating in 1929. Following his internship at the Virginia Mason Hospital in Seattle, Washington and the University of Virginia Hospital, Dr. Pilcher did postgraduate work in pathology in Vienna. In 1933, he received a fellowship in urology at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, where he remained until 1937 when he came to Calgary with his wife Marjorie McGuire whom he had married in 1934. He enlisted in the Canadian Army Medical Corps in 1943, but returned to the Calgary Associate Clinic after the war and became the first head of the department of urology. An associate recalled:

Dr. Fred Pilcher of Mayo was a man with an extreme southern accent. He was a very popular man in town. He liked to work with young people fly­ ing model airplanes etc. He spent time with children in spite of being a very busy doctor. 72 He became the senior consultant in urology at the Holy Cross and Colonel Belcher Hospitals and was a staff member at the General. He was also active in medical societies. He was highly skilled and performed some of the first transurethral resections in Alberta. Unfortunately, he died while still in his for­ ties in 1954.73 Dr. Henry Vernon Morgan, a surgeon, joined in 1938. He was born in Kenora, Ontario. After graduating from the University of Manitoba in 1928, he practiced in rural Saskatchewan. He later recalled a rather characteristic incident from this first practice:

The Red Cross Society in those parts had a custom whereby it organized an annual 'Tonsil Day' clinic at one or other of the small communities. All school children or adults for fifty miles around who wished to avail themselves of having their tonsils removed were gathered together in a large central hall or school and placed on stretchers or camp-cots and left to await their various turns. On this particular occasion, a spacious unused old pool hall provided the 'torture-chamber.' As the work progressed the place became one of blood, vomitus, corruption and uproar. The children were mercifully taken first and the adult procession followed in due and struggling course; in probably a band of fifty. Last of all came two big husky, uncouth Swedes who knew all about the effects of Copenhagen snuff and scotch whiskey. Aether stat. and q.s. [Ether, an anesthetic, immediately, and as required] was poured on each in tum until he sub- The Calgary Associate Clinic 77

sided temporarily enough to snare out hi s tonsi ls; then the Swedes were deposited on closely adjoining cots to await their revival to Swedish good nature. The surgeons next retired to the home of the local physician for rest and afternoon tea. When they returned to the 'Tonsil Mill ' in about half an hour, the Swedes had arrived by an entirely new ro ute, it is true, at that old familiar stage of inebriation when it was time to roll and roar. One propped himself up and looked around, saw a patch of blood on hi s left arm and hand and more on his pillow, and then spied his companion in a similar state of besmearment. Instinctively he knew hi s next move. With a roar and a snort and a volley of blankety-blank-blanks, he lunged on top of hi s coll apsed associate and proceeded to finish the fight which he thought had wrecked him at its start. The surgeons, nurses, orderlies, the chauffeur and some passers-by succeeded at length in restoring peace and order. The two heroes subsided and snored themselves back to good neighbourliness and friendship, and the clinic went on its way rejoicing. 74

Dr. Morgan left hi s practice to do postgraduate work in Edinburgh, where he received his F.R.C.S. in 1937. He joined the Calgary Associate Clinic in the fol­ lowing year. Dr. Morgan worked with the clinic for many years and succeeded Dr. Scarlett as president of the C.A.C. He was also very heavi ly involved in many munici­ pal, provincial, and nati onal medical organizations. He served as president and director of the Calgary Medical Society and Alberta Medical Associati on as well as on various committees for the Alberta and Canadian Medical Associations and was closely involved in the battle over medicare. He retired in approxi­ mately 1967 and died in 1978 at the age of 76.75 Dr. Richard C. Gross, an ear, nose, and throat speciali st, joined in 1938. He was a 1932 graduate of Queen's University. He practiced with the clinic until the end of 1942 when he joined the armed forces. In 1943, while still in the ser­ vices, he married Margaret El sie Wood. He rejoined the clinic in 1945 but prob­ ably resigned after little more than a year.76 Dr. Roy Watson Culver, an ophthalmologist, also joined the clinic in 1938. He was a 1931 graduate of the University of Toronto. However, he had resigned from the clinic by 1943 and opened an office in the Southam building. He died in 1981 at the age of 74.77

Dr. Robert Stephen Swan born in 1912 and a graduate from the University of Manitoba in 1937, joined the clinic in 1938. He registered in Alberta in the fol­ lowing year. He remained with the clinic until approximately 1940. Dr. Swan was one of many young physicians the Calgary Associate Clinic hired who had completed his internship but wanted some more practical experi ence in medicine or surgery. Starting in about 1937, two physicians were engaged yearly for a one or two year term. 78 This gave both the clinic and the young physicians the oppor­ tunity to judge whether they were fitted for clinic life. Dr. Swan later appears to 78 Medical Clinics and Physicians of Southern Alberta 1875- 1960 have moved to Manitoba and remained there for at least one year prior to going to London, England.

In the late I 930's, in an attempt to improve its service and offer medical grad­ uates a chance to study in Calgary, which lacked a medical school, the clinic in conjunction with the Holy Cross Hospital also began to offer an internship pro­ gram. The graduates attended the senior physicians on their rounds, wrote up case reports, and assisted in the operating room. However, some of the first interns did not feel that they really benefited by this experience since they had little actual responsibility and educational aspects were not emphasized.79

One of the early interns was Dr. Donald Lauchlin McNeil, who later joined the clinic in a position similar to Dr. Swan's and then stayed on permanently, specializing in internal medicine. Dr. McNeil was born in Estevan, Saskatchewan in 1914. He spent most of his school years in Winnipeg, where he was briefly apprenticed to a pharmacist. He entered the United Church College (later the University of Winnipeg) in 1932 to take premedical courses, before entering the medical school at the University of Manitoba. Upon his graduation in 1939, Dr. McNeil came to the Holy Cross Hospital in Calgary to do his internship.

Hospitals were not in the habit of paying interns. There was some effort at that early stage to attract medical men in Calgary. Through the Calgary Associate Clinic, and the Holy Cross Hospital, they made it attractive in that you could earn a little bit of money. It wasn' t much. It was a matter of $75 a month for the first six months, and if you stayed for the latter half of the year you received $150 a month.80

This system was not overly successful since all patients were admitted by their own doctor and were under his care. Thus the interns were given little opportunity for first- hand experience. Because of this, Dr. McNeil decided to leave. However, Dr. Macnab asked him to reconsider and told him that there would be a place for him at the clinic where he could get more experience if he finished his internship.

The Clinic had an idea that they'd like to have a young doctor and they wanted him to live right within the Clinic. You know many of our patients were seen right in the building. Emergency departments did not operate like today. You would go to your own doctor and in his office he would have enough equipment to suture your wounds and look after most things. If you called him even at night, if he didn't see you at home, he might tell you, 'I'll meet you at the office rather than at the hospital.' You had as many facilities at the clinic probably as you would at the hospital. The emergency room at the hospital was not always used. I don't think there was a full time nurse in the emergency department at the Holy when I first started. 81 The Calgary Associate Clinic 79

Dr. McNeil agreed and undertook the position in 1940 along with Dr. B. J. Murph y. This arrangement li ghtened thei r financial burdens considerably. "There was a room downstairs in the basement and one or two of the younger single physicians who worked at the clinic would sleep there."82 These physi­ cians would take care of emergency call s. The poli ce would often bring in peo­ ple who had been injured in fights to be stitched up before they were taken to the jai~ e remained with the clinic for two years, until he decided to join the armed forc es. Before he left, the clinic promised him a place with them fo r the rest of hi s life. Upon hi s return, he did postgraduate work at McGill University in internal medicine. Following thi s, he received a fellowship for a year in hematology at the Royal Victoria Hospital in Montreal. He returned to the Calgary Associate Clinic in 1947 and almost immediately was appointed chief of the department of medicine at the Calgary General Hospital. Eventually, he was also appointed to thi s position at the Holy Cross. He served as president of the Alberta Medical Association and of the Calgary Medical Society. Dr. McNeil was director of Student Health Services at the University of Calgary until 1979. Although he has retired from many of his appointments, Dr. McNeil is still active in medical affairs.83 Dr. Brian J. Murphy, a 1938 graduate of the University of Manitoba, li ved with Dr. McNeil in the basement of the clinic for a brief peri od prior to joining the army medical corps. Upon hi s return, he practiced with the group as a gen­ eral practitioner between 1946 and 1948 and subsequently undertook speciali st training in diagnostic radiology.84 The addition of the new physicians resulted in a lack of space at the clinic, as the average yearly patient registration had grown to 55,000. The ori gi nal manse was tom down in 1939 and a large addition with room for 20 physicians was erected. Departments of dietetics and physical therapy were added and the X-ray department was expanded. The di spensary, now located on the main floor, was looked after by four graduate pharmacists. The laboratory was an important part of the clinic. It was run from before 1930 until 1939 by Mr. Fred Langston, a pathologist. During the early years when our laboratory was doing all the work of the clinic, including serology, Wassermanns and pregnancy tests, we main­ tained an animal house of sorts behind the clinic building with a colony of rabbits and guinea pigs, as well as having a sheep which was billeted at the Bums Plant in East Calgary. Periodically Fred Langston who was the accomplished curator of thi s menagerie would call in medical members of the staff for advice in zoological matters. In thi s connection, one of the most hilarious memories of the older staff members is the spectacle of a solemn group of medical clinicians conferring anxiously with Mr. Langston in the backyard outside the animal house, and trying to decide 80 Medical Clinics and Physicians of Southern Alberta 1875-1960

the sex of the various members of a consignment of rabbits which had just arrived.85 Mr. Langston was replaced in 1940 by Mr. J. Ray Dunn. As it grew, the shape of the organization changed and those in charge estab­ lished specialty departments within the clinic. Committees were formed to study problems of administration that arose.

Recent History After 1940, the additions to the staff are too numerous to provide detailed biographies for each individual member of the group within the text (see appen­ dix). Many doctors left the clinic to serve in the second World War. New doc­ tors joined to replace those that had left and, unless they found themselves unsuited to group practice, they usually remained with the clinic even after the others returned. In total, approximately two hundred physicians were associated with the clinic at one time or another. Soon after the end of the second World War, the clinic decided that expansion of the clinic buildings was essential. The physicians were crowded together in small inadequate offices. Unfortunately, building materials were strictly rationed as a result of the war and the clinic was not allowed to erect a new structure. Therefore, they built ramps connecting existing structures with a building which had formerly been the home and office of a Dr. Gibson. This, however, was only a temporary measure and in 1950 a new building was erected on land purchased west of the clinic buildings. At this time the existing structures were renovated and redecorated. A four storey addition was completed in 1964 but this quickly proved inadequate. In 1967, Dr. Gibson's house and the 1939 addition were tom down and a larger four storey addition was built in their place. The l 950's addi­ tion was retained as a wing.86 In 1957, the anesthetists, finding that it was difficult to carry on a general practice in addition to their specialty, split off amicably from the group. While at the clinic, they had been expected to do anesthetics in the morning, see patients from their family practice in the afternoon, and then spend long evenings doing pre-operative examinations of patients scheduled for surgery on the next day. This was an exhausting work load at a time when most physicians' hours were being or had already been reduced. However, the anesthetists remained closely associated with the clinic.87 This situation was common to many clinics at this time. The size of the clinic enabled its doctors to be active in outside activities if they wished. Members of the clinic could be found sitting on the executives of numerous organizations established to promote the advancement of medicine throughout the world, while others were heavily involved in research or teach­ ing. The clinic was in charge of the medical services for the Calgary branch of the University of Alberta (later the University of Calgary) from its inception until The Calgary Associate Clinic 81 the t 960's, when a Student Health Service was organized by Dr. Donald Lauchlin McNeil, a clinic physician. The clinic also took care of the Calgary Stampeders until they acquired their own facilities. 88 Although by this time the clinic physicians could and did become associated with any hospital in Calgary, due to a slight lingering trace of ill feeling towards the Calgary General Hospital and a sense of tradition, they remained most closely connected to the Holy Cross Hospital.

In May, 1960, a new heart-lung machine was purchased by the Calgary Associate Clinic and given to the [Holy Cross] hospital ... The heart-lung machjne, described as a medical milestone, perrrutted the surgeon to per­ form procedures that formerly were impossible.89

The clinic by the 1980' s was very different from that which was founded in 1922, but certain features remain.

The structure framework has changed gradually over the years from a general practitioner group to a multi-specialty group; however, the emphasis is still on each patient having hi s own family practitioner. From the famjjy doctor the patient is referred to the area of specialization that is needed. 90

Originally the clinic received few referrals from within Calgary due to a con­ viction on the part of the other doctors that the clinic would appropriate their patients. However, the clinic often received referrals from towns, such as Drumheller, in the area surrounding the City of Calgary. Now the physicians at the Calgary Associate Clinic are accepted by other physicians and referrals are numerous. The weekly meetings are no longer conducted, having ended in the I 970's, and much of the library has been donated to the University of Calgary Medical School. The laboratory and radiology department was sold to Calgary Diagnostic Laboratories in 1979 and 1986 respectively, although both are still located within the clinic building. The clinic reached a peak of almost 50 physicians in 1982. At this time, sev­ eral of the clinic members wanted to become professional corporations but the clinic agreement would not allow them to do so. (It has since been rewritten.) Some resigned and relocated; others resigned from the group but continued to practice in the same office. Therefore only about 25 members continued their association. In 1984, the value of land downtown skyrocketed and the clinic found itself surrounded by construction of Bow Valley Square. The skyscrapers were built right against the four storey clinic and closed off the side windows and rear entrance. Further inconveniences were added by lack of parking and faulty air conditioning.91 Wanting to escape the hustle and bustle of downtown, while not sacrificing its central location, the clinic moved to 1228 Kensington Road N.W. They now practice under the title, "the Associate Clinic." Although 46 physicians were practicing in the new building in June 1988, only 29 were actual members of the clinic. At that time there were departments 82 Medical Clinics and Physicians of Southern Alberta 1875-1960 of family practice, internal medicine, orthopedics, general surgery, ear, nose, and throat, pediatrics, cardiology, and pediatric cardiology. The departments of obstetrics and gynecology and ophthalmology no longer exist since the members have retired or resigned and the clinic has been unsuccessful in finding replace­ ments. Physicians from several other group practices in Alberta insist that this will prove to be the beginning of the end for the clinic, which they feel will not be able to survive in its divided form. However, thi s is purely speculation, since the Associate Clinic is still one of the largest group practices in Alberta and one of the few large multi-specialty groups that is still growing. The Calgary Assoc\ate Clinic 83

Notes

1 V. Orr, "Hi story of the Calgary Associate Clinic," unpublished essay, 1976, University of Calgary Medical Library, Calgary, Alberta, p. 1. 2 G. D. Stanley, "Daniel Stewart Macnab," Calgary Associate Clinic Historical Bulletin, 16(May 1951 ) p. 19. 3 "Daniel Stewart Macnab," p. 14. 4 G. 0 . Prieur, interview with J. Middlemiss, 14 July 1986, Calgary, Alberta. 5 D. L. McNeil, "Medicine of My Time," transcript of taped int~rview with Andras Kirchner, University of Calgary Medical Library, Calgary, Alberta, p. 3. 6 McNeil p. 51. 7 G.M. McDougall ed. Teachers of Medicine: The Development of Graduate Clinical Medical Education in Calgary, (Calgary: Gerald M. McDougall, 1987) p. 161. 8 McNeil p. 52. 9 Calgary Herald, 22 April 1948. 10 "Historical Sketch of the Calgary Associate Clinic," unpublished paper, 1965, University of Calgary Medical Library, Calgary, Alberta, p. l. 11 Prieur. 12 E. Hardwick, E. Jameson, E. Tregillus, The Science, the Art and the Spirit: Hospitals, Medicine and Nursing in Calgary, (Calgary: Century Publications, 1975) p. 127. 13 "Daniel Stewart Macnab" p. 12. 14 Prieur. 15 McDougall p. 161. 16 Prieur. 17 "Daniel Stewart Macnab" p. 19. 18 McNeil p. 37. 19 "Daniel Stewart Macnab" p. 19. 20 Orr pp. 6-7. 21 McNeil p. 32. 22 General biographical information for Dr. Macnab may be found in : Calgary Associate Clinic Historical Bulletin, I 6(May 1951) pp. 10-24; Canadian Medical Association Journal, 64(April 1951) p. 372 23 G. D. Stanley, A Round-up of Fun in the Foothills, (privately printed, no date) pp. 1-6. 24 Fun in the Foothills p. 6. 25 Fun in the Foothills pp. 6-7. 26 Fun in the Foothills p. 58. 27 G. D. Stanley, "A Medical Pilgrim's Progress," Calgary Associate Clinic Historical Bulletin, 3(August 1938) p. 9. 28 Macnab obituary, unedited version from the Public Archives of Canada. 29 E. P. Scarlett, "And ... At the Last," Calgary Associate Clinic Historical Bulletin, l 9(May 1954) p. 33. 84 Medical Clinics and Physicians of Southern Alberta 1875-1960

30 Vancouver Daily Province, 18 July 1947. 31 General biographical information for Dr. Stanley may be found in: Calgary Associate Clinic Historical Bulletin, I 9(May 1954) pp. 23-34; I 3(August 1948) pp. 40-3; Alberta Medical Bulletin, 20(May 1955) p. 59; 19(May 1954) p. 55; Canadian Medical Association Journal, 70(May 1954) p. 598. 32 E. P. Scarlett, "Albert Earl Aikenhead," Calgary Associate Clinic Historical Bulletin, l 9(November 1958) p. 84. 33 General biographical information for Dr. Aikenhead may be found in : Canadian Medical Association Journal, 72(January 1955) p. 56; Calgary Associate Clinic Historical Bulletin, l 9(November 1958) p. 84; Alberta Medical Bulletin, 20(February 1955) p. 39. 34 Orr p. 10. 35 D. Scollard, Hospital: A Portrait of the Calgary General, (Calgary: Calgary General Hospital, 1981) p. 27. 36 McDougall p. 161. 37 Orr p. 10. 38 General information for Dr. Lincoln may be found in: Canadian Medical Association Journal, 64(April 1951) p. 371; Edmonton Journal, 18 December 1950. 39 Alberta Medical Bulletin, 15(July 1950) p. 27. 40 Alberta Medical Bulletin, l 5(July 1950) p. 28. 4 1 Alberta Medical Bulletin, 15(July 1950) p. 28 . 42 Alberta Medical Bulletin, l 5(July 1950) p. 28 . 43 General biographical information for Dr. Murray may be found in: Canadian Medical Association Journal, 58(March 1948) p. 306; Calgary Associate Clinic Historical Bulletin, l 3(May 1948) p. 12. 44 Macnab unedited obituary. 45 Macnab unedited obituary. 46 "Historical Sketch" p. 2. 47 "Historical Sketch" p. I. 48 "Historical Sketch" p. 1. 49 H. Price, "The History of Pediatrics in Calgary," Alberta Medical Bulletin, 34(August 1969) p. 94. 50 Orr p. 11. 5 1 H. Price, 'The History of Pediatrics in Calgary," article, first draft, University of Calgary Medical Library, Calgary, Alberta. 52 H. Price, "The History of Pediatrics in Calgary," Alberta Medical Bulletin, 34(August 1969) p. 94. 53 D. L. McNeil, personal communication (letter) to G. M. McDougall, 2 October 1984. 54 General biographical information for Dr. Fisher may be found in: Canadian Medical Association Journal, 64(April 1951) p. 370; Calgary Associate Clinic Historical Bulletin, I 5(February 1951) pp. 70-1. 55 Calgary Herald, 17 June 1982. The Calgary Associate Clinic 85

56 E. P. Scarlett, "Remarks on the Occasion of the Unveiling of the Portrait of Doctor G.D. Stanley," Alberta Medical Bulletin, 20(February 1955) p. 32. 57 McNeil p. 34. 58 Orr p. 12. 59 J. S. Gardner, Canadian Bulletin of Medical History, Vol 1: p. 112. r.o "Hi storical Sketch" p. 3. 61 Canadian Medical Association Joumal, 122(15 April 1980) p. 823. This article, pp. 822-6, also contains general biographical informati on about Dr. E. P. Scarlett. 62 "Historical Sketch" p. 2. 6l "Hi storical Sketch" p. 2; Margaret Duthie, tape of interview with V. Orr, University of Calgary Medical Library, Calgary, Alberta. 64 "Hi storical Sketch" p. 3; Maxine Goodwin, personal communication with F. C. Harris, summer 1988, Calgary, Alberta. 65 McDougall p. 161. 66 Alberta Medical Bulletin, 1(January 1936) p. 24. 67 McNeil personal communication. 68 Alberta Medical Bulletin, 6(July 1941) p. 10. 69 Alberta Medical Bulletin, 2(January 1937) p. 24. 10 McNeil pp. 51-2. 11 Canadian Medical Association Journal, 94(January 1966) p. 204; Calgary Herald, 23 November 1965. 12 McNeil p. 52. 73 Canadian Medical Association Journal, 71 (July 1954) p. 84; Calgary Associate Clinic Historical Bulletin, I 9(August 1954) pp. 63-4. 14 Calgary Associate Clinic Historical Bulletin, 9(November 1944) p. 55 . 15 Calgary Herald, 27 December 1978. 76 Calgary Herald, 22 March and 14 May 1943. 11 Alberta Medical Bulletin, 8(January 1943) p. 8; Calgary Herald, 29 May 1981. 78 "Historical Sketch" p. 2. 79 McDougall p. 160. 80 McNeil p. 28. 81 McNeil pp. 31-2. 82 Prieur. 83 The McNeil transcript outlines all the details of Dr. McNeil's own career. 84 "Historical Sketch" p. 3. 85 "Historical Sketch" p. 5. 86 Maxine Goodwin and J. F. Aikenhead; personal communication with F. C. Harris, summer 1988, Calgary, Alberta. 81 "Historical Sketch" p. 9. 88 Orr p. 13 . 89 Hardwick p. 63. 90 Orr p. 13. 91 Goodwin. 86 Medical Clinics and Physicians of Southern Alberta 1875-1960

Dr. Stephen Mathias Schmaltz, a11 early member Dr. Daniel Stewart Macnab, founder and of the Roy Clinic. president of the Calgary Associate Clinic. The Archives, Sir Alexander Galt Museum, lethbridge.

Dr. Albert Earl Aikenhead, a .founding Dr. James Scovil Murray, a founding member member of the Calgary Associate Clinic. of the Calgary Associate Clinic. Glenbow Archives, Calgary Glenbow Archives, Calgary The Calgary Associate Clinic 87

Dr. George Douglass Stanley, an early Dr. Earle Parkhill Scarlett, an early member of the Calgary Associate Clinic. member of the Calgary Associate Clinic. Glenbow Archives, Calgary Glenbow Archives, Calgary

Dr. Harold Price, an early member of the Clinic, examining a baby at the Gyro Clinic. Glenbow Archives, Calgary 88 Medical Cli ni cs and Physicians of Southern Alberta 1875-1960

The Calgary Associate Clinic Building in 1964. From L to R: The 1950's addition, the 1964/our storey addition, Dr. Gibson's house, and the 1939 addition. The Calgary Associate Clinic

The Calgary Associate Clinic Building in 1968 following the 1967 rebuilding plan. The two storey 1950's addition at the left was retained as a wing. The Calgary Associate Clinic Early Medicine in Lethbridge 89

EARLY MEDICINE IN LETHBRIDGE

Lethbridge was among the first areas to be settled in Alberta. A prospector named Nicholas Sheran sought gold in the steep banks of the Oldman Ri ver and instead found rich coal deposits. In 1872, he established a mine in what is now Lethbridge and named the area Coal Banks. 1 Sheran' s death ended this enter­ pri se but the Gaits, father and son, saw the potential of the area and through their efforts the North West Coal and Navigation Company was founded. Coal Banks was renamed Lethbridge after William Lethbridge, the company president. Large scale mining operations were well established by 1882, si nce it was real­ ized that the Canadian Pacific Railway would need a su pply of coal in the West. Train engines were fueled by coal and could transport whatever they did not use.2 By the time the Canadian Pacific Railway reached Calgary in 1883, there was already a significant settlement in Lethbridge. Initially the coal was trans­ ported to Medicine Hat by river. Later a branch line of the railway extending from Medicine Hat to Lethbridge allowed more efficient exploitation of Lethbridge's plentiful supply of coal and caused the town to grow rapidly.3 A detachment of North West Mounted Police was sent from Fort Macleod to keep an eye on the local native encampments, settlers, and miners. By 1884, they built the first hospital, a three bed structure originally intended only as a medical emergency center for the Mounted Police.4 Medical services were sup­ plied initially by the N.W.M.P. surgeons stationed in Fort Macleod and possibly by a medical student named Herbert Percy Byers between 1883 and 1885.5 Medical conditions were further improved by J. D. Higinbotham, a pharmacist, who established a drugstore in Lethbridge in 1885. This business was a success and he was able to hire Walter Galbraith as an assistant in 1891 .6 E. A. Braithwaite was stationed in Lethbridge and was placed in charge of the hospital late in 1885 even though he had not yet completed his medical degree. He actu­ ally had joined the N.W.M.P. during the previous year in a non-medical capac­ ity, but because of the lack of qualified medical men in the West, hi s superiors asked him to serve as a physician when they learned of hi s partial medical train­ ing 7 The little hospital served more miners than policemen and with the rapid growth of Lethbridge, it quickly proved inadequate. In 1886, a larger combined N.W.M.P. and mine hospital was built. Dr. Frank Hamilton Mewburn was recruited from Winnipeg and was made physician to the Galt mines and assistant surgeon to the North West Mounted Police.8 E. A. Braithwaite was demoted to hospital sergeant and reassigned to Fort Macleod later in the year. At that time pharmacists served as anesthetists and recognizing young Dr. Galbraith's ability, Dr. Mewburn encouraged him to go to medical school. Dr. Galbraith returned as a partner immediately following his graduation.9 Meanwhile the population of Lethbridge continued to expand and Dr. Leverett George DeVeber relocated his practice there in 1890. 90 Medical Clinics and Physicians of Southern Alberta 1875- 1960

Although the N.W.M.P. built a two storey hospital in the Barracks Square in 1889 for their own use, the population of Lethbridge soon outgrew the hospital space available. In 1891 , Sir Alexander Galt financed a new hospital for the citi­ zens of Lethbridge. However, shortly after its opening, it was found necessary to expand the number of hospital beds further. Dr. Mewbum was appointed super­ intendent and was initially responsible for supplying hi s own instruments and surgical dressings. By 1910, a sixty-five bed hospital with a nursing school had been built, both of which bore the Galt name. 10 Relations between doctors appear to have been outstanding in the early days. When Dr. Peter Campbell visited Lethbridge in the winter of 1905-6 to consider entering into partnership with Dr. L. G. DeVeber, he was stunned by the friendly atmosphere in Lethbridge. Instead of feeling threatened by a new physician, Dr. DeVeber's chief competitor, Dr. Mewbum, strongly encouraged Dr. Campbell to come to Lethbridge. Of course these were remarkable men by almost any standards- all three became renowned throughout Alberta- but other early physi­ cians in Lethbridge seem to have shared this spirit of cooperation. 11 The friendly relations between physicians in Lethbridge in the early years are reflected by their enthusiasm for medical societies. The Southern Alberta Medical Society was established in Lethbridge in 1909. 12 In 1917, it amalga­ mated with the Lethbridge Medical Society (L.M.S.). Remarkably, the physi­ cians appear to have made it a policy to suppress the intolerance and power poli­ ticking associated with medical societies in many other towns. The minutes of some of the early meetings of the L.M.S. are illustrative of the ideology of the Lethbridge physicians. Members may do as they wish in regard to advertising, it being consid­ ered incorrect for the Society to interfere with any member's methods of doing business. Members are of the opinion that Dr.-- did not run his work according to the wishes of his confreres, but that the members did not themselves live up to the rules they make for him. That as soon as a medical society spends three hours discussing money matters, it is about ready for dissolution. 13

This laissez faire attitude was rather unusual. Most other medical societies attempted to regulate medical practices with less flexibility. This tolerance and the large number of coal mines in the Lethbridge area encouraged the growth of contract medicine (a practice which was frowned upon in many parts of Canada) which in tum led to the development of medical clinics. Throughout most of its hi story, Lethbridge has had an unusually high propor­ tion of physicians to patients. Similarly it has attracted an unusually large num­ ber of medical group practices. In fact, Lethbridge supported more group prac­ tices than Calgary, in spite of its smaller size. In 1940, the Haig, the Campbell, the Bigelow Fowler, and the Roy groups each had at least three physicians. In Early Medicine in Lethbridge 91 addition to these, according to the Henderson Directories, a group of three physicians known ori ginall y as Connor, McNally, and Jamieson and later as Connor, McNally, and Leech existed for approximately a decade, beginning between 1914 and 1917 and dwindling to a partnership by 1927, while the Hunt group reached thi s size soon after 1940. Because of their comparatively short ex istences, neither of these two groups will be examined in any detail. The large amount of contract practice in Lethbridge was primarily responsible for the numerous group practices. In addition to the Canadian Pacific Railway contract whi ch the Campbell Clini c held, the many coal mines in the Lethbridge area provi ded contracts fo r both the Haig and the Bigelow Fowler Clinics. Other industri es and organizations in Lethbridge adopted the idea and entered into their own contracts with the clinics. As the industries which provided the con­ tracts expanded, so did the clinics. Since contract medici ne was widely accepted in Lethbridge, it was able to evolve and improve freely to the benefit of physi­ cians and patients. Pri vate contracts were arranged with individual fami lies who did not have access to company contracts. According to Dr. Hugh Arnold , a physician with the Haig Clinic, thi s idea originated in Cardston with Dr. Jack Mulloy offering the first private contracts. 14 This practice was soon followed by the doctors of the Lethbridge area since it was found to be a great help to the patients and physicians.

In a mix of a rural and urban area that we have here in Lethbridge, you are dealing with people who want to pay but couldn't. 15

In the late 1930' s, the farmers who belonged to the Lethbridge Northern Irrigation System arranged a contract with the entire medical community of Lethbridge. It was similar to the industrial contracts in its provisions but patients were not limited to a specific clinic or physician. Dr. Steve Schmaltz of the Roy group was chosen by the medical community to administer the funds of the irri­ gation contract. This suggests an unusual amount of cooperation between the physicians. 16 It seems probable that thi s type of contract led to the establishment of Medical Services Incorporated (M.S.I. ) throughout the provin ce. After M.S.I. was adopted, Dr. Schmaltz was chosen by the profession to go to Edmonton to become the administrator of the funds. A system such as M.S.I. was necessary in Lethbridge at this time. As coal was replaced by other energy sources, the mines closed and the employees were put out of work. However, the miners and their dependents still required medical care.

M.S.I. made accessibility to medical care a little easier for patients and it did away with the distasteful side of medicine, which is collecting money. Neither the business office nor the doctors like coll ecting money. 11

Although contract practice was regarded unfavorably in many cities, its prevalence in Lethbridge did have many positive effects. The contracts were 92 Medi cal Clinics and Physicians of Southern Alberta 1875- 1960

usually renewed yearly. To keep their contracts, the physicians had to provide the best possible care at a reasonable cost. Group practices provided the most effective means of doing thi s since the physicians could share office facilities and equipment costs, thereby saving money. In addition, group practice enabled the physicians to provide the around the clock attention which the coal compa­ nies and the C.P.R. required, while still allowing them some leisure time. Many physicians who opposed contract medicine feared that by cutting costs excessively, the groups would fail to provide adequate care. In general thi s does not appear to have been a problem in Lethbridge. Drs. Bigelow and Fowler paid physicians associated with them a salary rather than letting them enter the part­ nership during the 1930's, 1940's, and early l950's. Perhaps because of this form of payment the group had a rather rapid turnover of physicians during this period. Nevertheless, Drs. Bigelow and Fowler were both excellent physicians who worked extremely hard, so their patients probably did not suffer. Other groups were more stable, at least until the early l950' s when there was a rapid influx of specialists into most of the clinics. This period of instability was expe­ rienced by all the multi-specialist practices in some measure. It can probably be attributed in part to debates over the various earning capacities of the old or new specialists and general practitioners and was the inevitable result of the sudden rapid expansion of these clinics. As the number of physicians and clinics in Lethbridge multiplied, the friendly relationships started to break down especially in regard to private patients. The large number of clinics in Lethbridge created competition which had both posi­ tive and negative results. The clinics were afraid that another would keep their patients. Therefore, they would usually refer patients outside Lethbridge, even when there were competent specialists in another clinic in town. However, the fear of losing patients led some physicians to obtain the best available facilities and equipment to hire specialists, and to encourage physicians already with the group to attend courses and conferences to upgrade themselves. In addition to the refusal to make referrals, the competition led to other break­ downs in the efficiency of the medical community as a whole. Within each clinic, an on call system was developed whereby one physician was assigned to cover all the emergency calls on a given night. Since there was little cooperation between the various clinics and solo practitioners, the arrival of six patients at the hospital on a Sunday afternoon would sometimes result in the arrival of six doctors. Now an emergency service has been established which handles all patients. 18 Dr. Cairns, a pediatrician with the Haig Clinic, recalled that:

There was a lot of bitterness when we first arrived between Fowler, Campbell, Roy, and the Hunts, the other group practices in the city. The animosity dissipated when the younger physicians, who had often studied together in university and had developed friendships, started practicing in Lethbridge. 19 Early Medicine in Lethbridge 93

Today, the clinic physicians fi ll in for one another when there are social func­ ti ons. The Campbell physici ans wi ll take emergency calls for the Haig Clinic on days the Haig Clinic has planned outings for the doctors and their families. The Haig Clinic does likewise for the Campbell clinic. Naturally relations between the clinics are still sli ghtly competitive. However, this is probably beneficial since it encourages the groups to keep up their standards and improve in new ways. The clinic physicians were also considered a threat by solo practit~oners. "The indi vidual doctors felt the clinics were stealing their patients." However, the clinics insisted that the reason for their success was that they could provide bet­ ter service. 20 Eventuall y thi s bad feeling also dissipated. Inevitably, problems resulted from Jack of cooperation when the Lethbridge Municipal Hospital and St. Michael's Hospital were built almost side by side. St. Michael's had been the principle hospital in Lethbridge for many years, because by the mid l950's the old Galt Hospital was so decrepit that snow blew in through cracks around the windows. It was difficult for staff members to adj ust to having two equall y well equipped hospitals, especiall y two in such close proximity. Many services were unnecessarily duplicated since neither hos­ pital was originall y willing to regionalize certain services to one hospital. Thus they sometimes lost the benefits of a single, larger, better equipped faci lity. At the present time, the hospitals have begun to speciali ze to some extent, so that in several cases where previously there were two small departments, a single, bet­ ter equipped one has been organized. However, it is generall y agreed that fur­ ther, more efficient division of services still might be beneficial.21 New problems have arisen over the question of hospital pri vi leges. Due to the lack of space, the hospitals can onl y allow a limited number of physicians to admit patients. In certain departments, this has created problems for the clinics. If a physician leaves one of the departments in a large clinic, the space vacated may not be given to hi s repl acement, but instead to another specialist wanting to practice in Lethbridge. This is fa ir but it can leave the clinics short staffed since their physicians need hospital privil eges. Lethbridge is not a large ci ty and the clinics may have played a major role in attracting highl y trained specialists who mi ght otherwise not have considered coming to Lethbridge. The Jack of hospital privileges may act as a deterrent to potential members. 22 It is impossible to predict what the future of clinics in Lethbridge will be. The Roy Clinic has remained a small general practice group now reduced to two members. Thus far, all the multi-specialty clinics appear to be thriving, even though with the exception of the Campbell Clinic (whose growth can largely be attributed to its establishment of branch offices) they have not grown substan­ tially for many years. Recently the large multi-specialty groups have begun to fill a new role in Lethbridge as they open in the evenings on a drop in basis. The Haig Clinic was the first in late 1986. It was followed by the Bigelow Fowler Clinic in late 1987 and the Campbell Clinic at the beginning of 1988. By doing 94 Medical Clinics and Physicians of Southern Alberta 1875-1960

this they hope to prevent drop in clinics from becoming established in Lethbridge. 23 Evening hours are attractive to many family practitioners. Unlike physicians in the early days, if they work evenings, they have much of the day off to spend with families and friends or on hobbies. Many feel that the atmosphere at the clinic is more relaxed than in the day time and appreciate the absence of sched­ uled appointments. Therefore, the clinics try to recruit family physicians who do enjoy this arrangement. Naturally, specialists still practice primarily in the day 24 time. The clinics feel that by offering evening hours, they are meeting the changing needs of their patients while continuing to provide quality medical care. Early Medicine in Lethbridge 95

Notes

1 James G. MacGregor, A History of Alberta, (Edmonton, Alberta: Hurtig pub­ lishers, 1972) p. 126. 2 MacGregor p. 138 . 3 Leah Poelman, White Caps and Red Roses: History of the Galt School of Nursing Lethbridge, Alberta 1910 - 1979, (Galt School of Nursing Alumnae Society of Alberta) p. 2. 4 "A Jubilee Survey of Alberta Hospitals," Calgary Associate Clinic Historical Bulletin, 20(November 1955) p. 65 ; Poelman p. 1. 5 Alex Johnston, "Herbert Percy Byers: Lethbridge's First ' Physician'" in Alberta Historical Review, 36(summer 1988) pp. 23-6. 6 Poelman pp. 5-6. 7 H. C. Jamieson, Early Medicine in Alberta, (Edmonton: University of Alberta, 1947) p. 24. 8 "A Jubilee Survey of Alberta Hospitals" p. 65 ; Jamieson p. 90. 9 Poelman pp. 5-6. 10 The early history of the Galt Hospital in Lethbridge can be fo und in Poelman pp. 1-6; H. Jamieson, Early Medicine in Alberta p. 90; "A Jubilee Survey of Alberta Hospitals" p. 65. Certain pieces of information in these sources con­ tradict each other and si nce none are referenced, it is often impossible to judge which are correct. Therefore, such conflicting details have been largely avoided in this section. 11 Alberta Medical Bulletin, 14(July 1949) pp. 43-4. 12 Lethbridge Daily Herald, 13 July 1909. 13 Jamieson pp. 67-8. 14 H. A. Arnold, interview with J. Middlemiss, 30 July 1986, Lethbridge, Alberta. 15 R. Montgomery, interview with J. Middlemiss, 30 July 1986, Leth bridge, Alberta. 16 D. A. Rice, interview with F. C. Harris, 22 July 1987, Lethbridge, Alberta. 17 Montgomery. 18 Rice. 19 E. Cairns, interview with J. Middlemiss, 22 July 1986, Lethbridge, Alberta. 20 W. Haig, interview with J. Middlemiss, 30 July 1986, Lethbridge, Alberta. 21 Ri ce. 22 R. Little, interview with F. C. Harris, spring 1988, Lethbridge, Alberta. 23 R. Montgomery, interview with F. C. Harris, spring 1988, Lethbridge, Alberta. 24 Montgomery.

The Campbell .Clinic 97

THE CAMPBELL CLINIC

by F. C. Hanis

The Canadian Pacific Railway provided the foundati on for the first group practice in Lethbridge just as it did in Calgary. The group was founded in 1906 when Dr. Leverett George DeVeber, finding that hi s practi ce was di sintegrating due to the pressures of hi s political career, invited Dr. Peter McGregor Campbell to associate with him. According to Dr. Campbell, Dr. DeVeber ty "virtue of political pull or something" obtained the C.P.R. contract for them.1 The contract made it necessary for the group to expand to meet the needs of the C.P.R. Drs. DeVeber and Campbell practiced in several locations in Lethbridge dur­ ing the early years of their partnership. By 1917, the group, which then included Ors. Louis Roy and Cecil Cragg in addition to Drs. Campbell and DeVeber, had moved to rooms over the Royal Bank Building at 704 Third Avenue South, where they remained for more than a decade. The physicians originally practiced together under the title DeVeber and Campbell. The group continued to include the names of all its members in its title until the clinic was formed by Dr. Peter Campbell, Dr. William Edward Bryans, Dr. Thomas E. (Tim) Brown, Dr. Morley Tuttle, and Dr. Francis Christie. According to contemporary city directories, this event took place some­ time between late 1946 and early 1948. The group was from that time forward officially known as the Campbell Clinic in honor of Dr. Campbell who had sup­ plied leadership in the group since its foundation. It was a wise choice since the name Campbell was known and respected throughout Alberta. As was the arrangement with contracts throughout Alberta, a small sum was deducted from the salary of each C.P.R. employee and given to the Campbell physicians, who in return gave medical attention to the employees and their fam­ ilies. The amount deducted was determined yearly at meetings between repre­ sentatives of the clinics that held contracts and the C.P.R. Dr. Campbell acted as representative for Lethbridge for many years. 2 Since specialty services were not covered under the contract, the Campbell Clinic contained no specialists except surgeons until the late l 940's. Patients requiring the services of a specialist were sent to Edmonton or even farther afield if necessary. However, unlike the other clinics in Leth bridge, the Campbell Clinic did not admire the Mayo Clinic, so patients were seldom referred there.3 In addition to the C.P.R. contract, the Campbell Clinic held other contracts in its early years including the city and the Federal civil servants as well as private contracts. The services covered under these contracts varied. Some provided basic medical care while others included coverage for hospital charges and med­ ication. A nurse at the clinic recalled that some patients would argue about the benefits that they were entitled to, some even considering tooth paste to be cov­ ered under the terms of their contract.4 98 Medical Clinics and Physicians of Southern Alberta 1875-1960

The Campbell Clinic perhaps initially received more referrals than other clin­ ics in Lethbridge. This was a result of Dr. Campbell's excellent reputation in Alberta. The physicians received referrals from Medicine Hat, Vulcan, and many other towns, including some in Montana and British Columbia, and were often called in as consultants or assistants by physicians located nearby. 5 It is interesting to note that the Campbell Clinic also differed in its recruit­ ment of new members. In the early days of the group, associates were chosen from among the acquaintances of the members. Thus they were usually experi­ enced physicians who had practiced in the area. Later, when the group decided to add specialists, the members came from the University of Alberta, or, even more frequently, from Great Britain. There were very few exceptions to this. The Campbell Clinic probably had a higher proportion of British trained physi­ cians than any other clinic in Southern Alberta with the exception of the small Roy Clinic in Lethbridge which was founded by Dr. Roy.

De Veber and Campbell Dr. Leverett George De Veber was one of the first physicians in what is now Alberta. He was born in St. John, New Brunswick in 1849 and grew up in the Maritimes. There is some debate as to the education Dr. DeVeber received. Sources differ; however, most probably he received his early education at King's College, Windsor, Nova Scotia and then attended Harvard Medical School for a year before being asked to leave due to misconduct. Next he received a diploma from St. Bartholomew's Hospital in London. Finally he spent a year at the University of Pennsylvania, graduating in 1870.6 A Lethbridge physician from another clinic insisted that Dr. DeVeber had in reality been trained as a pharmacist, but had been granted a medical degree in recogni­ tion of his work as a doctor when the North West Territories were formed.7 The latter seems unlikely since it is not mentioned elsewhere, but it is certainly pos­ sible since the N.W.M.P. found it difficult to obtain physicians and occasionally hired partially trained medical men, pharmacists, veterinary doctors, or others with some medical experience. Since fully qualified surgeons were scarce in the North West Territories, these men received a great deal of practical experience which enabled many to pass examinations making them fully fledged physi­ cians. Whatever Dr. DeVeber's training, his patients did not suffer under his care. Dr. Campbell later described Dr. DeVeber in his role as physician: As a medical practitioner he never achieved greatness, but he recognized his limitations and was a pretty safe family physician. He was conscien­ tious and willing to admit his deficiencies; he was not at all afraid of work, and was kind and considerate with his patients and never neglected the needy. 8 After the completion of his training, Dr. DeVeber evidently returned to St. John where he practiced for several years before joining the North West The Campbell Clinic 99

Mounted Police in 1882 as a staff sergeant. While in the N.W.M.P., he was located in Qu' Appelle, Fort Walsh, Fort Macleod and Calgary. Practice in these new towns was often accompanied by some rather unique hazards. Dr. DeVeber used to: ... tell of being awakened by the sound of shooting in the street, with stray bullets coming splintering through the walls of hi s shack above hi s bed, and of how he solved the problem of safety by standing his mattress on its edge against the wall and philosophically returning to sleep in its lee. 9

Dr. DeVeber seems to have been ideally suited to the West.

He was possessed of a splendid physique with the wide shoulders and slim hips of an athlete, also a large fist which he was reputed to be able to use with telling effect if necessary.10

He used to make country calls on horseback and sometimes nothing would be heard of him for days. On one occasion, after hi s move to Lethbridge, he went out on a country call and disappeared for a week. When he came back, he was missing an eye. Dr. Campbell used to say that Dr. DeVeber never volunteered an explanation and everyone including himself was afraid to ask for one. 11

Since physicians were few and far between in the North West Territories at thi s time, Dr. DeVeber often had to attend patients who lived many miles away. At such times, hi s athletic build must have been essential si nce,

Hi s practice in Macleod was strenuous at times. He used to tell of a horse­ back ride from Macleod to Morley, perhaps 130 miles, done in 14 hours, using four horses. He said he was tired when he got there. The patient was a woman with typhoid, very sick; in fact, she eventually died. He pro­ duced a small bottle of brandy from his saddle bags and suggested she take some of it as a stimulant. But she said she never had and never would taste it. He opined that she was the only teetotaler whose opinion ever pleased him. He 'killed the mickey,' had a little sleep and rode home.12

Other versions of this story mention that the four horses were only half bro­ ken and all tried to buck him off with one succeeding.13 In 1885, Dr. DeVeber met and married Rachel Frances Ryan. Within the same year, he resigned from the N.W.M.P. to take up private practice in Fort Macleod. Although according to legislation passed in 1885 in an attempt to reg­ ulate the standard of medicine in the North West Territories, physicians were required to register by March I , 1886, Dr. DeVeber did not register as a physi­ cian in the North West Territories until 1888. Physicians had to display evidence of a proper degree or pass an examination to show their competence. Although most physicians were late in registering, Dr. DeVeber was one of the last of the early practitioners to do so. However he, like many other physicians, may have I 00 Medical Clinics and Physicians of Southern Alberta 1875-1960 had difficulty in supplying the five dollar fee which had to accompany the regis­ tration .14 In 1890, the family moved to Lethbridge where Dr. DeVeber established a practice. By 1893, he had been appointed medical health officer for the young town. It was in Lethbridge that the physician began hi s distinguished political career. Dr. DeVeber was elected by acclamation to the North West Assembly at Regina in 1898 and again in 1902. When the province of Alberta was formed in 1905, he was elected to the Alberta Legislature, and later to the Senate. Naturally Dr. DeVeber's success in politics wreaked havoc on his once flour­ ishing practice. Like other physicians in similar positions, he decided to enter into a partnership. He reviewed the physicians practicing in the area and finally decided to approach Dr. Peter McGregor Campbell who was then practicing in Cardston. Dr. Campbell recalled his meeting with Dr. DeVeber: The writer's introduction to Dr. DeVeber came in mid-winter of 1905-6, when he walked into my office in Cardston. He explained that he had had a good practice in Lethbridge, but had let it get all shot to you-know­ where by making the medical error of going into politics. He had been a member of the Legislative Assembly of the North-West Territories, was now a minister without portfolio in the government of the new Province of Alberta, and had inside information that he was due to be elevated to the Senate, which would make his medical affairs worse than ever. And his errand was to get a bright young man (his own words) to come in with him and see if the practice could not be rebuilt. 'But,' he said, 'come to Lethbridge and look things over before you decide.' A little later, I went in ; he showed me all there was. He was quite right when he said there were only remnants of practice left. But he felt they could be reassembled into a worthwhile practice. 'But,' he says, 'don' t take my word for it. Go and see Mewburn.' Mewburn was the late Col. Mewburn, then practicing in Lethbridge, and the outstanding surgeon in the whole south country. Asking a man with whom I was proposing to compete was a new idea to me, but I did it. Mewburn was most kind, praised DeVeber as a man, said there was room for 'another white man' anywhere, and advised me to come. This, I think, must be a classic example of two men, each trying to stand so straight that he leaned over backwards. During the remainder of my association with Dr. DeVeber I found no reason to change my opin­ ion. As far as I was concerned he remained a squareshooter to the end.16 Dr. DeVeber probably received the C.P.R. contract at about the same time, although this is difficult to verify. When not elsewhere fulfilling his duties as Senator, Dr. DeVeber remained in Lethbridge until about 1923, at which time he retired permanently to his summer home in Alymer, Quebec. He died there in 1925.17 Dr. Peter McGregor Campbell also became renowned throughout the province. He was born in Admaston, Renfrew County, Ontario in 1872, the The Campbell Clinic 101 eldest of eight children. He attended Renfrew High School and then Queen's University where he received a B.A. in 1892 and a M.D. in 1896. Later on in hi s career, he took postgraduate studies in New York and at the Mayo Clinic. He first practiced in Beachburg, Ontario, where he remained until he registered in the N.W.T. in 1900. Dr. Campbell then established a practice in Cardston. Hi s first country call there was typical of the wild West. It was an urgent call to a Montana ranch home in November, and the mes­ senger on horseback was the 'black sheep' of a fa mous Nova Scotia fam­ ily. Apparently he had a fame of his own, for promptly on sight the Mounted Police arrested him for horse theft. He fitted the part - tall, lean, handle-bar moustache, Stetson, chaps, spurs and two 44's on hi s hip. By 5:00 p.m. he had hunted up enough money to get bail and we started with a livery team. His saddle pony was tied to the team and he drove. The trail wound it[s] way over the bald-headed prairie and ever and anon it disappeared under snowdrifts and sloughs and even small lakes. At one such place we faced lake to the right and lake to the left with a strait of ice joining the two. We had to get to the other si de. My cowboy driver walked on the ice to test it, jumping up and down on it. It held; so we decided to take a chance. Half way across the horses went through but the buggy and its cargo stayed up. He reached for the whip; I grabbed it. 'What the h-- are you doing, you blankety-blank,' he swore violently, Tm going to get the horses out of this --.' 'Like h-- you are,' I replied, 'And whom do you figure goes in ?' With a machine gun burst of benevolent-toned profanity he blurted, 'I never thought of that.' We unhooked the horses, dragged them out, hitched them up again and even­ tually reached our destination and attended the patient. On the return trip, my friend again took the reins and once more tied a new saddle horse to the team. When we reached the main trail, still in Montana, he stopped the horses suddenly, threw hi s reins to me and jumped out. 'Where are you going?' I asked. 'Back home,' he replied. I started to protest that I could never follow the return trail which I had never seen in daylight, but his reply was: 'Any man that will ride with a horse-thief all night will get home O.K. They' ve got me cold over there. I stole those horses and they can prove it, so I'm not going back - ever. Good-luck Doc!' I did get home, thanks to the horses who knew the road, I guess. A year or so later he was sentenced in Montana to fifteen years in Red Lodge Penitentiary. As he left the court room with the police escort he swallowed a dose of prussic acid and died in his tracks.18 This was undoubtedly an appropriate introduction to practice in the North West Territories. Practice in the newly settled territory was often not only haz­ ardous but also poorly paid. Again Dr. Campbell adjusted cheerfully to these conditions. The story was told of a fellow arriving by horseback in a blizzard, to get 102 Medical Clinics and Physicians of Southern Alberta 1875-1960

the doctor to visit a farm 18 miles away where a patient had pneumonia. Dr. Campbell rode horseback to the farm, taking, as always, medicines with him. After checking the patient over, he advised him to continue poulticing the chest and to take medicines which Peter left. When Peter was asked how much the call would cost, he itemized his statement as $2.00 for the medicine, and a like amount for the visit. The patient, who wasn't long out from Scotland, gave the good doctor the $2.00 for the medicine, and said, 'I'll return the visit the next time I'm in Cardston.' Peter said, 'That's fine,' took his bag, mounted his horse and rode the 18 miles back to Cardston. 19

Dr. Campbell had a great appreciation for nature. He was a founding member of the Alpine Club in 1906 and enjoyed many years of association with this group. His Jove for Alberta helped to make the trials and tribulations that accom­ panied his practice worthwhile.

On a bright spring day, while still in Cardston, he was asked to come to a ranch near Pincher Creek to deliver a baby. He rode his saddle horse with his bag alongside over the miles of prairie. The beauty of the flowers, the green grass and the rolling foothills framed by the Rockies in the distance, left a lifelong impression upon him.

Arriving at the ranch, after a day's ride, he was too late for the delivery. A healthy baby and a happy mother were doing well. Peter stayed the night.

When saddling his horse the next morning to return to Cardston, the rancher asked him how much his bill was for the trip. Peter replied, 'I didn' t really do anything for your wife. You have afforded me an unfor­ gettable experience with the wonders of nature on thi s beautiful prairie. You owe me nothing. I am the one who owes you a debt of gratitude. ' 20

In 1904, Dr. Campbell married Esther Scott of Paisley, Ontario who was a school teacher in Cardston. Four years later, she moved to Vancouver, British Columbia with their new born daughter, leaving Dr. Campbell to devote his life to medicine in Lethbridge.21 Dr. Campbell's comment upon first seeing Lethbridge when he passed through there on his way to Cardston in 1900 had been, "Thank God I don 't have to live there."21 However by 1906, he had recovered from his initial distaste and moved to Lethbridge to practice with Dr. DeVeber. The partnership appears to have been a success, even though Dr. Campbell was a strict teetotaler. Dr. Campbell's name became synonymous with medicine in Lethbridge where he practiced for almost half a century. Dr. Campbell was involved in both medical and provincial politics. He was the president of the Alberta Medical Association during the 1928-9 term and an honorary life member of that body, as well as the Canadian Medical Association. He was elected to the Alberta Legislature in 1937 as a Unity candi- The Campbell Clinic 103 date and again in 1944 as an Independent. Shortly before hi s death, the University of Alberta recognized his ac hievements by presenting him with an honorary degree of doctor of laws. Among hi s many other activities, he taught patient health care to student nurses for many decades, helped prepare by-laws concerning public health to control infectious diseases, was the regional examiner for the Workmen's Compensation Board, and was the first director of the Provincial Cancer Clinic in Lethbridge. Jn spite of his many activities, in the medical profession at least, he was best remembered as a railroad doctor. Dr. Campbell attended C.P.R. employees in Lethbridge for almost half a century. His close connection with the railway led to many unique experiences. Of course the C.P.R. physicians rode the trains free. Small town physici ans were usually in a hurry and, when they had a sick patient to tend to, made sure that they caught the earliest possible train, whether it came to a full stop at their station or not. He was catching a freight train one day when the train started to make speed. He threw his grip on the front platform of the caboose and caught the back rail with one arm. A mi ghty tug from the engine reached the caboose the same time as the doctor and swung him around behind the train. He recovered himself somehow.22 Even once Dr. Campbell was aboard the trains the excitement did not cease. Perhaps as a measure of the C.P.R.'s faith in him, he was allowed upon occasion to drive the engines. He seems to have been much more proficient as a physician than as an engineer. After a trip to Cardston, including an operation, he went to the station to go home. The engineer asked him to ride on the horse, meaning in the cab. After they got started Dr. Campbell was asked to drive . . . . He did so and almost ran down two fine, plump percheron horses. He slammed on the emergency to save the horses and piled up the passengers. He also had a tough time with a Johnson bar, on another occasion and thought he should stop dri vi ng this engine. The engineer told him he had better first drop off the train as he had blasted Davy Hom 's fire out of the stack. 23 Dr. Campbell's ability as an obstetrician was greatly admired. When he exam­ ined for obstetrics and gynecology on the medical counci l, contemporary physi­ cians used to comment that he had forgotten more about the subject than they would ever know. Some of his feats became legends in the medical profession. Up to about 1944, all deliveries were performed at home. Once Dr. Campbell was called to attend a woman whose multiple pregnancies had made her muscles very weak. The baby failed to engage with its mother's pelvis. A modem physi­ cian would have almost inevitably performed a caesarean section. However, Dr. Campbell called in another physician and directed him to push the baby's head down into the pelvis when the mother squeezed, so that he could grab it with forceps. The operation was successful and the mother and baby were fine.24 104 Medical Clinics and Physicians of Southern Alberta 1875-1960

Although he was almost uni versally well liked, Dr. Campbell was a rather gruff, moody man. Dr. Christie, a surgeon at the Campbell Clinic, recalls that at times he would "chatter like a magpie" while at other times he would be utterly si lent for hours on end. 25 However, in spite of this, he is remembered by those who knew him in his later years as "a tall, thin, kindly doctor. He had blue eyes and white hair, wore a blue suit, was slightly stooped, and a cigarette was his frequent companion."26 Dr. Campbell continued to practice with the group for the remainder of his life. On his eightieth birthday he insisted that, "The only thought I have about retiring is that I'm against it."27 He died two years later in 1954 while on a visit to Vancouver. Dr. Campbell was highly respected, even venerated throughout Alberta by patients and practitioners alike. 28 When the group decided to select a permanent name for themselves, they felt that they could do no better than the name Campbell.

The First Associates The combination of the growing C.P.R. contract, Dr. Campbell's success in rebuilding the practice, and Dr. DeVeber's frequent. absences made it necessary for the physicians to begin to take on additional partners. In 1913, Dr. Louis Arthur Roy joined Drs. De Veber and Campbell. He left the group briefly in 1918 to serve overseas with the Royal Canadian Army Medical Corps. Dr. Roy departed permanently in 1935 to establish a group practice of hi s own. Dr. Rice, a member of the Roy Clinic, suggested that the reason for Dr. Roy's departure was that he wanted a lighter work load than was possible at the Campbell Clinic. 29 However, the physicians remained on very good terms. Dr. Campbell called on Dr. Roy to do the heavy surgery at the clinic until the late I 940's.30 Since the chapter on the history of the Roy Clinic includes a complete biography of Dr. Roy, he will not be discussed in detail in this chapter. Little is known about the physician who next joined the clinic. Dr. Cecil C. Cragg was a 1903 graduate of Trinity College, Toronto. He registered in the North West Territories in 1904 and had established a solo practice in Lethbridge by 1905. He is listed as a member of the group in 1917 and 1918, but not in 1914 (the records are lacking for the intervening years). He appears to have left the group and probably Lethbridge as well by 1919. Dr. Cragg died in 1946 at the age of 71 . His obituary refers to him as Dr. C. C. Cragg of Peterborough.31 In 1918, to fill the void left by the absence of Dr. Roy, Dr. William Edward Bryans was invited to join the group. Dr. Bryans was born in Brussels, Ontario in 1878. He attended the Listowel High School which enabled him to teach school for three years to finance his medical education at Trinity College at the University of Toronto. He graduated there in 1906 and then completed a two year internship at the Toronto Western Hospital. He registered in Alberta in 1908 and opened an office in Blackfalds in the same year. 32 However, the prox- The Campbell Clinic 105 imity of the larger towns of Red Deer and Lacombe, prevented his practice from expanding sufficiently. Upon the construction of a branch railway between Calgary and Lethbridge in 1911 , Dr. Bryans established the first practice on the tine at Carmangay.33 He also became mayor of that town. While there, in 1913 Dr. Bryans married Mabelle Shouldice. They continued to reside in Carmangay until their move to Lethbridge. The Campbell Clinic st ill has the Jetter written by Dr. Campbell on the DeVeber, Campbell, Roy, and Cragg letterhead notepaper inviting Dr. Bryans to join the group. Its style is typi cal of Dr. Campbell : July 25 1918 Dr. W. E. Bryans Carmangay, Alta. Dear Dr., Perfectly good diagnosis: who made it for you? The Ol sen kid had a rup­ tured appx., and a belly-fut of pus. I operated on him, as soon as he got here. His condition to-day is quite sati sfactory, but you never can tell about hi s class of cases. Thanking you. If you would care to consider a proposition to come in with us here - Roy is away for the duration of the war, I suppose - slip in some time, and Jet us talk it over. If you wouldn't consider it, let us know reasonably soon, so I can look elsewhere. Yours Sincerely P. M. Campbell Dr. Bryans came and talked it over with the result that he gave up hi s practice in Carmangay and came to Lethbridge. Dr. Bryans owned one of the early portable X-ray machines and used to do most of the X-ray work and cystoscopies at the clinic. The X-ray machine was low powered and undoubtedly scattered a fair amount of radiation in the wrong places. However, it was effective for detecting fractures in limbs even if it was not capable of showing the internal organs clearly. It was eventually relegated to a storage room when the clinic and hospital obtained more powerful and rather less hazardous machines. This machine was briefly resurrected for a slightly dif­ ferent purpose during the 1950' s. One of the nurses at the clinic was married to a Royal Canadian Mounted policeman. Of course Canada at this time was in the middle of a communist scare. Any pair of Russians traveling in the country was immediately suspect and Mounties would be detailed to keep an eye on them. The nurse's husband had been given an assignment of this kind in the Lethbridge area. The Russians had left their suitcases in a hotel room and the Mounties were anxious to examine the contents. The nurse's husband recalled his wife mentioning the old X-ray machine and hurried over to the clinic to bor­ row the machine and receive instructions as to its operation. The Campbell Clinic was never informed whether this rather illegal procedure was successful.34 I 06 Medical Clinics and Physicians of Southern Alberta 1875-1960

Dr. Bryans practiced with the group until 1956 and died in the following year.ls

Upon the retirement of Dr. DeVeber, Dr. Richard Newton W. Shillington joined the practice. Dr. Shillington was born in Ottawa, Ontario, in 1878 and grew up in that city. He was a member of the Ottawa Roughriders when they won three Dominion football championships, the first being in 1898. He gradu­ ated from McGill University in 1910 and came to Calgary in the same year. Dr. Shillington spent a year in Lethbridge before returning to Calgary as the partner of Dr. F. H. Mewburn. Both .enlisted in the Royal Canadian Army Medical Corps in 1914. Dr. Shillington spent much of this time aboard the hospital ships. He was demobilized in 1921 and returned to Calgary. He moved to Lethbridge in the following year and became associated with the Campbell group. He remained with the group until 1932 when he became the medical officer in charge of the Veterans Convalescent Hospital in Calgary. He retired in 1948 and died in Calgary in 1957.36

In the l920's, the group received the services of Miss Lillian Parry, a gradu­ ate of Vancouver General Hospital, as an office nurse. She later also became the group's business manageress, although she took a leave of absence to serve as a nursing sister during the second World War. In 1952, she was replaced a~ busi­ ness administrator by Mr. R. E. Davis, since the clinic felt that the rapidly grow­ ing practice required an administrator with some formal business training. During this decade, Miss Parry became Lethbridge's first female alderman, which would have left her with less time to devote to the business affairs of the clinic. She continued as supervisor of the nursing staff at the clinic until 1959. Mr. Davis was replaced by Mr. Rex Little in the same year. Mr. Little is still a valued member of the clinic in 1988.37 By 1929, the four physicians had moved from the Royal Bank chambers at 704 Third A venue South, where they had practiced at least since 1917, to offices at 323 Seventh Street South. Here they rented half the building, while the other side was occupied by a store. Thus they had ample space and did not find it nec­ essary to relocate for decades.

Perhaps because of the depression, Dr. Shillington was not replaced at the practice. However, when Dr. L. A. Roy left the group in 1936, he was immedi­ ately replaced by Dr. Thomas E. (Tim) Brown.38 Dr. Brown was born in Richmond, Ontario in 1899. He served in World War I, first with the 17th Infantry Battalion, then with the 73rd Royal Highlanders of Canada, and finally as a machine gunner in the Royal Air Force. After the war, he attended Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario, graduating in 1926. He established a practice in Taber, Alberta in 1929 where he remained until he joined the Campbell group. Dr. Brown was a Captain in the 18th Field Brigade at Lethbridge during the sec­ ond World War. Afterwards, he served a term as alderman in Lethbridge from 1945-6. Dr. Brown was also the chief of obstetrics at St. Michael's Hospital from 1950 to 1968. While in his forties, he began to paint and won several The Campbell Clinic 107

awards. Many of Dr. Brown's paintings still hang in the new clinic. He retired from active practice with the group in 1968 due to poor health and died during a 39 visit to Seattle, Washington in 1971.

Dr. Morley J. Tuttle was next to join the group. He was born in Alberta in 1911 and received both hi s high school and medical training there. He graduated from the University of Alberta in 1937 and seems to have begun his career in Edmonton. He left by January of 1939 and associated with Dr. A. T. Wiens in Taber. He joined the Campbell group in approximately 1940. He entered the Royal Canadian Army Medical Corps (R.C.A.M.C.) in January of 1943 and by 1945 had reached the rank of Major. After the war, he returned to the group for a couple of years and then went to Edmonton to take hi s fellowship in internal medicine. Afterwards, he worked with the Campbell Clinic until 1951 when he became the director of medicine for the Department of Veteran's Affairs at Colonel Belcher Hospital in Calgary.40

As had been the case during the first World War, the Campbell group found that they needed an additional physician to take the place of those serving in the second World War. Dr. John Anson Lorne Allen joined the Campbell group as an anesthetist shortly before January 1945, after his discharge from the R.C.A.M.C.4 1 He was a graduate of McGill University and one of Alberta's early medical practitioners, having come to Innisfail in 1910. He later practiced in Calgary until the start of World War II. During the war, he served in many loca­ tions within Alberta, including the Lethbridge internment camp. He died in 1946, after only two years with the group.42

Upon the death of Dr. Allen, Dr. Frank M. Christie joined the group. Dr. Christie was born in Cardston, Alberta in 1915 and spent his youth there. He had been acquainted with Dr. Campbell as a child since his parents were close friends of the renowned physician. When Dr. Campbell had a call to make in Cardston, he would stop by the Christie home for dinner. Dr. Christie recalls being fright­ ened by him at first because of his height and his gruff manner. It was perhaps their acquaintance with Dr. Campbell that caused Dr. Christie's parents to encourage him to study medicine. He graduated from the University of Alberta in 1941 and immediately joined the R.C.A.M.C. in which he eventually received the rank of Major. At the close of the war, Dr. Christie was briefly stationed in Edmonton. Here he made plans for the future. He had originally planned to go to Kelowna, but another physician from Kelowna warned him that he would find too many other physicians there. Dr. Tuttle who was also in Edmonton preparing to return to the Campbell group suggested that Dr. Christie visit Lethbridge and renew his acquaintance with Dr. Campbell. Dr. Christie did so and was invited to join the group. He was originally supposed to join several months later, but Dr. Allen's death created a void that had to be filled immediately, so Dr. Christie had to come much earlier than had been originally planned. He started at a salary of $300 per month, which was raised to $400 after the second month. I 08 Medical Clini cs and Physicians of Southern Alberta 1875-1960

Although he was not certified as a specialist, Dr. Christie practiced surgery at the clinic. During the war, he had obtained a great deal of surgical experience and it was natural that he would assist Dr. Roy with the heavy surgery. After two or three years he took over entirely. When Dr. Christie was a candidate for the posi­ tion of chief of surgery at the Lethbridge Municipal Hospital, he was opposed by some physicians because of his lack of formal training. Dr. Roy and others sup­ ported him and Dr. Christie held this position successfully for eight years. Dr. Christie held many other important medical positions in Lethbridge and Alberta, including member of Council and president of the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Alberta, chairman of the Alberta Medical Association's committees on fees and on hospitals, and member of the Policy Advisory Committee to the Alberta Minister of Hospitals and Medical Care. In addition, he was the head of the Lethbridge cancer clinic for several years, con­ sulting surgeon to the Provincial Cancer Clinic, and served as executive director of the Campbell Clinic. In 198 l, in recognition of his many contributions to medicine in Canada, he was awarded a Senior Membership in the Canadian and Alberta Medical Associations. He retired in 1987 .43

The Campbell Clinic Soon after the arrival of Dr. Christie and the return of Dr. Tuttle, the physi­ cians found that their growing numbers were making the old system of naming the clinic too cumbersome. Therefore, they decided to adopt the new title, the Campbell Clinic. It was becoming customary in Lethbridge to name clinics after their founding members, but more importantly, the members were very proud of their association with Dr. Campbell and wished to honor him. Although Dr. DeVeber actually founded the group, it was Dr. Peter Campbell who had been the guiding force in the clinic for more than forty years. Even in the early days, Dr. DeVeber was away frequently on political business and Dr. Campbell seems to have made many of the executive decisions. With the decision to call themselves a clinic, the members also began to ask specialists to join their practice. The group had actually grown very little over the previous forty years and the practice had been centered around the C.P.R. contract. Physicians were added to replace members who had left and occasion­ ally when the growth of the practice created a need for more help. Because the contract required no specialists, the Campbell physicians, like the physicians in the Mackid group in Calgary, were all general practitioners, surgeons or both, although some may have tended to restrict their practices in one or two areas. However, the late 1940's were times of great change in the Alberta medical pro­ fession. Medical Services Incorporated was introduced by the medical profes­ sion and the physicians realized that within a few years the C.P.R. employees would be enrolled in the new program. Their new patients would require all aspects of modern health care and, in fact, they themselves felt that specialists were necessary for a modem group practice. Other clinics in town already con­ tained many specialists. The conditions existing after the second World War The Campbell. Clinic 109 made expansion and specialization temptingly easy. A large number of able young physicians suddenly became available after their release from the armed services. Many had accepted the postgraduate allowances offered to veterans and were now qualified specialists. They had become accustomed to working in groups during the war and often were strongly attracted to group practice. The Campbell Clinic took advantage of this situation and invited several specialists to become associated with the group, while older members of the group such as Dr. Tuttle were encouraged to take specialist training. Yet in this period of expansion, family practice was never neglected. Practitioners who left or received specialist training were replaced and family practice was always the largest department at the clinic. A cousin of Dr. Tuttle's, Dr. Frank Limbert Johnson, was the first of the new specialists. He was born in Calgary in 1916. He graduated from the University of Alberta in 1940 and later undertook postgraduate training in anesthesia at McGill University. Dr. Johnson received his certification in 1949 and, in the same year, joined the clinic. He was a welcome addition to the group, not only because of his ability which his associates considered outstanding, but also because he possessed an excellent sense of humor which could always be counted upon to relieve tension in difficult moments. Of course, Dr. Johnson sometimes lost his temper, but he seldom lost his sense of humor. Upon one occasion, Dr. Johnson was preparing to administer an anesthetic to a big friendly Swedish man who was about to undergo an operation for varicose veins. Seeing the physician approaching with a syringe full of pentathol, the hapless Swede innocently asked, "What's in that thing Doc?" Now it should be explained at this point that "Doc" was a form of address that Dr. Johnson simply could not endure. He calmly informed the entirely credulous patient that the syringe contained sleep juice taken from the armpits of hibernating bears.44 Because of poor health, Dr. Johnson gave up general practice and devoted himself soley to anesthesia. He became chief of anesthesia at both the Lethbridge Municipal and St. Michael's General hospitals. He served from 1956 to 1958 as the district representative to the Alberta division of the Canadian Medical Association. Dr. Johnson was a member of the clinic until his death in 1972 in Lethbridge.45 To make room for the new physicians and the ever increasing office staff, the clinic purchased the store that occupied the other half of the building and con­ verted it into additional office space. This enabled them to expand further. 46 A new family practitioner had joined the group by 1950. Dr. J. D. Mcfetridge was born in Nova Scotia in 1915. He grew up there and attended Dalhousie University, graduating in 1943. Prior to his association with the clinic, he practiced in Coaldale where he became acquainted with the Campbell Clinic physicians. Although Dr. Mcfetridge was welcomed at the clinic as a good, sincere physician, he decided that he preferred solo practice and left the clinic in 1951 to practice in Lacombe. During his career he also practiced in Didsbury and Brooks.47 110 Medical Clinics and Physicians of Southern Alberta 1875-1960

Dr. Moss Albert also joined at this time as a specialist in orthopedic surgery. He was born in England in 1914 and received his medical degree in London in 1937. Dr. Albert was an excellent diagnostician and a meticulous surgeon. His slow, careful work sometimes irritated other surgeons who as a result of serving in the R.C.A.M.C. had performed "meatball" surgery and had learned to operate rather more quickly; but they always admired the speed and accuracy of his diagnoses. Dr. Albert left the group in 1963 to move to Edmonton. He also prac­ ticed in England, the Mediterranean, and East India during his career.48 Dr. George Sigurd Balfour joined the Campbell Clinic in 1950, a specialist in internal medicine and cardiology. He was born in Alberta in 1920. He graduated from the University of Alberta in 1943 and immediately joined the R.C.A.M.C. While he was serving overseas, Dr. Balfour first became acquainted with Dr. Christie. In 1945, Dr. Balfour was stationed with a field ambulance in Italy. He noticed an officer with what appeared to be a large chancre on his lower lip. Although Dr. Balfour took him aside and urged him to accept medical care, the officer refused to admit that anything was wrong with him. Dr. Balfour was a recent enough graduate that he was reluctant to use his authority to force the officer to enter a hospital. Therefore, he approached a friend of the officer who made him agree to go to the nearest Canadian hospital at Jesi for a second opin­ ion. Young Major Christie met the threesome, took one look at the officer and said, "Admit him." The officer did not even attempt to argue. Of course, Dr. Balfour later had the opportunity to get to know Dr. Christie very well, but he needed no more meetings to recognize his decisiveness.49 After the war, Dr. Balfour took postgraduate training at McGill University in internal medicine and received his certification in 1948. There he renewed his acquaintance with Dr. Frank Johnson whom he had known as a child. After Dr. Johnson joined the Campbell Clinic, he recommended Dr. Balfour as a valuable addition. Dr. Balfour insisted that he was not interested, but finally accepted an invitation to visit Dr. Christie in Lethbridge. He and his wife were impressed by what they saw and Dr. Balfour agreed to join the group as soon as he received hi s fellowship in internal medicine in 1950. Dr. Balfour found no reason to regret his decision and is still with the group in 1988.50 Dr. John J. (Jack) Ennitt became a member in about 1951 . He was born in England in 1916 and graduated from the University of Liverpool in 1941. Contemporary physicians recalled that Dr. Ennitt liked to relax during his time off and would bury the telephone under two pillows and a comforter to ensure that he was not disturbed whenever he was not on call. Dr. Ennitt left the group by 1955 to work in a boy's school in Nova Scotia.51 Dr. Francis Gordon Gore-Hickman joined the group in 1954 as a general practitioner. His father was a police magistrate in Lethbridge, where he spent his youth. He graduated from the University of Alberta in 1950. After becoming established at the clinic, Dr. Gore-Hickman decided that he would like to pursue specialist training in pediatrics. The clinic agreed to help finance his education The Campbell Clinic 111 in Vancouver as long as he returned to them on its completion. He did so and is still practicing wi th the clinic in 1988.52 Dr. Richard King-Brown also became associated with the group in 1954. He attended the University of London, England, graduating in 1942. He emigrated to Canada and became acquainted with the Campbell physicians during a three year period when he was practicing with Dr. John Morgan at Picture Butte. The clinic thought his abi lity was "excellent" and "asked him if he was considering a move to consider them."53 Dr. King-Brown did so and became associated with the group as a specialist in internal medicine. Dr. Christie, who was of course a surgeon, recalled that Dr. King-Brown was what he called a "blood-thirsty internist." Bleeding ulcers were very common in the days when they first started practicing together. Often internists would let the ulcer bleed many times before they would recommend surgery, by which time it would be inoperable. Dr. King-Brown waited until the second occurrence at which time he immediately call ed in a surgeon. Dr. King-Brown practiced with the group until hi s retire­ ment in 1986.54

Recent Developments Many more physicians joined the Campbell Clinic after 1955. Their biogra­ phies are included in an appendix. In spite of the addition of office space over the years, the rapid growth of the clinic soon resulted in increasingly cramped conditions. The Campbell physi­ cians decided that this was intolerable and finally resolved to construct a build­ ing to their own specifications. Dr. Christie had chaired the committee for a new building in Edmonton. This inspired the physicians to purchase land and erect a clinic building. They organized a holding company in which all of the partners had equal shares of the new building and its contents. To prevent physicians who were no longer with the group from holding shares, the partners had to agree to sell their shares at the time of their departure from the clinic. Physicians were obliged to retire from the partnership and sell their shares at the age of 65. However, if they wished, they were permitted to continue to practice with the group at the discretion of the younger members. New members were allowed to enter the partnership after a year of practice with the group, and had to enter within two years if they wished to remain with the group.55 In the early 1970' s, the Campbell Clinic abandoned the custom of putting new members on salary before they entered the partnership. Instead it began to give these associates a percentage of the income which they earned for the clinic from the beginning. The clinic members felt that the percentage system provided much more incentive to the new physicians to work hard and increase their prac­ tices. Of course, all physicians were guaranteed a certain minimum income while they became established. Problems with profit distribution were reviewed annually and obvious inequities taken care of.56 In 1968, the Campbell Clinic gained its first branch office. Dr. James Oshiro 11 2 Medical Clinics and Physicians of Southern Alberta 1875-1960

who had a busy practice in Coaldale agreed to amalgamate it with the clinic in 1967. After a year's trial, Dr. Oshiro formally became a full partner in the clinic. Clin ic physicians were sent to assist Dr. Oshiro with his heavy work load. Especiall y noteworthy among these is Dr. James A. Farr who has practiced at the Coaldale office since 1968.57 Dr. Oshiro was born in Kenora, Ontario where his father worked for the Canadian Pacific Railway and he received his early education there. In 1941, shortly after his graduation from high school, he enlisted in the army. He served overseas in the Mediterranean and North Western Europe. During this time he was married in England. Upon hi s return to Canada, he used hi s veteran's reha­ bilitation credit to take his medical training at the Uni versity of Manitoba where he graduated in 1952. Dr. Oshiro did his internship in a Winnipeg hospital and then came to Coaldale in 1952 at the invitation of another physician. He was strongly attracted to the area and decided to remain there. Dr. Oshiro became involved in many outside activities including becoming president of the Alberta Medical Association and Chancellor of the University of Lethbridge. These acti vities and the growth of Coaldale and his practice left Dr. Oshiro with little time. Therefore, he approached the clinic and asked for help. The Campbell Clinic which had a great deal of respect for Dr. Oshiro, sug­ gested that the two practices be combined. Although Dr. Oshiro has now retired, the Coaldale office has continued to expand and now four clinic physicians prac­ tice there.58 A second branch office was opened in about 1981 in West Leth bridge at 160 Columbia Boulevard. Population growth in Lethbridge is primarily on the west side. The clinic felt that they were not easily accessible to residents in this area and decided to establish a branch to serve there. Three physicians now practice in the westside office. 59 The main office has also expanded and since 1970 has been the largest clinic in Lethbridge. There are now eighteen physicians practic­ ing in six departments including obstetrics and gynecology, general surgery, orthopedics, internal medicine, pediatrics, and, of course the largest area, family practice. In spite of the network of acquaintances used in finding new physicians, the Campbell physicians have always avoided socializing too much among them­ selves. They have two or three dinner meetings each year and bimonthly busi­ ness meetings. The families of the physicians are not included in these occasions and the members attribute the friendly relations which exist within the clinic to this fact. 00 It is true that the Campbell Clinic has had fewer physicians leave after only a very brief association than might be expected in a clinic of its size and it is the only one of the original clinics in Lethbridge which has expanded signifi­ cantly in size in the past two decades. The clinic prides itself on its ability to attract and keep talented young physi­ cians and looks forward to its continued growth and success. The Campbell C.linic 113

Notes

1 Alberta Medical Bulletin, l 8(August 1953) p. 25 . 2 F. M. Christie, interview with F. C. Harris,spring 1988, Lethbridge, Alberta. 3 f . M. Christie and R. Little, interview with F. C. Harris, spring 1988, Lethbridge, Alberta. 4 H. A. Arnold, "Dr. Peter McGregor Campbell, Dean of Medicine in the South," paper presented at a meeting of the Whoop-up Country Chapter of the Historical Society of Alberta on 24 April 1984. Copy available from Dr. Arnold or the University of Calgary Medical Library, Calgary, Alberta. 5 Christie. 6 Alberta Medical Bulletin, 14(July 1949) p. 44. 7 D. A. Rice interview with F. C. Harris, 22 July 1987, Lethbridge, Alberta. 8 Alberta Medical Bulletin, 14(July 1949) p. 44. 9 Canadian Medical Association Journal, 15(September 1925) p. 971 . 10 Alberta Medical Bulletin, 14(July 1949) p. 44. 11 Rice. 12 Rice; G. S. Balfour, interview with F. C. Harris, spring 1988, Lethbridge, Alberta. This was evidently a favorite story of Dr. Campbell's since both doctors at separate times repeated it with almost identical details. However, Dr. Campbell in the Alberta Medical Bulletin, 14(July 1949) p. 44 stated that Dr. DeVeber lost his eye when his gun breech exploded. 13 Alberta Medical Bulletin, 14(July 1949) p. 44. 14 Canadian Medical Association Journal, 15(September 1925) p. 971 . 15 Hilda Neatby, 'The Medical Profession in the NorthWest Territories," in S. E. D. Shortt ed. Medicine in Canadian Society, (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1981) pp. 168-9. 16 Alberta Medical Bulletin, 14(July 1949) pp. 43-4. 17 Canadian Medical Association Journal, 15(September 1925) p. 971 . 18 Calgary Associate Clinic Historical Bulletin, 6(November 1942) pp. 8-9. 19 Arnold. 20 Arnold. 21 Arnold. 22 Calgary Associate Clinic Historical Bulletin, 15(February 1951) p. 63 . 23 Alberta Medical Bulletin, 18(August 1953) p. 26. 24 Alberta Medical Bulletin, l 8(August 1953) p. 26. 25 Christie. 26 Christie. 27 Arnold. 28 Alberta Medical Bulletin, l 8(August 1952) p. 34. 29 There are many sources for the general biography of Dr. Campbell including quite similar information. These include among many others: Arnold; the Calgary Associate Clinic Historical Bulletin (many issues); the Alberta Medical Bulletin (many issues); the Campbell Clinic files, Lethbridge, 114 Medical Clinics and Physicians of Southern Alberta 1875-1960

Alberta. Information which is not common to many sources has been refer­ enced above. 30 Rice. 31 Christie. 32 Canadian Medical Association Journal, 54(February 1946) p. 198; H. C. Jamieson, Early Medicine in Alberta, (Edmonton: University of Alberta, 1947)p.158. 33 Jamieson p. 116. 34 Jamieson p. 130. 35 Christie. 36 John Blue, Alberta Past and Present, v. II, (Chicago: Pioneer Historical Publishing Co., 1924) pp. 189-90. 37 Lethbridge Herald, 6 March 1957; Canadian Medical Association Journal, 76(April 15) p. 694. 38 Christie. 39 Alberta Medical Bulletin, 2(April 1936) p. 33. 40 Lethbridge Herald, 5 June 1971; unattributed clipping from Campbell Clinic files, Lethbridge, Alberta; interview with group of Campbell Clinic physi­ cians, spring 1988, Lethbridge, Alberta. 41 Alberta Medical Bulletin, 4(January 1939) p. 18; 8(January 1943) p. 24; lO(January 1945) p. 6; 16(February 1951) p. 31. 42 Alberta Medical Bulletin, 1O(January 1945) p. 3. 43 Alberta Medical Bulletin, 12(January 1947) p. 25; Calgary Herald, 26 July 1946. 44 Lethbridge Herald, 27 August 1981; Christie. 45 Christie. 16 Christie; Canadian Medical Association Journal, 106(10 June 1972) p. 1233. 47 Christie. 48 Christie. 49 Christie. 50 G. S. Balfour, 6 October 1987 personal communication (letter) to A. R. F. Williams re: Clinic History, Campbell Clinic files, Lethbridge, Alberta. 51 Balfour letter. 52 Christie. 53 Christie. 54 Christie. 55 Christie. 56 Christie and Little. 57 Christie and Little. 58 Christie. 59 Christie; Lethbridge Herald, 23 September 1972. 60 Christie. 61 Christie and Little. The Campbell Clinic 11 5

Dr. Peter McGregor Campbell, a founder Dr. Leverett George De Veber, a founder of of the Campbell Clinic. the Campbell Clinic. Glenbow Archives, Calgary The Archives, Sir Alexander Galt Museum Lethbridge

The operation room at the Galt Hospital. L to R: Drs. Walter Galbraith, LG. DeVeber, two unknowns, (R.) nurse Gladys Hamilton. The Archives, Sir Alexander Galt Museum Lethbridge 11 6 Medical Clinics and Physicians of Southern Alberta 1875- 1960

Pioneer physicians in Lethbridge in 1906. L to R: Dr. Walter Galbraith and Dr. Peter Campbell. The Archives, Sir Alexander Galt Museum, Lethbridge

CERTIFICAT E OF REGISTRAT;ON

tr.a, .,,,..( "' Ul~~jl '""M/..J 6. ~ut- ... #'~.;..:~ ... r/:...,..,, .•• .,, .. Ii:./. .. .).,, .;. "" :f'_-.., ./ ··'*"'"·· •--""? "" ,., ,-~...:..;.~ ·/ ... . /(.,,;".1.:r:.;... ; .. ·""' ·•:i..,.. #. / ,,, .'If./,,/., ./tk £!'-~~-- .j'.,l!f'l.I. .... ,,.,

Dr. Peter Campbell's registration in the newly formed province of Alberta in 1906. The President of the College of Physicians and Surgeons was Dr. R.G. Brett, the founder of the Banff Sanitarium. The Registrar, Dr. J.D. Lafferty was another railway doctor. The Archives, Sir Alexander GalJ Museum, Lethbridge The Campbell .Clinic 117

Dr. William Edward Bryans, with X-ray equipment at the Galt Hospital in 1924. Dr. Bryans was in charge of X-rays both at the Campbell Clinic and the hospital. The Archives, Sir Alexander Galt Museum, Lethbridge

Dr. Richard Newton Shillington, an early member of the Campbell Clinic. Glenbow Archives, Calgary

The Roy Clinic 119

THE ROY CLINIC

by F. C. Harris

The Roy Clinic of Lethbridge is in many ways unique. It was founded in 1936 by Dr. Louis Arthur Roy and Dr. Valerian Francis Swancesky at much the same time as several other group practices in Lethbridge and for a decade resembled them closely, although perhaps the Roy group increased from two to three physicians a little faster than was usual. However, it was the presence of Dr. Roy that initially made thi s clinic remarkable. For more than twenty years, he had been a member of the Campbell Clinic in Lethbridge. Undoubtedly many other physicians, having experienced group practice, establi shed their own groups; however to do so after so many years and in the same city is truly unusual. Even more so is the fact that this move appears not to have been accompanied by much bitterness. Dr. Roy continued to do the heavy surgery at the Campbell Clinic for another decade. When the Campbell Clinic recruited another surgeon to do this work, the two surgeons worked together and later Dr. Roy supported the new surgeon's candidacy for chief of surgery at the hospital. 1 Unlike the other clinics in Lethbridge which also had three physicians by 1940, the Roy Clinic never developed into a large multi-specialty group. In the late l 940' s, when the other clinics expanded phenomenally, the Roy cl inic grew to four physicians. It remained this size throughout most of the remainder of its hi story and continued to recruit only general practitioners and surgeons. The physicians tried to maintain a hi gh level of patient care by providing all owances for further study and postgraduate work. The clinic never had a president or chairman, preferring to share the decision making in a democratic manner. However, throughout the clinic's history, one physician tended to take charge unofficially. In the early days this was Dr. Schmaltz; later it was Dr. Rice. 2 The Roy Clinic held contracts with both individuals and fi rms including the Lethbridge Herald and the local brewery. The usual rate was twenty-five dollars, which included house call s, most medical attention, and half of the cost of surgery. For maternity cases, the charge was an extra twenty dollars per deliv­ ery. In the late 1930's, they were included in the Lethbridge Northern Irrigation district contract. 3 During the l 930's, the physicians held clinics during the mornings, after­ noons, and evenings seven days a week. By the late 1940' s this had been reduced to morning and afternoon hours Monday to Friday and afternoons on Saturday, but physicians made their own calls in the evenings.4

Roy, Swancesky, and Schmaltz Dr. Louis A. Roy was born in Moosomin, Saskatchewan in 1888. He received his early education there and then proceeded to the University of Toronto where 120 Medical Clinics and Physicians of Southern Alberta 1875-1960 he was awarded the Edward Blake Scholarship in Pharmacy. He received a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1909 and a Bachelor of Medicine in 19 l l. Upon completion of an internship at the Royal Victoria Hospital in Montreal, focusing on surgery and pathology, in 1913 young Dr. Roy came to Alberta. He almost immediately became associated with the partnership of DeVeber and Campbell in Lethbridge. There he practiced until 1918 when he joined the Royal Canadian Army Medical Corps. He was stationed overseas in a British military hospital as a pathologist with the rank of Captain. Upon hi s release, he returned to the Campbell group where he practiced until 1936.5 Why Dr. Roy decided to leave the Campbell group is uncertain. At this time the clinic was still fairly smaffand would not begin the real process of expansion and specialization for another decade. Dr. Rice, a later addition to the Roy group, suggested that Dr. Roy, now nearing fifty years of age, wanted a lighter work load than was expected of him at the Campbell Clinic where the C.P.R. contract necessitated long and strenuous hours.6 He was obviously willing to continue to perform the surgery, but he presumably wanted to reduce the amount of general practice he did. The two groups appear to have remained on very good terms for many years, so it is unlikely that personal conflicts played a major role in his decision. Whatever the reason, Dr. Roy became associated with Dr. Valerian Francis Swancesky in 1936.7 The physicians first practiced in the Sherlock Building at 117, 304 Seventh Street South under the title, Roy and Swancesky. Dr. Roy was the surgeon in the group for many years. In 1945, he was accredited as a surgeon by the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada. Dr. Roy practiced with the group until his retirement due to ill health in 1961. He died three years later in 1964. Like Dr. Roy, Dr. Swancesky was not a newcomer either to Lethbridge or group practice. He was born in 1895 in British Columbia. He attended McGill University and then interned at the Royal Victoria Hospital. He came to Alberta in approximately 1920 and practiced in Coutts, Sweet Grass, Warner, and Barons over the next several years. In 1932, he came to Lethbridge. There he practiced briefly with Dr. A. McNally who, until its disintegration, had been a member of the group Connor, McNally, and Leech (previously Connor, McNally, and Jamieson). This partnership was soon ended by the death of Dr. McNally in 1935. Dr. Swancesky appears to have practiced solo until he associ­ ated with Dr. Roy. Dr. Swancesky took an active part in Lethbridge life. He was medical advisor to several hockey teams in Lethbridge and was for many years a member of the Lethbridge Boxing Commission. Tragically he died of a heart seizure in 1947.8 By 1937, in spite of the depression, the clinic had found it necessary to add another physician.9 The reason for the group's rapid growth at this time is not difficult to divine. Both Ors. Roy and Swancesky were well established in Lethbridge and already had a large clientele at the time they formed the clinic. It has already been suggested that Dr. Roy was anxious to reduce his work load, so The Roy Cli.nic 12 1 when the physicians found themselves as busy as ever, it would be a natural move to hire a young physician to relieve them of some of the pressures of their practice. The partners continued the Campbell group's tradition of recruiting physi­ cians who were already practicing in the area. The young physician whom they found was Dr. Stephen Mathias Schmaltz. Dr. Schmaltz was born in Beiseker in 10 J 908 and graduated from the University of Alberta in 1932. By 1934, he had established himself in Taber. Of course since there was no hospital in Taber, Dr. Schmaltz was frequently in Lethbridge and became well acquainred with the physicians there. Dr. Schmaltz practiced in Taber until 1937 when he came to Lethbridge to practice with the Roy group. Dr. Schmaltz appears to have had a talent for organization which was soon recognized by his peers. When the Lethbridge Northern Irrigation District contract was arranged with all the physi­ cians in Lethbridge, Dr. Schmaltz was asked to administer the funds. He served as president of the Alberta Medical Association in 1951 . In addition to these activities, he worked part time at the cancer clinic in Lethbridge. He resigned from the clinic in 1955 to work with Medical Services Incorporated in Edmonton. He later became a fellow of the Society of Medical Care Plan Administrators and a senior member of the Canadian Medical Association. He died in 1976. 11 The physicians practiced together until 1947 under the title Roy, Swancesky , and Schmaltz.

Post- War Expansion

Although the Roy group did not expand as rapidly as the other clinics in Lethbridge after the second World War, they did significantly increase their number of physicians.

In 1946, Dr. Louis Roy's son, Dr. Douglas Gaeten Roy, joined the practice. Dr. Doug Roy was born after hi s father moved to Lethbridge. He grew up there and attended the University of Alberta. Upon his graduation in 1945, he interned at St. Paul's Hospital and then came to work with hi s father. He practiced at the clinic until hi s retirement in or shortly before 1987.12

Dr. Swancesky died soon after Dr. Douglas Roy's arrival and the clinic physi­ cians found it necessary to recruit another physician. Therefore, Dr. Donald Arthur Rice joined the clinic in 1947. Dr. Rice was born in Lethbridge in 1921. Although he was a few years younger than Dr. Douglas Roy, they grew up together and were in the same class at the University of Alberta. Dr. Rice also graduated in 1945 but interned at the University Hospital, after which he joined the armed forces. Upon his release, he began to practice in Taber. However, after only three months he was asked to join the Roy Clinic. Upon the recom­ mendation of Dr. Schmaltz, Dr. Rice began working part time at the cancer clinic in 1955 to fill the void left by the other physician's departure. He also 122 Medical Clinics and Physicians of Southern Alberta 1875-1960 served as di strict representative to the Alberta Medical Association for a time but became disillusioned. Dr. Rice resigned from the clinic in 1982 but conti n ~ ues to work part time at the cancer clinic.13 Dr. James Alfred McNally, a 1950 graduate of the University of Alberta, joined the clinic in 195 l . He was the son of Dr. A. McNally who had practiced in Lethbridge for many years, first as a member of Connor, McNally, and Jamieson, then Connor, McNally, and Leech, and finally as the partner of Dr. Swancesky until hi s death in 1935 . Dr. James McNall y spent five years overseas with the Canadian Army. Upon the completion of hi s service, he returned to medical school at the University of Alberta. Prior to joining the clinic, he interned at the Royal Alexandra Hospital in Edmonton.14 He left the Roy group in 1956 to take postgraduate training in radiology. He now practices out of St. Michael's Hospital and is consulting radiologist for several clinics in Lethbridge.15

The Roy Clinic Throughout the group's existence, the title of the group had been changed to keep pace with changes in the composition of the group . However, five physi­ cians resulted in an inconveniently long name, so after Dr. McNally joined the partnership, the title was altered to Drs. Roy, Schmaltz, and Associates. After Dr. Schmaltz left in 1955, the group adopted the title the Roy Clinic, which it has used ever since. The group again reached its peak of five physicians in the late 1950' s. They had practiced in the same offices on the first floor of the Sherlock Block since the clinic was founded in 1936. During World War II, the Sherlock family who had constructed the building sold it to the British Canadian Trust. By the late I 950's, this building, which had been poorly designed initially, was very out­ dated.1 6 Therefore the group decided to build their own office at 715 Second A venue South. According to city directories, they were practicing in the new building by 1959. After their departure the Sherlock Block, which was then known as the British Canadian Trust Building, was demolished. In later years, like the Campbell Clinic, the Roy Clinic tended to hire physi­ cians from Britain (primarily Scotland) and the University of Alberta. Their numbers fluctuated between four and five physicians until the mid I 980's when they were reduced to three. Since Dr. Rice's retirement, only two physicians remain: Dr. Iain McFadzen, a 1970's arrival, and Dr. Joe Hope, a 1980's arrival. According to Dr. Rice they are currently looking for a new partner, but have thus far been unsuccessful. The Roy Clinic 123

Notes

1 F. M. Christie, interview with F. C. Harris, spring 1988, Lethbridge, Alberta. 2 D. A. Rice, interview with F. C. Harris, 22 July 1987, Lethbridge, Alberta. 3 Rice. 4 Ri ce. 5 Lethbridge Herald, 4 February 1964. 6 Rice. 7 Alberta Medical Bulletin, 2(April 1936) p. 33. 8 Alberta Medical Bulletin, 13(July 1947) p.26; Canadian Medical Association Journal, 56( 1947) p. 695. 9 Leah Poelman, White Caps and Red Roses: History of the Galt School of Nursing Lethbridge, Alberta 1910-1979, (Galt School of Nursing Alumnae Society of Alberta) p. 3 19. w Rice. 11 Canadian Medical Association Journal, 115(1976) p. 574. 12 Ri ce. 13 Rice. 14 Alberta Medical Bulletin, l 6(November 1951 ) p. 35. 15 Rice. 16 Ri ce. 124 Medical Clinics and Phys icians of Southern Alberta 1875-1960

Dr. Louis Arthur Roy, a founder of the Roy Clinic. The Archives, Sir Alexander Galt Museum, Lethbridge

Dr. William Ayer li11coill, a fo1111di11g member of t!te Calgary Associate Clinic.

The Valerian Francis Swancesky, a founder of the Roy Clinic. The Archives, Sir Alexander Galt Museum, Lethbridge The Haig Cli!'lic 125

THE HAIG CLINIC

by J. Middlemiss and F.C. Harris

The Haig Clinic of Lethbridge was officially formed on January I , 1939 by Dr. Arthur Aitcheson Haig, Dr. Willard Reddon Haig, Dr. J. Ernest Ayre, Dr. Hugh Alexander Arnold, and Dr. Edmund Cairns. However the development of the group may be traced back more than a decade to 1928, when Dr. Arthur Haig came to Lethbridge to practice with Dr. Robert Wesley Lynn. This partner­ ship ended in 1931 and Dr. Haig established a solo practice in Lethbridge. In spite of the economic conditions of this decade which had contributed to the di s­ solution of the partnership, the solo practice thrived and Dr. Haig was joined by his brother Willard in 1934. Gradually the brothers realized that forming a group practice would be beneficial both to themselves and to their patients and, there­ fore, they recruited a business manager and additional physicians. Of the found­ ing members, the Haig brothers were surgeons, Dr. Cairns was a pediatrician, and Drs. Ayre and Arnold were general practitioners who soon took leaves of absence to undertake specialist training as an obstetrician and an internist, respectively. Contract medicine was undoubtedly a factor in the success of the medical practice. The Haig brothers had contracts with some mines, the teachers, private families, and later the farmers in the Lethbridge Northern Irrigation Di strict.

For as little as two dollars a month a miner could be covered for himself and his family for all office calls, hospital calls, some medicine and fifty percent of the fee for surgery. 1

Although the mining contracts ended by the early 1940's, this type of contract medicine had led to the evolution of private contracts which were very success­ ful in Southern Alberta. These contracts were made with people who did not have access to company contracts. In 1939, a private contract cost twenty-five dollars a year for a family. This included all office calls, house calls, hospital calls, fifty percent of the cost of surgery and all but fifteen dollars of maternity costs.2 Contract medicine provided families with quality medical care without the fear that a severe illness would cripple them financially. It also enabled physi­ cians to survive in the 1930' s when they would otherwise have had great diffi­ culty in collecting enough fees to make a living. Like the other doctors of this period, the members of the Haig Clinic worked long hours. Dr. Cairns recalled conditions in the late 1930' s:

When we first came, we worked in the mornings, in the afternoons from 2 p.m. to 5 p.m., and then came back in the evenings until 8:30 or 9 p.m. We also worked Sunday afternoons and holidays. 3 I 26 Medi cal Clinics and Physicians of Southern Alberta 1875-1960

However, these long hours were necessary since the group had to provide ser- vice when it was required. One of the primary reasons offices were open in the evenings, Saturdays, and Sunday afternoons was because of the fact that a large portion of the practice was contract and the mines were one of the major groups on con­ tract.4

These were the times that the men were not working and therefore were the most convenient times for them to attend appointments. In addition to the regu­ lar hours, hospital and house calls were made. These long hours were hard on the physicians and made it difficult for them to read and keep up with the latest innovations in medical care. Furthermore many had families with whom they wanted to spend more time. Therefore, the clinic was the first practice in Lethbridge to abandon evening and weekend office hours.5 When the clinic first opened, blood and urine tests could be done on the premises. After the arrival in 1942 of Dr. William Strome, an anesthetist who had a good working knowledge of radiology, the clinic purchased a small portable X-ray machine. Although the members eventually decided to use the services provided by an outside laboratory facility, they still have an X-ray machine.6 Payment of bills came in a variety of forms. In the early years, people on relief were never charged. Neither were colleagues or clergy. The doctors would often receive turkeys, beef or produce, both for payment and as gifts. In the early 1930' s, Mr. Russel Haig (later the clinic business manager) had started farming on a homestead that had been willed to the family. Dr. Willard Haig recalled: A lot of the time patients had little money. A great many of them, if they were farming, had a chicken or a pig they would offer for payment and I would send it up to my brother.7 Mr. Montgomery, the present business administrator, noted, "At one time we were going to collect grain for payment at the clinic, but selling the grain became such a problem that we didn't take it."8 Through most of the group' s history, business meetings were held once a month to enhance understanding and co-operation within the group. The affairs of the practice were di scussed and the members had an opportunity to make sug­ gestions to improve the operation of the clinic. In addition the physicians met informally on a daily basis for coffee sessions. To maintain the standard of care within the group, the clinic provided stipends for physicians attending seminars and workshops. Thus the physicians were able to upgrade themselves and keep up to date with the latest changes in medicine. The clinic members carefully selected new additions to the staff. The physicians remain in close contact with the medical schools. New The Haig Clin!c 127

doctors are recruited by word of mouth, advertisements, and by contact with professors in the medical schools to find available talent. 9 Another member added: We would check all we could about one and sometimes hire him as a gen­ eral practitioner. Then if that person desired a specialty, we tried to see that they got training in that field. 10 Many of the doctors came from the University of Alberta and had interned in Alberta. However, the Haig brothers often encouraged them to go East for their postgraduate work since they themselves had trained there. Upon their arrival, the physicians would draw a salary for two years before they could enter into the partnership, at which time they would be paid on a per­ centage basis which took into account seniority and productivity. At the age of 65, the physicians had to retire and divest their interest in the clinic, although they might be permitted to continue to practice with the group if the younger physicians were willing. However, they " ... felt that the actual management of the clinic and its direction should be undertaken by the younger men coming up. nll Although it certainly was not the first group practice in Lethbridge, the Haig group can be considered the first "clinic." The Haigs were the first to adopt that term in their title and the first in Lethbridge to consciously try to gather together a group of competent specialists in addition to general practitioners. Dr. Arnold, a specialist in internal medicine, insisted that the clinic benefited both physicians and patients. I think it has been an advantage and a good thing for the public because you have accessibility of service of, not only family practitioners, but availability of referral to specialists within the group. For the doctors, it is beneficial to have access to others who work and practice with you.12 The clinic also enabled physicians to receive further training and become actively involved in medical organizations if they wished. Referrals were rare during the formative years of the clinic due to competition and an initial distrust of specialists, although there were virtually no other specialists in Lethbridge. Dr. Cairns, the only pediatrician in the area, received the most referrals. 13 The distrust of specialists was overcome by the transition of other group practices in Lethbridge to a multi-specialty format several years later.

The Haig Brothers Ors. Willard Reddon Haig and Arthur Aitcheson Haig were born in Devil's Lake, North Dakota, Willard in 1899 and Arthur in 190 I. They moved to Claresholm with their family in 1902, where they lived until 1920 when Arthur entered the University of Alberta. He later transferred to the medical school at McGill University where both brothers graduated in 1926, Dr. Arthur Haig with the Wood's gold medal. 14 128 Medical Clinics and Physicians of Southern Alberta 1875-1960

Dr. Arthur Haig immediately joined the practice of Dr. Arthur Day in Consort, Alberta. However, in the summer of 1927, he decided that he would like to receive some additional training. Therefore, he traveled to Montreal where he became a house surgeon under Dr. Edward Archibald at the Royal Victoria Hospital. Hi s elder brother Dr. Willard Haig replaced him in the Consort practice. Their experience with Dr. Day undoubtedly had a lasting influence on the brothers. Although the medical facilities in Consort were quite primitive, Dr. Day did his best to overcome these difficulties. He was highly dedicated to his work and loved the town he served for almost half a century.15 His daughter remembered:

During the depression, Dad would pack a great bag of oranges and he took them to children who were under-privileged and under-nourished. Lots of times if he found the family situation pretty meager, he'd leave a five dollar bill under the plate. Those people never forgot that .. . Years later, he 'd have the car downtown on a Saturday night and it was common for him to go back to the car and find a nice, plucked wild goose and maybe three pounds of homemade butter in the back seat. Young people who were getting married and finding it pretty hard - he'd lend them money to buy a marriage license or a wedding ring. 16

In the summer of 1928, 26 year old Dr. Arthur Haig returned to Alberta. Dr. Willard Haig had learned of an opening in the practice of Dr. Robert Wesley Lynn in Lethbridge from Mae Symonds, a recent graduate of the Galt School of Nursing whom Willard would marry in 1930. Dr. Willard Haig himself consid­ ered applying for the position, but felt that he shouldn't leave Dr. Day. Therefore, he encouraged his brother Arthur to apply.17 Dr. Lynn wanted to take a year's leave to study at the Royal College of Surgeons in Edinburgh, Scotland, yet he was reluctant to leave his practice which was large and prosperous. He realized that the solution to his dilemma was to hire a partner. However, Dr. Lynn had to be careful whom he chose. His practice included a large contract with coal mine number six to provide medical care for 900 men and their families. In order to retain the contract he had to pro­ vide a high standard of medical care. Therefore, he wanted a young, healthy physician since the work load was very heavy, but the man also had to be capa­ ble, well trained and have some experience. Dr. Arthur Haig' s qualifications met with Dr. Lynn's approval and he was offered the position. The year that followed was strenuous but successful for young Dr. Haig. He was kept on as a partner when Dr. Lynn returned in 1929. In the same year, secure in the partnership, Arthur married Phyllis Forde, a Royal Victoria nurse. Under the name of Lynn and Haig, the doctors practiced together for the next two years. The practice was originally located in a small office in the Lafferty Building. Before departing for Scotland, Dr. Lynn had left instructions and designs for a The Haig Clinic 129

new office with a contractor. The spacious new office was located on the second floor of the McFarland Building on the corner of Fourth Avenue and Sixth Street. Due to the depression, by 1931 the number six mine, " ... was but a skeleton of its former self. The men working there no longer required the services of two medical doctors." 18 Since Dr. Arthur Haig felt that he had attracted enough pri­ vate patients to successfully practice solo in Lethbridge, Drs. Haig and Lynn mutually agreed to dissolve the partnership. However, the two physicians remained on friendly terms and were always willing to help each other when the need for medical assistance arose. Dr. Arthur Haig opened his new practice on the second floor of the McFarland Building. To reduce hi s operating expenses, he shared a waiting room and a nurse with Dr. Ward Clarke, a dentist. Despite the depression, the young physician's practice flouri shed and he soon found himself out of debt and, instead, fairly comfortably situated. Meanwhile, Dr. Willard Haig had ended his association with Dr. Day and had established a practice in Fort Macleod. In 1934, Dr. Arthur Haig, who wanted to do postgraduate work in Edinburgh and Vienna, proposed that his brother join him in Lethbridge. Dr. Willard Haig agreed and additional office space was acquired in the Macfarland Building. The two men practiced under the name of Drs. Haig and Haig. Reluctant to abandon the Fort Macleod practice that Dr. Willard Haig had established, the brothers decided to maintain it as well. Since the town was less than an hour away, for several years they found young physicians to work in the Macleod office. One of the Haig brothers would travel to Fort Macleod to assist in surgical cases when necessary . 19 The brothers had complementary personalities and a good working relation­ ship that helped make the joint practice a success. Dr. Willard Haig recalled:

We always got along very well together. We went through medical school together. On a day to day basis, people would take him more seriously than me. I was very fond of practical jokes. However, we took our work very seriously. I had more fun sometimes while working.20

The brothers had well developed senses of humor which they often employed to handle difficult situations through the years. On one occasion Dr. Willard Haig attended a newly married woman in her first pregnancy. At that time, the charge for looking after prelabor and postbirth was normally twenty-five dollars. However, since the woman had given birth to twins, the doctor raised his fee to .thirty dollars. When the proud father came in to settle the bill with Mr. Russel Haig, the business manager at that time, he was infuriated by the unexpected increase in the bill. "That didn't take any more work did it?" the man yelled. Dr. Haig, who had been listening to the conversation from the safe confines of his office next door, leaned out the door and yelled back, "Are you talking about me or you?" Defeated, but laughing, the man surrendered the extra five dollars.21 130 Medical Clinics and Physicians of Southern Alberta 1875-1960

Dr. Arthur Haig did postgraduate work in surgery at Zurich and Vienna for year and then returned to the practice in 1935 . In addition to keeping up wi~ developments in medicine, he was involved in the medical societies of the tirn e. He was at various times president of the Alberta division of the Canadian Medical Association, chairman of the Medical Advisory Committee of St.

Michael's Hospital and chief surgeon. In recognition of hi s contributions 10 medical life, he was made a senior life member of the Alberta Medical Association. In 1948, Dr. Haig went to Edinburgh where he received a F.R.C.S.22 Two years later, he received a F.A.C.S. in Boston.23 The practice grew rapidly and with it the administrative work necessary to keep the practice running smoothly. Although Phyllis and Mae Haig assisted their husbands with the endless hours of paperwork, the brothers decided that a business manager was essential. The physicians felt that this was their "initial step in the transition to a group practice."24 Wishing to continue to keep the practice within the family, they per­ suaded their older brother, Mr. Russel Haig, to take over the business adminis­ tration of the practice. Mr. Haig had extensive business experience. He started out as a school teacher in Claresholm in 1913 where he worked until he joined the armed forces in 1918. Upon his release, he decided to start a career in business, in addition to operating the farm which has already been mentioned. In one of the positions he held, he worked as the manager of an investment firm. Interested in community service, he was mayor of Lethbridge from 1955 until 1957 when he was forced to resign due to poor health.25 The physicians felt that their brother played a major role in the development of the clinic. He could always smooth out a roughened situation. Russel had a great sense of humor, which allowed him to meld the doctors into a cohesive, loyal group. 26

Expansion and Specialization With the addition of a business manager, the Haig brothers started to seriously consider the possibility of establishing a group practice. They felt that this was the best way to provide proper care for patients. "The field of medicine was just too large for any one physician to be entirely competent in all its branches," Dr. Arthur Haig reasoned.27 Dr. J. Ernest Ayre, a graduate of the University of Alberta, was invited to join the two physicians in 1937. Dr. Ayre had come to Lethbridge on locum tenens for Dr. Lynn who was on vacation. When Dr. Lynn was tragically killed in an automobile accident in 1936, Dr. Ayre took over his practice and later agreed to join the Haig brothers. 28 In 1939, Dr. Ayre went to England to do postgraduate work in obstetrics and gynecology. Shortly after hi s arrival, World War II broke out. Dr. Ayre was scheduled to return on the Athenia, but missed her in Liverpool thus narrowly The Haig Clinic 131

scaping death, for during the voyage the ship was torpedoed and sank in the e . n North Atlantic Ocean. Upon hi s safe return to Canada, he took up a residency in gynecology at the Royal Victoria Hospital. Dr. Ayre never returned to the clinic. Instead, he stayed in Montreal and did valuable work pertaining to diagnosis and treatment of cer­ vical and uterine cancer.

In I 938, upon the recommendation of Dr. Ayre, the physicians invited Dr. Hugh Alexander Arnold to join them. Dr. Arnold was born in Nanaimo, British Columbia in 1910. He attended school in Vancouver until he moved with hi s family to Calgary in 1920. There he completed high school and normal school. He worked as a teacher for one year and then the onset of the depression resulted in the loss of his job. There was little hope of another position in the near future, so Dr. Arnold's father encouraged him to enter University to give him something to do.30 He graduated from the University of Alberta in 1938 having studied arts then medicine. He joined the group from an internship at the University Hospital in Edmonton where he had met and married a young nurse, Islay Brown. Since Dr. Arnold was interested in internal medicine, the doctors offered to send him to the Royal Victoria Hospital in Montreal (where both of them had trained) for postgraduate work in this field and pay him seventy-five dollars a month to sup­ port him and his wife.31 The Haig brothers felt that an internist would be an important addition to the group, since they were both primarily surgeons. He later studied at the Universi ty of Toronto and the Beth Israel Hospital at the Harvard Medical College. The Drs. Haig never regretted their decision. Dr. Arnold is a "textbook doctor, one of the few who are left." A nurse who was in training when she first met Dr. Arnold, told Dr. Willard Haig that "Dr. Arnold did exactly what an instructor said a doctor should do."32 Dr. Arnold has always liked to present a very professional demeanor, but for­ tunately at the same time he has a good sense of humor. While returning from a conference in Saskatchewan, Dr. Arnold stopped for lunch at a restaurant out­ side of Red Deer. Upon hi s arrival in Lethbridge, he realized that he had left hi s new hat at the restaurant. Immediately, he wrote a letter describing the hat and asked the restaurant to return it parcel post. They did so promptly. Mr. Russel Haig intercepted the box before Dr. Arnold saw it and substituted a tattered, shapeless, greasy, wheat-stalk-infested hat from his farm. After carefully wrap­ ping it up, he presented it to Dr. Arnold. Dr. Arnold was delighted that his hat had arrived so quickly; however, his reaction was quite different when he saw the substitute. He came out to the desk where the business manager was and threw it down, saying, "Any damn fool should know a doctor wouldn't wear a hat like that." Dr. Arnold returned to his office and composed a scathing letter to the management of the restaurant. "It kinda spoi led his day," Dr. Willard Haig recalled. Later, while having coffee, Dr. Willard Haig enquired about the parcel 132 Medical Clinics and Physicians of Southern Alberta 1875- 1960

and Dr. Arnold retrieved the box to display the hat. Much to his surprise, Whe he opened the box, he found the original hat which Mr. Russel Haig had quieu" replaced. While Dr. Arnold stood speechless, the staff roared with laughter. Th~ letter, fortunately, had not been mailed.33 Like Dr. Arthur Haig, Dr. Arnold was deeply involved in medical affairs. He has been president of the Alberta Medical Association, Alberta representative to the Canadian Medical Association, chairman of several Canadian Medical Association and Alberta Medical Association committees, president of the Canadian Society of Internal Medicine. president of the Alberta Society of Specialists in Internal Medicine, president of the Lethbridge Municipal Hospital medical staff, chief of the Department of Medicine at St. Michael's Hospital as well as being engaged in many other activities. For his services to medicine he has been made a senior life member of the Alberta Medical Association, the Canadian Medical Association, and the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Alberta; has received the Queen's Silver Jubilee Medal, the Outstanding Achievement Award from the Alberta Medical Alumni Association and was the third physician to receive the Alberta Medical Association award of merit for outstanding service to the professional organization.34 Dr. Arnold still practices part time at the Haig Clinic in 1988, although he withdrew from the partne:-ship many years ago.

In the fall of 1938, Dr. Arthur Haig attended a Canadian Medical Association meeting in Calgary, where he met a young pediatrician, Dr. Edmund Cairns, who was struggling to maintain a solo practice there. Dr. Eddie Cairns was born in Nelson, British Columbia in 1910 and received hi s early education in Nelson and Trail. He graduated from the University of Alberta in 1934 and then spent one year in a general rotating internship in the Edmonton General Hospital. He next spent two years as an intern and one more as chief resident at the Sick Children's Hospital in Toronto. He came to Calgary in July of 1938 at the same time as two other young pediatricians who were also determined to establish themselves there. 35 Dr. Haig was impressed by the young man and tried to persuade him that "group practice in Lethbridge had considerably more to offer than striving to establish himself in the larger city of Calgary." Dr. Cairns agreed to visit Lethbridge. He liked what he saw and joined the group on January I , 1939. A few months later, he married Jean Sharpe, a nurse from the Hospital for Sick Children. Dr. Cairns was the first pediatrician south of Calgary and the 23rd physician to arrive in Lethbridge.36 At first, most of the patients would ask for Dr. Arthur Haig because he was more familiar to them. One day, a young mother called and asked Dr. Arthur Haig to have a look at her son, Eddie, who had developed a fever. Dr. Haig asked the woman to allow the young pediatrician to examine her son. With some reluctance, she agreed. After the visit, the woman called Dr. Haig and asked, "What did Dr. Cairns think of Eddie?" Dr. Arthur Haig telephoned the pediatri- The Haig Clinic 133

. n in his office and, unknown to Dr. Cairns, established a three-way conversa­ c_i;n Dr. Haig repeated the question, "What did you think of little Eddie?" ~na~are of the eagerly listening mother, Dr. Cairns replied, The only thing wrong with that little bugger was I had to chase him all through the house and finally pull him from under a bed. All his trouble is the sweat and heat rash he got from me chasing him and him getting over- heated. 37 It was a long time before Dr. Cairns tended to Eddie again. Patients and physicians in Lethbridge gradually became accustomed to the concept of a special physician for children. As Dr. Arthur Haig had realized, there was a real need for a pediatrician in the district. Within a few years, Dr. Cairns had a large practice and received many referrals from other physicians. some years after he came to Lethbridge, he was recognized for his specialty interest in pediatrics whereby medical graduates would spend some of their postgraduate training studying with him. Dr. Gordon W. Allan took advantage 38 of this in 1955. Dr. Cairns was active in many local, provincial and national medical societies and associations. Among hi s many activities, he was president of the Alberta Pediatric Society, president of the Alberta Association of Medical Clinics, provincial chairman of the American Academy of Pediatrics, trustee of the Canadian Association of Medical Clinics, director of the Canadian Pediatric Society, and president of St. Michael's staff and the District #2 Medical Society, in addition to serving as chief of pediatrics at both hospitals in Lethbridge. He also was involved in school health programs for many years and many non-med­ ical service and community organizations. Dr. Cairns became a fellow of the American Academy of Pediatrics in 1939, was certified by the Royal College in 1945, and became a fellow in 1972. Later he was made an honorary member of the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Alberta, an emeritus fellow of the American Academy of Pediatrics and the Canadian Pediatric Society, a life member of the Alberta Pediatric Society, and a senior life member of the Alberta Medical Association. He continued to practice with the clinic until his retirement in 1975.

The Haig Clinic On January 1, 1939, the group was formally renamed the Haig Clinic. The members at this time were Dr. Arthur Haig, Dr. Willard Haig, Dr. J. Ernest Ayre, Dr. Hugh Arnold, and Dr. Edmund Cairns. With the additions to the staff, once again the office needed to be expanded. A contractor was hired and, with permission from the owners of the McFarland Building, the offices underwent extensive remodeling. Dr. Willard Haig, after taking a month of training in surgery at the Mayo Clinic, left for further study, from January to May of 1939, at the Hammersmith 134 Medical Clinics and Physicians of Southern Alberta 1875- 1960

Postgraduate School of Medicine in London, England. After Dr. Willard Haig's return, Dr. Arnold left to do a year's residency in internal medicine in Montreal at the Royal Victoria Hospital commencing July, 1939. Dr. Arnold was tem­ porarily replaced by Dr. Archibald M. Eddington who returned to Montreal when Dr. Arnold rejoined the clinic. 40 In 1940, Dr. Melrose K. MacGougan, an ear, nose and throat specialist, joined the clinic. After graduating from McGill University in 1935, he trained at the Montreal General Hospital. After only a brief association with the clinic, he went to the United States for additional training. He entered the R.C.A.F. in 1943 and upon his return set up a practice in Calgary, where he still practice .41 Dr. William Strome, who had practiced with the Haigs in Fort Macleod, joined the clinic in 1943. Dr. Strome was born in 1903 in Edberg, Alberta. He received his early education in Camrose and then taught school in Alberta until he entered the University of Alberta. He received a B.A. in 1932 and hi s medical degree in 1936 and then interned at the University and Mi sericordia Hospitals in Edmonton. Later in 1936, he moved to Fort Macleod. He married Catherine S. Vallance, a nurse, in the following year. Dr. Strome practiced in Macleod until 1942 when he went to Montreal to train in anesthesia at the Royal Victoria Hospital. When he returned to Alberta in 1943, he joined the clinic in Lethbridge where he did the X-ray work in addition to administering anesthetics and carrying on a general practice. The clinic members remembered that "Time didn' t mean anything to Bill. He would often show up late because he had stopped to help a child fix his bicycle."42 Although he had little regard for time, in carrying on a family practice as well as his duties as an anesthetist, Dr. Strome worked hard at the clinic. On one occasion, he went into his office to examine a patient and fell asleep. The patient stayed in the office for more than an hour, until the nurse, becoming anxious, knocked on the door and entered to find the doctor fast asleep. "Why didn't you wake him up?" she asked the patient. The patient, an older woman, replied, "I felt so sorry for this overworked doctor, I just let him sleep."43 Dr. Strome, like many other anesthetists gave up office practice altogether in 1952 to do only anesthesia in the hospitals. He was the president of the Galt Hospital medical staff and later became the chief of anesthesiology at St. Michael's and Lethbridge Municipal Hospital. He also taught medicine at the Galt and St. Michael's schools of nursing. He retired as a partner at the clinic in 1976 and died in 1984. In 1949, Dr. George S. Gray joined the practice. He was born in Drumheller, Alberta in 1918. He received his early education in Alberta and British Columbia before going to Durham, England to study medicine. He graduated in 1942 after distinguishing himself by winning awards and subsequently did post­ graduate work in the Royal Victoria Infirmary in Newcastle and the Newcastle General Hospital. He then served with the British Army in India and Burma from 1944 until 1947. As he was a competent neurologist, Dr. Gray joined Dr. The Haig Clinic 135

Arnold in practicing internal medicine.44 He became president of the medical staff at both hospitals in Lethbridge. Dr. Gray still practices part time at the clinic although he has retired from the partnership.

Dr. Lloyd Wallace Johnston joined the clinic in the following year as a spe­ cia li st in obstetrics and gynecology. He was the nephew of Dr. Gordon Johnston, who had practiced in Fort Macleod and was well known to the Haig brothers. He was born in Calgary in 1917 and received his early education in Springbank and Calgary. He attended the University of Alberta, graduating in I 944. He then almost immediately joined the R.C.A.M.C. as a captain. While in th e services in 1945, he married Jessie H. Booth, a nurse from the Royal Alexandra Hospital in Edmonton. Upon his discharge in 1946, he did general practice in Calgary for six months before beginning postgraduate training at the Colonel Belcher Hospital in Calgary, the University of Alberta Hospital, the Royal Alexandra Hospital in Edmonton, the Margaret Hague Maternity Hospital in Jersey City, and the Kingston General Hospital in Ontario. He also worked as a clinical tutor at Queen's University in Kingston. In 1950, Dr. Johnston, now a fully qualified specialist, joined the Haig Clinic.45 He practiced there until 1955 when he took a leave of absence for a year to become the senior assistant to a professor at the Nuffield department of obstetrics and gynecology at the Oxford Medical School in England. In addition to his certification in obstetrics and gynecology by the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons, Dr. Johnston is a fellow and life member of th e Royal College of Surgeons, the American College of Surgeons, and the American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology. He was president of the Alberta Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology and active in several other med­ ical societies and organizations, sitting on many committees. He was president of the Galt Hospital medical staff and chief of the department of obstetrics and gynecology at the Lethbridge Regional Hospital. In additi on, he was an oral examiner in obstetrics and gynecology for the Medical Council of Canada for five years and was assistant clinical professor in obstetrics and gynecology at the University of Calgary Medical School. Dr. Johnston has now retired from the partnership, but continues to practice part time at the clinic.

With three nurses employed by the clinic to assist the physicians, space in the office was once again at a premium. The group began working on plans for its own building. Ellerby and Sons, the architects of the Mayo Clinic, were hired to develop plans for a new clinic building. Although it might have seemed odd to contract Minnesota architects to design the clinic, the physicians felt thi s was a sound move.

We felt that they were an architectural firm that could give us some good ideas as to the type of building necessary for a medical clinic . . . A lot of people had moved here from the north central United States and had some orientation to the Mayo Clinic.46 136 Medical Clinics and Physicians of Southern Alberta 1875-1960

Very often, patients would go to Shelby, Montana, catch a train and be at the famous clinic in Rochester, Minnesota in a short time. The Haig Clinic " .. . has always had a high regard for the Mayo Clinic and sent some difficult cases down there through the years."47 On 13 May, 1950, the doctors moved to their new quarters at 60 l Sixth Avenue South. The spacious new building was almost 10,000 sq. ft. in size, with plentiful office space, a large waiting room, laboratory, and X-ray facilities. In the fall of 195 l, Dr. James Hamilton Noble joined the clinic. He was a native of Wishaw, Scotland and attended Glasgow University where he gradu­ ated in 1944. He subsequently joined the Royal Navy as Surgeon Lieutenant and served until 1947. He then took additional training in urology and surgery at St. Mary's Hospital in London, prior to joining the group. Dr. Noble remained with the clinic for the rest of his career. He died in 1983.48 Dr. J. Edward McTavish joined the clinic in the same year. He was a 1945 graduate of the University of Manitoba and had previously practiced in Winnipeg. He left the clinic in 1953 to enter into solo practice in Lethbridge. He is still in practice there.49 Mr. Russel Haig, the clinic manager, found that he needed help in 1953. Therefore, a credit manager, Mr. Roy Montgomery, was asked to join the clinic. Mr. Montgomery became the assistant manager in the following year and when Mr. Haig retired in 1960 (he died in 1964 at the age of 68), Mr. Montgomery replaced him as the clinic administrator, a position which he still holds in 1988. Mr. Montgomery was born in 1927 in Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan and spent his youth in Selkirk, Manitoba. He attended St. John's College prior to becoming employed by the Royal Bank of Canada in 194 7. The Haig Clinic owes a debt of gratitude to the Royal Bank for transferring Mr. Montgomery to Lethbridge in 1952 where he became acquainted with the clinic staff. He is active in several organizations concerned with medical group practices, and was a founding member and president of the Alberta Association of Clinic Managers and the Medical Group Management Association of Canada. A former test pilot for the Royal Air Force, Dr. Frederick C. Emberton joined the clinic in 1954 as a family practitioner. He was a 1952 graduate of Guys Hospital in London. He had left the group by 1958 to return to England where he became associated with a pharmaceutical company.50 During the same year Dr. Gerhard Driedger, a 1948 graduate of the University of Kiel, joined the practice. After emigrating to Canada from Germany, he trained at St. Michael's Hospital in Lethbridge before passing the Canadian medical examinations which enabled him to practice in Canada. Dr. Driedger practiced family medicine at the Haig Clinic until 1957, when he went to the University of Pennsylvania to take a three-year residency in orthopedic surgery. He then returned as a partner at the clinic. He remained there until 1974 when he entered solo practice in Lethbridge.51 The Haig Clinic. 137

Dr. Margaret G. Pearson also joined the group as a family practitioner in !954. She was a 1952 graduate of the University of Alberta. After approxi­ mately a year, she decided to undertake postgraduate work in pediatrics. She now practices her specialty in Calgary. * * *' Over the next few years, several physicians joined the clinic. However many of these remained for only a very brief time since they found themselves un suited to group practice. "Group practice is a lot of give and take, you can' t be a prima donna in a group practice," Mr. Montgomery commented.52 Like many other groups at this time where there was a mixture of specialists and general practitioners, there may have been some conflict over profit distribution. However, the situation soon stabilized and the clinic grew rapidly. A list of physicians who joined the clinic after 1955 may be found in the appendix. The Haig Clinic ceased to expand significantly by the late 1960's and has averaged 15 or 16 physicians ever since with a peak of 18 in 1975 and a low of I 3 in 1977. In 1988, there were 16 physicians at the clinic as well as many employees on the nursing, office and administrative staffs. Dr. Arthur Haig was forced to retire in 1963 after suffering a stroke while preparing for a curling match and he died in i 986. Drs. Willard Haig and Eddie Cairns have also retired but continue to take an interest in the progress of the clinic. Drs. Hugh Arnold, George Gray, and Lloyd Johnston now practice only part time. Dr. Arthur Haig's son Brian was briefly associated with the clinic but decided that he was not interested in this type of practice. The closest connection with the Haig fam­ ily is Dr. Walter Gray., a son-in-law of Dr. Arthur Haig and a family practitioner at the Haig Clinic. The personnel may have changed, however, other aspects of the clinic have not changed. Although the clini c is divided into specialty departments and receives many referrals, the emphasis is still on family practice. This is reflected in the clinic's recent return to evening office hours. Dr. Hugh Arnold explained the rationale behind thi s decision.

When you are practicing medicine you are in a service type of profession and you should be prepared to give the service if, as, and when it is required or desired.53

With more and more women working outside the home, many families, if an ailment is not too serious, prefer to visit their physician in the evenings and avoid mi ssing work or school. The Haig Clinic began remaining open on Tuesday evenings in 1986. This proved so successful that now office hours are held Tuesday, Wednesday, and Thursday nights. On these evenings, patients are seen on a drop in basis, with no appointment required. This offers the patient much greater flexibility. The clinic hopes to extend its office hours further if it can recruit additional family practitioners who enjoy working in the evenings. 54 In addition to the evening hours, there is a physician on call twenty-four hours 138 Medical Clinics and Physicians of Southern Alberta 1875-1960 a day from every department in the clinic. In some of the smaller departments anangements are made with other clinics to ensure that a speciali st is alway~ available for emergency and consultation purposes. The Haig Clinic continues to be willing to experiment with progressive new ideas to the benefit of patients and physicians. They were the first clinic in Lethbridge to reopen in the evening and the first to install an in-house computer, commonly referred to by the staff as "Haigbert." The physicians who have prac­ ticed with the clinic throughout most of their professional years can say truth­ fully, "It has been a good life!"55 The Haig Clini~ 139

Notes

If not attributed elsewhere, biographical details have been supplied from cur­ ricula vitae in the Haig Clinic files.

1 H. A. Arnold, interview with J. Middlemiss, 22 July 1986, Lethbridge, Alberta. (Hereafter cited as "Arnold"). 2 H. A. Arnold, transcript of interview with A. Kirchner, University of Calgary Medical Library, Calgary, Alberta. (Hereafter cited as "Kirchner") i E. Cairns, interview with J. Middlemiss, 22 July 1986, Lethbridge, Alberta. 4 Arnold. 5 Arnold. 6 Arnold. 7 Willard Haig, interview with J. Middlemiss, 30 July 1986, Lethbridge, Alberta. 8 R. Montgomery, interview with J. Middlemiss, Lethbridge, Alberta, 30 July 1986. 9 Arnold. 10 W. Haig. 11 W.Haig. 12 Arnold. 13 Cairns. 14 Lethbridge Herald, 17 November 1986. 15 Henri Chatenay, The Country Doctors, (Red Deer: Mattrix Press, 1980) pp. 119-36. 16 Chatenay p. 135. 17 W. Haig. 18 Arthur Haig, personal tape of the hi story of the Haig Clinic, Haig Clinic, Lethbridge, Alberta. This tape subsequently was transcribed by the clinic. 19 Cairns. 20 W. Haig. 21 W. Haig. 22 Alberta Medical Bulletin, 14(January 1949) p. 36. 23 Alberta Medical Bulletin, 16(February 1951) p. 32. 24 W. Haig. 25 Lethbridge Herald: Golden Anniversary and Progress Edition, 5 October 1957. 26 Arnold. 27 A. Haig. 28 A. Haig. 29 A. Haig. 30 Lethbridge Herald, 19 May 1984. 31 Kirchner. 32 W. Haig. 140 Medical Clinics and Physicians of Southern Alberta 1875-1960

33 W. Haig. 34 Lethbridge Herald, 23 May 1984. 35 Alberta Medical Bulletin, 34(August 1969) p. 94. 36 A. Haig. 37 W. Haig. 38 Arnold. 39 Alberta Medical Bulletin, 4(January 1939) p. 19. 40 Alberta Medical Bulletin, 5(January 1940) p. 8. 41 Arnold. 42 Montgomery. 43 Montgomery. 44 Arnold. 45 Alberta Medical Bulletin, 16(February 1951) p. 32. 46 W. Haig. 47 W. Haig. 48 Lethbridge Herald, 27 April 1983. 49 Arnold. 50 Arnold. 51 Arnold. 52 Montgomery. 53 Arnold. 54 Montgomery. 55 Arnold. The Haig CliQic 141

Founding Members of the Haig Clinic. Top Left: Dr. Arthur Aitcheson Haig; Top Right: Dr. Willard Reddon Haig. Bottom Left: Dr. Hugh Alexander Arnold; Bottom Right: Dr. Edmund Cairns. Dr. J. Ernest Ayre, the fifth founding member is not shown. Haig Clinic, Lethbridge 142 Medical Clinics and Physicians of Southern Alberta 1875- 1960

Doctors at Galt during the 1930's. Front row L to R: Drs. A.M. Lafferty, Leech, Thomson, Galbraith, Louis Roy. Second row L to R: Drs. P.M. Campbell, T. Brown, A. Haig, McNally, Taylor. Back row L to R: Drs. R.N. Shillington, V.F. Swancesky, D.B. Fowler, Wray, R. W. Lynn, J.K. Bigelow. The Archives, Sir Alexander Galt Museum, Lethbridge, Alberta The Haig Clinic 143

Doctors at last Staff meeting at Galt Hospital Back row L to R: Drs. N. Baster, R. Emberton, F. Christie, W. Strome, F. Gore-Hickman, A. Bainborough, R. King-Brown, R. Woodcock, T. Bassett. Third row L to R: Drs. H.B. Hunt, A.A. Haig, ]. McCutcheon, W. Cornock, Dr. Sarcies. Second row L to R: Drs. M. Albert, G. Wright, W. Haig, M. Pearson, ]. Bigelow, D. Schindler, D. Rice, G. Balfour, G. Driedger. Front row L to R: Drs. ]. Morgan, W. Bryans, M. Marshall, F. Johnson, H. Arnold, E. Poulsen, ]. McNally, D. Campbell, E. Cairns. The Archives, Sir Alexander Galt Museum, Lethbridge, Alberta 144 Medical Clinics and Physicians of Southern Alberta 1875-1960

Members of the Haig Clinic. From L to R: Drs. Willard Haig, Arthur Haig, Edmond Cairns, Hugh Arnold. Photo Credit: Haig Clinic, Lethbridge. The Bigelow Fowle.r Clinic 145

THE BIGELOW FOWLER CLINIC

by F. C. Hanis

Like many clini cs in Southern Alberta, the Bigelow Fowler C linic of Lethbridge evolved as a result of contract practice. It held contracts with most of the mines in the area as well as many other organizations and individuals.1 Even when coal was superseded by oi l and gas as a means of heating, the group con­ tinued to thrive since the founding members, Ors. Jesse Kenneth Bigelow and Douglas B. Fowler, had a very good reputation among their patients. Misses Grace and Isobel Mann, the former having worked at the clinic for 38 years as a receptionist-secretary and the latter for 34 years as a nurse before retiring, recalled,

They both brought in people, years and years of people, families, one gen­ eration after another. You'd have them in there, three or fo ur generations. They kept their patients. People would swear by them. We' d get phone call s all the time, 'Do you know how Dr. Bigelow is?' ... They were good family doctors. 2

The partnership began in 1931. Dr. Bigelow moved to Lethbridge in 1929 from Taber and built up a large practice. At thi s time, Dr. Fowler was practicing in Magrath . Since Magrath had no hospital, Dr. Fowler was often at the old Galt Hospital in Lethbridge with his patients where the two physicians became well acquainted. When Dr. Bigelow broke hi s arm in an accident and found he was unable to do surgery, he asked Dr. Fowler, who was an outstanding surgeon, to assist him. Impressed with Dr. Fowler's work, Dr. Bigelow invited him to enter into a partnership. Since Dr. Bigelow's old offices above the Herald Building on the comer of Fourth A venue and Si xth Street South were inadequate in size, the two physicians moved to the Hull Block at 70 I Third A venue South where they remained for almost two decades under the title Bigelow and Fowler. The physicians had X-ray facilities at their office and a small pharmacy which was run by Dr. Fowler who had been a pharmacist before he studied medicine. The physicians were faced with different medical problems than doctors today. In addition to the frequent outbreaks of infectious diseases and farming accidents that were common throughout Alberta, because of the mine contracts which they held, Dr. Bigelow and Dr. Fowler had to cope with enormous num­ bers of patients with broken or fractured bones. So many in fact that although neither doctor ever actually speciali zed and their main interests were in general surgery, Dr. Bigelow became a member of the Fractures Association of America. In the early 1930's the two physicians administered the first spinal anesthetic in the Lethbridge area. Dr. Bigelow had become acquainted with this innovation during his internship at the Bellevue Hospital in New York. Spinal anesthetics 146 Medical Clinics and Physicians of Southern Alberta 1875-1960 were .a great innovati~n in surg.ery since, "they played a vital role in reducing occasions of death which sometimes resulted from pneumonia following the use of ether and chloroform as an anesthetic.''3 Grace and Isobel Mann recalled the long hours that the physicians worked.

They went to the hospital in the early morning and operated and then they did their rounds. They would . .. be there to start about 7:30 and they would be operating half the night too ... (We had a lot more emergencies than you do nowadays) . .. at 2:00 in the afternoon, they came down to the office and they worked 'till 9:00. We'd have office hours from 7:00 to 9:00 and they'd have their lunch there at night. Well we'd have to go out and get their meals and bring them in so they could keep on going.4 The physicians worked these strenuous hours seven days a week. Although the staff also worked hard, their hours were somewhat less in num­ ber than those of the physicians. Nurses worked from 8:30 until 6:00 with an hour off for lunch unless it was their turn to look after the desk in the evening in which case they started at 11 :30. The nurses, like the physicians, seldom left on time, but if they were kept late while on the evening shift, the doctors always drove them home. At first, the nurses also took turns working Sundays: how­ ever, Sunday hours were usually limited to the afternoon. Later the nurses were given Sundays off, although the physicians continued to come in, and eventually they were given half days off on Saturdays.5 The physicians took excellent care of their staff. They attended to the staff and their families without fee when they were ill and if the problem was serious and it was necessary for them to be sent away for additional treatment, for instance to the Mayo Clinic, the physicians would pay for that too. The Mann sisters recalled, "If you were ill they'd never take a penny off your cheque - even if they had to get somebody in."6

Bigelow and Fowler

Dr. Jesse Kenneth Bigelow was born in Wales, Ontario in 1897 and received his early education in Wales and nearby Cornwall. Dr. Bigelow was first inspired to practice medicine by the local physician, Dr. Alfred Feader, a McGill gold medalist who had chosen to become a country doctor rather than taking a practice in a big city.

Dr. Bigelow remembers as a boy standing patiently by the roadside watching for Dr. Feader's democrat to come by and the kindly doctor, sighting his anxious wave, would stop by to attend his ill mother. 'He knew he wouldn't get five cents for the call but he came anyway . .. He was a brilliant, promising, dedicated doctor who preferred country calls to a swank, city office. He used his free time to counsel and help young boys and taught me to ride when my legs were still too short to reach the stir­ rups. ' Jesse Bigelow never forgot the deep impression he made on him. The Bigelow Fowler Clinic 147

Dr. Bigelow enlisted in the Queen' s University 46th Battery in 1916. While overseas, he was badly wounded and invalided home in 1918. Upon his return, he entered Queen's University, the only University to offer a five year medical program for veterans. He spent th~ .first thre~ ye~s on crutches until, after six operations, he was well enough to JOin the University hockey and football teams. Dr. Bigelow first experienced the West when he came to the New Dayton area on a harvester's excursion during a summer break to earn enough money to fin­ ish university. He was strongly attracted to the area. After his graduation in 1924, he did postgraduate work in New York at Bellevue Hospital where he gained experience in the new technique of spinal anesthesia; the Lying-In Hospital, a maternity hospital; and the St. John's Hospital, Brooklyn where he met his future wife Harriet who was in charge of the children's ward. During this time he lost 35 pounds since he took a night job in addition to his strenuous duties as an intern. The training he received at these institutions was excellent and there was no shortage of opportunities for him to enter into big city practice. Because of his severe weight loss, friends worried about his health and encouraged him to go West to benefit from the health giving climate. Dr. Bigelow had not forgotten Alberta in the intervening years and in 1925, upon the completion of his train­ ing, went to Taber to practice at the request of a friend who ran a coal mine in the area. While there, Dr. Bigelow became well acquainted with Lethbridge, since, like Magrath and many other small towns, Taber had no hospital at this time and it was necessary to bring patients to the hospital in Lethbridge which was only thirty miles away. Traveling this distance was not always easy in the l 920's. Blowing snow and deep drifts made his work difficult in winter but mud and rain slowed him down just as much in summer. It would take him three hours to drive through mud from Taber to Lethbridge. On one occa­ sion he lay down to sleep in his Star 6 in the middle of a com field only to waken and find himself surrounded by antelope. Arriving in time for maternity cases often presented even more of a problem. He would warn settlers en route to keep a team of horses handy to help haul him out of snow drifts and post holes, but no matter how hazardous were traveling conditions Jesse Bigelow always made it. There was a bit­ ter November blizzard blowing the morning he left the Dallas Hotel at 6:30 a.m. en route to Barnwell to deliver Mrs. Leith Johnson' s baby. When his car became ditched near the Taber mines, he walked through blowing snow all the way back to Taber to procure another car and this time drove to Barnwell on the wrong side of the road to avoid a similar experience. Luckily he arrived in time for the birth, but no sooner deliv­ ered the healthy infant when he was summoned to Cranford to deliver Mrs. Johnson's sister-in-law's baby. By now the snow had piled so deep the doctor had to abandon his car and walk the railway tracks from 148 Medical Clinics and Physicians of Southern Alberta 1875-1960

Barnwell. His mission accomplished and finally ready at noon the next day to return to Taber he met the accommodating Cranford Station agent who flagged a freight train that got him back in time for hi s afternoon office appointments.

In 1929, he decided to move to Lethbridge and sold his Taber practice to Dr. T. E. Brown who, in turn, later moved to Lethbridge where he joined the Campbell Clinic. However, Dr. Bigelow continued to attend many patients from Taber. He soon had a thriving practice and in 1931 was in a position to invite Dr. Fowler to join him. Dr. Bigelow was a very kindly man. The Mann sisters recalled that "if you were ill he would sit all night with you in hospital." He seemed to sleep very lit­ tle; instead, he could often be found prowling around the clinic or the hospital at all hours of the night.7 He was especially noted for his honesty. The Alberta Compensation Board often referred patients to him for a second opinion. He never checked the books to see if a patient had paid. Dr. Bigelow felt that "nothing was too good for the patient - he died a little with everyone who died." 8 However, Dr. Bigelow was not without his faults. He was well known for the bad language which he frequently employed. He insisted that this was the result of his having driven mules at Paschendale during his youth.9 Although this habit offended some people, it was readily forgiven by those who knew him well. A nursing supervisor of St. Michael's Hospital once reported Bigelow to the Mother Superior for swearing, using the Lord's name. Mother Superior, obviously knowing well the nature of the gruff but lovable doc­ tor, replied, 'The good doctor's not swearing, he 's praying.' 10 Dr. Bigelow was an enthusiastic horseman and one year won the reserve championship in the Edmonton Show. He founded the Lethbridge Kiwanis Club and was keenly involved for many years. He was named a senior member of the Canadian Medical Association. He practiced with the clinic until 1982 when he retired at the age of 85. He was still residing in Lethbridge in 1987. Although Dr. Douglas B. Fowler was born in Lehi, Utah in 1896, he came to Magrath, Alberta with his family while still very young and grew up on a farm there. He studied pharmacy at the University of Alberta, graduating in 1916, and returned to Magrath to work in a pharmacy. Two years later he married Louise King and after buying the Raymond Pharmacy began to work for himself. However, a few months later he joined the Royal Canadian Army Medical Corps. Following his resignation from the army he went to Salt Lake City to work for a year before returning to Alberta where he bought another pharmacy, this time in Cardston. After a time, he realized that he wished to study medicine so he sold the pharmacy and entered McGill University. During his final year, he received permission to do night work at the Montreal Maternity Hospital. He The Bigelow Fowler Clinic 149 estimated that he delivered six hundred babies there. Dr. Fowler graduated in 1925 and in the same year came to practice in Magrath. He remained there until 1931 when he joined Dr. Bigelow in Lethbridge. Dr. Fowler was very highly respected as a surgeon. He was extremely meticu­ lous, but swift, and had a reputation for not losing patients. 11 Dr. Bigelow recalled, "He was a great technician and brilliant surgeon - the finest guy I ever worked with in the O.R." 12 Like Dr. Bigelow, Dr. Fowler enjoyed keeping busy. His hobbies included breeding and training American Saddlehorses for competitions. He was very successful at this and he also raised chickens and sold the eggs for a very good price. Many nights after he was finished a busy day at the hospital and office, he would go home to candle thou­ sands of eggs.

Dr. Fowler was made a life member of the Alberta Division of the Canadian Medical Association towards the end of his life. 13 He continued to work with the clinic until shortly before his death in 1965 at the age of 68. Despite the great depression, the two physicians were never short of work. They entered into contracts with most of the coal mines around Lethbridge and later with another in Shaughnessy. In addition they signed a contract with the Canadian Sugar Company refinery in Picture Butte and had large farming com­ munity contracts in Magrath and Taber where their former patients remained loyal. Soon after the partnership was established, they also began to enter into private contracts with individual families. In these, the physicians agreed to pro­ vide all office visits, house calls, and surgery for $25.00 per year as well as maternity calls and the services of an anesthetist and assistants for a slight addi­ tional fee . The agreements in Picture Butte and Shaughnessy stipulated that the physi­ cians maintain an office with a fully qualified nurse on duty at all times and send a physician to the town two afternoons weekly to hold regular office hours. Nurse Muriel Plante lived in the house that served as an office in Shaughnessy and Mrs. Searle in Picture Butte. During the late l 940's they maintained a small emergency hospital in addition to the office for the miners at Shaughnessy, although they continued to have only a small office in Picture Butte, where they tended to many of the locals as well as the sugar refinery workers.

Early Associates

The size of the practice made it necessary to hire extra doctors to take care of the Shaughnessy and Picture Butte offices and administer the anesthetics. The physicians rented a vacant store next to the office and renovated it to provide additional office space. Unfortunately most of the physicians who joined the group in the 1930' s remained only a brief time and so very little information is available concerning them and their association with the group. These earlier 150 Medical Clinics and Physicians of Southern Alberta 1875-1960 physicians included Dr. Homer Dimock (who later joined Dr. H. B. Hunt) and Dr. Maurice Henninger. These doctors were probably unwilling to stay with the group since there was little future for them there. Drs. Bigelow and Fowler kept the other physicians on salary and refused to let them enter their partnership. Thus physicians tended to work with them temporarily to gain experience or earn a little money and then move on. Almost certainly, more physicians were associated with the group in the 1930' s and 1940' s than show in the existing records. Dr. Harry E. Gibson was fairly typical of the early members of the Bigelow Fowler group. He joined the group in 1937, having recently completed a two year internship at the Royal Alexandra Hospital in Edmonton. Although he knew that he wanted to continue his studies, he was unsure of the specialty. Therefore, he accepted the position in order to gain some extra experience before making a firm decision about his career. Dr. Gibson worked with the partners for only a few months before he decided to leave to study in England. While there he worked with several hospitals briefly, finally settling at the Prince of Wales Hospital, the seat of the Northwest London postgraduate school, where he remained until 1946. Afterwards, Dr. Gibson returned to Canada to practice surgery at the Calgary General Hospital. He received his certification in general surgery in 1957 and has since filled sev­ eral executive positions at the hospital, including director of the department of surgery. In 1939, the physicians decided that a business administrator was necessary to ensure the smooth operation of the clinic. The business end of the partnership was in dire straits at this time. They had been having a problem with their bookkeeper and for six months no statements had been sent out. This was only one of the problems. There was about a quarter of a million dollars on the books, but the money was coming in very slowly. Salaries for both the doctors and nurses were very low - the doctors were drawing $500.00 per month, the nurses and the receptionist-secretary were paid $50.00 per month. The physicians themselves were unwilling to spend valuable time straighten­ ing out their tangled affairs so they asked Mr. Francis C. Russell to take charge. Mr. Russell was a native Albertan, although he had spent many years in the United States. He was acquainted with the group through Dr. Fowler who had been his family doctor for many years. He helped establish an Alberta Association of Clinic Managers and later an association for all of Canada. He was also involved in other medically oriented organizations, serving as a direc­ tor of the Alberta Medical Association and a member of the Advisory Board of St. Michael's Hospital, among other positions. He retired from the clinic in 1970, although he kept up some of his other medical activities until his death in 1974. The Bigelow Fowler Clinic 151

Dr. W. H. A. (Pete) Gordon, a native of Fort Macleod, joined the clinic as a general practitioner in 1.939'. He had practiced in .Foremost prior to c?ming to Lethbridge. 14 After a bnef time, he returned to his home town and died there soon a f terward s. 15

In J943 , the first "permanent" associate, Dr. Ernest Ray Poulsen, joined the group. Dr. Poulsen was born in Magrath in 1907 and it was there that he first met Dr. Fowler and developed an interest in medicine. His mother used to assist Dr. Fowler with maternity cases. However, he was unable to study medicine immediately. After receiving a teaching certificate from the Normal School, he became a school teacher at Independence, Hillspring, and Cardston. After hi s return to Magrath to teach at the local high school, he became better acquainted with Dr. Fowler who was the chairman of the school board. The interest in med­ ici ne which he had inherited from his mother was reawakened and, after two years in Magrath, he entered the University of Alberta in 1931. The depression made it necessary for Dr. Poulsen to withdraw after his first year and to begin teaching again. However in 1935 he was able to return to University. To pay for the completion of his studies, Dr. Poulsen held many different positions including working for the Alberta Liquor Control Board, working as a harvester, working as campaign manager for a candidate in the first Social Credit landslide in 1935, and helping to organize the first Treasury Branch. After completing his degree in 1943, Dr. Poulsen interned at the Misericordia and Royal Alexandra Hospitals in Edmonton. In 1943, Dr. Fowler asked Dr. Poulsen to act as substitute for himself and Dr. Bigelow so that they could take a four day vacation. Recognizing the younger man' s value, they invited him to join in the same year. Dr. Poulsen remained with the clinic for thirty-three and a half years, leaving only briefly in 1953 to take six months additional training in obstetrics and gynecology at Cook County Hospital in Chicago, a specialty which he had long been interested in because of his mother's work. He was closely involved with the Canadian Medical Association, acting as provincial chairman of the Public Relations and Ethics Committee. After his retirement in 1976, Dr. Poulsen wrote:

I enjoyed my association with the Bigelow Fowler Clinic for many rea­ sons: one was the association with the two founding Doctors whose names the clinic bears that is known throughout Southern Alberta. I appreciated the help and guidance they gave me in starting my practice of medicine with the basic principle -'the patient comes first - never mind the hours of work and fatigue, as they are secondary matters which just have to he borne' .. . I enjoyed those 3312 years and would blaze the same trail again!

Dr. Poulsen died in Lethbridge in 1988, at the age of 80. 16

After the second World War, there was suddenly an ample supply of physi- 152 Medical Clinics and Physicians of Southern Alberta 1875-1960 cians, many of them trained as specialists. The clinic took advantage of this and began a program of rapid expansion. Dr. John D. McCutcheon joined the clinic in 1947. A native Albertan, he was born in Alex and grew up in Bashaw. After his graduation from high school dur­ ing the depression, Dr. McCutcheon worked at various jobs including a garage and a grain elevator until he was able to attend the University of Alberta for his pre-medical and medical education, graduating in 1946. During his internship at the Royal Alexandra Hospital in Edmonton, he was offered a position by Dr. Bigelow. He and hi s wife Helen whom he had married in 1945 came to Lethbridge in 1947. Dr. McCutcheon was placed in charge of the Shaughnessy and Picture Butte practices. He spent two afternoons a week in both places and the remainder of his time mainly doing anesthetics. In 1949, he returned to the Royal Alexandra Hospital to take up a residency in surgery, after which he practiced surgery and general practice at the clinic. In Lethbridge, Dr. McCutcheon became involved in many outside activities. At various times he served as president of the Galt Hospital, St. Michael's Hospital, and Municipal Hospital medical staffs; president of the District #2 Division of the Alberta Medical Association; representative to the Board of Directors of the A.M.A.; and member and vice-president of the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Alberta as well as being very active in several non­ medical organizations. Although Dr. McCutcheon was still with the clinic in 1987, he planned to retire in the near future.

The Extended Bigelow Fowler Clinic In the later 1940' s, the physicians realized that some specialization would be necessary to provide the level of service that their patients were coming to expect from a modern clinic. Previously all the physicians had been general practitioners or surgeons who practiced a great deal of general practice. Patients requiring a specialist were sent to Edmonton, Calgary, the Mayo Clinic in Minnesota, or elsewhere. However, the physicians very seldom referred patients to specialists within Lethbridge except occasionally to Dr. Hall, an obstetrician with the Campbell Clinic. 17 Therefore, since the clinic was unwilling to send patients to specialists in other clinics, the addition of specialists to the group was essential if their patients were to remain in Lethbridge. Although the clinic added many specialists at this time, it also encouraged the physicians already with the clinic to take additional postgraduate training in a specialty. If neces­ sary, they continued to pay the physicians a salary during their studies. The existing offices were already overcrowded, so expansion of the office space was required if new physicians were to be added. The physicians realized that it would be impractical to continue to expand their current offices which were quite inadequate. Therefore, they purchased a lot on the corner of Seventh Street and Fifth A venue and constructed a clinic building with office space for The Bigelow Fowler Clinic 153 eight physicians on the main floor, as well as a pharmacy which was rented out to a Mr. Andy Anderson and space for nine dentists and a dental laboratory on the second floor. The basement contained X-ray and laboratory facilities which served the entire building. The offices were rented in advance so that the prospective occupants could have them built to their own specifications. They moved into the new building early in 1948. In the same year, Dr. Quinton R. Schindler joined the clinic as an eye, ear, nose, and throat specialist. A native of Saskatchewan, Dr. Schindler received a Bachelor of Science degree in 1932 at the University of Saskatchewan. He then proceeded to the University of Manitoba where he graduated in 1935. Upon completion of hi s internship, Dr. Schindler practiced for ten years in Saskatchewan and Ontario. During thi s time, in 1941 , he married Clarice Reid, a native of Winnipeg and nurse in the Department of Indian Affairs. In 1945, Dr. Schindler decided to undertake postgraduate work in eye, ear, nose, and throat in Toronto and London, England. While in the latter city, he was invited to come to the Lethbridge clinic by Mr. Francis C. Russell. Dr. Schindler practiced with the clin ic until 1958 when he entered into private prac­ tice. He retired in 1973. Dr. Donald W. McMillan, a native of Saskatchewan and a 1948 graduate of the University of Alberta, joined the group as a general practitioner upon the completion of his internship in Edmonton. He recalled: My office was just down the hall from Ernie Poulsen. This was fortu nate for me as Ernie was a pleasant and helpful and well experi enced general practitioner, as well as an obstetrician. I needed to consult him on nearly every case that came into my office for the first six months. It had been my misfortune to do nearly a six month stint at the University Hospital dealing only with people who had Hodgkins, consequentl y I felt very much out of place with any pati ent other than a Hodgkins case. As there was a terrible shortage of these in Lethbridge I felt like so many special­ ists who are completely isolated from their specialty. I fo und particularly a common cold a terrible dilemma to treat. Dr. McMillan often acted as anesthetist for the clinic physicians, as well as doing the Wednesday hours at Shaughnessy and Picture Butte. He resigned from the clinic in 1952 and took further training in ophthalmology, before establish­ ing a practice in Edmonton. A specialist in pediatrics, Dr. Douglas F. McPherson joined the group in 1949. He was a 1944 graduate of McGill University. Prior to joining the Bigelow Fowler Clinic, he served with the Royal Canadian Army Medical Corps for two years. Dr. McPherson became involved in medical and municipal affairs. His many activities included several years as the district representative to the Board of Directors of the Alberta Medical Association, a representative to the General 154 Medical Clinics and Physicians of Southern Alberta 1875-1960

Council of the Canadian Medical Association, and Senator of the University of Lethbridge. He is still practicing with the clinic. Dr. Norman J. Campbell, a 1948 graduate of the University of Alberta, prac­ ticed with the clinic for only a year as a general practitioner. Like Dr. McMillan he recalled the support of the clinic physicians. ' Ernie Poulsen, on my first day on the job, took me on hi s round of house calls. Next day, Doug McPherson took me out to Shaughnessy and Picture Butte to show me the ropes. In the months that followed, I beat paths to both their office doors for quick tips on how to handle particular situa­ tions that cropped up. John McCutcheon was away on a surgery residency that year, so was spared these interruptions. Dr. Fowler was always avail­ able and always helpful but hi s office was too far down the hall when time was of the essence. Drs. Schindler and Brian Black [Radiologist] taught me a lot about their particular fields. But my main teacher was Dr. Bigelow himself. After leaving the group, Dr. Norman Campbell was in general practice in Edmonton for a year and then for eleven years in Vancouver. In 1962, he began postgraduate work in anesthesia. After qualifying in 1966, he joined the swff of the Vancouver General Hospital, later teaching at the University of British Columbia as well.

Dr. R. J. T. Woodland was associated with the clinic in 1950.

Dr. Arthur Oswald, a 1951 graduate of the University of Alberta, was associ­ ated with the clinic from 1953 until 1955.

Dr. Donald Campbell became associated with the clinic in 1954 as a general practitioner and anesthetist. However he left two years later to continue his training in the latter specialty at the Glasgow Royal Infirmary. After many years of study, he was appointed first lecturer in anesthesia at the University of Glasgow, later consultant in anaesthesia to the Glasgow Royal Infirmary, and finally professor to the chair of anaesthesia and honorary consultant to the Royal Infirmary. Dr. Campbell has never revisited Canada.

Since the formation of the clinic, Dr. Bigelow and Dr. Fowler had been the only members of the partnership and had divided the profits between them. Other physicians associated with the group were paid a fixed salary. The lack of opportunity to enter a partnership may have been the reason many of the physi­ cians mentioned above remained with the clinic for only brief periods of time. In 1958, Drs. Bigelow and Fowler signed a new partnership agreement, this time including Drs. Ernest R. Poulsen, John D. McCutcheon, and Douglas F. McPherson. Later, new associates were placed on salary for a year before being permitted to join the partnership. They paid for their share gradually out of their wages and then were themselves bought out when they retired.18 The Bigelow Fowler Clinic 155

The members of the clinic elected a president every year. However, decision rnaking was done democratically at monthly board meetings which were chaired by the business administrator. The physicians also met more informally daily in the coffee room where there were opportunities not only for discussions about the operation of the clinic, but also for informal consultations and relaxation. 19

Later Developments The clinic continued to expand gradually after 1955. The biographies of many of the physicians who joined after this time may be found in the appendix. By 1962, the existing clinic building was filled almost to its limit with ten doctors and a large complement of nurses and support staff. In addition, there was a severe shortage of patient parking spaces. The group decided that once again it would be necessary to build a new clinic. They fo und a site conveniently located between the two hospitals at 1605 Ninth Avenue South and after removing the existing structures, received permis­ sion to build. This time the physicians were determined that their building would not quickly become crowded or obsolete. The building was very well built - a steel framework, pre-cast concrete floor and roof, steel lath, giprock and plaster. The only wood in the build­ ing is in the doors, and they are covered with arborite so that they are practically fireproof. With the brick facing and attractive landscaping, it is a very beautiful and practical building. There are suites of offices for twelve doctors, a pharmacy which is operated by Andy Anderson, and complete X-ray and laboratory facilities. The parking lot is just east of the building and very convenient for patients. The group moved into the new building in 1964. Dr. Bigelow had bought Dr. Fowler' s share of the old Medical Dental building near the beginning of the decade, but he sold the whole in 1966 to Andy Anderson, the pharmacist, and Dr. Van Christou. The clinic received a new business administrator when Mr. Francis C. Russell retired in 1970. Mr. R. H. Robinson was experienced in business matters although he had not previously worked with a medical clinic. He was involved in municipal affairs as well as the Alberta Association of Clinic Managers. He worked with the clinic between 1971 and 1978. Mr. Robinson was followed by Mr. Cecil Neil London, a native Albertan. Before coming to Lethbridge, Mr. London was the clinic administrator of the Associate Medical Center in Taber and the Drumheller Associate Clinic. He is still with the group at the present time. Although the mine contracts are long gone and private contracts disappeared with the introduction of government funded medicare, the cl ientele of the Bigelow Fowler Clinic has remained loyal. In addition to private patients, the clinic still holds contracts with some institutions such as the jail. The Bigelow Fowler Clinic has not grown as much as the Campbell and Haig 156 Medical Clinics and Physicians of Southern Alberta 1875-1960

Clinics, although it is a large clinic by most standards with approximately a dozen physicians. The Bigelow Fowler Clinic is remarkable in that it has a much smaller percentage of certified specialists than is usual in a clinic of its size, con­ taining only two pediatricians (one a very new addition and the other having practiced with the group for almost 40 years), one surgeon, and one internist. Consequently it is still very much a family practice. The clinic has maintained between nine and twelve physicians for many years. Therefore, it appears that the Bigelow Fowler Clinic is capable of surviving without placing a greater emphasis on speciali zation as other large clinics have done. The Bigelow Fowler Clinic 157

Notes

1 Unless otherwise specified, the Bigelow Fowler scrapbook has been used as the source for this chapter. This document is an impressive attempt at pre­ serving history and one can only wish more organizations would do likewise. Besides compiling an account of the founding of the clinic based on the memories of Dr. J. K. Bigelow, the members wrote to all the physicians who had ever practiced with the group, requesting a biography and photo. Although the result is by no means complete since many physicians did not respond or could not be contacted, it is a unique and personal record of the clinic members. One or two undated newspaper articles are also included in this work. 2 Grace and Isobel Mann, interview with F. C. Harris, July 1987, Lethbridge, Alberta. 3 Lethbridge Herald, 6 June 1968. 4 Mann. 5 Mann. 6 Mann. 7 Mann. 8 Mann. 9 Mann. 10 Lethbridge Herald, undated 1982 article in scrapbook. 11 Mann. 12 Lethbridge Herald, undated 1982 article. 13 Canadian Medical Association Journal, 93(0ctober 16, 1965) p. 887. 14 Alberta Medical Bulletin, 4(0ctober 1939) p. 28. 15 Mann. 16 Lethbridge Herald, 22 January 1988. 17 Mann. 18 Mann. 19 Mann. 158 Medical Clinics and Physicians of Southern Alberta 1875-1960

Dr. Jesse Kenneth Bigelow, founder of the Bigelow Fowler Clinic. The Archives, Sir Alexander Galt Museum, Lethbridge

Dr. Douglas B. Fowler,founderofthe Bigelow Fowler Clinic. The Archives, Sir Alexander Galt Museum, Lethbridge Early Medicine in Mydicine Hat 159

EARLY MEDICINE IN MEDICINE HAT

Like Calgary, Medicine Hat expanded because of the Canadian Pacific Rail way. Adventurers founded the town in 1883 when it was revealed that the main line of the C.P.R. would go directly through the area. Since the town site had not even been surveyed at this time, business men operated out of tents ini­ ti ally .1 Medicine Hat became the first divisional point in Alberta. The early set­ tl ers received medical care from physicians attached to the North West Mounted Police and the C.P.R. construction crew. During construction a temporary hospi­ tal was erected. One physician attempted to open up a drugstore, but it closed through lack of patrons. 2 In 1889, the town which by then consisted of several hundred citizens became incorporated, and in February of the following year a hospital was officially opened by the Lieutenant Governor of the North West Territories, the first incorporated and fully equipped hospital in what is now Alberta. 3 In fact, the Medicine Hat General Hospital was unofficially open to patients considerably before this date, but the formal opening had to be post­ poned more than once as the hospital was too busy.4 Dr. Albert Olver was the first medical superintendent. His assistant, Dr. J. G. Calder, succeeded him in 1891 upon Dr. Olver's death at the age of 31. Although it is not reported what Dr. Olver died of, several nurses and at least one other young doctor succumbed to typhoid.5 Conditions in Medicine Hat at that time were very unhealthy. Although the hospital was small and rather poorly equipped it was very busy. Miss Birtles, an assistant to the matron wrote:

This being the onl y hospital between Winnipeg and Victoria patients came from long distances- Golden, Edmonton, Calgary, Macleod, Lethbridge, Grenfell, Prince Albert, Saskatoon and many intervening points of the C.P.R. A greater number of the patients were railway men and a greater part of the work was surgery. Dr. Calder was a clever sur­ geon.

At major operations the two doctors did the work, the matron gave the anesthetic and the assistant was 'scrub up' nurse. The sterilizing of dress­ ings, towels and instruments was done on the kitchen stove in saucepans and steamers as sterilizers were unknown at that time, at least as far as the North West Territories was concemed.6

Soon many other hospitals were organized in Alberta, but the Medicine Hat Hospital continued to be crowded, with conditions relatively primitive. In 1913, the Medicine Hat Medical Society was formed. This organization discussed many of the concerns of physicians at this time. Foremost among these was contract work. The members agreed to cancel all existing contracts and accept no more. However, not all physicians honoured this agreement and contract medicine appears to have become a fairly regular topic at the meetings. 160 Medical Clinics and Physicians of Southern Alberta 1875-1960

As in Calgary, the C.P.R. contract does not seem to have been included in the ban against contract work. Other common concerns included advertising, fee scales, and the regulation of other aspects of medical practice.7 The Medical Society undoubtedly raised the standard of medical life in Medicine Hat by constantly agitating for improved facilities at the hospital and initiating the system of giving two or more papers at each meeting with open discussions. In addition, on the rare occasions when a physician was able to visit medical institutions outside the area, he would report what he had learned to the society.8 The Medicine Hat Clinic was the direct result of this desire to improve the standard of medicine in Medicine Hat. In 1927 when it was founded, medical conditions still left much to be desired. Although there were several excellent physicians practicing in Medicine Hat, they had inadequate facilities and equip­ ment. In consideration of the conditions in Medicine Hat and the relatively friendly relations there, it is not surprising that most of the physicians in town joined the clinic. However thi s created an unusual situation. Since the majority of the physicians practicing in Medicine Hat continued to be associated with the clinic, the clinic virtually controlled the medical life of the town. In many ways, this was beneficial. By sharing expenses, they could and did buy better equipment and facilities and almost immediately began to attract specialists to Medicine Hat and to take additional training themselves. Later they supported programs that would raise the standard of medical life throughout Alberta and donated scholarships to various institutions. What adverse effects, if any, a clinic may have had on Medicine Hat is diffi­ cult to state. As late as 1948, according to the Henderson Directories, out of eleven physicians practicing in Medicine Hat, eight belonged to the clinic. Their association may have prevented other physicians from practicing in the area. If one examines the Henderson Directories after the formation of the clinic (the record starts in 1930) as the clinic gradually expanded with Medicine Hat, at no time were there more than three physicians practicing outside the clinic. Although they may not have used it, the clinic had influence to determine which physicians practiced in Medicine Hat. With a generous majority of physicians, to a great extent, the clinic could do as they chose. Certainly it freely engaged in contract practice which had been condemned by the Medicine Hat Medical Society only a few years before the clinic's formation. Since all the clinic physicians were members, the Medicine Hat Clinic also must have had the majority vote in the Medical Society. Similarly, the clinic physicians appear to have wielded a great deal of power at the hospital, not only because of their majority, but because they contributed so much to it both in terms of facilities and equipment, and skill. On the whole, the clinic does not appear to have abused this power, although they undoubtedly used it. Most of their efforts have been directed towards improving the standard of medical life in the area and more specifically the ser- Early Medicine in Mec\icine Hat 161

vice which the clinic itself offered. In fact they complied with some resolutions made by the Alberta Medical Association better than many other clinics in southern Alberta. For example, although many groups ignored the ruling that groups should not use the names of towns or physicians no longer associated with the group in their title, the Medicine Hat Clinic changed its title to the Medical Arts Clinic at a very early date. Similarly, although they did their best to compensate for gaps in medical care at the hospitals, for example arranging to supply physiotherapy for veterans at the clinic, providing services before the hospitals received their own facilities. Even by the late l980's, the majority of physicians in Medicine Hat are asso­ ciated with the clinic. The Medical Arts Clinic has continued to be progressive with the clinic probably the largest in Southern Alberta. 162 Medical Clinics and Physicians of Southern Alberta 1875-1960

Notes

1 F. W. Gershaw, Medicine Hat: Sidelights on Early Days in Medicine Hat and Vicinity, (Medicine Hat: 1947) p. 19. 2 H. C. Jamieson, Early Medicine in Alberta, (Edmonton: University of Alberta, 1947) p. 68. 3 F. W. Gershaw, p. 19. 4 Calgary Herald, 4 January 1890. 5 Jamieson pp. 30-2. 6 Jamieson p. 31. 7 Jamieson pp. 68-9. 8 Jamieson pp. 68-9. The Medicine Hat Clinic 163

THE MEDICINE HAT CLINIC

by Leopold Lewis, M.D. and D. S. Grant

In the early days, just as today, a small town doctor could only become involved in politics at great expense to hi s practice, as Dr. Frederick W. Gershaw found when he was elected to the House of Commons in 1925.1 The problem was especially severe for Dr. Gershaw who held the Canadian Pacific Railway contract, making him responsible for the medical care of a large num­ ber of C.P.R. employees and their families in addition to private patients. Occasionally in the past he had been forced to take on partners on a temporary basis to cope with the workload. When Dr. Gershaw was reelected in 1926, the probability that he would have to spend more and more time in Ottawa moved him to look for permanent help to tend to his large practice. Fortunately he approached Dr. Donald Neil (Dan) MacCharles, a physician who had recently arrived in Medicine Hat. Dr. MacCharles suggested that a group practice would be more efficient and benefi­ cial to the community than a partnership. Several doctors joined together could afford facilities and equipment unavailable to the solo physician or a two man partnership. Realizing the truth of this, Dr. Gershaw approached several other Medicine Hat physicians with the result that Dr. Frederick W. Gershaw and Dr. Donald N. MacCharles. both skilled in general practice and surgery; Dr. Gordon Elder, spe­ cialist in ear, eye, nose, and throat; Dr. Frank H. Fish, general practitioner; and Dr. Sidney F. McEwen, who had received training in radiology and radio ther­ apy, decided to combine their skills and founded the Medicine Hat Clinic on October 1, 1927. The physicians were associated under the provisions outlined in an unsigned memo which the clinic still possesses sixty years later. It reads as follows: Medicine Hat, August 21, 1927. I. This clinic shall be called the Medicine Hat clinic and start October 1, 1927. II. Dr. Gershaw shall have 4 month[s] off and each other Doctor one month off yearly with full pay. Ill. The shares of the monthly profits shall be Dr. MC. [MacCharles] Dr. G. [Gershaw] 30%, Dr. Elder 17%, Dr. ME. [McEwen] 14, Dr. F. [Fi sh] 9% with adjustment at the end of one year. IV. The location shall be at 826 2nd St. V. 10 cts per mile shall be allowed for Country Trips. VI. Frank discussions shall take place as to who shall treat any patients. VII. [no further agreements] 164 Medical Clinics and Physicians of Southern Alberta 1875-1960

A formal partnership agreement was finally entered into on August I, 1948 between Ors. F. W. Gershaw, D. N. MacCharles, G. G. Elder, S. F. McEwen, w. C. Campbell, and B. C. Armstrong. This agreement was amended from time to time to admit employed physicians as partners. The Canadian Pacific Railway contract played a very important role in the early years of the clinic. Dr. C. F. Smith was the first C.P.R. medical officer in Medicine Hat, having been appointed to that position in 1895. Dr. F. W. Gershaw later became his partner and upon Dr. Smith's death succeeded him in this position. The contract was continued after the formation of the group in the name of Ors. Gershaw and MacCharles. In 1914, the contract provided medical and surgical attention and drugs for the employees and their families and hospitalization for the employees, all for $ l.25 per month. Initially, an additional fee of $15.00 was charged for maternity cases, but eventually maternity benefits were included under the general terms of the contract. The monthly rate had increased to $6.00 for a family or single employee with dependents, $2.75 for single employees, and $3 .00 for retired employees, at the time the contract was terminated in the l 950's to be replaced by M.S.l. Pri vate contracts were also arranged with individual physicians within the group, for instance Dr. Gershaw and the Eagle's Lodge. This would cause prob­ lems when the physician concerned was absent. The Medicine Hat Medical Society, of which the clinic physicians were mem­ bers, entered into an agreement with the Loyal Order of Moose, Lodge No. 1073, with member physicians providing medical services within the terms and conditions of a contract. This contract enrolled a large number of the labor force. A similar arrangement existed between the Medical Society and the City of Medicine Hat, covering provisions of services to welfare recipients. The major­ ity of the other patients were either farmers or ranchers whose prosperity (and ability to pay) only ensued when there was a good crop and prices were right. The clinic was originally located at 826 Second Street, S.E., in a large house owned by Dr. Gershaw, who had formerly practiced out of it since it was then the custom to have one's home and office combined. The building was origi­ nally the home and office of Dr. Smith, who held the C.P.R. contract before Dr. Gershaw. Regular clinic hours were 8:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m., Monday through Saturday. Evening hours were scheduled from 7:00 to 9:00 p.m., and Sunday hours from l 0:00 a.m. to noon, and 2:00 to 4:00 p.m. In addition to these a clinic member was on call twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week, all year round. The live-in girl would admit patients at all hours of the night, and call a physician to take care of the patient's needs. The hospital was just down the street, so there could be a quick back and forth flow between the two institutions, especially between surgical cases. The Medicine Hat Hospital was the first incorporated hospital to be established between Winnipeg and the Rockies and consisted primarily of beds, nurses, a The Medicine Hat Clinic 165

srnall operating room, and a kitchen. It was a private charitable institution which was dependent on the small charges it made, an annual small grant from the city, sorne donations, and volunteer help. The Woman's Aid annually canned the vegetables that were donated. It made its own supplies including the I.V. solu­ tions. Since there was no money for capital expenditures, the hospital did not own its own X-ray machine (the one in use was installed and owned by the clinic) and had no laboratory facilities other than a bunsen burner, Benedicts solution, a sink, an old microscope and a blood count chamber. The operating room instruments were the property of the physicians who were mainly mem­ bers of the clinic. Due to the proximity of the clinic, such laboratory work as was possible in the early days along with certain more esoteric X-ray procedures such as intestinal investigations were done at the clinic where better equipment was available. The hospital also had no emergency facilities and, since the clinic was open night and day all year round with the doctors on call, it was the port of first call for most emergencies unless they were taken to one of the few solo practitioners in town or it was apparent that they would have to remain in the hospital for a time. The types of illnesses the doctors were called upon to treat were very different from today. Pneumonia was extremely common and often fatal as were many infectious diseases including tuberculosis, typhoid, and polio. Although automo­ bile accidents were rare, serious farm accidents were frequent. Appendectomies were the most common operation except for perhaps tonsillectomies. Since the population was fairly young, heart disease and cancer were not major causes of death. The C.P.R. contract resulted in some unusual situations. A railway accident might consist of a slight finger injury or alternatively Dr. Gershaw recalled four bad smashes in the early days of his practice "when many passengers were injured and all he could do was take them all one at a time and fix them up so they could be taken to hospital."2 The clinic physicians had to be ready for anything.

The Medicine Hat Clinic Dr. Frederick W. Gershaw was born in Emerson, Manitoba in 1883. He began working at the age of 16, later becoming a teacher before entering the University of Manitoba where he graduated in 1908. Dr. Gershaw interned for two years and then came to Medicine Hat where he became associated with Dr. C. F. Smith. He married Harriet Robinson, also from Manitoba, in 1912. Upon Dr. Smith's death in 1914, Dr. Gershaw took over his house and practice. Dr. Gershaw quickly became involved in municipal and medical affairs. He was elected a member of the Medicine Hat School Board in 1914, continuing in this position for twelve years, was twice president of the Chamber of Commerce in Medicine Hat, and was elected president of the Alberta Division of the Canadian Medical Association in 1919. His success in these positions encour­ aged his interest in politics and led him to try for a higher office. He first ran as a Liberal candidate for the House of Commons in 1921 and was defeated by the Conservative party, but not discouraged. 166 Medical Clinics and Physicians of Southern Alberta 1875- 1960

Dr. Gershaw was elected as Member of Parliament in 1925 and again in 1926 and 1930. He lost the election in 1935 to th e Social Credit party, but was reelected in 1940. For most of hi s career in Parliament, Dr. Gershaw was primarily con­ cerned with the problems of an agricultural community both in good times and in the long years of depression. 3 Defeated again in the 1945 election, he was immediately made a Senator. In the Upper House he was a conscientious and diligent worker and had a special concern with the Divorce Committee where he spent many long hours with the parties involved. He was also recognized for his work on the Committee for the Study of the Narcotics Problem in Canada. In 1954 he represented the Senate at a Commonwealth Parliamentary Conference in Nairobi.4 He had a large, devoted following of patients to whom he paid close attention while at home, but, as his absences became more prolonged, others took over much of his practice. Dr. Gershaw withdrew from the partnership in 1950, hav­ ing passed the official retirement age of 65 , although he remained associated with the clinic well into hi s eighties. He was made a senior member of the Canadian Medical Association in 1960. In addition to his political and medical activities Dr. Gershaw wrote several books about various topics including the Western Plains, the Indians, pioneer days, and the growth of the West with a special focus on the Medicine Hat area. He was highly respected locally and had a street and a school named in his hon­ our. Dr. Gershaw died in 1968 at the age of 85. Dr. Donald Neil (Dan) MacCharles came to Medicine Hat early in 1927. He was born at Baddeck, Cape Breton Island in 1891. At the age of 14, Dr. Dan MacCharles went to Winnipeg where he worked, attended night school, and, in 1913, married Nina Bertha Philip. He graduated from the University of Manitoba in 1918 and then practiced in Alsask, Saskatchewan for several months. At the end of 1918, Dr. MacCharles moved to Empress. While there, he managed to attend postgraduate courses in Chicago to improve his qualifica­ tions. He also established a small, but badly needed hospital in Empress before he returned to Winnipeg where he took further postgraduate training. Upon com­ pletion of this, he came to Medicine Hat to take over the practice of a Dr. Smythe who was interested in surgery. However within the year he formed the clinic with Dr. Gershaw.5 Dr. MacCharles' reputation as an outstanding country doctor followed him from Empress. He had natural talents which he bolstered by attending many courses and visiting many centers, the common way of Leaming in an era when formal training was just beginning. He was a fellow of the American College of Surgeons, a fellow of the International College of Surgeons, and a specialist in general surgery, Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons (Canada). He was The Medici ne Hat Clinic 167

highly respected for hi s work in thi s specialty. Dr. MacCharles devoted full days and often nights to hi s profession. Besides performing surgery, he was always family practitioner for many people. He no doubt was the driving force behind the formation of the clinic. In addition to full -time practice, Dr. MacCharles found time to serve his fel­ low physicians at both the local and provi ncial levels. Dr. MacCharles was chief of surgery and chi ef of the medical staff at the Medicine Hat Municipal Hospital, president of the Alberta Di vision of the Canadian Medical Association in 1942, and president of the Council of the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Alberta. To show the community of Medicine Hat's appreciation for hi s work, Dr. MacCharles was honored by having both a park and a new auxiliary hospital named after him. In addition, he received an honorary doctorate of law from the University of Alberta in 1959. Dr. MacCharles retired from the clinic in 1960 and died in 1962.

Dr. Sydney Francis McEwen was initially trained as a pharmacist. He later studied medicine at the University of Toronto and registered as a physician in Alberta in 1909. Prior to coming to Medicine Hat, he served as a country doctor at Reid Hill and the now defunct community of Alderson (nee Carlestadt) on the mainline of the C.P.R., east of Tilley. When he joined the clinic, he owned an X­ ray machine and could use it capably. Thus the clinic had this facility before the hospital or any other doctor in town. Dr. McEwen became a highly respected and useful radiologist. Thanks to hi s earlier training, Dr. McEwen was also able to serve as the hospital pharmacist di spensing the patient's medicine, besides which he acted as the Di strict Coroner for many years. With these three jobs, he certainly became overloaded with work. Dr. McEwen retired from the partner­ ship in 1950, although he continued to be associated with the clinic for several years. He died in the late 1970' s.

Dr. George Gordon Elder graduated from the University of Manitoba in 1919 and became associated with Dr. F. W. Gershaw in the next year. He left to take postgraduate studies in ophthalmology and otolaryngology. Upon the comple­ tion of his specialist training, he returned to Medicine Hat in 1923 to take up solo practice as an eye, ear, nose, and throat specialist. He married Emmeline Ziegler in 1925. Dr. Elder practiced solo until Ors. Gershaw and MacCharles decided to form the group in 1927. Apart from the surgeons, he was the only fully qualified spe­ cialist in the group. Fortunately Dr. Elder could pour a little ether and make him­ self useful in other ways since at this time there was not a great demand for spe­ cialist services. Dr. Elder had a lifelong interest in the military. He served in World War II as a Lieutenant-Colonel in command of the S.A.R. regiment from 1937 to 1941 when he transferred to the Royal Canadian Air Force, serving in his specialty in 168 Medical Clinics and Physicians of Southern Alberta 1875-1960

Fort Stanley, Ontario; Brandon, Manitoba; Vancouver, British Columbia; and Gander, Newfoundland with the Canadian and American forces . In 1950 and 1951, Dr. Elder was the fourth president of the Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology Society of Alberta. He retired from the partnership in 1960 but continued to be associated with the clinic on a part-time basis until early i~ 1962. He died in the same year. Dr. Frank Hamilton Fish was also associated with Dr. F. W. Gershaw in gen­ eral practice prior to the formation of the clinic. He was born in Lancashire England, emigrating to Canada in 1910. He graduated from McGill Universit; in 1921 and married Aileen Alexandra Hackett in the same year. He practiced in Magrath and Taber before corning to Medicine Hat. Dr. Fish withdrew from the partnership on April 30, 1930 and moved to Calgary. He practiced there until the outbreak of World War II, when he joined the services. Upon his return in 1944, he became associated with the Calgary Associate Clinic, specializing in anesthe­ sia. He resigned from the clinic in 1957 so that he could limit his practice to anesthesia only. He died in 1975. In these early years, the bookkeeping was done by Miss Maggie Ireland. Miss Lydia Tesch acted as live-in office and nursing staff. The latter remained at the clinic until deafness prevented her from continuing.

The First Additions The practice continued to thrive and before Jong the partners found it neces­ sary to invite more physicians to join them. In 1929, a young physician by the name of Wilfred C. Campbell was recruited from Manitoba. Ors. Gershaw, MacCharles and Elder had graduated from the University of Manitoba Medical School, so there was always a soft spot for Manitobans. Dr. Wilf Campbell was born in Killamey, Manitoba and attended the University of Manitoba, where he graduated in 1928. He joined the clinic after one year's postgraduate training in surgery. Dr. Campbell was a skilled practitioner and willing and able to perform many diverse functions at the clinic. He later acquired a cystoscope and the knowledge of how to use it and soon became an adept genito-urinary man. Like all the other physicians, he delivered his quota of babies, drove miles to make house calls, did surgical assists, poured ether, and worked until 9:00 p.m. daily in the office. Dr. Campbell was heavily involved in the medical societies and organizations of his time. He became a fellow of the American College of Surgeons and served as a member of the Council of the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Alberta from 1952 to 1958, and as its president in 1957. He also served as the president of the Alberta Medical Association in 1960. In 1970, Dr. Campbell was presented with senior membership in the Canadian Medical Association. He retired as chairman of the clinic in 1969 but continued his association with the clinic. Dr. Campbell enjoyed partial retirement in Medicine Hat, Elkwater, and warmer climates for several years. He died in 1986. The Medicine Hat Clinic 169

Dr. Balfour Cooper Armstrong joined the group in 1930 and proceeded to dis­ play his virtues as a clinician, a good trencherman, raconteur, and general good fellow . Dr. Armstrong was a native of Fordwich, Ontario and a graduate of the University of Toronto. He served in the first World War where he contracted rheumatic heart disease which made him the recipient of a 100% pension. However he did not allow illness to slow him down at all. He retained a lifelong interest in the militia, being the permanent medical officer of the Southern Alberta Regiment, in which he was appointed honorary Lieutenant Colonel in 1950. Dr. Armstrong was interested in medical problems and this led him to seek further training in the specialty of internal medicine. He also took a special inter­ est in the cure of tuberculosis and was a competent anesthetist. He loved an argument and politics and served as a city alderman and library board chairman for many years. A room in the public library was named after him in recognition of his contributions. Dr. Armstrong retired from the clinic at the end of I 950 due to ill health. He died at the age of 57 in 1954. Practice was not easy during the early years of the clinic. The great economic depress ion set in and medicine was surrounded by quiet poverty. Consequently there were no great changes in the medical profession and the clinic in the years leading up to World War II. The slow decline in the population of the district due to the corresponding decline of farming in the area decreased the need for medical care. Although there were no hospitals at Brooks and Bow Island and very limited facilities from Empress to Swift Current on the mainline east, patients from these areas were sent to Medicine Hat only in extreme emergen­ cies. In those days, only hypochondriacs went to the doctor for minor ailments or had regular check-ups. True psychotics were quickly sent to Ponoka, while psycho-neurotics were humored at home or indulged themselves with faith heal­ ing and patent medicine cures. Dr. Gershaw recorded one episode of home­ steader stoicism. A Homesteader near here had hi s great toe badly frozen in a storm during March. The toe did not heal, as one might expect in such disease; it remained black and painful for many weeks. Eventually, fed up on the whole affair, he decided to do his own surgery and in his own way. What could be more fitting than his own trusty rifle? So he proceeded. His foot was placed carefully for support against a sack of oats at the foot of his bunk. He took careful aim and shot the toe off clean as a whistle. However, Dame Nature like some other dames insisted on making trou­ ble, and spoiled a perfectly good amputation operation by spilling around some streptococci and various other vicious things she keeps for the pur­ pose. So his good intentions and inventive genius were wrecked and he had to be admitted to the hospital for treatment by an ordinary every-day surgeon like myself. 6 In 1938, appalled by a maternal mortality rate of over 100 per 100,000 cases, 170 Medical Clinics and Physicians of Southern Alberta 1875-1960

the Alberta Government introduced free hospitalization for maternity cases. Prior to this most deliveries were done at home. This hospitalization proved to be an early step in the socialization of medicine in Alberta. It obviously was a factor in reducing the maternal mortality rate. It also changed the pattern of obstetrical practice in that within a very short time all women wanted to have the luxury of having their babies in a hospital. It made life easier for practitioners doing obstetrics and led to the many advances that took place in this field. The war years placed a greater burden on all physicians including those at the clinic. The population increased with the arrival of a services training school (R.A.F.) and a prisoner of war camp as well as the opening of the Defense Research Board project at Suffield. There was no source of supply for additional medical help. In early 1941, Dr. Gordon Elder and Dr. Leopold Lewis who had taken over the practice of Dr. Ward in nearby Redcliff in 1938 joined the army medical corps. Their departure greatly increased the workload of the other physicians in the area. There were very short periods of help from physicians providing locum tenens at thi s time including Dr. James E. Musgrave (University of Manitoba 1939) in 1940, Dr. Sparling in 1941 , Dr. C. Agnew Cawker (University of Alberta 1937) in 1941-2, Dr. John B. Corley (University of Alberta 1942) in 1942-3, and Dr. Robert J. Zender (University of Alberta 1940) in 1945 and the medical officers stationed with the various units in the area would lend their aid when possible. However, the local doctors di stin­ guished themselves by hard work and loss of sleep during this period. Providing medical services to the residents of the town of Redcliff, with the enlistment of Dr. Leo Lewis in the medical corps, created problems for the clinic. Limited service was made available during the period of 1941 to 1945 when either Dr. B. C. Armstrong or one of the locums staffed the office one afternoon each week.

Post-War Expansion At the end of the second World War, more physicians became available to join the clinic and thus the physicians' workload was greatly reduced. Dr. Leopold Lewis returned to Redcliff, but soon afterwards became associated with the clinic. The Redcliff office was again operated one afternoon weekly by Dr. Armstrong and later by Dr. E.G. F. Skinner. In 1954, Dr. G. S. Penrose took up residence in Redcliff and opened the clinic offices there on a full-time basis. Although Dr. Lewis was born in London, England in 1909, he was almost a native of Medicine Hat, having emigrated there with his family at the age of three. He received his early education locally, then attended the University of Toronto where he first studied biological and medical science before entering the medical school. After hi s graduation in 1936, he interned at the Regina General Hospital, the North Hudson Hospital, and the Margaret Hague Maternity Hospital at the Jersey City Medical Center. Upon the completion of his education in 1938 he took over a practice in Redcliff. After three years Dr. Lewis left to join the R.C.A.M.C., serving first in The Medicine Hat Clinic 171

Canada and then overseas. Since he had worked closely with the clinic while at Redcliff, it was a natural move for him to join the clini c in 1946 when he returned from the services. In I 948, Dr. Lewis went to Montreal to study anesthesiology, utilizing hi s postgraduate allowance from the army. When he returned, he brought with him new techniques and equipment for anesthesia such as a laryngoscope and intra­ tracheal tubes and stimulated the acquisition of a proper gas machine. Dr. Armstrong, the anesthetist at the time, was delighted to give up hi s accustomed morning spot at the head of the O.R. table and devote himself to internal medi­ cine. During hi s career, Dr. Lewis was involved in medical affairs. He was the chairman of the board of Medical Services Incorporated, the voluntary medical plan that preceded the Alberta Health Insurance plan; a member of both the Councils of the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Alberta and the Canadian Medical Association; a member of both the Canadian Anesthetists Society and the American Society of Anesthesiologists; and he served as Provincial Coroner during the earlier years of his practice. In addition to these activities, he was at various times the local president and provincial director of the Alberta Motor Association, a director of the Chamber of Commerce, and an active member of the Kinsman and Rotary clubs, becoming District Governor of the latter upon his retirement from active practice. Dr. Lewis continued to work with the clinic until 1976, although he withdrew from the partnership in 1974 when he reached the age of 65. At this time he was the chairman of the clinic, having succeeded Dr. Campbell in that office. He has now moved to Calgary, but keeps in touch with clinic members, past and pre­ sent, and takes great interest in the clinic's progress.

Dr. Donald N. MacCharles' son, Dr. Ernest Daniel (Pat) MacCharles, arrived soon after Dr. Lewis. He was born in Winnipeg, Manitoba in 1914. Although he received much of his early education in Medicine Hat, he returned to Manitoba for his medical degree. He graduated from the University of Manitoba in 1940 and immediately joined the Royal Canadian Navy, serving in the European cam­ paign and the Far East, latterly on the H.M.C.S. Ontario, in the rank of Surgeon Commander. While in the navy, Dr. MacCharles developed an interest in trauma which he subsequently pursued. Upon his discharge in 1946, Dr. Pat MacCharles practiced with the clinic until he left to do postgraduate studies at the Royal Victoria Hospital in Montreal. He received his certification in general surgery from the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons (Canada) in 1956 and from the American College of Surgeons in 1961. Tragically, Dr. Pat MacCharles, by then a renowned surgeon, became seri­ ously ill in 1970 and was forced to retire. He died in the same year at the age of 56.

Although additions to the clinic had been built in 1942, more became neces- 172 Medical Clinics and Physicians of Southern Alberta 1875-1960 sary in 1945 before the arrival of Drs. Leo Lewis and Pat MacCharles since no adequate office space existed for them. Included in thi s addition was a basement board room which, as well as housing the extensive library which the clinic had accumulated over the years, became a meeting place for the medical staff. Dr. Balfour Armstrong instigated weekly noon-hour gatherings on Thursdays. Under his guidance the luncheons provided an opportunity to review various aspects of the numerous medical advances of the time. Further additions to the building were made in 1949 and 1952 which sufficed until the new clinic was bu ilt. The cl inic members constantly tried to upgrade the quality of care they pro­ vided and in this way made very significant contributions to medical progress in the community. Specialists tended to be attracted to the larger cities where there was less prejudice against specialties, so that they could begin to earn a living sooner. However, the clinic attracted specialists to Medicine Hat by paying them a salary for the first two years until they attracted enough patients to be paid on a percentage basis. Being associated with the clinic had many other advantages for a young doctor: he was provided with office space and excellent facilities as well as group insurance, salary continuance, and various other benefits not the least of which were the opportunities for formal and informal consultation. In addition, si nce the clinic had already established a good reputati on within the community, new physicians associated with the cl inic would be more readily accepted than the new physician in solo practice. Thus the clinic attracted highly trained professionals to Medicine Hat. In the interest of continuing quality care for the citizens of Medicine Hat and district, the clinic instituted a program of leaves of absence with financial assis­ tance to physicians desiring to take postgraduate training in a specialty of their choice or to upgrade their skills. Everyone was also encouraged to attend short courses and conferences and report what they had learned at luncheon meetings upon their return. Dr. Matthew Davis, once an intern in the Medicine Hat Hospital, joined the clinic in 1946. Dr. Davis was born in Edmonton, Alberta and graduated from the University of Alberta in 1943. Prior to joining the medical staff of the Medicine Hat Clinic, he served in Canada and overseas with the Canadian Army Medical Services. He later did postgraduate studies in obstetrics and gynecology. Dr. Davis served on the council of the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Alberta from 1971to1976. Although many of the physicians at the clinic were specialists by this time, all continued as family practitioners since the public still preferred to be tended by a specific physician within the group, rather than by whichever doctor under­ stood their ailment best or was available. In 1947, Dr. Stanley Pattison, who had spent a session in Medicine Hat while in service with the R.A.F. and had made many friends there, joined the clinic. He received hi s medical degree in Dublin, Ireland in 1938. After joining the The Medicine Hat Clinic 173 clinic, he decided to pursue a career in obstetrics and gynecology. When Dr. Pattison got his certification in 1954, he immediately decided to head for greener pastures in a larger city. Another physician, Dr. R. Cameron Harrison was associated with the clinic for two months in 1947. He was a 1943 graduate of the University of Alberta and later in hi s career became a general surgeon. Dr. Edward Gordon F. (Jim) Skinner was the first of the English expatriates to join the clinic in 1948. Dr. Jim Skinner received hi s medical degree in hi s home town of Sheffield, England, graduating in I 939, and served in the Royal Air Force prior to immigrating to Canada and joining the clinic. Dr. Skinner, was always interested in forensic medicine, and served as a coroner since 1949 and as president of the Medical Coroner's Association of Alberta. He was followed by Dr. Donald F. Lewis, a native of Toronto, Ontario in 1949. Dr. Don Lewis attended the University of Toronto, graduating in 1945, and then was on the staff at the Saskatchewan Tuberculosis Sanatorium in Fort Qu ' Appelle. Due to the latter training, he was a natural as an assistant to Dr. Balfour Armstrong. Dr. Lewis also became a specialist in internal medicine. He practiced this specialty at the clinic until his retirement in 1988. Dr. D. B. Wray, a 1948 graduate of the University of Alberta, also joined the clinic in 1949 but was forced to leave due to illness after only six months. He is now deceased. The end of the war also marked the availability of many advances in medicine - antibiotics, blood transfusions, and, for the Medicine Hat Hospital, the oppor­ tunity to acquire a large amount of surplus equipment which was being disposed of by the Armed Services medical units. True it was not very sophisticated, but it certainly acted as a stopgap in thi s period of expansion. At the same time the non-medical staff of the clinic also expanded. Mr. Donald S. Grant, well known to everyone prior to the war, returned as an ex­ adjutant. Since he had some skill and knowledge in bookkeeping and business, he was asked to become the clinic manager. The members found that they had made an excellent choice. Mr. Grant became a charter member of both the Alberta Association of Clinic Managers and the Medical Group Management Association of Canada. He was the president of the latter association in 1969-70, and became a Fellow of the American College of Clinic Managers. In addition he became a member of Medical Group Administrators and was the secretary from 1969 until 1972. Mr. Grant retired in 1975 and was replaced by Mr. Kenneth G. Gore who was also active in the Alberta Association of Clinic Managers and the Medical Group Management Association of Canada (of which he was also president). The recruitment of a business manager was made necessary by the great increase in staff - office nurses, bookkeepers, receptionists, laboratory techni­ cians, and an X-ray technician, Mr. William Schissler. To make room for this 174 Medical Clinics and Physicians of Southern Alberta 1875-1960 expansion, plans were quickly put into action for more additions to the building in 1949. The need for physiotherapy in the treatment of an increasing number of patients, many of them veterans, resulted in the provision of space for this department during the renovations in 1949. However, it was not possible to engage a physiotherapist until May 1951, when Miss Jean Watson from England joined the clinic staff. With the industrial expansion immediately following the second World War pre-employment medicals and medical supervision in the plants presented ne~ demands for the provision of medical services. The clinic became involved with several industries. In 1949, the clinic enrolled all medical and support staff under Medicai Services Incorporated. Formerly the clinic had attended the staff along with any other physicians and nurses who came to them for treatment at the clinic's expense. Clergy were treated at half-price.

The Medical Arts Clinic In 1950, the Medicine Hat Clinic voluntarily changed its name to the Medical Arts Clinic to comply with a resolution made by the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Alberta which requested that neither the names of towns nor those of physicians any longer associated with a group be used in group practice titles. Originally, the house in which the practice was located was owned in partner­ ship by the clinic members. When a physician left the partnership, the remaining partners would buy him out, usually over a set period of time. Similarly when a physician entered the partnership, his share of the building would be deducted gradually from his share of the profits. However in 1952, the physicians decided to simplify the system by forming a holding company. Therefore at this time, the property; building; medical, surgical and X-ray equipment; office furniture, and other assets were sold to Medarco Assets Ltd. and were rented by the clinic. In 1955, the company was expanded to facilitate the implementation of a retire­ ment program for the medical staff. The company hired all administrative, accounting, secretarial, technical personnel, and staff from this time forward. A building committee was appointed in 1957 to develop and present recom­ mendations for the relocation of the clinic which had remained in Dr. Gershaw's original house during the past thirty years. The new facility was opened for ser­ vice in 1959 at 51 Sixth Street S.E. With the planned opening of a new hospital in 1958, the hospital administra­ tion approached the clinic, requesting that consideration be given to closing the clinic in the evenings and on Sunday, as the hospital, by regulation, would be required to staff and maintain an emergency department. The clinic complied with this request. However in 1975, due to changing patterns in delivery of health care and increased patient demand, the clinic decided to resume evening hours. Consequently every evening from 6:00 to 9:00 p.m., Monday through Friday, two physicians were on duty. The clinic has always taken an interest in educational institutions. For many The Medicine Hat Clinic 175

years, the physicians presented various awards yearly to graduates of the Medicine Hat General Hospital School of Nursing. A scholarship committee was appointed in 1964 to investigate the need for financial assistance to stu­ dents, particularly in the area of medical education. The committee first recom­ mended contributions to the library fund of the Medicine Hat Junior College and, later, contributions to the resident's education fund in the department of family practice at the Calgary General Hospital. In 1970, the committee estab­ lished annual scholarships to the University of Calgary medical school for $1200.00 and to the Medicine Hat College for $800.00 for a five year period. At the end of the five year term the scholarships were continued on a yearly basis. Dr. J. B. Corley, a director of the College of Family Practice of Canada, Alberta chapter; a founder of the family practice training program at the Calgary General Hospital; and once briefly a member of the Medicine Hat Clinic approached the Medical Arts Clinic in early 1967, requesting that the clinic par­ ticipate in the Family Practice Residency Program at the Calgary General Hospital. Initially each second year resident, being fully licensed, was supplied with an office and carried on a routine practice during morning hours under the direction of a preceptor. During the afternoon, the resident was assigned to a specialist of his choice and/or a family physician. * * ' ' Almost sixty years after its founding, *the *Medical Arts Clinic is one of the largest group practices in Alberta, having expanded to 33 physicians practicing in the overcrowded clinic building as well as a building in Redcliff and two other satellite offices. However, it continues to provide the best service possible to its patients. As the original members hoped, the formation of a group has enabled the physicians to continually upgrade the standard of medical care in the community through new techniques and services. Although there is still a strong emphasis placed on the family physician, he is now supported by surgeons, orthopedic surgeons, ophthalmologists, otolaryngologists, internists, pediatri­ cians, obstetricians and gynecologists, and other specialists. He has access to not only an X-ray, but an entire radiology department and an efficient laboratory. The anesthesiologists have left to form their own group, but continue to provide service to the patients out of the hospital. Many of the advantages of clinic life have disappeared. More sophisticated equipment is available in the hospitals and specialists are now able to establish themselves without the influence and financial aid of the clinic. The economic conditions that brought about its origin have al so radically changed. Contract practice disappeared with the advent of Medical Services Incorporated and the government funded health care plans which followed it. However patients still remain loyal. Therefore, the Medical Arts Clinic continues to thrive at a time when many other clinics are becoming greatly reduced in size or have disinte­ grated entirely. 176 Medical Clinics and Physicians of Southern Alberta 1875-1960

Notes

1 The information in thi s chapter is based primarily on the memories of people associated with the group. Donald Grant and Leopold Lewis joined the clinic in the l 940's and therefore were acquainted with most of the founding mem­ bers and later additions to the group. They decided to write this information down in the late 1970's, feeling that the history was important and should be preserved. In addition, they collected newspaper articles concerning the clinic and included them in the scrapbook. Unfortunately these are undated and unattributed so correct documentation is difficult. In the process of editing Dr. Lewis and Mr. Grant's work for this publication, certain references from other sources have been added and are duly noted. All other information included can be found in the original scrapbook or has been added by Dr. Lewis from his own memories to fill any gaps. 2 Alberta Medical Bulletin, 18(August 1953) p. 26. 3 Unattributed newspaper clipping in scrapbook. 4 Unattributed newspaper clipping in scrapbook. 5 Alberta Medical Bulletin, 29(May 1963) p. 125. 6 Calgary Associate Clinic Historical Bulletin, 8(May 1943) p. 8. The Medicine Hat Clinic 177

Dr. Frederick W. Gershaw, founder of the Medicine Hat Clinic. Glenbow Archives, Calgary

Dr. Donald Neil (Dan) MacCharles,founder of the Medicine Hat Clinic. Glenbow Archives, Calgary I 78 Medical Clinics and Physicians of Southern Alberta 1875- 1960

Dr. George Gordon Elder, a founding Dr. Sidney Francis McEwen, a founding member of the Medicine Hat Clinic. member of the Medicine Hat Clinic. Medical Arls Clinic, Medicine Hat Medical Arls Clinic, Medicine Hat

Dr. Frank Hamilton Fish, a founding member of the Medicine Hat Clinic. This photograph was taken in 1921 on the day of his last exam at McGill Medical School. Glenbow Archives, Calgary Early Medicine in Banff 179

EARLY MEDICINE IN BANFF

The history of early medicine in Banff is the hi story of the Banff Sanitarium Hotel, since they are one and the same. Dr. Brett was the first physician to settle in Banff and for the next few years, most of the physicians who practiced in the area were associated with him in some way. By the beginning of the twentieth century other physicians did try to establish practices in Banff, but they were overshadowed by the Sanitarium physicians and usually did not stay Jong. The Sanitarium itself contributed largely to the growth and development of Banff, attracting visitors and providing employment for residents. The Brett Sanitarium does not completely fit the criteria outlined at the begin­ ning of this work for being a clinic. It did not survive much past l 920's, and cer­ tainly not until the 1940's. Moreover, it is debatable whether a group of physi­ cians practicing out of a private hospital or convalescent home can really be called a group practice. Furthermore the terms by which the Brett physicians were associated is uncertain. Some of his earlier "associates" may have been physicians practicing in towns where Dr. Brett held contracts, who were paid a set sum of money to take care of routine medical work. However, this institution had significance to the establishment of group prac­ tices in Southern Alberta. At an early time the number of physicians associated together reached three, and this was almost certainly the first such long term association in Southern Alberta. Dr. Brett was well known throughout Alberta and was a founding member of important medical legislative bodies. As one of the first Canadian Pacific Railway physicians in what is now Alberta, he almost certainly influenced the decisions of other physicians, especially those who also held C.P.R. contracts. Dr. H.G. Mackid, the founder of an early group practice in Southern Alberta, traveled extensively with Dr. Brett prior to the establish­ ment of his own group. The fact that Dr. Brett engaged in contract medicine may have encouraged others to do likewise. Many elements of later group practice may be found in the Brett Sanitarium. Most of all, this chapter has been included because the Brett Sanitarium is an unique and interesting piece of Alberta's medical history which deserves to be acknowledged. Sources for this chapter were widely scattered and often highly contradictory. Many of the physicians mentioned are not included in Jamieson's authoritative Early Medicine in Alberta. Unfortunately, unlike other group prac­ tices, there are no surviving members to tell their own story. Ube ~reat lbealtb 1Resort. 1

,.... :.. ::.:: ...... -::_-: . --:::· ----:::::::::::~ jr.';;.;::: .::: . ::::::: ...... r•'.!$-~~ I ., IBJI:QBB s;7I:QIT7I~Ium, :

EANFF, N.V\l"_T. : 1 * * * * * * * * * *-ei

..\1 ' THE THE MOST CJ17H~JdlNG, INVIG8~1IlFING SUMMER RESO RT ' ,.,. IN AMERICA .. "l>l I

BANl'f HOT SPRINGS.

These celebrated Hot Springs are situated in the Canadian Ku.tional Park, in the beautiful and romantic vall.. y of the Bow River, 5450 feet above the le\·el of the sea. The majestic mountains of the Rocky range, thei; aides covered with tir and spruce trees, almost surround the valley, and give impressive grandeur to the .!f itua. tion. The remarkable salu­ brity of the atmosphere ancl fa,\'Orable climatic conditions of this region , are now too well known to require reiteration. The rightnese of the ti.ir, its extreme purity and dryness, the almost' entire absence of clouds, the long periods of brilliant sunny days, with wonderful uniformity of solar radiation, u.ll conspire to make this lovely re~rt a most desirable home for invalids. A very large proportion of time n1ay be 11;1pent out of doors, aud. even in win. ter patients may sit in the open air daily, enjoying the bracing but tmnquil atmosphere. The present treatment of leading physicians of a.11 na.tion8, for consumption, chronic affections of the bronchial tubes and pleura, and different forms of &Bthma, point to Ba.nff, with 'its high lying valley, invigorating: · climate and pure ai• as much more favorable to reco\·ery than the warm and enervating infhiences of the seductive south. Persons in whom the hereditary taint of consumption is known to exist, or in whom its beginnings are sus· pected rather t)lan diagnosed, as well as those already afliictecl , are furni•hed with the very best weapons f~r efficiently combating the malady; when placed in an air, and amid sur­ roundings, w'hich brace the constitution , develop the frame, improve the digestion and 4__ ... ,,, ...... ,...... ,00 -...... , ~···,,,·~· ... ~ •••••ili · ·~A rmo<, oomm

r fl.cent.... "" influences,...... , ...of ,,,the ..salubrious .,...... clim, ate...... In ,, .. the; ..cases "" .of...... childr en and... young.,... peopl ....e,'1 1 where delicate constitutions or rapid growth cam~e serious appreheusion, the value of this treatment cannot Oe overestimated. Adults sntferiug from ove1·work, or too great tctlsiou of Urain or body, ma.y here spend a pleasant and profitable holiday, while regaining their lost physical or me11 tal vigor. In the treatment of female affections the waters are peculiarly suitable, as they are so soothing and gentle in t heir effect, as to be easily tolerated, and actually enjoyetl, hy the most sensitive and feeble. THE SANIT A.RIUM. The Sanitarium is a large three storey building, beautifully situated. overlooking tlie Bow River, antl most convenient to the Springs. It is elegantly fitted out and .equipped with every appointment calculated to bl'ing comfort and pleasure to the tourist or rn,·alid , and possessing ·every facility for giving the most successful treatment to health seekers. Comfortable rooms, hro·id piazza.a, aha.Uy Walks, well fnrnililhed tables, attentive servants,'. a nd skillful medical a.Lh-isers, all contribute to make it a most excellent place of resort. The g r~~atest variety of scenery, entertainment and amusement, leave nothing to be desired in the way of occupying tHe mind anrl c;~lling forth the energies. A splendid Livery is maintained in connecti.m with the Sanitarijim, and the most romantic rides and drives may he indulged in. The rivers a.bound with fish and the forests with game. Mountain climb­ ing for the d gorous and boating for tho'st· who desire less exhausting effort.. A few hours ride on the cars will land the tourist at a point where Capt. Armstrong's elegant little steamer will be found ready for the charming trip of the Columbia Lakes, rivalling the scenery of Switzerland. Every provision is also made for the healthful outdoor games, such as lawn tennis, croquet, cricket, base-ball, etc., that dullness an.:! depression may Clevf!r in~ vade tht precincts of the Sanitarium. Ban ff is locate

The Banff Sanitarium Hotel 181

THE BANFF SANITARIUM HOTEL

by F. C. Harris and G. M. McDougall

The Banff Hot Springs Hotel and Sanitarium was the home of Southern Alberta's first group practice. Thi s institution, founded by Dr. Robert George Brett in 1886, was a vital part of Banff through much of the town's early hi story and contributed substantially to its growth. Although the permanent population of Banff has never been large, by advertising the health giving properties of the natural hot springs in the area and the beauty of the scenery, Dr. Brett attracted wealthy patients from across the globe. Natural mineral springs have attracted the attention of many peoples, down through the ages, from Romans and Celts, to roving native North American Indians. Instinctively people have always been concerned about the temperature, color, taste, or smell of their water, and those suffering from various ailments have tried to find cures by bathing in or drinking from mineral springs. European spas built at mjneral springs have been in use for over two thousand years. Throughout hi story, "mi racle" cures were frequently associated with these springs and in fact they were often thought to have magical properties. Although the scientific explanati ons for the cures changed, there were always results for the populace, and in every century patients benefited by the cures of the waters. From the renaissance onwards, the literature of balneology (the sci­ ence of baths and their therapeutic uses) increased considerably. Famous spas abounded and in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the upper echelons of English society began to gather at these watering spots and formu late strict rules of etiquette. This fashion drew English physicians who began to carefully study the effects of various English waters so that they could recommend particular fashionable spas for specific illnesses. They found three major types of mineral compositions of springs. Chalybeate or "tart" with iron in the water, sulfurous or "stinking," and saline or "salt." 1 Many places have both hot and cold springs. The di seases which the waters were supposed to cure ranged from comparatively respectabl e complaints such as gout, jaundice, rickets, and wounds to leprosy, smallpox, syphilis, and other di s­ eases. Patients became connoisseurs of the various springs, some being content merely to drink the waters, others insisting upon total immersion. Mineral springs have remained popular to the present day. Mineral water is becoming an inceasingly popular beverage. Hot springs are still well attended by visitors in North America and more particularly in continental Europe. The tra­ ditional medicinal and therapeutic value of natural springs are still recognized by many physicians and further research into their potential medicinal and thera­ peutic uses continues to take place. According to tradition, native peoples used the mineral springs of North America for medicinal purposes and are said to have drawn the curative powers 182 Medical Clinics and Physicians of Southern Alberta 1875-1960 of the waters to the attention of the white man. Hot springs numbering in the thousands were found , particularly in the Rocky Mountains and the Appalachians. By the middle of the nineteenth century spas had a period of great vogue in America. At this time, there was a marked fascination with illness among the fashionable crowds. Wealthy people who had little to occupy their time, often became hypochondriacs. Young women of fashion tried to simulate the interesting pallor of a consumptive and behaved in a lethargic manner. Undoubtedly these symptoms were often genuine si nce the tightly laced corsets fashionable at thi s time, lack of exercise, and poor nutrition (none of which were confined to females) tended to create medical problems. Therefore mineral springs were popular gathering places. Since many people came to be amused, spas were not only famous for the waters, but for entertainments such as gam­ bling, theaters, horse racing, and luxurious hotels. Unlike si milar European developments, they were often privately owned with no public facilities. Reports of mineral springs in Western Canada were recorded as early as 1858. However, it was not until November of 1883 that two workmen for the Canadian Pacific Railway, which was then being constructed through the Rockies, discov­ ered a warm sulfurous stream bubbling down the snow covered mountainside. They traced this to an outdoor pool and then finally an underground chamber which had to be entered through the top. The two men attempted to exploit the springs commercially, and thus the springs came to the attention of men in posi­ tions of power. Meanwhile, other springs were discovered in the area. After some legal maneuvers regarding the land, ten square miles around the hot springs were preserved by an Order-In-Council for public use on November 25, 1885. By 1886, this had been extended to 200 miles, and the Rocky Mountain Act of 1887 declared the area around Banff "a public park and plea­ sure ground for the benefit, advantage, and enjoyment of all the people of Canada."2 This became the first of our national parks. Accessibility to the spri ngs became available with regular service from Calgary to Banff by the Canadian Pacific Railway in 1884. Thus the way was paved for Dr. Brett to build hi s famous Sanitarium.

The Banff Hot Springs Hotel and Sanitarium Dr. Robert George Brett was born near Strathroy, Ontario in 1851. A farm boy, he received his early education at the Strathroy Grammar School. He then proceeded to medical school, almost certainly at the University of Toronto. A few sources claim that he received his medical degree at the Victoria College at Cobourg. Dr. Brett probably graduated in 1874, although one article suggests that he graduated at an earlier date and practiced with a Dr. Eccles in Strathroy for a time.3 In 1874, Dr. Brett settled in Arkona, Ontario. Two years later, he upgraded hi s training by attending postgraduate courses in New York and Philadelphia. In 1878, he married Louise T. Hungerford, also of Strathroy. After the birth of a son, Reginald Harry in the following year, Dr. Brett decided to move West where there were many opportunities for an intelligent young man to The Banff Sanitarium Hotel 183 become rich quickly. He arrived in Winnipeg in 1880 in the middle of a real estate boom. Dr. Brett speculated but succeeded only in losing everything. fortunately the demand for medical services was great enough that he was soon able to pay off his debts and move on. This experience was undoubtedly valu­ able when he later began various enterprises in Banff. While in Winnipeg, Dr. Brett helped to found a medical school which later became the University of Manitoba Medical School. He became the first professor of materia medica and therapeutics. Years later, he was made emeritus professor of obstetrics and gyne­ cology, a title which he held for the rest of hi s life. Dr. Brett joined the Canadian Pacific Railway as a physician during the con­ struction of the transcontinental line through the west in 1881 .4 He followed the line west and in 1883 arrived in Calgary. Dr. Brett, along with a physician named Dr. (G.T.) Orton, remained with the construction crews through the Rockies. Evidently one of their most common medical problems was mountain fever, which we now identify as typhoid caused by poor sanitation.5 In 1884 and 1885 , while her husband performed surgery in a boxcar equipped as an operat­ ing room,6 Louise Brett adjusted to life in the construction camp town of Donald.7 In this capacity, Dr. Brett first became acquainted with Banff, then a station on the line known as Siding 29. Men from the C.P.R. construction crews fre­ quently visited the Cave and Basin pools for soothing baths. Dr. Brett, enjoying the benefits of the hot springs, recognized their potential. The Canadian Pacific Company was anxious to make their transcontinental railway pay, and one of their aims was to convince wealthy tourists from Britain, Europe, and the United States to travel on the line. They were very influential in the Canadian government and made sure that entrepreneurs wi sh­ ing to erect first class hotels and tourist attractions were duly encouraged and rewarded. Thus they were the driving force behind the transformation of Banff into a national park which they were determined would become one of the great tourist attractions of Canada in imitation of the American and European spas. Dr. Brett's conception of a combined hotel and sanitarium centered around the mineral springs met with their whole hearted approval, especially since he was himself a favorite of the C.P.R. Patronage played an important role in the devel­ opment of the West and the C.P.R. probably also helped to finance Dr. Brett's enterprises.8 Furthermore, physicians and hospitals were scarce in the West dur­ ing this period, and there is no question that the availability of medical attention in the park would be a definite attraction to many would-be tourists. The C.P.R. arranged for the government to offer him his choice of locations in Banff to which, along with the C.P.R. luxury hotel the Banff Springs, water would be piped directly from one of the springs. In return, Dr. Brett had to agree to expend a certain minimum sum of money on the construction of his establish­ ment.9 In March 1886, Dr. Brett chose one of the most beautiful sites in the spectacu­ lar town of Banff, at the foot of Sulphur Mountain, on the south bank of the Bow J 84 Medical Clinics and Physicians of Southern Alberta 1875-1960

River across a bridge from the modem town site. For these six acres of scenery he paid an annual rent of $115.00. Hi s lease was good for forty-two years, at th~ end of which time it was renewable in perpetuity. 10 Wood was brought from the Lake of the Woods, since there were no nearby sawmills at this time and an imposing building, divided into a hotel and a private hospital , took form on the chosen site in 1886 where the present Park Administration Buildings now stand. Although the building rose rapidly, Banff was already becoming so renowned that Dr. Brett found it necessary to erect a large number of tents for guests during the construction of the Sanitarium Hotel. The evening gatherings around the campfire became very popular. 11 Completed in the same year, the first building accommodated forty invalids in the hospital and fifty tourists in the hotel. In later days, as Dr. Brett's establishment thrived and people became less tolerant of illness, the hospital appears to have been relocated in a separate building on the premises. The advantages to visitors accompanying invalids were immediately apparent. They were able to remain near the patients, while being themselves housed in a comfortable hotel. Dr. Brett named his brain­ child the Banff Hot Springs Sanitarium Hotel. However, this was soon shortened to the Banff Sanitarium Hotel, the Brett Sanitarium, or simply "the San." Although the Cave and Basin pools were being "improved" by the govern­ ment for public use, Dr. Brett developed facilities at the upper hot springs almost immediately for the exclusive use of his guests. Initially, the baths were a pit measuring approximately four feet by six feet. Bathers were screened only by a insubstantial shield of pine boughs. Later that summer, prompted by the flood of guests arriving, the pit was replaced by a shack made from lumber brought down from Silver City (which was being abandoned at this time) and chinked with moss. This was divided into men's and ladies' facilities. 12 Obviously these arrangements were inadequate. Many invalids were unable to make the then somewhat arduous journey to the upper springs on a regular basis. Frustrated by the government's failure to pipe the mineral waters to the hotel as promised, Dr. Brett decided to build another hotel next to the upper hot springs in the fall of 1886. In addition to the bathing shack, this structure, known as the Grand View Villa, had an outdoor plunge pool fed directly by the upper springs. Crutches and canes were nailed to the bath house walls and nearby trees and helped to support the handrails along the steps to the Villa in mute testimony to the curative properties of the waters or the shrewd sense of showmanship of Banffites. Similar displays could be found along the path to the Cave and Basin. Dr. Brett sold the Villa after pipes were finally laid to carry the hot mineral water to the Sanitarium and the Banff Springs Hotel. The pipes were covered by wooden casings and packed with moss to avoid heat loss. Certain problems arose from the elevation of the springs and the pressure of the water in the pipes which resulted in frequent damage to the pipes.13 The water probably came from the middle springs (which included the Cave and Basin), although water was piped to the Banff Springs Hotel from the upper springs and it is possible that the San may have received its water from the same source. 14 The Ban ff Sanitarium Hotel 185

By J 888, more than five thousand visitors had used the baths at the Cave and Basin. In addition there were many more private facilities including Dr. Brett's detached bath house at the Sanitarium which had ten tubs and two plunges. 15 According to most accounts, next to the peerless Banff Springs Hotel erected by the C.P.R. in 1888, the Hotel Sanitarium was the best hotel in town. By thi s time Dr. Brett's establi shment was also becoming renowned world­ wide, as miraculous cures were reported and great testimonials to Dr. Brett were made. The Sanitarium received mention in several accounts by travelers and famous physicians, such as Sir William Osler, supported Dr. Brett's claims about the value of the Banff mineral springs and recommended them for the cure of chronic diseases. 16 Although Dr. Brett was undoubtedl y a good doctor, he was also anxious to make his fortune. He supplied comforts for healthy patrons as well as invalids. The Sanitarium Hotel contai ned a sizable pub and billiard room which were very popular with the locals as well as the guests. In fact, the San became a noted gathering place for the "great and near great "of the day , and was later described as "part hotel, part hospital, part pool room, and part bar." 17 Amenities for more energetic patrons included the Sanitarium livery stables where one could hire a saddle horse or carriage and driver, and guides wi lling to take tenderfeet or experienced people hiking or mountain climbing. The San al so had tennis courts and a cricket team captained by Dr. Brett. They frequently held balls and dances. At one time, dinners were enlivened by an orchestra which also gave occasional evening concerts.18 There was even a barber shop located in the hotel which was run by George Paris. The hospital portion of the Sanitarium Hotel was also very busy. As the best medical facility in the area, it catered to the citizens of Banff and all the surround­ ing di stricts as we ll as vast numbers of "imported" patients. Dr. Brett distributed pamphlets detailing. the manifold benefits of Banff which undoubtedly attracted many sufferers. One of the earlier pamphlets has been reproduced in this chapter. Although it lacks a precise date, it was probably published before 1888 when pipes were laid to the Sanitarium. Later advertisements all mention the piped water and the special baths at the San. It is noteworthy that at this time a very strong emphasis was placed on ill health. Not only the virtues of the mineral waters but also the cli­ mate and the pure air of Banff were extolled. In fact, it seems as though there were few disorders and diseases that a visit to Banff would not cure - if the patients sur­ vived exposure to all the other diseased individuals sojourning there. The pamphlet also revealed the state of medical knowledge at this time. Tuberculosis was still regarded as a "hereditary" disease si nce the family who nursed the sufferer or lived at close quarters with him often contracted the disease as well. Although many patients, suffering from various di seases, responded to Dr. Brett's advertisements, the number of these probably declined from the l 890's onwards as "poor" health went out of fashi on . . . . communicable disease had become socially less acceptable; the pallor of the consumptive had gone out of style among young ladies; and cham- 186 Medical Clinics and Physicians of Southern Alberta 1875-1960

bers of commerce were solicitously seconding the advice of physicians who warned against undertaking the trials of a journey westward when seriously ill. 19

Spas remained popular for some time, but other available activities such as hiking and riding were increasingly emphasized. It is significant that Banffites were very concerned that healthy people should not use the same baths as patients with skin diseases or other communicable diseases as was the common practice at many other spas. 20 For uncertain reasons, the Sanitarium Hotel became notorious locallv for quite a different kind of patient. From the beginning, the Banff Sanitarium Hotel attracted many prominent Calgary alcoholics who came to Dr. Brett to "dry out." In later years Bob Edwards the editor of the famous, or infamous depend­ ing on one's viewpoint, Eye Opener " ... often published the names of local tip­ plers obliged to go up to Banff for a stay at the 'Boozorium,' as he called the Sanitarium." In light of this business and the ever popular Sanitarium bar room, it is not surprising that Dr. Brett, who himself appears to have enjoyed the odd glass of whisky, was not a strong supporter of prohibition. In fact, when the superintendent of Banff National Park and his men attempted to interfere with the liquor trade and " . .. the activities of some of Banffs 'whiskey rowdies,' a protest meeting was organized by none other than Dr. Brett . . ." 21

Early Associates

Naturally, Dr. Brett could not run this rapidly growing enterprise by himself. He had a large staff of the usual employees required in a hotel as well as stable hands and drivers, bath attendants, engineers to look after the boilers, a manager to run the hotel, and a trained nurse (later several) in the hospital. Moreover, Dr. Brett appears to have had other physicians to assist him, probably since the founding of the Sanitarium. Help would have been essential, since in addition to tending to Banff resi­ dents and patients at the Sanitarium, Dr. Brett retained the Canadian Pacific Railway contract for the area and obtained contracts for mines in nearby Anthracite, Canmore, and Bankhead. After its construction, he was placed in charge of the one storey wooden building that served as the Canmore Hospital.22 Furthermore, Dr. Brett was elected to the first legislative assembly of the Northwest Territories in 1888 in which he sat until 190 I and must often have been away on government business. He was also heavily involved in medical affairs which must also have taken up much of his time. Contemporary accounts of Banff frequently mention various physicians in association with Dr. Brett, although the Henderson Directories list Dr. Brett as the only physician in Banff until 1898. These physicians may have taken care of the outlying areas and thus were not listed as Banff residents. For example, in 1906, Dr. Harry Brett was listed as a Bankhead physician although he lived in Banff. Any physician who came to the area in the early days likely became asso- The Banff Sanitarium Hotel 187 ciated in some way with Dr. Brett, since he operated the only well equipped pri­ vate hospital. Many of these physicians are difficult to trace since the associa­ tions were often quite brief and records of early physicians rather sparse. The first mention of an associate occurs in the promotional pamphlet repro­ duced in this book which was probably issued very soon after the foundation of the Sanitarium. At thi s time, Dr. Brett's partner was Dr. G. T. Orton, the same physician who had been with him during the C.P.R. construction in the Rockies. Another source suggests that Dr. Orton was Dr. Brett's associate when the Sanitarium was established.23 The column of Banff news in the May 6, 1887 issue of the Calgary Weekly Herald includes the following:

Dr. Orton Grain [sic] who has been physician at the Sanitarium all winter has left for Manitou, Manitoba much to the regret of hi s numerous friends all of whom wish him luck in hi s new field of labor.

One assumes that this refers to th e Dr. Orton mentioned elsewhere. This physician was also referred to as Dr. Grain in a news item on April I, 1887. However, the issue for June 30, 1887 included this announcement, "Dr. Orton who was at Revelstoke for the past few days returned to the Sanitarium last night. He leaves for Winnipeg tomorrow night." In spite of thi s confusion of names and dates of departure, it seems unlikely that two physicians bearing the name Orton both left Banff for Manitoba within the space of two months. Further information regarding this physician has thus far been unavailable. A travel guide of much the same period (the second half of the 1880's) men- tions that Dr. Brett has, . .. a staff of competent assistants, including another medical doctor, to assist him in the work, which has grown to wonderful proportions since the place was opened. 24

Unfortunately the name of thi s physician is not given.

On August 8, 1887, the Calgary Weekly Herald announced that: Dr. Brett has been appointed physician of the mines and has engaged the services of Dr. Latimer of Winnipeg who wi ll stay at Anthracite for the present. Further information about this physician has thus far not been found.

A Dr. Campbell, an Edinburgh graduate, joined Dr. Brett in 1889 or 1890. The young man had inherited a comfortable estate, but it was controlled by hi s mother who had remarried and denied her son's rights. He undertook training as a physician at Edinburgh University, after which he planned to go abroad. A friend had recently become acquainted with Dr. Brett during a visit to Canada and together they arranged for young Campbell to join Dr. Brett's staff as soon as he qualified. An intelligent young man, he passed his written examinations easily; however, he was worried about the oral examinations since he had a 188 Medical Clinics and Physicians of Southern Alberta 1875-1960 speech impediment. The friend again intervened and warned one of the examin­ ers, the renowned Dr. Joseph Bell, about the boy's potential problem. As a result Dr. Bell tested him personally. Young Dr. Campbell did well and soon was able to join the Brett Sanitarium where he remained for "a number of years."25 Even if physicians working in nearby towns were not actually associated with Dr. Brett, they must have worked very closely with him. In many cases it is dif­ ficult to determine what their precise status was. One such physician was Dr. Hayes. He had a contract with the McNeil mines which were located in Anthracite and Canmore where Dr. Brett also held contracts. A history of Canmore states that he died there in a hotel in I 894, after asking for cocaine to help combat the great pain associated with his illness. 26 Another Canmore physician, Dr. Henry James Richardson was associated with Dr. Brett. Dr. Richardson graduated from McGill University in 1894 and registered in the North West Territories in the same year. 27 He first practiced in Lacombe where he married Mattie Bagley at the end of 1896. After the wed­ ding, Dr. Richardson moved to Canmore as the mine doctor. At some point, according to his brother-in-law, he also worked with Dr. Brett in Banff.28 A Dr. Richardson died of pneumonia in Canmore in 1907.29 It seems probable that this was the same physician, especially in light of his brother-in-Jaw's recollections of Dr. Richardson's emergency calls. Henry Richardson was no horseman and never was dressed for such a ride on some of those cold nights. I reckon he was often in need of his own services before he returned from some of the rides.30 A Dr. Ralph Hay is identified in a photograph at the Whyte Archives of Dr. Brett's drugstore in Banff, dated 1893. A Banff school teacher, Bob Campbell, recalled upon his arrival in Banff on New Year's Day, 1896, being treated by a Dr. Hay whom he referred to as Dr. Brett's assistant. Since both the physician and the teacher appear to have taken their meals at the Sanitarium and may, in fact, have lived there, it seems probable that this was indeed an assistant of Dr. Brett.31 The circumstances that resulted in the teacher requiring medical aid are rather typical of Banff and the Sanitarium and should be recounted here to give the the reader an impression of life at this unique establishment. Bob Campbell arrived in Banff and took the "bus", which was a two seater sleigh, to the Sanitarium Hotel where, after breakfast, he visited the barber shop. To his surprise, the barber anxiously inquired if he played hockey. When Bob answered in the affirmative, he was quickly asked to play defense in a game that afternoon. He [the barber] explained that there were two clubs in Banff, one of which he was captain in the hotel, and the other on the north side of the river, and that he had to rely on the travelling public to make up his seven. The manager, the cook and himself played forward, the bartender was rover, and a wood chopper in the hotel yard was on defense. 32 The Banff Sanitarium Hotel 189

Noting the obvious omission, Bob asked about the goal keeper.

He was a patient in the hospital whom Dr. Brett had been trying to sober up for the past eight months. If he was very drunk (and he usually was) he could be draped across the goal mouth and so stop sliders, but if he was not quite so drunk he was only a nuisance.33

Bob agreed to join the team. The teams played with few rules and a great deal of hi gh sticking during which Bob received a gash on his head. First aid having been rendered by two nurses from the Sanitarium who happened to be in the audience, the game continued, only to be ended when Bob collided with the opposition's defense who was the Inspector of the Mounties, and precipitated him into a snow bank. Bob was later informed that he had been fortunate, the last such offender, Mr. Scarth, the manager of the Sanitarium Hotel, had been arrested and placed in jail. The team returned to the San for dinner and then Bob settled himself in the lounge. There he was joined by Dr. Brett who had been out on a case. The two men chatted until midnight when a miner from Anthracite suffering from stab wounds was brought in . As Dr. Hay had since left with one of the nurses to take care of some similar cases in Canmore, Bob was asked to act as assistant in the operating room. Although there is no record of the fate of the patient, Bob sur­ vived the operation without flinching and from that day forward, he and Dr. Brett were the best of friends .34 Although that was rather an extreme case, many visitors found the friendli­ ness of the inhabitants and the rapidity with which they were drawn into Banff life very attractive and they often returned yearly. Dr. Brett himself was an enthusiastic curler and had a rink outside the hotel as early as 1888. 35 A genial man, Dr. Brett was well suited to Banff since he was always willing to partici­ pate in a friendly chat over tea and fruit cake after he had completed the medical portion of a call. 36 In fact, this leisureliness made him perennially late. As a C.P.R. physician, he frequently called the station and asked them to hold trains for him. After visiting Europe with Dr. Brett in the l 890's to do some additional postgraduate work, his friend, Dr. Mackid of Calgary, claimed that his most interesting experience abroad was " ... being in a country where no train could be held for Brett."37 A contemporary cartoon on file at the Whyte Archives in Banff shows a large sign "the Sanitarium Hotel" before which an employee enthusiastically shakes a visitor's hand welcoming him to the establishment, while another quietly empties the visitor's pockets and passes handfuls of cash to a white coated figure in the rear who bears a striking resemblance to portraits of Dr. Brett. This caricature does appear to have been suggestive of Dr. Brett's treatment of wealthy visitors. On one occasion, a rich nobleman vacationing in Banff visited Dr. Brett for treatment of a minor ailment. Somewhat to his surprise, he received a bill for nine hundred dollars. Fortunately for Dr. Brett, the millionaire had a sense of humor. He merely smiled and wrote a check for one thousand dollars.38 190 Medical Clinics and Physicians of Southern Alberta 1875-1960

However, although he made money off of hi s wealthy patients and guests, Dr. Brett never refused a poor man medical treatment. He would take nonpaying patients into the Sanitarium and, if necessary, keep them there for months. If they died he would pay for their coffins. Later, Bob Campbell took over the lat­ ter responsibility by starting a collection for coffins.39 However, Dr. Brett con­ tinued to take care of the living paupers including many of the strange down and outers that frequently arrived in Banff. Remittance men were common at this time. Exasperated famjlies would send their black sheep to Western Canada with an appropriate sum of money in hopes that they would do better in the new world or at least stay out of sight. Some of these men may have been successful; however, many others proceeded to dissipate their money as quickly as possible and when they could not squeeze more from their disgusted families, lived off the public bounty. Dr. Brett took some of these men in and attempted to wean them from the alcohol many of them were fond of and help them to find jobs. Although he must have had many failures, he also had at least one outstanding success which must have helped to make all his efforts worthwhile. A young Welshman, having di ssipated a considerable fortune, returned to his friends in Banff. Dr. Brett had just fired his last engineer, whom he had been try­ ing to keep dry, for chiseling through the liquor storeroom wall to reach the for­ bidden fruit. Meeting the down and out Welshman, Dr. Brett asked him if he could fire a boiler. The young man replied, 'Tm surprised at you asking that. You ought to know that the only thing I can do is drink whiskey." In spite of this inauspicious reply, he was hired. In those days the hotel was steam heated and the boiler had to be regularly fed with wood. The Doctor took him down to the boiler room and explained how he wanted things done, laying particular stress on the use of the water gauge. Then he left, but not for too long. He kept coming back to see how his new fireman was doing, and to his surprise found that Gwen [not his real name] was carrying out hi s instructions and keeping sober. Two days passed, and when the Doctor came around, Gwen made him a proposition. If the doctor would give him the gold cure, he would stay on the job till he paid for it. It was the first time he had ever been interested in any work. He wanted to become a stationary engineer. How did one learn to become one? The Doctor at once wrote to Regina for all the infor­ mation, explaining the circumstances and received back all the instruc­ tions, and with them came copies of examinations papers for the previous year. Gwen had fallen in love with the old wood eater.40 Since the Welshman had a good education and a lot of enthusiasm, with a lit­ tle tutoring in mathematics from Bob Campbell, he passed the course and the examinations in record time. He married a lovely young nurse from the Sanitarium and found a job in British Columbia, where he was quickly promoted to head engineer. Money sent to him by his family upon his wedding was wisely invested along with a portion of hjs earnings. Dr. Brett's cure was a success. The Banff Sanitariµm Hotel 191

New Ventures

Dr. Brett received hi s first long term associate in 1897.41 Dr. William White received a M.R.C.S. and a L.R.C.P. in London, England in 1892 and thus, when he registered in the Northwest Territories in the following year, would have been con­ sidered a well qualified individual. It is not known where he practiced prior to his arrival in Banff. By 1898, he was advertised in the Henderson Directories for Alberta as medical director of the Sanitarium Hotel along with Dr. Brett. Dr. White appears to have become somewhat of a specialist in balneology. An article in the Crag and Canyon on December 25, 1901, stated that he was familiar with watering places in Great Britain and Germany. Dr. White said that analyses of waters showed the Banff mineral springs to be most similar to the famous springs at Harrogate in Britain and Aix la Chapelle in Germany. He claimed that Banff was one of the best places to go for such ailments as rheumatic and gouty afflictions, certain forms of skin diseases, and blood disorders of all kinds. The Brett Sanitarium was receiving very comprehensive coverage in the Banff newspaper at this time since Dr. White had purchased the printing press earlier that year. In 1902, the physicians sold the press to Norman Luxton who made the paper a success. The newspaper venture was typical of the partnership of Drs. Brett and White. While it lasted, the physicians advertised extensively in the local newspapers and such publications as the Henderson Directories. Judging from regular reports in the Crag and Canyon, the Sanitarium was constantly being enlarged, refurbished, and improved. As both physicians appear to have traveled extensively, a third physician must have been necessary even if on a temporary basis. On 4 August, 1900, the Crag and Canyon mentioned that "Dr. Spankie, formerly of the Sanitarium was a pas­ senger on last Sunday's West bound express." This almost certainly refers to Dr. J. E. Spankie who was listed in the 1899 and 1900 Henderson Directories as a physician in Banff. Dr. Philip Brown was also listed in the 1900 Directories, but there is no proof of any association. One of their advertisements in the Crag and Canyon September 5, 1903 described Dr. Brett's masterpiece, then advertised as the Sanitarium Hotel and Private Hospital.

The Sanitarium Hotel, which is beautifully situated, overlooking the Bow River and its lovely and romantic valley, is a large three-storey building, elegantly fitted with every appointment calculated to bring pleasure and comfort to the tourist or invalid.

A Private Hospital, which though isolated, is in close proximity to the Sanitarium, is presided over by skillfully trained nurses, and is also fitted out with every appliance necessary to a first class institution of its kind.

An elegant and·commodious Bath House adjoins the hotel, and is supplied with water brought direct from the celebrated Hot Springs, which, by their wonderful curative properties, have now become so famous. 192 Medical Clinics and Physicians of Southern Alberta 1875-1960

A first-class livery is maintained in connection with the Sanitarium, and rides and drives through magnificent scenery can be enjoyed. The disciples of Isaak Walton wi ll find the numerous streams in the park abounding with mountain trout, while those who prefer boating will find close to the Sanitarium, good boats, canoes, or a steam launch, by which they can ascend the Bow River a distance of ten miles. The unparalleled beauty of the scenery, the salubrity of the climate, and numerous means of enjoyment available render Banff the most charming and bracing health resort in America. Prices for a stay in this luxury resort at that time were two to three dollars per day depending on where the room was situated. Obviously not all guests cared to make use of the baths, since this entailed an additional expenditure of three dollars per ten tickets. If guests preferred, they could bathe at the Cave and Basi n springs which were open to the public for a lower price. Special rates were offered to guests who booked by the week or month or in the winter months. However, by the beginning of the twentieth century it was obvious that the Sanitarium Hotel, by 1904 four times its original size and the second largest hotel in Banff, could not be enlarged enough to provide sufficient space for the enormous numbers of patients and tourists who wanted to visit Banff.42 A his­ tory of the Banff Springs Hotel mentions that between 1902 and 1905, many would be tourists had to be turned away si nce there were not enough hotel rooms to accommodate them.43 Therefore, the partners decided to erect a second hotel cum sanitarium. After the original Grand View Villa, once owned by Dr. Brett, burned down in 1901, the partners purchased the site and built another sanitarium there. The new Grand View Villa was slightly less expensive to visit than the Sanitarium Hotel which was generally considered to be Dr. Brett's most profitable venture. In 1905 advertisements, the Villa's rates ranged from two to two and a half dollars, while the San's ranged from two to four dollars. It proba­ bly catered mainly to visitors with medical problems other than alcoholism and was primarily a convalescent home. This is, however, supposition based on the advertisements for the Villa in the Banff Crag and Canyon and the Henderson Directories. It is noticeable that while illness was played down in the Sanitarium advertisements, it was heavi ly emphasized in the Grand View Villa advertise­ ments and energetic pursuits were not mentioned at all. The latter advertise­ ments, which changed very little between 1905 and 1911 , read: GRAND VIEW VILLA Directly Connected with the Famous Banff Hot Springs This comfortable little Villa is situated on Sulphur Mountain, 5,400 feet above sea level, overlooking the Bow and Spray Rivers and the Village of Ban ff. The Banff Sanitarium Hotel 193

It furnishes accommodation for about forty guests. The views from its balconies are most enchanting and pronounced by many tourists the finest in the world. The Baths are given with water direct from the Hot Sulphur Springs, which have become famous for their wonderful curative properties in Rheumatism, Gout, Skin Di seases, Impurities of the Blood, Sciatica and all forms of Neuralgia, Stomach, Kidney and Liver affections. Dr. Brett obviously had not become more moderate in hi s claims for his hotels or the hot springs since he founded the Sanitarium Hotel. In addition to these sanitariums, he also founded the Halcyon Hot Springs Sanitarium on Arrow Lake in British Columbia.44 Other business ventures included the Sanitarium Livery, the Brett Block, and chemist's shops in Banff (known as the National Park Drug Company) and Canmore. Another venture which was probably founded in this period was the sale of Banff Mineral Water, bottled by the Sanitarium Company. Advertisements for this beverage appear in 1902 issues of the Banff Crag and Canyon. This enter­ prise may not have been successful, since there are no records of this business for the next several years. However, the Sanitarium bottling works appear to have been revived under the guidance of Dr. Brett's second son Robert Earle Brett, commonly known as Earle. Born in 1887, Earle Brett evidently attended the Manitoba Medical College, but does not seem to have completed his train­ ing, although he may have planned to return later.45 Instead, he came home and took charge of the National Park Theatre and the Sanitarium Hotel for his father. In 1908, he probably began managing the Sanitarium Bottling Company Limited, making it very well known for a time. That year signs began appearing in bars throughout Canada: "Ask for Scotch and Lithia" . . . "Ask for Rye and Lythia" ... "Ask for Gin and Lythia" all of which had "the Banff Hot Springs Sanitarium Bottling Company" printed across the bottom. Not surprisingly, con­ sidering Dr. Brett's C.P.R. connection, the beverage was also widely sold in C.P.R. dining cars. It was a natural venture for the Sanitarium. The water came from a nearby spring and merely needed to be aerated and bottled. The purported properties of the water were also appropriate considering the nature of the illness of many of the Sanitarium patients. Lythia, or rather lithia water rated high as a kidney medicine, over-indul­ gers of alcohol claimed that it was a true preventative drink .. . it pre­ vented the usual 'morning after' nausea leaving the overnight imbiber with only a throbbing head. Taken mixed with an alcoholic beverage or after it . . . as a 'wash' ... its efficacy as a hangover killer was the same . ..46 There is some confusion as to where the Sanitarium obtained the water for this enterprise. The water piped down to the Hotel Sanitarium was rather high in sulphur and low in lithia. Analysis of the water showed that the hot springs' 194 Medical Clinics and Physicians of Southern Alberta 1875- 1960 lithia content was 0.1 parts per million.47 However, some sources suggest that the water was obtained from the Kidney Springs which had somewhat higher concentrations of lithia, and very little sulphur which would have made the water unpleasant to drink.48 Since the pipes are long gone, the source will proba­ bly never be known for certain. It seems unlikely that Dr. Brett would take the trouble to run two pipes down from the springs and according to one source, a government analyst found no lithia in the final product.49 The bottling works themselves were located in an addition to the large laun­ dry at the rear of the Sanitarium. They appear to have thrived for several years. Advertisements in the Crag and Canyon in 1912 show that the Company had branched out and was now producing such soft drinks as ginger ale, ginger beer, lemon sour, claret and lemonade, strawberry, and other flavors, in addition to the "famous" Banff Lithia Water. Tragically, Earle Brett died suddenly from appen­ dicitis in 1912.50 Two months later, on October 26, 1912, the Crag and Canyon announced that the workers at the Sanitarium Bottling Company were having difficulty keeping up with the vast number of orders that flowed in, and the company appears to have gradually lapsed into oblivion without the leadership of Earle Brett.

Group Practice Although Dr. Brett was almost certainly associated with more than one physi­ cian simultaneously prior to 1903, the evidence for his early associations is too scanty and too vague to confirm this. Due to the nature of Brett's practice, such associations would have tended to be rather short lived. However in 1903, the group reached three physicians when Dr Robert George Brett and Dr. William White were joined by Dr. Brett's son, Dr. Reginald Harry Brett. Unlike most of Dr. Brett' s earlier associates, all were advertised as medical directors of at least one sanitarium. To distinguish the two Dr. Bretts, the elder was always referred to as Dr. Brett while his son was called Dr. Harry. Dr. Harry Brett was born in 1879 when his father was still practicing in Arkona, Ontario. He spent his early years in Banff prior to attending St. John's College School and St. John's College in Winnipeg, Manitoba. Later he studied at the University of Manitoba Medical School which his father had helped to found. He graduated in 1903. Soon afterwards, in August of 1903, Dr. Harry went to the Yukon with Dr. N. J. Lindsay of Calgary, who appears to have been connected to the family, to practice medicine in a mining camp and to try min­ ing himself. 51 However he was back practicing with his father a few months later. Initially, Dr. Harry Brett probably took care of some of the outlying contract work, especially in Bankhead where he was listed as physician in the 1906 Henderson directory. However, he was also a medical director of the Grand View Villa and probably resided in Banff. In 1906 and 1907, he went abroad to London, England and Vienna to do postgraduate work. Later he did further post­ graduate work with the Mayo brothers in Rochester, Minnesota. Thus he The Banff Sanitariµm Hotel 195 received one of the best medical educations available. Upon hi s return, Dr. Harry continued to practice at the Banff Sanitarium. When hi s father's political duties became more pressing, Dr. Harry, at least nominall y, took over many of his medical duties, becoming coroner for the Banff district, medical officer for the Rocky Mountain Park, and a surgeon for the C.P.R. Dr. Harry married Fleming, a nurse at the Brett Hospital in 1912. A very popular man in Banff, he was involved in many community activities and was an enthusiastic curler, golfer, and hunter. In addition he represented the Banff district for many years on the Council of the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Alberta. He may have been president of thi s body for the term 1919 to 1920.52 Unfortunately, according to Banff old timers, Dr. Harry had poor health and a drinking prob­ lem. As a result, he was sometimes only able to work intermittently in the med­ ical practice. Therefore additional partners were always necessary. 53 Shortly after the arrival of Dr. Harry in 1904, the partners built an opera house complete with boxes and gilded cupids in the spacious Sanitarium grounds designed to house socials, plays, and dances. Remarkably, the building had per­ fect acoustics, an unusual phenomenon in a private opera house in a small town. At approximately the same time, another heneficial service was provided for patrons of the Sanitarium. On 9 July 1904, the Banff Crag and Canyon announced that Miss Ellison, a "professional nurse and experienced masseuse" was opening massage parlors at the Sanitarium. In later days, Mi ss Ellison was replaced by Bevan Ashton. Dr. White appears to have left the group at the end of 1905 or possibly at the beginning of 1906. Records concerning the precise date of his departure or where he relocated have not been found . Since Dr. Harry Brett planned to go abroad in 1906, an additional physician was essential. Dr. Brett invited Dr. Gilbert Mcintosh Atkin to join the practice. It was a wise choice; Dr. Atkin was a mainstay in the group for many years and eventually became almost as much of an institution in Banff as the elder Dr. Brett. Dr. Atkin was born in Milverton, Ontario in 1871. He taught school in Brocksden, Ontario between 1897 and 1899 to earn enough money to further hi s education. Undecided about his future career, young Gilbert Atkin tossed a coin after deciding heads: he would study electrical engineering, tails: medicine. The coin landed tails up so he enrolled in the University of Toronto Medical School from which he graduated in 1902. Dr. Atkin interned at the Brooklyn Hospital after which, in 1904, he came to Calgary to practice with Dr. William Egbert whom he had known in Milverton. While there, he became better acquainted with Eva Maude Henning a school teacher in Calgary and a friend of the Egberts, whom he married in 1911 . Dr. Atkin practiced with Dr. Egbert (who followed Dr. Brett as Lieutenant Governor of Alberta in 1925) for only three or four months, after which he came to Banff to work with Dr. Brett. Dr. Atkin became Medical Health Officer for the national parks. He was responsible for much of the Canadian Pacific Railway related work, including safety during construction of the Chateau Lake Louise and the Banff Springs I 96 Medical Clinics and Physicians of Southern Alberta 1875- I 960

C.P.R. hotels, and food and sanitation concerns in the construction camps. After Dr. Brett became Lieutenant Governor in 1915 and had little time to work with the group, Dr. Atkin took over the surgery. He joined the Army Medical Corps in 1916 as a captain and served overseas for a time. However, upon his release he returned to the San. After the demise of the Sanitarium, Dr. Atkin continued to work in Banff for the remainder of his career. He died in 1969. Although undoubtedly part of the physicians' work tended to consist of deal­ ing with alcohol problems and rich hypochondriacs, they also had to deal with many real emergencies. Serious accidents occurred on the railway and in the mines and, like other small town physicians in Alberta at the time, the Banff physicians had to tend many patients in isolated farms and villages. Dr. Atkin' s most memorable experience occurred during a cold spell in December 1915. Ike Brooks, the foreman of the Brewster Ranch on the Big Red Deer River, arrived at the Atkin house and announced that his daughter was crit­ ically ill with a ruptured appendix. The two men rode more than sixty miles through the mountains over dangerous snow covered trails. At one point when they were crossing a stream, Dr. Atkin's horse broke through the ice and they both fell into the stream. After the horse was removed and he was pulled from the icy stream, Dr. Atkin got back on his horse and kept on riding even though his clothes were frozen solid. To Brook's surprise, not once during the twenty­ two hour ride did the doctor complain. Dr. Atkin operated successfully on the girl as she lay on the kitchen table with a bolt of silk serving as operating linen. Such devotion to duty made the doctor beloved in Banff.54

A fourth physician joined the Sanitarium group in 1908. Dr. George Ray Johnson, a 1902 graduate of McGill University, left after only a year to join the Mackid group in Calgary. A complete biography is included in the history of that group.

The New Brett Hospital

In 1908-9, a second hospital was constructed. Many guests undoubtedly dis­ liked having a hospital next door to their hotel. A regular feature of advertise­ ments for the Sanitarium Hotel in this era was the emphasis that the private hos­ pital was "isolated" although in close proximity to the hotel. Ill health had by now gone almost completely out of style and guests really did not want to stay with genuinely sick people. The Grand View Villa had probably taken over much of the San's original function by this time. Similarly, facilities in the old hospital may have become inadequate. As usual there was a shortage of hotel space in Banff, so it made sense to convert the existing hospital into hotel rooms and build a new hospital on another site. The Sanitarium Hotel retained its name until 1912, when it was announced that "due to popular confusion," the hotel would now be called the Chateau.55 Soon afterwards it was advertised as the Chateau Rundle and then since the populace was evidently still confused, as the Sanitarium Hotel again. Finally, in 1922, it was renamed the Bretton Hall Hotel The Banff Sanitarium Hotel 197 in honor of Dr. Brett, since the original name repelled tourists who did not want to stay in a home for the infinn.56 The three hundred room structure retained this name until it burned down in 1933.57 The Grand View Villa had burned down in 1931 .58 The new hospital was on Spray Avenue, the other end of town from the hotel and was called, logicall y, the new Brett Hospital. It was a large frame structure which advertised itself as a convalescent home with:

'bright, sunn y, spacious, airy and cheerful rooms' and 'four sun parlors, tastefully furnished with a view to every comfort,' in addition to its 'heal­ ing medicinal water and the constant restful presence of nature at her most beautiful. ' 59

Naturally it also served as the town hospital.

Soon after the opening of the hospital , the physicians along with their long time matron Miss McLauchl an founded a nursing school. Like most hospitals which started nursi ng schools at this time, the Brett Hospital was probably moti­ vated by a shortage of nurses and a desire for cheap labor. In fact, students were relatively well-paid. Although they started their first year at ten dollars per month, their wages increased with their experience so that by their third year they were earning twenty dollars each month .6()

The three-year course was based on the Winnipeg General system. Nursing lectures were given by Miss Maclachlan and three other gradu­ ates, Nurses Kelly, Miller and Day . .. Dr. Harry Brett ... gave the med­ ical lectures.61

Unfortunately, these nurses were only recognized at the Brett Hospital, so after only two classes had graduated, third year students began to be sent to the University Hospital in Edmonton. Evidently one of the first graduates was Helena M. Fleming who married Dr. Harry Brett in l 912. The following document can be found in the Brett files at the Whyte Archives: The Brett Hospital Banff, Alberta This is to certify that Helena M. Fleming has completed the three year course of instruction prescribed in the Training School for Nurses of this institution, that by reason of her aquirements [sic] having successfully passed the required examinations is entitled to recognition as a qualified nurse for Medical, Surgical and Maternity cases signed this second day of January 191 I R.H. Brett R. G. Brett G. M. Atkin 198 Medical Clinics and Physicians of Southern Alberta 1875-1960

This document, hand written on a blank sheet of paper, is dated earlier than one would expect from most accounts of the founding of the nursing school. However, Helen appears to have worked for the Brett Sanitarium since 1906 and was probably connected to the family in some way. After her marriage, she con­ tinued to assist in the operation of the hospital. 62

The nursing school was closed during the I 920's.63

Since 1888, Dr. Robert George Brett's political career had flourished. A Conservative, he was first elected to the Legislative Assembly of the Northwest Territories as a representative for the Red Deer district. He was regarded highly by the other members and was appointed president of the Executive Council from 1889 until 1891 during the struggle for responsible government in the Northwest Territories. Afterwards he was leader of the opposition for several years. He sat in the Assembly until 1901. 64 His habitual lack of punctuality continued to be a problem. In the horse and buggy days, it was often hard for people to come to political meetings. Therefore, Dr. Brett and his Liberal opponent, Arthur Sifton, arranged to hold joint meetings. They were close friends in spite of their political rivalry and usu­ ally traveled to the meetings together. On one occasion when they had arranged to come separately, Dr. Brett was very late. Sifton delivered his speech and then the audience settled down to wait for Dr. Brett. After a time, they began to become restless. Therefore, Sifton announced that since he wanted the audience to hear both sides, he was prepared to deliver Dr. Brett's speech which he had heard many times. This novel idea amused the audience and they agreed to the proposition. Sifton proceeded to give the speech verbatim, speaking in the first person. Midway Dr. Brett arrived and complemented Sifton on his knowledge of the Conservative platform.65 Other versions of the story insist that Dr. Brett, not realizing what had occurred, in turn began to repeat his speech much to the amusement of the audience who roared with laughter as the doctor precisely repeated stories and gestures.66 In addition, Dr. Brett was a founding member and the first vice president of the North West Territories Medical Association, first president of both the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Alberta and the Alberta Medical Association, Senator of the University of Alberta 1908-1912, president of the Alberta Conservative Association in 1909, and president of the Red Cross for many years. In recognition of his many achievements, Dr. Robert George Brett was appointed the second Lieutenant Governor of Alberta in 1915. Although he appears to have officially remained the senior member of the group practice from this time forward, he probably had very little to do with its actual opera­ tion. In spite of his exalted position, Dr. Brett appears to have retained his humility and his sense of humor. He frequently recounted an experience which occurred soon after his appointment when he was visiting the Peace River Country. An The Ban ff Sanitarium Hotel 199 old mountain guide, formerly a resident of Banff, came to the station, hoping to catch a glimpse of the celebrity. After a startled look at the elegantly attired Lieutenant Governor, the disappointed old timer announced in disgust, "Hell, it's only old Doc Brett."67 There appears to be no record of any additions to the practice for several years. Since the local coal mines were being abandoned and more physicians were now available in outlying areas, Ors. Brett and Atkin may have practiced alone during this period. Of course, Dr. Atkin was absent for at least two years during World War I. In 1923, Dr. J. D. (Dean) Robinson joined the practice. He was born in Peterborough, Ontario. He developed a special interest in arthritis and, in 1935, made a special study of the disease in England. In 1947, he founded the Banff Clinic with his two sons. Together they pioneered new treat­ ments of arthritis. He retired in 1954.68 In 1924, following the name change of the original Sanitarium Hotel to Hotel Bretton Hall, the Brett Hospital was renamed the Brett Sanitarium. This was a more appropriate name since it was primarily a convalescent home. The year 1925 proved to be the beginning of the end for the Brett Sanitarium. Dr. Harry Brett died suddenly and unexpectedly that year. His father, no doubt stunned by the death of the last of his five children, retired from his position as Lieutenant Governor soon afterwards. Ill health forced him to move to California. Dr. Brett gave power of attorney to Helen, Dr. Harry's widow who had helped to manage the various ventures for many years, so that she could take charge of the management of the sanitarium and his other business affairs. Dr. Brett only returned to Alberta to die in 1929. Dr. Robinson became the physician in charge of the Sanitarium. Dr. Atkin presumably resigned after Dr. Harry's death to practice on his own. Dr. Sterling McGregor joined the staff of the Brett Hospital early in 1926,69 but later in the same year he started practicing with Dr. Parsons in Red Deer. Most histories state that the Sanitarium was abandoned in 1926, leaving Banff without hospital facilities. 70 The history of the Brett Sanitarium ends on a positive note. In 1930, the Si sters of Saint Martha bought the hospital building for $58,000.00 from the Brett estate. In the four year vacancy, mice and bats had moved in. However, these were firmly dispelled, the mineral encrustations on the pipes and bathroom fixtures were removed with hammer and chisel, and several floors were replaced along with the plaster that had fallen from the ceilings and walls. After ten days of heroic effort, the Sisters were able to admit the first patient to the new Mineral Springs Hospital. This structure was also replaced in 1958. 200 Medical Clinics and Physicians of Southern Alberta 1875-1960

Notes

1 R.L.P. and Dorothy M. Jowitt, Discovering Spas, (Tring, Herts.: Shire Publications, 1971 ) p. 4. 2 Insert, "The Canadian," in the Calgary Herald, June 30/July 1, 1978. 3 Calgary Associate Clinic Historical Bulletin, 4(May 1939) p. 6. This is not mentioned elsewhere. Because of his prominence in Canadian society, many biographies of Dr. Brett are extant. However certain details vary consider­ ably . The above article was written by Dr. Stanley, another pioneer doctor and politician who was undoubtedly personally acquainted with Dr. Brett. Perhaps Dr. Brett worked with Dr. Eccles during vacations. 4 Sources are divided on this point. Many suggest that Brett did not join the C.P.R. until after his arrival in Calgary in 1883 on a C.P.R. train. However, an earlier date seems more probable. Robert E. Campbell in his book, J Would Do It Again, (Toronto: The Ryerson Press, 1959) pp. 149-50, quotes a woman who recalled Dr. Brett being physician to the construction crews at an earlier point on the line before they reached Medicine Hat. 5 Sam Steele, Forty Years in Canada, (Toronto: McClelland, Goodchild, and Stewart, Ltd., 1915) p. 181. 6 The Mineral Springs Hospital and the Sisters of St. Martha: Fifty Years of Service, Booklet in Archives, Whyte Museum of the Canadian Rockies, Banff, Alberta. 7 Calgary Herald, 16 November 1935. 8 Eleanor G. Luxton, Banff, Canada's First National Park: A History and a Memory of Rocky Mountains Park, (Banff: Summerthought, 1975) p. 71. 9 Crag and Canyon, 25 December 190 I. 10 Prospectus for the formation of a company, Brett Papers, Whyte Archives, Banff, Alberta. 11 Crag and Canyon, 25 December 190 I . 12 Harriet Hartly Thomas, From Barnacle to Banff, ( 1945). 13 Luxton pp. 62-3. 14 Joan T. Thompson, Hotsprings of Canada, 1971 booklet at Whyte Archives, Banff, Alberta, p. 21 . The more reliable sources seem to point to the middle springs, but it would have been far more logical for water to be piped from one spring only. 15 Luxton p. 64. 16 Sir William Osler: The Principles and Practice of Medicine: McGill 1892. 17 "Robert George Brett," Alice Fulmer papers, Whyte Archives, Banff, Alberta. 18 Gordon S. Fahrni, Prairie Surgeon, (Winnipeg: Queenston House Publishing, Inc., 1976) p. 39. 19 Earl Pomeroy, In Search of the Golden West: The Tourist in Western America, (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1957) p. 119. 20 Alberta Historical Review, 23(Winter 1975) pp. 18-24. The Banff Sanitatium Hotel 201

21 William Yeo, "This Space Reserved" in Horizan Canada, ?(no. 84) p. 2001. 22 Edna Appleby, Canmore: The Story of an Era, (Edna Appleby, 1975) p. 45 . 23 Robert Scace, Banff: A Cultural Historical Study of Land Use and Management, (National Park Studies No. 2, Studies in Land Use History and Landscape Change, April 1968). 24 The New West, (Winnipeg: Canadian Historical Publishing Company, 1888) pp. 144-5. 25 Calgary Associate Clinic Historical Bulletin, 8(November 1943) pp. 7-8. Unfortunately, there is no other reference to thi s physician. 26 Appleby p. 45 . 27 H. C. Jamieson, Early Medicine in Alberta, (Edmonton: Canadian Medical Association, Alberta Division, 1947) p. 145. 28 Alberta Historical Review, 1O(Summer 1962) p. 21. 29 Appleby p. 45. 30 Alberta Historical Review, 1O(Summer 1962) p. 21. 31 Campbell p. 32. 32 Campbell p. 30. 33 Campbell p. 31. 34 Campbell pp. 28-36. 35 Luxton p. 118. 36 Luxton p. 71. 37 Jamieson p. 36. 38 Calgary Associate Clinic Historical Bulletin, 4(May 1939) p. 8. 39 Calgary Associate Clinic Historical Bulletin, 4(May 1939) p. 8. 40 Calgary Albertan, 11 June 1960. 41 Jamieson p. I 12. 42 Luxton p. 90. 43 Bart Robinson, Banff Springs: Th e Story of a Hotel, (Banff: Summerthought, 1973) p. 38. 44 Souvenir of Alberta, (Winnipeg: Salesman Publishing Co., 1906) p. 1 17. 45 Fahrni, p. 41 , states that Earle Brett was a year behind him in medical school, but he also insists that in 1910, Earle, who was supposed to meet him back at medical school, died suddenly of appendicitis. Since Fahrni graduated in 191 1 and Earle did not die until 1912, the entire anecdote is rendered suspect. 46 W. E. Round, "Lithia Water Industry Flourished," Unattributed clipping in the files of G. M. McDougall, Calgary, Alberta. 47 Slides in G. M. McDougall's file on Banff. 48 Round. 49 Yeo p. 2001. 50 Crag and Canyon, 8 June 1912. 51 Crag and Canyon, 29 August 1903. 52 Canadian Medical Association Journal, l 5(June 1925) p. 671. Jamieson, p. 201, lists Dr. R. G. Brett as president in this year instead of his son. The 202 Medical Clinics and Physicians of Southern Alberta 1875-1960

Calgary Herald, 8 May 1925 mentions only that Dr. Harry Brett was in Edmonton for a council meeting. 53 M. Stewart, personal communication with F. C. Harris, 7 August 1988, Banff, Alberta. 54 Sources for Dr. Atkin are Calgary Herald, 12 September 1953 and 7 June 1969; Henry Chatenay, The Country Doctors, (Red Deer: Matrix Press, 1980) pp. 19-24. 55 Crag and Canyon, 19 October 1912. 56 Crag and Canyon, 13 May 1922. 57 Calgary Albertan, 1 May 1933. 58 Crag and Canyon, 5 June 1985. 59 Mineral Springs Hospital commemorative booklet, Whyte Archives, Banff, Alberta, p. 6. 60 Tony Cashman, Heritage of Service: The History of Nursing in Alberta, (Edmonton: Alberta Association of Registered Nurses, 1966) p. 65. 6 1 Cashman p. 64. 62 Helen Brett, typewritten obituary, Whyte Archives, Banff, Alberta. 63 Cashman, p. 65, says that the nursing school ended in 1922 with the death of Dr. Harry Brett, but Dr. Harry Brett did not die until 1925. 64 For detailed information on Dr. Brett's early political career, see Lewis Herbert Thomas, The Struggle for Responsible Government in the Northwest Territories, I 870-97, (University of Toronto Press, 1956). 65 Canadian Association Medical Journal, 29(November 1929) p. 62 l. 66 Edmonton Journal, 19 February 1929. 67 Calgary Associate Clinic Historical Bulletin, 4(May 1939) p. 8. 68 Crag and Canyon, 26 November 1954. 69 Crag and Canyon, 26 February 1926. 70 The 1928-9 Henderson Directories listed Helen Brett as manager and Dr. J. D. Robinson as physician in charge. However, it may have been merely list­ ing information from previous directories. Histories of the Mineral Springs Hospital state that the Brett Hospital was closed for four years before the nuns took over. The Banff Sanitariu.m Hotel 203

Dr. Robert George Brett, founder of the Banff Sanitarium. Glenbow Archives, Calgary

Dr. Harry Brett (L) and Dr. Gilbert Atkin, physicians from the Banff Sanitarium, ca. 1904. Glenbow Archives, Calgary 204 Medical Clinics and Physicians of Southern Alberta 1875-1960

The Banff Sanitarium Hotel and Hospital, ca. 1896. Glenbow Archives, Calgary

The operating room at the Sanitarium in 1896. From L to R: Nurse Monteith, Annie McLaughlin, Dr. R.G. Brett, Dr. Hay, Mr. Cary, Ross Peacock. Glenbow Archives, Calgary Bibliographical Note 205

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE

The list of works consulted during the writing of this book is designed to direct the reader to some of the more important sources utilized. Readers desir­ ing more specific references are directed to the footnotes. BOOKS: The most important book on the medical history of Alberta is H. C. Jamieson's Early Medicine in Alberta, ( 1947). E. Hardwick, E. Jameson, E. Tregillus' The Science, the Art and the Spirit, (1975) is extremely useful for Calgary history, particularly hospitals. Towards the end of our study of Lethbridge clinics, we discovered that we had duplicated some of the research of a history of the Galt School of Nursing in Lethbridge, White Caps and Red Roses. The author, L. Poelman had written histories of all the clinics. This work was invaluable in checking our accuracy. Points where our histories differ have been carefully researched. H. Neatby's "The Medical Profession in the North­ west Territories" in S. E. D. Shortt, ed., Medicine in Canadian Society (1981) is an introduction to the very early days of medicine in Alberta. Two early hi sto­ ries of Alberta: A. 0 . MacRae's History of the Province of Alberta (1912) and J. Blue's Alberta Past and Present (1924) are largely composed of biographies. The authors included in-depth biographies of the men who subscribed to the books, whether they were well known or not. ARCHIVES: Henderson Directories, city telephone directories, and medical directories were referred to throughout. These often show when and where a physician was practicing in a given city. The medical directories also list gradu­ ation place and date and any specialty qualifications. In most cases we have assumed that the items of information in these volumes are general knowledge and have not referenced them specifically. Valuable information was found in journals. The most important were the Calgary Associate Clinic Historical Bulletin, the Alberta Medical Bulletin, the Canadian Medical Association Journal, and the Alberta Historical Review. Many local newspapers were also consulted. There are excellent clipping files in most archives and many group practices kept important articles. Several Calgary Associate Clinic scrapbooks are located at the University of Calgary Medical Library. However, much additional information was found by scanning early editions of these newspapers and checking specific dates for obituaries and other information.

Considerable written documentation for the history of the group practices was found in the archives of the Glenbow Museum of Calgary where we examined over a thousand files or documents without the archivists ever visibly losing their patience; the Sir Alexander Galt Museum of Lethbridge, whose archivist allowed us to stay after hours to finish our research: the Red Deer and District Museum and Archives, whose staff photocopied hundreds of pages for us; the 206 Medical Clinics and Physicians of Southern Alberta 1875-1960

Whyte Museum of the Canadian Rockies in Banff, whose detailed card index contains references to six line paragraphs on the Brett Sanitarium in books on total~y unrelat~d subjects; .the l!niversity of Calga~ M~in Library, particularly special collections; the University of Calgary Medical Library, whose librarians guided us to most of the medical history books and journals we needed and con­ tinued to offer every possible help through the project; and the local history room of the William Castell branch of the Calgary Public Library whose archivist made materials available. These institutions pulled countless docu­ ments for us . Frequently, upon our describing the project, they would suggest other potential sources or even check them for us . The archivist at the City of Calgary archives searched through thirty years of files. The Public Archives of Canada mailed unedited obituaries to us. The Alberta Government Telephone Telecommunications Museums in Calgary and Edmonton sent us information from old telephone directories. The Canadian Cancer Society sent us informa­ tion on J. S. McEachern. The office of the registrar of the Alberta College of Physicians and Surgeons under both Dr. LeRiche and Dr. Ohlhauser researched lists of physicians for us and sent us such information as full names, dates of birth, places of birth, dates of registration in Alberta or the North West Territories, medical qualifications, dates of death, and places where they prac­ ticed. Information from the latter source, since it is readily available, has been treated as common knowledge and is not referenced in the footnotes. INTERVIEWS: Perhaps the most vital sources for this book were interviews. We attempted to interview at least one and often several people associated with each clinic. They subsequently reviewed the finished articles and gave us their corrections and comments. Tapes of many of these interviews are in the files of G. M. McDougall. We also made use of existing interviews on file in libraries and archives. Dr. H. H. Black, Dr. I. M. Gunn, and Dr. W. 0 . Rothwell allowed themselves to be interviewed about the history of the Mackid group in Calgary. Dr. Rothwell was actually interviewed on several occasions and proofread both the Mackid chapter and the introduction to medicine in Calgary. Dr. Gunn also pro­ vided extensive information about his father, Dr. J. N. Gunn and his early Calgary group, the Gunn, Hackney, Shore: Ear, Eye, Nose, and Throat Clinic which we we unable to include in this book. In addition, there is a transcript of S. Jameson's interview with Dr. L. S. Mackid in the Mackid files of the Glenbow archives. The McEachern group was described by Drs. Macdonald and Manes. The lat­ ter reviewed the final version. Dr. Prieur gave the initial interview for the Calgary Associate Clinic. This was supplemented by a transcript of an interview of Dr. McNeil with Mr. Kirchner of the University of Calgary Medical Library and a taped interview of V. Orr with Mrs. Duthie, head nurse and then librarian of the C.A.C. V. Orr wrote a term paper based on this interview, a copy of which is available at the University of Calgary Medical Library. Members of the Clinic also wrote a Bibliographical Note 207

"Historical Sketch of the Calgary Associate Clinic." Our partially completed chapter was examined and extensively supplemented by M. Goodwin and Dr. J. F. Aikenhead. Dr. Stanley and Dr. Scarlett wrote many articles on medical his­ tory and founded the Calgary Associate Clinic Historical Bulletin. Dr. G. D. Stanley's Fun in the Foothills was written about his own early career. Our interview at the Campbell Clinic was originally scheduled with Drs. Balfour, Williams, and Christie. However, fortunately for us, it was held in the conference room where the other doctors stopped by for coffee and to join in the interview. Unfortunately the tape machine chose that time to malfunction, so this wonderful session has been preserved only from handwritten notes. Dr. Balfour did much preliminary research which gave us a great starting point. Mr. Little, the business manager, also gave us several informal interviews and found us a I 950's photograph of the physicians. Dr. Christie submitted to subsequent interviews and proofread the final document. The history of the Roy Clinic which grew out of the Campbell clinic was pro­ vided by Dr. Rice who also gave us some historical information on other clinics in town. The Haig clinic has perhaps the best documented history, since several of the founding members were available for interviews. Their fiftieth anniversary occurred on January I, 1989, so they also had been collecting historical informa­ tion. They allowed us access to Dr. Arthur Haig's tape on the history of the clinic, their curricula vitarum, and their large collection of photographs. Dr. Willard Haig, Dr. E. Cairns, and Mr. Montgomery all gave interviews and Dr. Cairns kindly proofread a draft of the chapter. Dr. Hugh A. Arnold sat through several interviews, proofread two drafts of the chapter as well as checking the entire manuscript of the book for major errors. The Bigelow Fowler Clinic had collected a scrapbook containing the memo­ ries of Dr. Bigelow and a collection of autobiographies and photos of past and present members of the clinic. This was beautifully supplemented by Grace and Isobel Mann who seemed to remember every detail of the clinic history. When Dr. Leopold Lewis was approached for an interview on the Medicine Hat Clinic, he proudly produced a fiftieth anniversary history written by himself and Mr. Donald Grant. We felt that this work was outstanding and requested permission to include it as a chapter in this book. Some editing and amplifica­ tion were necessary to make this chapter more or less uniform with the rest of the book. Dr. Lewis kindly provided additional information during several inter­ views and both he and Mr. Grant proof read the final version. The clinic pro­ vided most of the pictures for this chapter. No members survive to tell the history of the Banff Sanitarium, since it closed in the 1920' s. However, Ban ff resident and historian, Maryalice Stewart kindly told us about some of its history. Dr. J. S. Gardner, although associated with none of the groups, was well acquainted with the medical history of Alberta. He suggested starting points, potential interviewees, and other sources. He examined some of our chapters. He 208 Medical Clinics and Physicians of Southern Alberta 1875-1960 also spent much time with the authors, encouraging us and trying to give us a sense of what medical life in earlier days was like. For what he referred to as "Smitty's interference" we are profoundly grateful. Much of what we learned from interviews and the writings of early physi­ cians, was the sense of what the early days of medicine in Southern Alberta were like. This was difficult to reference, but hopefully its influence will be apparent throughout the book. Appendix.I 209 APPENDIX I

The Mackid Group

Dr. W.O Rothwell supplied the following information about the physicians who joined the group after 1955. The first addition seems to have been a partnership consisting of Drs. Angus E. Morrison and Ian Martin Gunn who are first listed as members of the group in 1961. The two physicians had practiced together in Calgary since the early !950's. Dr. Morrison was a 1951 graduate of the University of Alberta. He remained with the group until his retirement in 1985 or 1986 and still resides in Calgary. Dr. Gunn, whose father was associated with a small eye, ear, nose and throat clinic in Calgary, was a 1950 graduate of the University of Alberta. He is the only physician currently working full time at the practice. Both physicians were family practitioners. Dr. Arthur W. Stinton graduated from McGill University in 1950. He became a resident at the Calgary General and practiced with the group very briefly in the same year before leaving for missionary work in Uganda. Upon his return, he rejoined the practice and is listed as an associate in the years 1964 to 1966. He left to take up solo practice. Dr. John Scott Bradley, a general practitioner, joined the practice in 1972. He was born in Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario in 1944 and graduated from Queen's University in 1969. He also interned at the Calgary General Hospital. He was with the group only three years before he left to establi sh a two-man practice in Calgary. Dr. Robert McLurg, a 1961 graduate of the University of Saskatchewan joined in 1977. Like most later additions to the group, he interned at the Calgary General. However, upon completion of his internship, he left to practice in Regina. He later returned to Calgary to work for Imperial Oil before joining the group. Dr. McLurg left in 1982 to take up private practice.

Appendix II . 211

APPENDIX II

Ihe McEachern Group

The following physicians joined the McEachern group after 1955. Most of the dates have been taken from contemporary city and medical directories. Due to the inaccuracy of records of this kind they may be incorrect by a year or two. Other biographical details were supplied by Ors. Manes and MacDonald. In 1955, the practice was joined by Dr. Gordon Keith Higgins, a specialist in internal medicine. He was born in 1922 in St. Andrews, New Brunswick and graduated from Dalhousie University in 1951 . He left the group in 1968. Dr. David Ronald Johnston became associated with the group as a general practitioner in 1957. He was born in 1932 in Lloydminster, Saskatchewan. He graduated from the University of Alberta in 1955. He remained with the group until 1965. Dr. Gordon Leonard Robertson joined the group as a specialist in internal medicine in 1960. He was born in 1929 in Three Hills, Alberta and graduated from the University of Alberta in 1953. He left the group in 1965. Dr. Vernon Roy Fanning, a general practitioner, joined the group in 1961. He was born in 1932 in Edmonton, Alberta and graduated from the University of Alberta in 1957. He was only associated with the group for about two years. Afterwards he practiced solo in Calgary for a few years. He died in a light air­ plane crash on Ghost Lake near Calgary. The Dr. Vernon Fanning Extended Care Centre was named in his memory. Dr. Frederick A. Hilderman joined in 1963. He was born in 1930 in Calgary, Alberta and graduated from the University of Alberta in 1962. He left the group in 1967 and currently works for the Canadian Pension Commission. Dr. Roger Keith, a general surgeon, became associated with the group in the following year. He was born in 1940 in Calgary, Alberta and graduated from the University of Alberta in 1964. In the same year, he joined the group. He resigned in 1967 and is currently a professor of surgery at the University of Toronto. Dr. Calvin Joseph Fairbanks was listed as a member of the group in 1966. He was born in 1935 and graduated from the University of Alberta in 1958. He reg­ istered in Alberta in 1961 and completed his specialist training in orthopedic surgery in 1965. Dr. Duane Scott Bishop was listed as a member of the group in 1967. He was born in 1940 in Canmore, Alberta. He graduated from the University of Alberta in 1965 and registered in Alberta in the following year. There may have been other physicians associated with the group very briefly during this period whom these sources do not mention.

Appendix III 213 APPENDIX III

Calgary Associate Clinic

A li st of additions to the staff during the l 940's is included in the "Historical Sketch of the Calgary Associate Clinic." Additional information has been added from city and medical directories and Calgary Associate Clinic scrapbooks located at the University of Calgary medical library. Maxine Goodwin and Dr. J. F. Aikenhead of the clinic examined this information and corrected it, where possible. Because of the enormous number of physicians involved, the task of ensuring that all of thi s information was correct was very difficult. Dr. Walter S. Johns joined the clinic in 1941 as an anesthetist. He graduated from the University of Alberta in 1938. He left the group along with the other anesthetists in 1957. He rejoined the staff in 1973 in the department of general and industrial medicine, from which he retired in January, 1983. Dr. Alvin Cyril Walsh, an orthopedic surgeon also joined the clinic in 1941. He was born in Winnipeg, Manitoba and graduated from the University of Manitoba. He did his post-graduate work at the Mayo Clinic. He became presi­ dent of Calgary Associate Clinic following Dr. Morgan's retirement in 1965 and held this position until his death in 1971 . (Calgary Herald, 12 October 1971) Dr. William A. Trenholme was associated with the group in 1941. He gradu­ ated from the University of Alberta in 1933 Dr. Barbara Mary Humphrey joined the clinic in 1942. She was born in 1908 in England, but came to Calgary in 1910. She received her early education in Calgary and then taught school for several years. She graduated from the University of Alberta in 1941 and joined the clinic, becoming the first female physician associated with the clinic. She left to do post-graduate work in obstet­ rics in London and Edinburgh. She returned in 1946 to practice her specialty at the Calgary Associate Clinic from which she retired in 1969. She died in 1984. It was estimated that she delivered over 10,000 babies during her career. (Alberta Medical Bulletin, lO(January 1945); Calgary Herald, 18 (April 1984) Dr. Jean Holowach joined the clinic later in 1942. She resigned in 1943 and later specialized in pediatrics.(A lberta Medical Bulletin, 1O(July 1945): p. 8) Dr. Fred W. Wallace joined in 1942 as a speciali st in ophthalmology. He was a 1908 graduate of the University of Toronto. He resigned in 1952. Dr. Walter J. Houghtling joined the group in 1942 as a specialist in internal medicine. He graduated from Queen's University in 1932. He resigned from the clinic in 1947. Dr. J. A. Munro, practiced with the group in 1943. Dr. Frank Hamilton Fish became associated with the clinic in 1944, first as a general practitioner then later as an anesthesiologist. He was born in Lancashire, England, but emigrated to Canada in 1910. He attended the University of Alberta and then McGill University, graduating from the latter in 1921. He mar- 214 Medical Clinics and Physicians of Southern Alberta 1875- 1960 ried Aileen Alexandra Hackett in the same year. (she was the C.A.C librarian 1943-50) He practiced in Magrath, Taber, and finally Medicine Hat where he was a founding member of the Medicine Hat Clinic in 1927. He resigned in 1930 to practice in Calgary where he remained until he joined the R.C.A.M .C. during World War II. Upon his return he joined the clinic. He practiced with the clinic until 1957 when he resigned along with the other anesthetists. He died in Calgary in 1975. (See the chapter on the Medicine Hat Clinic, Calgary Herald, 8 August 1944, and 21 April 1972) Dr. R. J. Douglas Williamson, a specialist in ear, nose, and throat, joined the clinic in 1944. He was born in Verdun, Quebec and graduated from the University of Toronto in 1940. He interned at the Hamilton General Hospital in Ontario and then accepted a three year fellowship at the Mayo Clinic. He left the clinic in 1946 due to ill health, but later practiced in Edmonton and North Bay, Ontario. He died in 1950 at the age of 34, following a cerebral hemorrhage. Dr. George Oliver Prieur joined the Calgary Associate Clinic in 1945 as a pedi­ atrician. He was born in Cornwall, Ontario. He graduated from the University of Alberta in 1935 and then undertook post-graduate training at the Children's Hospital in Detroit, Michigan. He retired in 197 4 (H. Price, "The History of Pediatrics in Calgary," Alberta Medical Bulletin, 34(August 1969): p. 94 Dr. Wesley R. Read joined the clinic in 1945. He was a 1939 graduate of the University of Toronto. He had a diploma in psychology and was one of the few physicians to perform shock treatment in Calgary, since the hospitals would not take these patients and only the clinic had enough space and a large enough staff to handle them as outpatients. He resigned after only a year or two with the clinic and later became a general practitioner in Drumheller. (Margaret Duthie interview with V. Orr, tape at University of Calgary Medical Library) Dr. James J. Doyle was associated with the clinic in 1945. Dr. Richard Proudfoot Douglas joined the clinic in 1946 as an anesthetist. He was born in Toronto, Ontario and graduated from the University of Toronto in 1935. Prior to joining the clinic, Dr. Douglas served in the Field Surgical Unit of the Canadian Army in World War II. He resigned from the clinic in 1957 along with the other anesthetists. He retired in 1973 and died in 1981 at the age of 71.( Calgary Sun, 23 January 1981) Dr. Harry G. Oborne joined the clinic in the same year as a specialist in obstetrics. He was a 1938 graduate of the University of Toronto. He resigned in 1954. Dr. Donald W. Ramsay also became associated with the clinic in 1946. He graduated from Dalhousie University in 1938 and subsequently took post-gradu­ ate training in general surgery. Dr.Macnab chose Dr. Ramsay as his successor when he learned that he, himself, was ill and let him take over much of his work. He retired from the clinic in 1977. Dr. John Franklin Aikenhead, the son of Dr. Albert Earl Aikenhead, joined the clinic in 1946 as a general practitioner. He graduated from the University of Alberta in 1943 and having joined the medical corps along with most of his class Appendix Ill 215

in his final year, was posted almost immediately after the completion of his internship. After the war, he came to practice at the clinic until he could find a place in a post graduate program in ophthalmology. He returned to the clinic in 1951 as a fully qualified specialist and practiced ophthalmology at the clinic until his retirement in December 1986. Dr. Allan A. Dixon was associated with the group in 1946 and 1947. He was a 1945 graduate of the University of Alberta. In 1955, he received his certification as a dermatologist. He died in Calgary in 1975 at the age of 55. Dr. Douglas Stirling Gorrell joined the clinic in 1947 as a specialist in oto­ Iaryngology and ophthalmology. He was a 1937 graduate of McGill University. Prior to joining the clinic, Dr. Gorrell served in the Royal Canadian Navy during World War II. He resigned from the clinic in 1951. Dr. Gorrell died in 1982.(Calgary Herald, 3 December 1982) Dr. John D. Birrell, a 1939 graduate of the University of Toronto, joined the clinic in 1947. He had received post-graduate training in pediatrics at the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto. He retired from the clinic in 1976. Dr. Rhoda (McNeil) Robertson became associated with the clinic in 1947. She was a 1944 graduate of the University of Alberta and specialized in anesthe­ sia. She resigned in 1957 with the other anesthetists. Dr. Louis E. Beauchamp was associated with the clinic in 1948. He was a 1946 graduate of the University of Alberta. He later took specialist training in pediatrics. Dr. Willard J. McMahen was associated with the group in 1948. He graduated from the University of Alberta in 1942. At some time, he took specialist training in urology. Dr. Stephen Benedict Thorson joined the group in 1948. He was born in Winnipeg and graduated from the University of Manitoba in 1936. He later took post-graduate training in internal medicine and became a fellow at the Mayo Clinic. He practiced with the clinic for only two years. He still practices in Calgary. Dr. Michael Strachan, a general practitioner, joined the clinic in 1948. He received his medical degree in London, England in 1940. He returned to Britain in 1968. Dr. George E. Miller joined the group in 1949 for two years. He was a 1945 graduate of the University of Alberta. Upon completion of his training, he became an army doctor for a year and then practiced at Elk Point for another year with Dr. Fred Miller. Afterwards, he undertook further study at the Calgary Associate Clinic, the University of Saskatchewan, the Mayo Clinic and Minneapolis. Dr. Miller returned to the Calgary Associate Clinic in 1956 as a specialist in cardiovascular and thoracic surgery. He resigned from the clinic in 1985. Dr. Albert B. Ostrander was associated with the group in 1949. He graduated from the University of Manitoba in 1944 and at some point became a specialist in general surgery. 216 Medical Clinics and Physicians of Southern Alberta 1875-1960

Dr. J. Harold Blair was associated with the group between 1950 and 1953 in the department of family practice. He was a 1949 graduate of Western University. Dr. John Alec Noakes became associated with the clinic in 1950. He gradu­ ated from Queen's University in 1945. Dr. Noakes resigned in the following year. By 1955, he had become a specialist in urology and was practicing with two other urologists in the Medical Arts Building in Calgary. Dr. Robert Woolstencroft, a 1937 graduate of the University of London, England, was associated with the group between 1950 and 1951. Dr. Stephen B. Nelles was associated with the group in 1950. Dr. Gwyn Stuart Thomas, a specialist in obstetrics and gynecology, joined the group in 1950. He graduated from the University of London, England in 1940. He retired from the Associate Clinic in 1981 and died in the following year. Dr. Thomas A. Golding joined the clinic as a specialist in internal medicine in 1950. He was a 1943 graduate of McGill University. He resigned in 1954. Dr. George H. Morrison was associated with the group in 1951 in the depart­ ment of industrial medicine. He graduated from the University of Manitoba in 1933. He became associated with the clinic again from 1954 until 1958. According to the Historical Sketch, Dr. Harold N. Lynge joined the clinic in 1951. He graduated from McGill University in 1949 and later became a special­ ist in neuro-surgery. Dr. Sidney J. Comish, a 1950 graduate of the University of Alberta, was asso­ ciated with the group in 1952. Dr. Bums John Larson, a 1950 graduate of the University of Alberta, was also associated with the group in 1952. He later became a specialist in general surgery. Dr. N. B. Smith, was associated with the group in 1952. Dr. Lewis Ian Younger joined the group in 1952 as a specialist in otolaryngol­ ogy. He graduated from the University of Alberta in 1945. He resigned from the clinic in 1965. Dr. Leo F. Spackman, a specialist in urology, became associated with the group in 1952. He graduated from the University of Alberta in 1946. He retired due to illness in 1976 and died in the following year. Dr. Donald D. Sturdy joined the group in 1953, specializing in orthopedic surgery. He was a 1944 graduate of McGill University. He resigned in 1960. Dr. Maurice A. Vernon joined the group in 1953 as a general practitioner. He graduated from McGill University in 1951. Dr. Vernon became president of the clinic following Dr. Walsh's death in 1971. He continued to carry on a general practice until 1983 when he replaced Mr. O'Connor as administrator of the clinic, at which time he gave up medicine. He retired in 1985. Dr. Thomas C. Saunders joined the department of family practice in 1953. He was born in Biggar, Saskatchewan and graduated from McGill University in 1951. He resigned from the clinic in 1959. Dr. Vaughan T. Mason, a specialist in obstetrics and gynecology joined the Appendix III 217

clinic in 1954. He graduated from Victoria University in Manchester, England in 1947. He resigned from the cli ni c in 1978. Dr. Alfred D. Muldoon, a specialist in internal medicine, joined the clinic in 1954. He received hi s medical degree at the University Coll ege in Dublin, Ireland in 1943. He is still a member of the clinic in 1988. Dr. Robert Pitman, a specialist in internal medicine, was briefly associated with the clinic in 1954. Dr. Thomas R. Cranston joined the clinic in 1955 to gain additional experi­ ence and then became a permanent member of the department of fami ly practice in the fo llowing year. He graduated from McGill University in 1953. He is sti ll a member of the clinic in 1988. Dr. William S. T. Jackson, a 1953 graduate of the University of Alberta, joined the clinic in 1955 for a two year term. Dr. Peter W. Klassen was associated with the group in 1955. He was a 1954 graduate of the University of Toronto and later became an anesthesiologist. Dr. E. J. Lawrence Fish was also associated with the group in 1955. He gradu­ ated from the University of Alberta in 1954 and later became a speciali st in obstetrics and gynecology. Dr. Vincent J. Murphy, an orthopedic surgeon, joined the Calgary Associate Clinic in 1957. He graduated from the Uni versity of Alberta in 1951. He is still a member of the clinic in 1988. Dr. Paul W. Harris was associated with the clinic in 1957. He graduated from the University of British Columbia in 1955 . Dr. John A. Hantho, a family practitioner, joined the Calgary Associate Clinic in 1957, but resigned in 1959. He was a 1955 graduate of the University of Alberta. Dr. John C. Morgan, a speciali st in internal medicine, joined the clinic in 1957. He graduated from Queen's University in 1950. He resigned in 1960. Dr. Stewart H. Cameron, a family practitioner, joined the clinic in 1958. He graduated from McGill University in 195 1. He resigned in 1965. Dr. Kenneth Anquist, a 1957 graduate of the University of Alberta joined the group in 1959. He left in 1968 and later became a specialist in orthopedic surgery. Dr. John W. Dawson, a specialist in internal medicine, joined the group in 1959. He was born in Toronto and graduated from the University of Toronto with honours in 1953. He received hi s fellowship in 1958 while a resident at the Toronto General Hospital. He resigned from the clinic in 1966 to become direc­ tor of medicine at the Foothills Hospital. In 1967, he became associate dean of the newly formed Faculty of Medicine at the University of Calgary. He rejoined the clinic in 1974 and is still there in 1988. Dr. Wallace E. Mydland, a speciali st in general surgery, joined the group in 1959. He graduated from the University of Alberta in 1952. Dr. Mydland was the president of the clinic in 1988. Dr. Harold W. Soby, a family practitioner, joined the clinic in 1959. He grad- 218 Medical Clinics and Physicians of Southern Alberta 1875-1960

uated from McGill University in 1926. He retired from the clinic in 1972. Dr. S. Tymchak was associated with the group in 1959. Dr. Robert W. Wintemute, a specialist in obstetrics and gynecology, joined the practice in 1959. He was a 1952 graduate of the University of Alberta. He resigned in 1960. Dr. Murray C. Colwell, a pediatrician, joined the group in 1960. He came from Dalemead, Alberta and graduated from the University of Alberta in 1954. Dr. Colwell undertook his pediatric training in Toronto and Pittsburgh. He is still practicing with the clinic in 1988. Dr. Ralph G. Dahl, a family practitioner, joined the clinic in 1960. He gradu­ ated from the University of Alberta in 1956. He is still associated with the clinic in 1988. Dr. William G. de Haas, an orthopedic surgeon, joined the group in 1960. He received his degree in Pretoria, South Africa in 1950. He resigned from the group in 1963. Dr. Cameron G. Hill, a specialist in internal medicine, joined the group in 1960. He graduated from the University of Toronto in 1948. He resigned from the clinic in 1963. Dr. Robert G. Lippert was associated with the clinic during the years ! 960 to 1963. He graduated from the University of Toronto in 1954 and at some point in his career became a neuro-surgeon. Dr. E. G. Tess Trueman, a 1953 graduate of the University of Alberta and a specialist in obstetrics and gynecology, joined the clinic in 1960. Dr. Trueman resigned from the clinic in 1976. Dr. George Marshall, a family practitioner, joined the group in 1961. He received his medical degree at the University of St. Andrews, Scotland in 1958. He left the clinic in 1963. Dr. David B. Wooldridge, a specialist in obstetrics and gynecology, was asso­ ciated with the clinic in 1961. He received his medical degree in Manchester, England in 1954. Dr. Charles J. Radford was associated with the clinic in 1961 and 1962. He grad­ uated from the University of Toronto in 1959 and later became an ophthalmologist. Dr. Ian Ross McLean, a specialist in internal medicine, joined the group in 1962. He graduated from Queen's University in 1951. He resigned from the clinic in 1972. Dr. Douglas M. Cassidy, a family practitioner, joined the Calgary Associate Clinic in 1962. He received his medical degree from the University College, Dublin, Ireland in 1948. He is still practicing at the clinic in 1988. Dr. Dale C. Birdsell was associated with the clinic in 1963. He graduated from the University of Alberta in 1961 and later in his career became a plastic surgeon. Dr. William L. Crooks, an orthopedic surgeon, joined the clinic in 1963. He graduated from the University of Alberta in 1957. Dr. Crooks is still a member of the clinic in 1988. Appendix III 219

Dr. James D. Campbell, an otolaryngologist, joined the clinic in 1963. He graduated from the University of Western Ontario in 1954. Dr. Campbell is still a member of the Associate Clinic in 1988. Dr. Jack L. Barlass, a general and neuro-surgeon, joined the clinic in I 964. He graduated from the University of Alberta in 1952. Dr. Barlass resigned from the clin ic in 1981 . Dr. Henry W. Shewchuk, a specialist in internal medici ne, joined the clinic in 1964. He graduated from the University of Alberta in I 955. He resigned from the clinic in 1968. Dr. Donald S. Wallace, a speciali st in internal medicine joined the clinic in 1964. He graduated from the Uni versity of Alberta in 1954. He is sti ll a member of the clinic in 1988. Dr. David L. Way ne, a specialist in diagnostic radiology, joined the group in 1964. He graduated from McGill University in 195 3. He resigned from the clinic in December 1985. Dr. Aubrey C. Hayes joined the group in I 964. He received hi s medical degree at the National University in Ireland in I 952. He practiced ophthalmol­ ogy at the clinic. He resigned from the clinic in 1966. Dr. Gerald W. Scott, a general surgeon, joined the clinic in I 965. He received his medical degree in England in 1955. He resigned from the clinic in 1966. Dr. William S. Dixon was associated with the group in 1966. He was a 1964 graduate of the University of Toronto. Dr. Francis Oliver Galbraith, a family practitioner, joined the group in 1966. He was born in Lethbridge in 1905. He graduated from McGill University in 1929 and practiced in Stettler for many decades before joining the clinic. He retired from the clinic in 1970 and died in 1986. (Calgary Herald, and Lethbridge Herald, I I December 1986) Dr. Pamela C. Whill ans was associated with the practice in I 966 as a general practitioner. She graduated from the University of Toronto in 1964. Dr. Whillans later married and is now Dr. Campbell Dr. Ralph Gurevitch, a speciali st in obstetrics and gynecology, joined the clinic in 1966. He was a I 960 graduate of the University of Alberta. He left the clinic in 1968. Dr. Clyde Terrence Man Son Hing, a specialist in internal medicine (neurol­ ogy), joined the clinic in 1966. He received hi s degree in Wales in 1959. He is still associated with the clinic in 1988. Dr. J. A. Bullard, a family practitioner, joined the clinic in I 967. He received his degree in London, England in I 954. In 1968, he did post graduate work in sports medicine at the University of Wisconsin . By I 969, he was program chair­ man for the Canadian Association of Sports Sciences. Dr. Bullard resigned from the clinic in 198 I. Dr. John H. Van Goar, a family practitioner, joined the clinic in 1967. He graduated from the University of Alberta in 1965. He resigned from the clinic in 1985. 220 Medical Clinics and Physicians of Southern Alberta 1875-1960

Dr. Wesley G. Chipperfield, a surgeon, joined the group in 1967. He gradu­ ated from the University of Manitoba in 1952. He is still associated with the group in 1988. Dr. Noel Barry Hershfield, a specialist in internal medicine joined the group in 1967. He received his medical degree in Northern Ireland (Conire) in 1959. He resigned in 1968. Dr. Gilbert J. McMurtry joined the group as a family practitioner in 1967. He was a 1966 graduate of the University of Alberta and interned at the Holy Cross hospital. He is still associated with the clinic in 1988. Dr. William N. Campbell, a specialist in otolaryngology, joined the clinic in 1968. He graduated from the University of Alberta in 1961. He appears to have left the clinic by 1970. Dr. Albert Stanley Goldstein, a specialist in cardiovascular and thoracic surgery and general surgery, joined the clinic in 1968. He received hi s degree in Edinburgh, Scotland in 1958. He left the clinic in 1985. Dr. Peter B. McKenna, a specialist in diagnostic radiology, joined the clinic in 1969. He received his medical degree in Dublin, Ireland in 1953. He resigned from the clinic in 1985. Dr. Alam S. Khan, a specialist in internal medicine (cardiology), also joined the Calgary Associate Clinic in 1969. He received hi s medical degree in Lahore, Pakistan in 1956. Dr. Khan has been on sick leave since 1982. Dr. Robert D. Johns joined the clinic in 1969 as a family practitioner. He graduated from the University of Alberta in 1968. He left the clinic in 1970 and later became a specialist in diagnostic radiology. Dr. Robert J. Sommerville joined the clinic in 1969, specializing in pediatric cardiology. He graduated from the University of Alberta in 1956. In 1988, he still practices at the clinic as a specialist in congenital heart problems. Dr. Donald W. Burrows, a family practitioner, joined the clinic in 1969. He graduated from the University of Alberta in 1968. He resigned from the clinic in 1974. Dr. Paul M. Harriman joined the clinic in 1970 as a specialist in obstetrics and gynecology. He was a 1962 graduate of Dalhousie University. He resigned in 1974. Dr. John A. Williams, a urologist, joined the clinic in 1970. He graduated from the University of Alberta in 1955. He resigned from the clinic in 1985. Dr. Garth A. Wagner, an otolaryngologist, joined the ear, nose, throat depart­ ment in 1970. He was a 1964 graduate of the University of Saskatchewan. He resigned from the clinic in 1985. Dr. Sanat K. Mukherjee, a specialist in internal medicine (neurology), was associated with the clinic in 1971 . He received his medical degree in India in 1958. Dr. F. Robert Wintonyk, a family practitioner, was associated with the clinic in 1971 , but resigned in the following year. He graduated from the University of Alberta in 1968. Appendix Ill 221

Dr. James K. Shepherd, a specialist in internal medicine, joined the clinic in J 971. He received his medical degree in England in 1960. He still practices at the clinic. Dr. J. Brock Dundas, a pediatrician, joined the Calgary Associate Clinic in 1971. He graduated from McGill University in 1959. He is still associated with the clinic in 1988. Dr. Gilbert E. Mervyn Kirker, an ophthalmologist, joined the clinic in 1971 . He graduated from the University of British Columbia in 1963. He resigned from the clinic in 1983. Dr. Terence D. Groves, a specialist in internal medicine, joined the clinic in 1972. He graduated from the University of Alberta in 1965. He is still associated with the group in 1988. Dr. Nicholi R. Kastelen, an orthopedic surgeon, joined the department of orthopedics in 1972. He was a 1967 graduate of the University of Alberta. He left the clinic in 1982. Dr. David Lawson, a family practitioner, joined the clinic in 1972. He gradu­ ated from the University of Alberta in 1968. He resigned from the clinic in 1983. Dr. W. Peter Klinke, a general practitioner, was associated with the clinic briefly in 1973. Dr. Alan V. M. White, a speciali st in cardiology, joined the clinic in 1973. He graduated from Queen's University in 1967. He is still associated with the clinic in 1988. Dr. Leonard U. Penner joined the department of industrial medicine in 1973. He graduated from the University of Manitoba in 1951. He retired in J978. Dr. Aubrey D. Hudson joined the department of pathology in 1973. He gradu­ ated from Dalhousie University in 1954. Dr. Hudson resigned from the clinic in 1979 when the laboratory was sold to Calgary Diagnostic Laboratories. Dr. Lois E. Silvester, a family practitioner, joined the clinic in 1974. She graduated from the University of Alberta in 1973. She is sti ll associated with the group in 1988. Dr. Charles William Hyndman, a urologist, joined in 1974. He graduated from the University of Alberta in 1967. He resigned from the clinic in 1985. Dr. John V. McGrath, a specialist in obstetrics and gynecology, joined the clinic in 1975. He received his degree in Dublin, Ireland in 1960. He resigned from the clinic in 1985. Dr. Robert H. Walker joined the clinic in 1975, specializing in cardiovascular and thoracic surgery and general surgery. He graduated from McGill University in 1948. He left the clinic in 1985. Dr. William M. Csokonay, a family practitioner, joined the clinic in 1976. He graduated from the University of Alberta in 1970. He resigned from the clinic in 1982. Dr. Robert J. Herget, a family practitioner, joined the practice in 1976. He graduated from the University of Alberta in 1974. He left the clinic in 1985. Dr. Elizabeth A. Flagler, a specialist in obstetrics and gynecology, joined the 222 Medical Clinics and Physicians of Southern Alberta 1875-1960 clinic in 1976. She graduated from the University of Alberta in 1970. She resigned from the clinic in 1979. Dr. Malcolm H. Macdonald, a specialist in cardiovascular and thoracic surgery, joined the clinic in 1976. He graduated from McGill University in 1951. He resigned from the clinic in 1978. Dr. Della S. W. Ho, a pediatrician, joined the clinic in 1976. She received her degree in Hong Kong in 1971 . She is still a member of the clinic in 1988. Dr. Eugene S. d'Archangelo, a family practitioner, joined the clinic in 1978. He graduated from the University of Alberta in 1974. He resigned from the clinic in July, 1985. Dr. Edward J. Harder was associated with the department of internal medicine in 1978. He was a 1968 graduate of the University of Alberta. Dr. C. Bruce Piercy was associated with the department of urology in I 978 and 1979. He received his medical degree in London, England in 1971. Dr. John Paul Ryan was associated with the department of internal medicine in 1978 and 1979. He graduated from the University of Calgary in 1973. Dr. Cheryl L. Whitehead, a family practitioner, joined the clinic in 1978. She graduated from the University of Saskatchewan in 1974. She left the clinic in 1984. Dr. Michael P. Schneider, a general surgeon, joined the clinic in 1978. He graduated from the University of Manitoba in 1968. He is still a member of the clinic in 1988. Dr. Shelagh S. Lindsay, a family practitioner, joined the practice in 1980. She graduated from the University of Calgary in I 976. She left the clinic in I 983. Dr. James M. Cohen joined the clinic in 1980, specializing in internal medi­ cine (cardiology). He graduated from Queen's University in 1973. Dr. Cohen resigned in 1985. Dr. W. Gary Selman, a general surgeon, joined the clinic in 1980. He gradu­ ated from the University of Alberta in I 974. He is still associated with the clinic in 1988. Dr. Donald A. Dinwoodie, an orthopedic surgeon, joined the clinic in 1980. He graduated from the University of Alberta in 1973. He left the group in 1981. Dr. Robert C. Burke, an otolaryngologist, joined the clinic in 198 I. He gradu­ ated from the University of Manitoba in 1975. He resigned from the clinic in 1985. Dr. John M. Rothschild, specializing in cardiovascular and thoracic surgery, was associated with the group in I 981 and 1982. He graduated from McGill University in 1969. Dr. James Pon Leong, a urologist joined the clinic in 1981 . He received his degree from the University of Alberta in 1974. Dr. Leong resigned in 1985. Dr. Judy D. Eek, a general practitioner, was associated with the clinic in 1981 and 1982. She graduated from the University of Alberta in 1972. Dr. A. Keith Laatsch, a family practitioner, joined the clinic in 1982. He grad­ uated from the University of Alberta in 1979. He resigned from the clinic in 1985. Appendix ~II 223

Dr. Margaret L. Russell joined the clinic in 1982 as a family practitioner. She graduated from the University of Calgary in 1976. She left the clinic in 1984. Dr. Kathyrn R. Love, a specialist in internal medicine, was associated with clinic in the department of infectious diseases in 1982. She was a 1971 graduate of the University of Alberta. Dr. Love moved to the United States during the same year. Dr. Elaine M. French, a family practitioner, joined the clinic in 1983. She graduated from the University of Calgary in 1978. She left the clinic in 1986. Dr. Deborah J. Hitchcock, a family practitioner, joined the clinic in 1983. She graduated from the University of Alberta in 1980. She left the clinic in 1985. Dr. Jeffery S. Pivnick, another famjly practitioner, joined the clinic in 1983. He graduated from the University of Calgary in 1979. He left the clinic in 1986. Dr. Lowell J. Van Zuiden, an orthopedic surgeon, joined the clinic in 1984. He graduated from McMaster University in 1976. He is still associated with the clinic in 1988. Dr. Peter F. Russell, a specialist in internal medicine (cardiology), joined the clinic in 1984. He graduated from the University of Alberta in 1973. He is still a member of the department of cardiology in 1988. Dr. Terry M. Fridhandler, a specialist in internal medicine and a 1976 gradu­ ate of McGill University, joined the clinic in 1984. Dr. Fridhandler left the clinic in the following year. Dr. Victor Aldrete; a specialist in cardiovascular and thoracic surgery, joined the clinic in 1985. He received his degree in Mexico in 1972. He resigned from the clinic during the same year. Dr. Beverly Prieur joined the clinic in 1987, specializing in pediatric neurol­ ogy. She graduated from the University of Calgary in 1978. Dr. Pamela J. Sanders joined the clinic as a general and head and neck sur­ geon in 1987. She graduated from the University of Toronto in 1981. Dr. Edward Andrew Jonassen joined the clinic as an orthopedic surgeon in 1987. He graduated from the University of Calgary in 1979.

Appendix. IV 225

APPENDIX IV

The Campbell Clinic

The following is a li st of the physicians who joined the Campbell Clinic after 1955. Most of the dates have been taken from contemporary city and medical directories. Therefore some of the dates may be incorrect by a year or two. Members of the Campbell Clinic supplied other details. Dr. Richard G. Hepworth joined the clinic in 1955 as a general practitioner. He received his medical degree in Leeds, England in 1950. Before and after his association with the clinic he practiced in the North West Territories. He left in 1957 and later did post graduate work in urology. He has now retired and lives in California. His wife Dr. Sheina Hepworth also did some general practice at the clinic. Dr. John L. (Jack) Fumerton also joined the group in 1955. He was a 1955 graduate of the University of Manitoba. He was very popular at the clinic, but in 1956, decided to take specialist training in pediatrics. He now practices in Nanaimo, British Columbia. Dr. Frederick J. McLean joined the group in 1956. He came back to Pincher Creek after the second World War and came to the clinic from there. A brilliant man, in addition to receiving a degree from the University of Manitoba in 1941 , he was a Rhodes scholar and had a Ph.D. in pathology. He was uninterested in specialist practice, preferring to work as a general practitioner. The other physi­ cians in the group recall that he was very independent and were not surprised when he decided to leave the group in 1960 to practice solo. He is deceased. Dr. Norman Deryk Royle joined the group in 1957 as a general practitioner. He received his medical degree in the United Kingdom in 1955. He left the group in 1959 to go to Trail, British Columbia. Dr. Ralph Limbert Johnson, the brother of Dr. Frank Limbert Johnson, joined the group in 1958 as a specialist in general surgery. He graduated from the University of Alberta in 1948 and received further training at Great Falls and the Cleveland Clinic. He still practices with the clinic. Dr. Robert G. H. Hall joined the group in 1959. He was a specialist in obstet­ rics and gynecology and had received his degree from Charing Cross Hospital in London, England. He was not only extremely well trained, but also greatly loved by his patients. He retired from the group in 1987. Dr. B. Waters was associated with the clinic in 1961. Dr. Donald Roy Stewart joined the clinic in 1962 as a general practitioner. Born in Saskatchewan, he graduated from the University of Saskatchewan in 1959 and interned at the Montreal General Hospital. He left the clinic briefly to take radiology, but after a year decided that he preferred general practice at the clinic. He was readily invited back since he is "good, quiet, and thorough, a real clinic man." (Christie) He still practices with the clinic. 226 Medical Clinics and Physicians of Southern Alberta 1875- 1960

Dr. Anthony C. Pomahac joined the clinic in 1963. He originally trained as a pharmacist and travelled for a pharmaceutical company for several years. He then decided to become a physician and entered the University of Alberta. He graduated in 1961. During hi s preceptorship in hi s final year, he worked at the clinic briefly. The physicians invited him to become a member upon the comple­ tion of hi s internship at the Mi seri cordia Hospital in Edmonton. He is still asso­ ciated wi th the clinic, but now works in the Westside office. Dr. John Bernard Stillwell joined the clinic in 1961 as a general practitioner He graduated from the University of London in 1955. Prior to joining the group, he practi ced at Coaldale. He sti ll practi ces with the clinic. Dr. Peter H. Courtenay, an orthopedic surgeon, was associated with the clinic from 1964 until 1966. He received his medical degree in London, England in 1951. Dr. William N. (Tim) Myers joined the clinic as an orthopedic surgeon in 1969. He graduated from the University of Alberta in 1961. He decided to go on hi s own after a year with the group and still practices in Lethbridge. Dr. Maurice F. Simpson joined the group in the same year. He was a 1967 graduate of the University of Alberta. Like Dr. Myers, he went solo in Lethbridge after onl y a year with the clinic. He still practices in Lethbridge. Dr. James A. Farr joined the Coaldale office in 1968. He graduated from Queen's University in 1963. Prior to joining the clinic, he was overseas with the Canadian Armed Forces. He still practices at the Coaldale office. Dr. Michael Pratt joined the clinic in 1970. He received his medical degree in Manchester, England in 196 l. His wife Edna later joined the clinic. He origi­ nally did general practice only, but he later received training in anesthesiology and now does a fair amount of this as well. Dr. Duncan Robertson joined the clinic in 1970. He received hi s medical degree in Durham, England in 1966. He left by 1973 to undertake specialty training in internal medicine. He now practices in Saskatchewan. Dr. Philip C. Cashmore also joined the clinic in 1970 as an orthopedic sur­ geon. He received hi s medical degree in London, England in 1949. He is still with the clinic at the present time. Dr. John Jacob R. Haberman joined the clinic as a general practitioner in 1972. However thi s was not hi s first association with the group. As a boy grow­ ing up in Lethbridge, he was hired to cut the lawn of the Campbell Clinic during the summer. He graduated from the University of Alberta in 1970. He is still a member of the group. Dr. Alfred R. F. (Eric) Williams joined the clinic in 1973. He received his medical degree in London, England in 1960 and then spent some time in govern­ ment service in East Africa. After emigrating to Canada, he became associated with another physician in Lethbridge. He left this partnership to join the clinic. He continues to do general practice at the clinic. Dr. Robert Kingston joined the Coaldale office in 1973 . He received hi s med­ ical degree in Sheffi eld, England in 1966. He started a career as a naval surgeon, Appendix· IV 227 but lost an eye in a road accident and was forced to give up underwater medi­ cine. He joined a group practice in Devon, England and then came directly to the Campbell Clinic. He still practices at the Coaldale office Dr. Richard J. Herbert joined the clinic in 1976. He graduated from the University of Alberta in I 971 and then undertook postgraduate work in general surgery. He is still associated with the clinic. Dr. David John Jenkinson joined the clinic in 1977. A native of Belfast, Northern Ireland, he received his medical degree in Belfast in 1974. He did gen­ eral practice in Coaldale for two years before leaving to do postgraduate work in orthopedics in Calgary. Dr. Edna W. Pratt, the wife of Dr. Michael Pratt, mentioned above, joined the Coaldale office in 1977. She also received her medical degree in Manchester, England in I 962. Although she came to Lethbridge with her husband, she appears to have delayed returning to active practice for several years. She left the Coaldale office in about 1985 to practice in the main office. She still does general practice part time there. Dr. Keith R. Happel joined the clinic in 1979 as a specialist in internal medi­ ci ne. He received his degree in London, England in 1972. He still practices hi s specialty at the Campbell Clinic. Dr. Don Delane Wescott joined the Coaldale office in 1980 as a general prac­ titioner. He graduated from the University of Alberta in 1975 and appears to have been a member of the Canadian Armed forces prior to his association with the clinic. He later left to undertake postgraduate work in obstetrics and gyne­ cology. Upon the completion of his training, he returned to practice in the main office. Dr. Walter Dale Steel joined the group as a general practitioner in l 981. He graduated from the University of Alberta in 1977. He still practices with the group. Dr. David Bracher came to the Coaldale office from Devon, England in 1981. He received hi s medical degree in Sheffield, England in I 974. He remained with the clinic for only a year before he returned home. Dr. Peter J. Hay joined the clinic in 1982 as a general practitioner. He gradu­ ated from the National University in Dublin, Ireland in I 976. He practiced solo in Climax, Saskatchewan prior to joining the clinic. He left in 1987 to join a mission hospital in Newfoundland. Dr. David T. Walley joined the Coaldale office in I 982. He received his med­ ical degree in Sheffield, England in 1978. Prior to joining the clinic at the sug­ gestion of Dr. Hay, he had practiced in Saskatchewan. He left to practice in Ontario in 1985. Dr. T. Drew Sommerfeldt joined the Coaldale office in 1984. He graduated from the University of Alberta in 1979. He now practices in the Westside office. Dr. Vincent J. Luykenaar joined the Coaldale office in 1985 as a general prac­ titioner. He received his medical degree in Rotterdam in the Netherlands in 1972 and then served in the Dutch navy. He later emigrated to Canada and served in 228 Medical Clinics and Physicians of Southern Alberta 1875-1960 the Canadian navy prior to joining the clinic. He still practices at the Coaldale office. Dr. Brian A. Hauck joined the clinic as a specialist in obstetrics and gynecol­ ogy in 1986. He graduated from the University of Alberta in 1982 and did his post-graduate work in Winnipeg. Dr. Ernest P. Janzen joined the clinic in 1986 as a specialist in internal medi­ cine. He graduated from the University of Alberta in 1979. Dr. Karen Streilein joined the clinic as a specialist in pediatrics in 1986. She graduated from the University of Saskatchewan in 1981 . Dr. Clair Francis Forestell joined the clinic as a specialist in internal medicine in 1987. He is a native of Lethbridge and graduated from the University of Alberta in 1981. Dr. Bernadette Pahulje joined the Westside office as a general practitioner in 1988. She is a native of Lethbridge and a 1985 graduate of the University of Alberta. Dr. Stephen Antony Boucher joined the Coaldale office in 1988. He received his medical degree in Liverpool, England in 1978. Prior to coming to Lethbridge, he practiced in Milk River. Appendix V 229

APPENDIXV

The Roy Clinic

Dr. Rice supplied the following information about physicians who joined the Roy Clinic after 1955. Dr. Keith Lowings joined the clinic in 1956 to replace Dr. Schmaltz. He was a 1954 graduate of Guy's Hospital in London, England. He retired from the clinic in 1985, but still does anaesthesia independently. Dr. Norman Arthur Hovan joined the clinic in 1959. By this time, Dr. Roy was very ill and was unable to do much work. Like Dr. McNally, Dr. Hovan graduated from the University of Alberta in 1950. He remained with the clinic until 1972 when he decided to join the newly formed Family Medical Centre in Lethbridge. Dr. Hovan left this new clinic in 1979 to practice solo in Lethbridge. Dr. Russell Ferguson, a 1961 graduate of the University of Manitoba, was associated with the clinic in 1962 and 1963 before moving to Kelowna. Dr. Iain Lindsay McFadzen joined the clinic in 1972. He received his medical degree in Glasgow, Scotland in 1964. He still practices at the clinic. Dr. Euan M. S. Frew joined the clinic as a general surgeon in 1978. He received his medical degree in Aberdeen, Scotland in 1968. He resigned from the clinic in approximately 1981. Dr. Joseph Hope joined the clinic in 1982 to replace Dr. Rice who had retired. He was a 1970 graduate of Edinburgh University in Scotland. He is still associ­ ated with the group.

Appendix VI 23 1

APPENDIX VI

The Haig Clinic

The following is a chronological li st of the physicians who joined the Haig Clinic after 1955. Dates, names, and places of graduation have mainly been taken from Henderson Directories for the city of Lethbridge and medical direc­ tories. Due to the nature of these sources, some of the dates of association incl uded may be incorrect by about a year, depending on when the information was collected by the compilers of the directories. Other details were supplied by Dr. Hugh Arnold who has been associated with the Haig Clinic longer than any other physician currently working there. Dr. Gordon W. Allan joined the clinic in 1955. He came from the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto to work with Dr. Cairns for a year's trai ning in pediatrics. Dr. Nancy E. J. Davies joined the clinic as a family practitioner in 1956. She was a 1954 graduate of the University of Alberta. She resigned in 1958 to spe­ cialize in dermatology. Dr. Kenneth A. Baker, a fa mily practitioner, joined the clinic in 1957. He received his medical degree in the United Kingdom in 1948. He was associated with the clinic for approximately a year. Dr. Thomas J. Parkinson joined the clinic as a pediatrician in 1957. He gradu­ ated from the University of St. Andrews in Scotland in 1946. He resigned in I 959 to establish a practice in Red Deer. In the spring of 1958, the clinic was joi ned by a husband and wife team, Dr. John and Dr. Elizabeth Etherington, both graduates of Durham University in England. (Elizabeth in 1951 and John in I 952) They were family practitioners and had previously practi ced at the Winnipeg Clinic. John was a full-time clinic member, while Elizabeth did part-time office work in the clinic. In I 974, they left the clinic and moved to Sooke, British Columbia where they established a joint practice. Dr. David Charles came to the clinic in the same year as an obstetrician. He received hi s medical degree in London, England in I 949. He practiced in many locations in Canada and was associated with the clinic only briefly. Dr. Walter Gray arrived at the clinic in I 959 as a family practitioner. He grad­ uated from the University of Saskatchewan in 1958 and interned at the Calgary General Hospital. He still does family practice full time at the clinic. Dr. Thomas Harrison Brian Haig, Dr. Arthur Haig's son and a classmate of Dr. Walter Gray joined in the same year. He soon left to undertake a residency at the Montreal General Hospital. Like hi s father, he specialized in general surgery. In July 1963, he came back to Lethbridge to work at the clinic. However, in 1966, Dr. Brian Haig returned to the University of Saskatchewan to undertake research. In 1969, he received his Ph.D. He is still on the surgical staff of the University Hospital there. 232 Medical Clinics and Physicians of Southern Alberta 1875-1960

Dr. Victor E. Crapnell, a family practitioner, joined the clinic in 1960. He graduated from medical school in London, England in 1954. He left the group in 1963 to practice in Picture Butte. Dr. George Piasecki was associated with the clinic in 1964. Dr. Olive Gwenyth Bell graduated from medical school in Birmingham, England in 1952. Prior to joining the clinic in 1964, she practiced in Lethbridge for several years. In 1968, she left the clinic to undertake post-graduate training in psychiatry. In 1965, Dr. Brian Searby joined the Haig Clinic, followed by his wife Dr. Mary Searby in 1968. (She was li sted in medical directories as a resident at the Royal Alexandria Hospital in Edmonton in 1967) Both graduated in London, England in 1962 and initially did family practice at the clinic. Dr. Brian Searby resigned in 1970 to take further training in anesthesia, while Dr. Mary Searby appears to have remained until 1974. Both still practice in Lethbridge. Dr. W. Roger Plimbley joined the clinic in 1965. He probably resigned in 1966. Dr. Harold Prokopishyn joined the clinic in 1967. He was a 1959 graduate of the University of Saskatchewan. He undertook post graduate training in general surgery in Virginia and came to the clinic directly from there. He continues to practice general surgery with the group. Dr. Ernest P. Penner was a 1962 graduate of the University of Alberta. Prior to joining the clinic in 1967, he did family practice in McCreary, Manitoba. In addition to family practice, Dr. Penner also used to do some anaesthesia. He still practices with the clinic. Dr. Chi-Cheong Au joined the clinic in 1968 as a specialist in internal medi­ cine. He received his medical degree from the National Taiwan University in 1961. He still practices with the group in his specialty. Dr. Raymond Anthony Kimberley joined the clinic in 1969. He attended the Birmingham Medical School from which he graduated in 1961. He practiced in Coventry from 1963 until 1969 when he emigrated to Canada. Dr. Kimberley still does family practice at the clinic. Dr. Brendan T. Coffey joined the group in 1971 . He graduated from the National University in Dublin Ireland in 1969. He returned to Ireland after little more than a year. Dr. Trevor T. Treen joined the clinic in 1972. He was a 1969 graduate of the University of Saskatchewan. He resigned in 1973 after only a very brief time. Dr. Kenneth W. Holt joined the clinic in 1972. He graduated from medical school in Durham, England in 1950. He still works with the clinic as a family practitioner. Dr. Peter J. Metcalf joined the clinic in 1975. He attended Bristol University, England, receiving his medical degree in 1970. He still practices his specialty at the clinic. Dr. Evelyn Hardin, another family practitioner joined the clinic in the same year. She graduated from the University of Alberta in 1971 . She still practices with the clinic. Appendix VI 233

Dr. Del B. Pengally and Dr. Gordon T. Holt, 1970 graduates of the University of Alberta, were associated with the clinic in 1975. Dr. Yashvant J. Panchmatia joined the clinic in 1976 as a family practitioner. He graduated from medical school in Birmingham, England in 1963. He still practices with the clinic. Dr. Donald E. Chadsey joined the group in 1977. He graduated from Queen's University in 1963. He became a specialist in obstetrics and gynecology prior to becoming associated with the group. He left the group in 1987 to become Assistant Registrar, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Alberta. Dr. Denis M. Petrunia joined the practice in 1981 as a specialist in internal medicine and gastroenterology. He resigned by 1985 to practice in Victoria, British Columbia. Dr. Douglas L. Myhre joined the group in 1982 as a family practitioner. He was a 1980 graduate of the University of Alberta. He is still associated with the group. Dr. Gregory D. Prystai joined the clinic in 1984 as a general surgeon special­ izing in gastrointestinal surgery. He was a 1977 graduate of the University of Manitoba. He remained with the clinic for only a brief time. Dr. Agnes Mary O'Shea joined the clinic in 1986. She graduated from the University of Calgary in 1980 and proceeded on to take specialty training in internal medicine and endocrinology. She still practices her specialty at the clinic. Dr. Surendar K. Kilam joined the clinic in 1986. He received his medical degree in Kashmir, India in 1965. Prior to joining the group he was a professor at the University of Alberta. He continues to practice general surgery at the clinic. Dr. Stanley Glenn Gerhart joined the clinic in 1987 as a family practitioner. He graduated from the University of Calgary in 1984. He is still associated with the clinic.

Appendix VII 235

APPENDIX VII

The Bigelow Fowler Clinic

Additions to the staff of the Bigelow Fowler Clinic since 1955 include the physicians listed below. It is due in large part to energy and enthusiasm of Dr. Allan T. Billett that so much detailed information is avai lable for this chapter. He organized a drive to collect information about the early hi story of the group and asked past and present clinic members to provide autobiographies. This information is preserved in a scrapbook which is kept at the clinic and also con­ tains photos and news paper clippings. Dr. Stanley J. Gregory joined the clinic in 1956. A native Calgarian, Dr. Gregory graduated from the University of Alberta in 1954. He still does general practice at the clinic: Dr. Steve J. Misak, a 1955 graduate of the University of Alberta, was associ­ ated with the group from 1957 until 1959. Dr. Shoji Hase was the next physician to join the group. He was born in 1927 in Osaka, Japan. He attended the Kyoto Imperial University where he graduated in 1950. Dr. Hase did post graduate training in obstetrics and gynecology before emigrating to Canada where he joined the clinic as a general practitioner. Dr. Hase was still associated with the clinic in 1987. Dr. P. Reed Walker, a 1958 graduate of the University of Alberta joined the clinic in 1960. He was associated with the clinic until 1962 when he left to take up a residency in anesthesia at the University of Alberta. Dr. John D. Cottrell was a member of the clinic from 1957 until 1961 . He was a 1944 graduate of the University of Alberta and specialized in internal medi­ cine. Dr. Helmut Seitz joined the clinic in 1962. He was born in Landsberg-Lech, Bavaria, Germany in 1921. He attended university at Graz and Freiburg-Br. until he was drafted into the Navy. He resumed hi s education at Freiburg and later Vienna, graduating there in 1945. He later became a specialist in internal medi­ cine in Canada prior to joining the clinic where he still practices. Dr. Alexander H. MacGregor joined the clinic in 1963 as a specialist in obstetrics and gynecology. He received his medical degree in Edinburgh, Scotland in 1956. He had previously tried academic life but found himself unsuited to it and also to clinical life. He left the clinic in 1965 to enter into industrial medicine, to which he has since devoted his life. Dr. James A. Nicas, a 1957 graduate of the Universi ty of Alberta, was associ­ ated with the clinic in 1965 and 1966. Dr. Terence J. Richards joined the clinic in 1965. He was born in Newcastle, England and attended medical school in Durham, England, graduating in 1959. Dr. Richards was associated with the group for three years as a family practi­ tioner with some duties as an anesthetist until family reasons necessitated a 236 Medical Clinics and Physicians of Southern Alberta 1875-1960 return to England. He returned within a year, but three years later, Dr. Richards went to Vancouver to complete his residency training in anesthesia. He decided to remain there rather than return to the clinic. Dr. Donald L. Dunlop joined the clinic in 1966. He graduated from the University of Manitoba in 1952 and later became a specialist in obstetrics and gynecology. He was associated with the clinic for only nine months before he accepted a position on the teaching staff of the Alberta Hospital and the University of Alberta. Dr. Barbara A. Lacey, a native Londoner, joined the clinic in 1969. She grad­ uated from the Middlesex Hospital Medical School in London, England in 1961. She emigrated with her family to Canada in 1968 and joined the clinic as a part-· time general practitioner in the same year. She resigned in 1977 upon her appointment as Medical Officer of Health for the City of Lethbridge. Dr. Ronald A. Lacey, Dr. Barbara Lacey's husband, joined at the same time. After graduating from a British University in 1955, he did post-graduate work in obstetrics and gynecology. He left the clinic after three years, but still practices his specialty in Lethbridge. Dr. Allan E. Morrison was associated with the group in 1969 and 1970. He graduated from the University of Alberta in 1967. Dr. Iain Forbes joined the clinic in 1971. He received his medical degree in Aberdeen Scotland in 1968 and did general practice and pediatrics in England prior to joining the clinic. He became a partner in 1974, but resigned in the late 1970' s to practice in Parksville, British Columbia where he built a medical building with Dr. Ronald H. Loyer, also a past member of the Bigelow Fowler clinic, and one other physician. Dr. W. D. Stitt joined the clinic in 1972. He was born in Brandon, Manitoba, but grew up in Southern Saskatchewan. He attended the University of Saskatchewan, later transferring to the University of Alberta, where he gradu­ ated in 1956. After ten years of private practice he joined the clinic where he remained until 1979 when he suffered a heart attack. He returned to work briefly, but resigned early in 1980 and moved to Vancouver. Dr. Ronald H. Loyer, a 1971 graduate of the University of Alberta, was asso­ ciated with the clinic between 1973 and 1975. He later built a medical building with Dr. Forbes in British Columbia. Dr. Alan Lindsay McPherson joined the clinic in 1974. He was born in Lethbridge in 1948 and received his early education there. He earned a B.Sc. from the University of Alberta in 1969 and then attended McGill University where he graduated in medicine in 1973. Upon his completion of his internship, Dr. McPherson joined the group as a general practitioner. Dr. Alan T. Billett joined the clinic in 1975. He was born in Eston, Saskatchewan and attended the University of Saskatchewan, graduating in 1967. He is still associated with the group. Dr. Lyle Bruce Mittelsteadt joined the clinic in 1977. He was born in Edmonton in 195 l. He attended the University of Alberta where he graduated in Append.ix VII 237

1975. He remained at the clinic until 1979 whe n he moved to Fort Saskatchewan. Dr. Mulloy G. Hansen was associated with the clinic in 1977. He graduated from the University of Alberta in 1975. Dr. Peter G. Greidanus joined the clinic in 1978. He was born in 1946 in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, but studied medicine at the University of Alberta from which he graduated in 1973. Dr. Toni P. Hawkes and Dr. W. D. Livingstone were associated with the group in 1978. Both were 1975 graduates of the Uni versity of Ottawa. By 1979, they were practicing in Quesnell, British Columbia. Dr. Robert G. Leishman joined the clinic in 1980. He was born in Magrath in 1951 and attended the University of Alberta, graduating in 1977. After this he wished to do post-graduate work in ophthalmology, but found he had to wait to enter the residency program. Therefore he joined the clinic as a general practi­ tioner on locum tenens until 1982 when he was admitted to the program. He cur­ rently works in Lethbridge in his specialty, although he is not associated with the Bigelow FowlerClinic. Dr. Juan M. Lachica was associated with the clinic in 1980 and 1981. He received his medical.degree in Manila in the Philippines in 1960. Dr. Nicholas J. Salt joined the clinic in 1982. He was born in 1951 in Plymouth, Devon, England. Dr. Salt entered the medical school at St. Mary's, London and graduated in 1976, whereupon he came to Canada where his parents had emigrated some years before. He spent two years as a resident in internal medicine, six months in a rotating internship and two years in diagnostic radiol­ ogy at the Foothills Hospital in Calgary, after which he joined the clinic. Dr. Salt became a partner in 1983. Dr. Sunil Mehra joined the clinic in 1983. He was born in New Delhi. He graduated from the medical school at Bhopal in 1972. He later became a special­ ist in pediatrics and neonatology. He decided to join the clinic since it was one of the few places where he could pursue hi s interests in both pediatrics and neonatology. Dr. Mehra became a partner in 1984, but left the following year to practice in Oshawa, Ontario. Dr. Allen F. Trautman joined the clinic in 1983. He was born in 1952. He graduated from the University of Alberta in 1976 and became a specialist in general surgery prior to joining the clinic. Dr. Carola G. Starke was born in Edmonton in 1957 and attended the University of Alberta where she graduated in 1981. She joined the clinic in 1983 as a family practitioner. Dr. Ronald Trent Garnett joined the clinic by 1986. He graduated from the University of Alberta in 1982. Dr. Vanessa Maclean, a 1985 graduate of the University of Calgary joined the clinic by 1988. Dr. Linda L. Storoz joined the clinic as a pediatrician by 1988. She received her medical degree at the University of Alberta in 1980.

Appendix VrII 239 APPENDIX VIII

The Medicine Hat Clinic

The following physicians joined the clinic after 1950. An attempt has been made to provide biographies for those members who remained with the clinic for an appreciable length of time. Dr. Edward G. Cook joined the clinic in 1950. He received hi s degree in London, England in 1942. He resigned in 1951 . Dr. D. C. Metcalfe, a pediatrician, became associated with the clinic in 195 l and resigned in the same year. He is now deceased. Dr. Lionel A. Rook joined in the same year as an ophthalmologist. He gradu­ ated from Cambridge University in England in 1942. He resigned in 1957 and moved to Vernon, British Columbia. Dr. H. Francis (Mac) McKenzie joined the clinic in 1952. He was born in Weyburn, Saskatchewan and graduated from the University of Manitoba in l 940. Following post-graduate training, he received his certification in therapeu­ tic radiology in 1949 and hi s fellowship in l 972. Prior to joining the Medical Arts Clinic where he still practices, Dr. McKenzie was on the staff of the Allan Blair Memorial Clinic in Regina, Saskatchewan. Another physician, Dr. M. R. Gilchrist, was associated with the clinic briefly in 1952. Dr. John Murray ,Cowan became associated with the clinic in 1953. He was born in Edmonton, Alberta; graduated from the University of Alberta in 1948; and practiced in Ponoka and Brooks, Alberta prior to joining the clinic. Upon completion of post-graduate training in the United Kingdom, he received his certification and subsequently hi s fellowship in general surgery. Dr. Jack L. Edwards joined in the same year. He was born in Grande Prairie, Alberta. He graduated from the University of Alberta in 1946 and practiced in Red Deer, Alberta from 1946 to 1951. At this time, he entered post-graduate training at the University of Alberta, receiving a Master of Science Degree in 1953. Dr. Edwards received his certification and subsequently his fellowship in internal medicine. He sti ll practices this specialty at the clinic. Two other physicians, Dr. Rodney M. Chadwick and Dr. John D. Hackett were associated with the clinic very briefly in 1953. Dr. Chadwick, a specialist in internal medicine, was a 1941 graduate of the University of Manitoba who joined the Red Deer Associate Clinic soon after his departure. Dr. Hackett received his degree in London, England in 1951 . Dr. Henry J. Brooks joined the Medical Arts Clinic in 1954 as a pediatrician. He received his medical degree in Leeds, England in 1942. He resigned in 1966 and moved to Victoria, British Columbia. Dr. Marie M. Halinen (Vihuri) began working part-time with the clinic in 240 Medical Clinics and Physicians of Southern Alberta 1875-1960

1954. She received her medical degree in Helsinki, Finland in 1939. She resigned in 1962 and is now deceased. Dr. George S. Penrose also joined the clinic in 1954. Born in Montreal Quebec, he graduated from McGill University in 1952. Dr. Penrose practiced i~ the Redcliff office of the clinic until 1961 , when he left to take post-graduate training in anesthesia. He received his certification and subsequently his fellow­ ship. He later formed an anesthetists' group in Medicine Hat. Dr. Jacobus A. M. Van Belkumjoined in 1955. He was born in Vrede, O.F.S., South Africa and graduated from the University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa in 1946. He completed his post-graduate training in the United Kingd m, Upon immigrating to Canada, he joined the clinic and received his certification and subsequently his fellowship in obstetrics and gynecology. Dr. Van Belkum received a fellowship in the American College of Surgeons in 1961. He is still associated with the clinic. Dr. James A. Hook joined the clinic in 1956. He was born in Brooks, Alberta; graduated from the University of Alberta in 1955; and then joined the clinic in family practice. On completion of post-graduate training in ophthalmology in 1967, he received his certification and subsequently his fellowship. Dr. Hook still practices this specialty at the clinic. Dr. Ian A. Ferguson joined the clinic in 1957. He was a class mate of Dr. Hook. He left the clinic briefly to do post-graduate work in obstetrics and gyne­ cology. He then returned to work at the clinic until he resigned in 1967 to work at the Foothills Hospital in Calgary. Dr. James A. Cranston became associated with the clinic in 1957. He was born in Regina, Saskatchewan and graduated from the University of Western Ontario in 1950. He practiced in Arcola and Fillmore, Saskatchewan prior to joining the clinic. Dr. Cranston still practices with the clinic. Dr. David L. E. Paine, an ophthalmologist, joined the clinic temporarily in 1957 to replace Dr. Rook while he was away for training. He received his med­ ical degree in London, England in 1949. He resigned in 1960. Dr. Stephen M. Drance, an ophthalmologist, was also briefly associated with the clinic in 1957. He graduated from Edinburgh University in Scotland in 1948. Dr. Vernon W. Sobey joined the clinic in 1958. He was born in Prince Edward Island and graduated from Dalhousie University in 1953. On comple­ tion of post-graduate training at the Winnipeg General Hospital, he joined the clinic. He received hi s fellowship in the American College of Surgeons in 1961 . Dr. Sobey is still associated with the clinic. Dr. William V. P. Reynolds, a specialist in otolaryngology, also joined the clinic in 1958, but resigned in the following year to work solo. He received his medical degree in Dublin, Ireland in 1953. Dr. Leslie J. Phillips became associated with the clinic in 1959. He was born in London, England and graduated from University College Hospital in London in 1952. Prior to immigrating to Canada, he completed post-graduate training in otolaryngology at the University College Hospital in London from 1953 to 1957. Appendix VIII 241

He received his Edinburgh fellowship in otolaryngology in 1960 and later his Canadian certification and fellowship. Dr. Phillips was President of the Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology Society of Alberta and Chief of Staff at the Medici ne Hat Hospital. Dr. Benjamin Lehr, a general practitioner, joined the clinic in 1960. He was a 1957 graduate of the University of Manitoba. He resigned in 1963. Dr. James A. Nicas joined in the same year, but resigned in 1961 to do post­ graduate work in orthopedic surgery. He was a 1957 graduate of the University of Alberta. Dr. Eric J. Sinton, an ophthalmologist, also joined in 1960. He received his medical degree in Aberdeen, Scotland in 1951 . He resigned in 1963 to practice in Red Deer. Dr. Robert F. Fairbairn joined the Redcliff office in 1961 . He graduated from the University of Alberta in 1958. He took post-graduate training in psychiatry in 1967, but resigned in 1974 to take up a position with the Alberta Government. He is now the executive director of the Claresholm Care Centre. Dr. James N. Lyon also joined the group in 1961. He was a 1956 graduate of Dalhousie University. He resigned in 1963 to take training in psychiatry. He now practices in Iowa. Dr. John Armitage, a 1956 graduate from the University of St. Andrews, joined the group in 1963. He resigned in 1966 and is now an ophthalmologist in the Peace River District. Dr. Ami T. Laxdal joined in 1963, but resigned in the following year to do post-graduate work in ophthalmology. He graduated from the University of Manitoba in 1960. Dr. John J. Janik was associated with the clinic briefly in 1963 and 1964. He received his medical degree in Germany in 1957. Dr. Annabelle M . Bras who received her medical degree in Aberdeen, Scotland in 1953 and.Dr. Jan F. Bras, an ophthalmologist who received his med­ ical degree in Glasgow, Scotland in 1958, became associated with the clinic in 1964. They resigned in the following year. Dr. Patrick G. Heslip, a 1963 graduate of the University of Alberta, also joined the practice in 1964. He resigned in 1967 to do post-graduate work in nuclear medicine and now practices in Edmonton. Dr. James E. Jan joined in the same year. He graduated from the University of Alberta in 1963. He resigned in 1965 to train as a pediatrician. Dr. Lawrence A. Taranger, a 1962 graduate of the University of Alberta, joined the group in 1964, resigned in 1966, returned in 1967, and resigned again in the same year. Dr. Charles D. Dillabough was associated with the clinic for less than a month in 1964. He received his medical degree in Glasgow, Scotland in 1960. Dr. Lois Julia Racette joined the clinic in 1965. She was born in Edmonton, Alberta and graduated from the University of Alberta in 1954. She practiced in McLennan and Red Deer, Alberta, prior to moving to Medicine Hat with her 242 Medical Clinics and Physicians of Southern Alberta 1875-1960 husband, Dr. Paul Racette, a pathologist at the Medicine Hat General Hospital. She works part-time at the clinic. Dr. Angus Macinnes joined in the same year. He was born in Achmore-lsle­ of-Lewis, Scotland. He received his medical degree in Aberdeen, Scotland in 1951 . He was Senior Government Medical Officer for eleven years in Rhodesia, and practiced in Maple Creek, Saskatchewan for one year prior to joining the clinic. He received certification from the College of Family Physicians of Canada. He still practices with the clinic. Dr. Alan M. Dyer, an ophthalmologist, became associated with the group in 1966, but resigned in 1968 and moved to Lethbridge. He received his medical degree in Glasgow, Scotland in 1960. Dr. Richard A. Firth, an English general practitioner, joined in the same year. He received his medical degree at St. Thomas' in London, England in 1962. He resigned in 1971 and returned to his home in England. Dr. Alistair F. Harper joined the clinic in 1967. He was born in Inverness, Scotland and graduated from the University of Edinburgh in 1961. On immigra­ tion to Canada, he joined the Redcliff office of the clinic where he practiced until 1972. He then proceeded on to post-graduate training, receiving his fellow­ ship in anesthesia. He later joined the anesthetists' group in Medicine Hat. Dr. Keith L. Clugston joined the clinic in the same year. He was born in Markdale, Ontario and graduated from Queen's University in 1966. On comple­ tion of his internship at the Vancouver General Hospital, he joined the Medical Arts Clinic where he still practices. Dr. Robert E. Capp, a 1966 graduate of the University of Manitoba, joined the clinic in 1968. He resigned in 1975 to become a specialist in physical medicine and rehabilitation. Dr. Kee-Wai Fung, a pediatrician, also joined in 1968. He received his degree from the National Defense Medical Centre of Taiwan in 1966. He resigned in 1971 to move to Ontario. Dr. Alexander Mercer joined in the same year. He was born in Kennoway, Fife, Scotland, and graduated from the University of St. Andrews in Scotland in 1954. He was associated with various hospitals in Scotland prior to immigrating to Canada to join the clinic. He later completed post-graduate requirements for certification from the College of Family Physicians of Canada. He is now the Chief of Staff of the Medicine Hat Hospital and is still a member of the clinic. Dr. Brian J. Ridyard, a specialist in obstetrics and gynecology, was associated with the clinic in 1968 and 1969. He received his medical degree in Liverpool, England in 1963. Dr. John A. MacKay, an ophthalmologist and a 1964 graduate of the University of Saskatchewan, joined the clinic in 1969. He resigned in 1974 to practice solo in Medicine Hat. Dr. Richard G. Oakes joined the clinic in 1970. He was born at Wood Mountain, Saskatchewan and graduated from the University of Saskatchewan in 1963. Prior to taking his post-graduate training in general surgery, he practiced Appencjix VIII 243

with the Moose Jaw Clinic, Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan. He received his certifi­ cation and subsequently his fellowship before joining the clinic. He left in the mid-seventies to join the Brooks Clinic. Dr. Elinor J. Easton, a pediatrician, joined the clinic in 197 l. She graduated from Dalhousie University in 1964. Tragically, her career was cut short in the same year when she was killed in an automobile accident near Brooks on her way home from a vacation. Dr. Joseph H. K. Lim joined the clinic as a pediatrician in the same year. He graduated from University College Dublin, Ireland in 1963. He resigned in 1974 to practice solo. He later returned to Ireland. Dr. Dennis M. McElgunn also joined in 1971. He was a 1970 graduate of the University of Alberta. He resigned in 1975 to study emergency medicine at the Royal Alexandra Hospital in Edmonton. Dr. John A. McKenzie was also associated with the clinic briefly in 1971. He graduated from the University of Alberta in 1969. Dr. E. Michael Oxley became associated with the clinic in 1971 as a urologist, but resigned in 1972 to move to British Columbia. He received his medical degree in London, England in 1962. Dr. Philip G. Winkelaar, joined in 1972. He was born in Edmonton, Alberta; graduated from the University of Alberta in 1968; and served in the Canadian Armed Forces in Canada and Germany, prior to joining the clinic. He completed post-graduate requirements for certification by the College of Family Physicians of Canada and has his diploma in Aviation Medicine. (C.A.F.) Dr. Winkelaar is still associated with the group. Dr. Ian Robert Laing, a 1967 graduate of the University of Alberta, joined the group in 1973, replacing Dr. Oxley as urologist. He resigned in 1974 to establish his own practice in Medicine Hat. Dr. Dennis K. Hall also joined in 1973. He was born in Tillsonburg, Ontario, graduated from the University of Western Ontario in 1970, and did a family medicine residency program at McMaster University, receiving his certification from the College of Family Physicians of Canada in 1972. He moved to the Redcliff branch of the clinic in 1975. Dr. Kelvin V. Woolnough was associated with the clinic in 1973 and 1974. He graduated from the University of Toronto in 1967. Dr. P. M. K. Doonanco was associated with the clinic extremely briefly in 1974. Dr. Dana W. Hanson joined the clinic in 1975, but resigned in the following year. She was a 1974 graduate of Dalhousie University. Dr. D. M. Tamblyn was associated with the clinic in 1975. Dr. Tamblyn received a medical degree in the United Kingdom in 1968. Dr. Eric J. Baker also joined the clinic in 1975. He was born in Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan and graduated from the University of Alberta in 1950. He prac­ ticed in Fort Simpson in the North West Territories; Cereal, and Edmonton, Alberta; KamJoops, British Columbia; and Maple Creek, Saskatchewan, prior to 244 Medical Clinics and Physicians of Southern Alberta 1875-1960 joining the clinic staff. He completed post-graduate requirements for certification by the College of Family Physicians of Canada. He is still a member of the clinic. Dr. Geoffrey F. Kindle became associated with the clinic in 1975. He was born in Ottawa, Ontario and graduated from Queen's University in 1970. Prior to joining the Medical Arts Clinic, he served with the Canadian Armed Forces. Dr. David H. Brookes also joined the clinic in 1975. He was born in Tideswell, Derbyshire, England and received his medical degree in Sheffield, England in 1962. He practiced in Sheffield and Chesterfield in the United Kingdom and in Mayerthorpe and Edson in Alberta prior to joining the clinic. He is a member of the College of Family Physicians of Canada and is still asso­ ciated with the clinic. Dr. Charles E. Gross joined the clinic in the same year. He was born in Eston, Saskatchewan. He graduated from the University of Saskatchewan in Pharmacy prior to entering the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Saskatchewan, from which he graduated in 1970. Dr. Gross still practices at the clinic. Dr. William D. Preston joined the clinic in 1976. He was born in Denver, Colorado, and graduated from the University of Alberta in 1975. Dr. Elena M. O'Connell (Majkutova) also became associated with the clinic in 1976. She was born in Bratislava, Czechoslovakia and graduated from the University of P. J. Safarik, Czechoslovakia in 1965. After immigrating to Canada, she attended the University of Western Ontario for post-graduate train­ ing in ear, nose and throat before joining the clinic where she still practices. Dr. Dale Lintott joined the clinic in the same year. He was born in Brooks, Alberta and graduated from the University of Alberta in 1973, interning at the Calgary General Hospital. He practiced for two years in Ocean Falls, British Columbia, prior to joining the Medical Arts Clinic. He has since left the clinic. Dr. Roderick I. MacKenzie, an orthopedic surgeon, joined the clinic in 1976. He was born in Montreal, Quebec and graduated from the University of Manitoba in 1969. He did postgraduate work and received his fellowship in orthopedics. Dr. MacKenzie still practices his specialty at the clinic. Dr. Dennis F. Hughes joined the group in 1977. He was born in Lacombe, Alberta and graduated from the University of Calgary in 1973. On completion of post-graduate training, he received a diploma in bacteriology and a fellowship in internal medicine. He is still associated with the group. Dr. Edgar R. Cowtan joined the clinic in the same year. He was born in Toronto, Ontario. Prior to studying medicine, he taught school for three years. On graduating from the University of Manitoba in 1975, he completed his post­ graduate requirements and received his certification from the College of Family Physicians of Canada before joining the clinic. Dr. Cowtan is still associated with the clinic. Dr. Donald J. Dixon also joined the clinic in 1977. He was born in Toronto, Ontario; graduated from Queen's University in 1975; and received his certifica­ tion from the College of Family Physicians. Dr. Dixon is currently a member of the clinic. Appendix VIII 245

Dr. Anthony A. Smith joined the clinic in 1977. He was born in Kendu Bay, Kenya and graduated from Queen's University in 1975. On completion of post­ graduate training in 1977, he received hi s certification from the College of Family Physicians. Dr. Donald B. Davis, the son of Dr. Matt Davis, joined the clinic as a special­ ist in obstetrics and gynecology in 1978. He was a 1973 graduate of the Uni versity of Alberta and did hi s residency there and at the Charity Hospital in New Orleans. He is a director of the Alberta Medical Association and still prac­ tices his specialty at the clinic. Dr. Ivano B. R. Filanti, joined the clinic in 1980. He was born in Pincher Creek, Alberta and graduated from the University of Alberta in 1978. He com­ pleted hi s residency in family practice at the Vancouver General Hospital in British Columbia. He still practices at the clinic. Dr. Allan R. McClelland also became associated with the clinic in 1980. He was born in Pincher Creek, Alberta and graduated from the University of Alberta in 1973. He completed hi s residencies in general surgery at the University of Alberta and in medical and surgical oncology at the W. W. Cross Cancer Institute. He also is still a member of the group. Dr. Wayne M. MacNicol joined the clinic in 1981 . He was born in Kaslo, British Columbia and graduated from the University of Alberta in 1977. He completed a residency in obstetrics and gynecology at the University of Alberta Hospital and still practices this specialty at the clinic. Dr. Peter H. S. Best joined the clinic in 1982 after completing his residency in family practice at the Holy Cross Hospital in Calgary, Alberta. He is a 1979 graduate of the University of Alberta. Dr. Best is still associated with the clinic. Dr. Tony Y. Y. Soo joined the clinic in the same year. He graduated from the University of Hong Kong in 1971. He completed his post graduate training in internal medicine at the Ottawa Civic Hospital and the Ottawa General Hospital. Prior to joining the clinic, he practiced in Carbonear, Newfoundland. He is still associated with the clinic. Dr. Richard David Cohen, a specialist in internal medicine, recently joined the clinic. He graduated from a University in South Africa in 1976. Dr. Hendrik C. Hak, a pediatrician, recently became associated with the clinic. He received hi s degree in the Netherlands in 1978. Dr. Byron Dean Hirsch, a 1981 graduate of the University of Alberta, joined the clinic recently. Dr. Virendra Saujani recently became a member of the group. She received her degree in England in 1979. Dr. William P. Taylor, a 1979 graduate of the University of Alberta, became associated with the clinic recently. Dr. Ronald W. Witzke recently joined the clinic as a general surgeon. He graduated from the University of Manitoba in 1973. 246 Medical Clinics and Physicians of Southern Alberta 1875-1960

Consultants In Radiology Dr. Douglas M. Lawrason joined the clinic in 1950. He graduated from the University of Western Ontario in 1930 and was certified in Canada in therapeu­ tic and diagnostic radiology and held a diploma from the American Board of Radiology. Between I 937 and 1950, he practiced his specialty in London and Toronto. He was in charge of the X-ray department at the clinic until he resigned in 1964 to become an independent consulting radiologist. Dr. Desmond W. Bullman was born in London, England and graduated from the University of London, St. George's Hospital in 1956. Prior to immigrating to Canada in 1967, he did limited general practice and completed post-graduate training in radiology. He is consultant in radiology to both the clinic and the Medicine Hat General Hospital. Dr. Hai Jin Lee was born in Seoul, Korea and graduated from Seoul National University. On immigration to Canada in 1967, Dr. Lee completed post-graduate training at the Ottawa General Hospital, receiving her fellowship in radiology. Dr. Lee is still associated with the clinic. Drs. Downsborough, Scriven, and Asa Rao also served as radiologists for the clinic. Consultants In Pathology Dr. A. Raymund Bainborough, a 1946 graduate of the University of Western Ontario. Dr. Paul C. Racette, the husband of Dr. Lois Racette and a 1952 graduate of the University of Alberta. Dr. Kenneth R. Thornton, a 1950 graduate from Leeds, England. Index 247

INDEX

Ai kenhead, Dr. Albert Earl 67, 59, 86, 2 14 Bras, Dr. Annabelle M. 24 1 Aikenhead, Dr. John Franklin 67, 207, 2 14 Bras, Dr. Jan F. 24 1 Aikenhead, Mrs. A. E. 67 Brett, Dr. Regi nald Harry 182 Albert, Dr. Moss 110 Brett, Dr. Robert George 182, 194, 13, 25 Aldrete, Dr. Victor 223 Brett, Mrs. R. G. 182 Allan, Dr. Gordon W. 133 , 23 1 Brett , Mrs. R. H. 195 Allen, Dr. John Anson Lome I 07 Brett, Robert Earle 193 Anderson, Andy 153 , 155 Bretton Hall Hotel 196 Anquist, Dr. Kenneth 217 see also Banff Sanitarium Hotel Archibald, Dr. Edward 128 Brookes, Dr. David H. 244 Armitage, Blanche 67 Brooks, Dr. Henry J 239 see also Mrs. A. E. Aikenhead Brown, Dr. Thomas E. (Tim) 106, 97, 148 Armitage, Dr. John 241 Brown, Islay 131 Armstrong, Dr. Balfour Cooper 169, 164 see also Mrs. H. A. Arnold Arnold, Dr. Hugh Alexander 13 1, 91, 125, 207, Brown, Mr. C. 0 . 74 231 Bryans, Dr. William Edward 104, 97 Arnold, Mrs. H. A. 131 Bryans, Mrs. W. E. 105 Atkin, Dr. Gilbert Mcintosh 195 Buckland, Ethel 28 Au, Dr. Chi-Cheong 232 see Mrs. C. J. Stewart Ayre, Dr. J. Ernest 130, 125 Bullard, Dr.J. A. 219 Bagley, Mattie 188 Bullman, Dr. Desmond W. 246 see also Mrs. H.J. Richardson Burke, Dr. Robert C. 222 Bainborough, Dr. A. Raymund 246 Burrows, Dr. Donald W. 220 Baker Clinic (Edmonton) 34 Byers, Dr. Herbert Percy 89 Baker, Dr. Eric J 243 Cabot, Dr. Clyde Marcus 75 Baker, Dr. Kenneth A. 231 Cairns, Dr. Edmund 132, 7, 92, 125, 207 Baker Sanatorium 15 Cairns, Mrs. E. 132 Balfour, Dr. George Sigurd 110, 207 Calder, Dr. J. G. 159 Balneology 181 Calgary Associate Clinic Hi storical Bulletin 60, Banff Hot Springs Hotel and Sanitarium 181 66, 73 Banff Mineral Water 193 Cameron, Dr. Stewart H. 217 Banff Sanitarium Hotel 184, 196 Campbell , Bob 188 Ban ff Springs Hotel 184 Campbell Clinic 97 Barlass, Dr. Jack L. 2 19 Campbell , Dr. 187 Beauchamp, Dr. Louis E. 2 15 Campbell, Dr. Donald 154 Bell, Dr. Joseph 188 Campbell , Dr. James D. 2 19 Bell, Dr. Olive Gwenyth 232 Campbell, Dr. Norman J. 154 Best, Dr. Peter H. S. 245 Campbell, Dr. Peter McGregor 100, 90, 97, IOI Bigelow, Dr. Jesse Kenneth 146 Campbell, Dr. Wilfred C. 168, 164 Bigelow Fowler Clinic 145, 90-92 Campbell , Dr. William N. 220 Billett, Dr. Alan T. 235 Campbell, Mrs. P. M. 102 Birdsell, Dr. Dale C. 218 Camrose, Alberta 34 Birrell, Dr. John D. 215 Capp, Dr. Robert E. 242 Birtles, Miss 159 Cardiograph 15 Bishop, Dr. Duane Scott 211 Cardston Medical Contract I 0 Black, Dr. Brian 154 Cashmore, Dr. Philip C. 226 Black, Dr. Harvey Hugh (Bill) 18, 35, 206 Cassidy, Dr. Douglas M. 2 18 Blair, Dr. J. Harold 216 Cawker, Dr. C. Agnew 170 Blayney, Dr. York 10 Chadsey, Dr. Donald E. 233 Booth, Jessie H. 135 Chadwick, Dr. Rodney M. 239 see also Mrs. L. W. Johnston Charles, Dr. David 231 Bottled water 196 Chateau Boucher, Dr. Stephen Antony 228 see also Banff Sanitarium Hotel Bracher, Dr. David 227 Chateau Rundle Bradley, Dr. John Scott 209 see also Banff Sanitarium Hotel Braithwaite, Dr. E. A. 89 Chipperfield, Dr. Wesley G. 220 248 Medical Clinics and Physicians of Southern Alberta 1875-1960

Index (continued)

Chri>tie, Dr. Francis 107, 97, 104, 108, 207 Downsborough, Dr. 246 Clarke, Dr. Ward (Denti st) 129 Doyle , Dr. James J. 214 Clugston, Dr. Keith L. 242 Drance, Dr. Stephen M. 240 Coal Banks 89 Driedger, Dr. Gerhard 136 see Lethbridge Drumheller Associate Clinic 155 Coffey, Dr. Brendan T. 232 Dundas, Dr. J. Brock 22 1 Cohen, Dr. James M. 222 Dunlop, Dr. Donald L. 236 Cohen, Dr. Richard David 245 Dunn, Mr. J. Ray 80 Coleman, Dr. C. E. 61 Duthie, Mrs. Margaret 74, 206 Colonel Belcher Hospital 53, 76 see also Miss Margaret Shields Colvin, Annie 64 Dyer, Dr. Alan M. 242 see Stanley, Mrs. G. D. Easton, Dr. Elinor J. 243 Colwell, Dr. Murray C. 218 Eddington, Dr. Archibald M. 134 Connor, McNally, and Jamieson 91 Edwards. Bob 64, 186 Connor, McNally and Leech 91 Edwards, Dr. Jack L. 239 Cook, Dr. Edward G. 239 Eek, Dr. Judy D. 222 Corley, Dr. John B. 170, 175 Egbert, Dr. William 195 Comish, Dr. Sidney J. 216 Elder, Dr. George Gordon 167, 163 Cottrell, Dr. John D. 235 Elder, Mrs. G. G. 167 Coulson, Mrs. Frances 74 Ellison, Miss 195 Courtenay, Dr. Peter H. 236 Emberton, Dr. Frederick C. 136 Cowan, Dr. John Murray 239 Ennitt, Dr. John J. (Jack) 110 Cowtan, Dr. Edgar R. 244 Etherington, Dr. Elizabeth 231 Crag and Canyon 191 Etherington, Dr. John 231 Cragg, Dr. Cecil C. 104, 97 Fairbairn, Dr. Logan Miller 52 Cranston, Dr. James A. 240 Fairbairn, Dr. Robert F. 241 Cranston, Dr. Thomas R. 217 Fairbanks, Dr. Calvin Joseph 211 Crapnell, Dr. Victor E. 232 Fanning, Dr. Vernon Roy 211 Crawford and McEachem 43 Farr, Dr. James A. 226 Crawford, Dr. Thomas Henry 45, 43 Feader, Dr. Alfred 146 Crocker, Dorothy 34 Ferguson, Dr. Ian A. 240 see also Mrs. E. H. McFayden Ferguson, Dr. Russell 229 Crooks, Dr. William L. 218 Filanti, Dr. lvano B. R. 245 Csokonay, Dr. William M. 221 Firth, Dr. Richard A. 242 Culver, Dr. Roy Watson 77 Fish, Dr. E. J. Lawrence 2 17 D' Archangelo, Dr. Eugene S. 222 Fish, Dr. Frank Hamilton 168, 163, 213 Dahl, Dr. Ralph G. 218 Fish, Mrs. F. H. 168 Davies, Dr. Nancy E. J. 231 Fisher, Dr. Alexander James 71 Davis, Dr. Donald B 245 Flagler, Dr. Elizabeth A. 221 Davis, Dr. Matthew 172 Fleming, Helen[a] 197, 195 Davis, Mr. R. E. 106 see Mrs. R. H. Brett Dawson, Dr. John W. 217 Forbes, Dr. lain 236 Day, Dr. Arthur 128 Forde, Phyllis 128, 130 Day, Miss 197 see also Mrs. A. A. Haig De Haas, Dr. William G. 218 Forestell, Dr. Clair Francis 228 DeVeber, Dr. Leverett George 98, 13, 89, 97 Fort Calgary 13 DeVeber, Mrs. L. G. 99 Fort Macleod, Alberta 13 Dillabough, Dr. Charles D. 241 Fowler, Dr. Douglas B. 148, 145 Dimock, Dr. Homer 150 Fowler, Mrs. D. B. 148 Dinwoodie, Dr. Donald A. 222 Fraser, Dr. William Ronald 35 Dixon, Dr. Allan A. 215 Frazer, Caroline 61 Dixon, Dr. Donald J. 244 see also Mrs. D. S. Macnab Dixon, Dr. William S. 219 French, Dr. Elaine M. 223 Doctors Roy, Schmaltz and Associates 122 Frew, Dr. Euan M. S. 229 Doonanco, Dr. P. M. K. 243 Fridhandler, Dr. Terry M. 223 Dorland, Mr. Sid 74 Fulham, Mrs. 25 Douglas, Dr. Richard Proudfoot 214 Fumerton, Dr. John L. (Jack) 255 Index 249

Index (continued)

Fung, Dr. Kee-Wai 242 Hall , Dr. Robert G. H. 225 Galbraith, Dr. Francis Oliver 34, 2 19 Hammond, Ada 30 Galbraith, Dr. Walter 89 see also Mrs. L. S. Mackid Galt Hospital 90, 93 Hansen, Dr. Mulloy G. 237 Galt School of Nursing 90 Hanson, Dr. Dana W. 243 Galt, Sir Alexander 89, 90 Hantho, Dr. John A. 2 17 Gardner, Dr. J. S. 207 Happel, Dr. Keith R. 227 Garnett, Dr. Ronald Trent 237 Harder, Dr. Edward J. 222 Gerhart, Dr. Stanley Glenn 233 Hardin, Dr. Evelyn 232 Gershaw, Dr. Frederick W. 165, 163 Harper, Dr. Alistair F. 242 Gibson, Dr. 80 Harriman, Dr. Paul M. 220 Gibson, Dr. Harry E. 150 Harris, Dr. Paul W. 217 Gilchrist, Dr. M. R. 239 Harrison, Dr. R. Cameron 173 Golding, Dr. Thomas A. 2 16 Hase, Dr. Shoji 235 Goldstein, Dr. Albert Stanley 220 Hauck, Dr. Brian A. 228 Gordon, Dr. W. H. A. (Pete) 151 Hawkes, Dr. Toni P. 237 Gore, Mr. Kenneth G. 173 Hay, Dr. Peter J. 227 Gore-Hickman, Dr. Francis Gordon 110 Hay, Dr. Ralph 188 Gorrell, Dr. Douglas Stirling 215 Hayes, Dr. Aubrey C. 219 Grace Hospital 67 Hazard, Dr. F. L. 32 Graham, Dr. William Ezra 48, 43 Henderson, Dr. Andrew 13 Grain, Dr. Orton 187 Henning, Eva Maude 195 see also Dr. G. T. Orton see also Mrs. G. M. Atkin Grand View Villa 192, 184 Henninger, Dr. Maurice 150 Grant, Mr. Donald S. 173, 207 Hepworth, Dr. Richard G. 225 Gray, Dr. George S. 134 Hepworth, Dr. Sheina 225 Gray, Dr. Walter 137, 23 1 Herbert, Dr. Richard J. 227 Gray, Jessie P. 22 Herget, Dr. Robert J. 221 see also Mrs. J. D. Lafferty Hershfield, Dr. Noel Barry 220 Gregory, Dr. Stanley J. 235 Heslip, Dr. Patrick G. 241 Greidanus. Dr. Peter G. 237 Higgins, Dr. Gordon Keith 211 Groff, Dr. (Dentist) 74 Higinbotham, J. D. 89 Gross, Dr. Charles E. 244 Hilderman, Dr. Frederick A. 211 Gross, Dr. Richard C. 77 Hill , Dr. Cameron G. 218 Gross, Mrs. R. C. 77 Hillocks, Mr. S. 61 Groves, Dr. Terence D. 221 Hirsch, Dr. Byron Dean 245 Gunn, Dr. Ian Martin 37, 209, 206 Hitchcock, Dr. Deborah J. 223 Gunn, Dr. John N. 206 Ho, Dr. Della S. W. 223 Gunn, Hackney, Shore: Eye, Ear, Nose, and Holowach, Dr. Jean 213 Throat Clinic 14 Holt, Dr. Gordon T. 233 Gurevitch, Dr. Ralph 219 Holt, Dr. Kenneth W. 232 Haberman, Dr. John Jacob R. 226 Hook, Dr. James A. 240 Hackett, Aileen Alexandra 214 Hope, Dr. Joseph 122, 229 see also Mrs. F. H. Fish Houghtling, Dr. Walter J. 213 Hackett, Dr. John D. 239 Hovan, Dr. Norman Arthur 229 Haig Clinic 133, 7, 90 Howe, Sam 26 Haig, Dr. Arthur Aitcheson 127, 125 Hudson, Dr. Aubrey D. 221 Haig, Dr. Thomas Harrison Brian 231 , 137 Huey, Dr. William 35 Haig, Dr. Willard Reddon 127, 7, 125, 207 Hughes, Dr. Dennis F. 244 Haig, Mr. Russel 130, 126, 136 Humphrey, Dr. Barbara Mary 213 Haig, Mrs. A. A. 128, 130 Hungerford, Louise T. 182 Haig, Mrs. W.R. 128, 130 see also Mrs. R. G. Brett Hak, Dr. Hendrik C. 245 Hunt Clinic 91 Halcyon Hot Springs Sanitarium 193 Hunt, Dr. H.B. 150 Halinen, Dr. Marie M. (Vihuri) 239 Hyndman, Dr. Charles William 221 Hall, Dr. 152 Ingram and Associates 43 Hall, Dr. Dennis K. 243 Ingram, Dr. William E. 51, 45 250 Medical Clinics and Physicians of Southern Alberta 1875-1960

Index (continued)

Inksater, Dr. Hugh Ratcliffe 51 , 44 Leong, Dr. James 222 Ireland, Miss Maggie 168 Lethbridge Northern Irrigation Di strict I 0, 91, Jackson, Dr. William S. T. 217 121. 125 Jan, Dr. James E. 241 Lethbridge, William 89 Janik, Dr. John J. 241 Lewis, Dr. Donald F. 173 Janzen, Dr. Ernest P. 228 Lewis, Dr. Leopold 170, 207 Jenkinson, Dr. David John 227 Lewis, Mrs. L. 171 Jenner, Edward 47 Lim, Dr. Joseph H. K. 243 Jennings, Dr. Harry Nel son 50 Lincoln, Dr. William Ayer 67, 59 Johns, Dr. Robert D. 220 Lindsay, Dr. N. J. 13 , 194 Johns, Dr. Walter S. 213 Lindsay, Dr. Shelagh S. 222 Johnson, Dr. Frank Limbert 225, 109 Lintott, Dr. Dale 244 Johnson, Dr. George Ray 32, 196 Lippert, Dr. Robert G. 218 Johnson, Dr. Ralph Limbert 225 Lithia 193 Johnson, Mrs. George Ray 32 Little, Mr. Rex 106 Johnson, Mrs. Leith 147 Livingstone, Dr. W. D. 237 Johnston, Dr. David Ronald 211 London, Mr. Cecil Neil 155 Johnston, Dr. Gordon 135 Love, Dr. James Walter 34 Johnston, Dr. Lloyd Wallace 135 Love, Dr. Kathyrn R. 223 Johnston, Mrs. L. W. 135 Lowings, Dr. Keith 229 Jonassen, Dr. Edward Andrew 223 Loyer, Dr. Ronald H. 236 Junkin, Dr. James Edward Ross 53 Lungers Club 63 Kastelen, Dr. Nicholi R. 221 Luxton, Norman 191 Keith, Dr. Roger 211 Luykenaar, Dr. Vincent J. 227 Kelly, Miss 197 Lynge, Dr. Harold N. 216 Kennedy, Dr. George A. 13 Lynn and Haig 128 Kennedy, Dr. 34 Lynn, Dr. Robert Wesley 125 Khan, Dr. Alam S. 220 Lyon, Dr. James N. 241 Kilam, Dr. Surendar K. 233 MacCharles, Dr. Donald Neil (Dan) 166, 163, 171 Kimberley, Dr. Raymond Anthony 232 MacCharles, Dr. Ernest Daniel (Pat) 171 Kindle, Dr. Geoffrey F. 244 MacCharles, Mrs. D. N. 166 King-Brown, Dr. Richard I 11 Macdonald, Dr. Malcolm H. 222 King, Louise 148 Macdonald, Dr. William J. 52, 6, 46, 206 see Mrs. D. B. Fowler McEwen, Dr. Sydney Francis 164 Kingston, Dr. Robert 226 MacGougan, Dr. Melrose K. 134 Kirk, Dr. T. Edwin 33 MacGregor, Dr. Alexander H. 235 Kirker, Dr. Gilbert E. Mervyn 221 Macinnes, Dr. Angus 242 Klassen, Dr. Peter W. 217 Mackay, Dr. John A. 242 Klinke, Dr. W. Peter 221 MacKenzie, Dr. Roderick I. 244 Laatsch, Dr. A. Keith 222 Mack.id, Dr. Harry Goodsir 8, 21, 24, 179, 189 Lacey, Dr. Barbara A. 236 Mack.id, Dr. Ludwig Stewart 18, 21 , 29 Lacey, Dr. Ronald A. 236 Mackid group 14, 18, 19, 22 Lachica, Dr. Juan M. 237 Mack.id, Mrs. H. G. 24 Lafferty and Mackid 21 , 22 Mack.id, Mrs. L. S. 30 Lafferty, Dr. James Delamere 8, 21 , 22 Macklim, Dr. John Edward 33 Lafferty, Mrs. J. D. 22 Maclaren, Dr. Archibald Henderson 31 , 32 Laing, Dr. Ian Robert 243 Maclaren, Mrs. A. H. 32 Langston, Fred 79 Maclean, Dr. John T. 52 Larson, Dr. Bums John 216 Maclean, Dr. Vanessa 237 Latimer, Dr. 187 Macnab, Dr. Daniel Stewart 16, 59, 61 Lauder, Dr. John Draught 13 MacNicol, Dr. Wayne M. 245 Lawrason, Dr. Douglas M. 246 Man Son Hing, Dr. Clyde Terrence 219 Lawson, Dr. David 221 Manes, Dr. John Dalton 53, 51 , 206 Laxdal, Dr. Ami T. 241 Mann, Miss Grace 145, 146, 207 Lee, Dr. Hai Jin 246 Mann, Miss Isobel 145, 146, 207 Lehr, Dr. Benjamin 241 Marshall, Dr. George 218 Leishman, Dr. Robert G. 237 Mason, Dr. Vaughan T. 216 Index 251

Index (continued)

Maxwell , Dr. John 52 Meyer, Matilda Eli zabeth 24 McCalla, Dr. Arthur Irvine 49 see also Mrs. H. G. Mack.id McCalla, Mrs. A. I. (Muriel) 50 Miller, Dr. George E. 2 15 McClelland, Dr. Allan R. 245 Miller, Mi ss 197 McCutcheon, Dr. John D. 152 Misak, Dr. Steve J. 235 McCutcheon, Helen 152 Mittelsteadt, Dr. Lyle Bruce 236 Mrs. J. D. McCutcheon Montgomery, Mr. Roy 136, I 26, 207 McDonald, Dr. 27 Morgan, Dr. Henry Vernon 76 McDonald, Dr. M. 33 Morgan, Dr. John 1 I 1 McDonald, Dr. Peter Archibald 34 Morgan, Dr. John C. 2 I 7 McEachern, Dr. John Sinclair 44-47, 26 Morris, Dr. Samuel Cunard West 74 McEachern group 43, 14 Morrison, Dr. Allan E. 236 McElgunn, Dr. Dennis M. 243 Morrison, Dr. Angus E. 209 McEwen, Dr. Sydney Francis 167, 163 Morrison, Dr. George H. 216 McFadzen, Dr. lain Lindsay 122, 229 Moshier, Dr. Heber Havilock 49, 48 McFarlane, Dr. William Henry 50 Mukherjee, Dr. Sanat K. 220 McFayden, Dr. Elmer Hector 34 Muldoon, Dr. Alfred D. 2 17 McFayden, Mrs. E. H. 34 Mulloy, Dr. Jack 9 1 McFetridge, Dr. J. D. 109 Munro, Dr. J. A. 2 13 McGrath, Dr. John V. 22 1 Murphy, Dr. Brian J. 79 McGregor, Dr. Sterling 199 Murphy, Dr. Vincent J. 217 McGuffin, Dr. W.H. 9, 47 Murray, Dr. James Scovil 68, 59 McGuire, Margorie 76 Musgrave, Dr. James E. 170 see also Mrs. F. Pilcher Myd land, Dr. Wallace E. 217 Mcinnis, Dr. H. F. 34 Myers, Dr. William N. 226 McKenna, Dr. Peter B. 220 Myhre, Dr. Douglas L. 233 McKenzie, Dr. H. Francis (Mac) 239 Nelles, Dr. Stephen B. 2 16 McKenzie, Dr. John A. 243 Nevitt, Dr. Richard Barrington 13 McLaren, Dr. Donald D. (Dan) 28 Nicas, Dr. James A. 235, 241 McLaren, Mrs. D. D. 29 Noakes, Dr. John Alec 2 16 McLauchlan, Miss 197 Noble, Dr. James Hamilton 136 McLean, Dr. 27 North West Coal and Navigation Company 89 McLean, Dr. Frederick J. 225 North West Mounted Police I 3, I 4, 89, 98 McLean, Dr. Ian Ross 2 18 O'Connell, Dr. Elena M. (Majkutova) 244 M..:Lurg, Dr. Robert 209 O'Connor, Mr. Ed 74 McMahen, Dr. Willard J. 2 15 see also business managers McMillan, Dr. Donald W. 153 O' Shea, Dr. Agnes Mary 233 McMurtry, Dr. Gilbert J. 220 Oakes, Dr. Richard G. 242 McNeil, Dr. Donald Lauchlin 78, 60, 62, 44, Oborne, Dr. Harry G. 2 14 81 , 206 Odell, Jean 72 McNall y, Dr. A. 120 see also Mrs. E. P. Scarlett McNally, Dr. James Alfred McNally 122 Olver, Dr. Albert 159 McPherson, Dr. Alan Lindsay 236 Orton, Dr. G. T. 183, 187 McPherson, Dr. Douglas F. 153 Oshiro, Dr. James 1 I 1 McTavish, Dr. J. Edward 136 Osler, Sir William 50, I 85 Medical Arts Clinic 161 Ostrander, Dr. Albert B. 2 15 Medicine Hat Clinic 159 Oswald, Dr. Arthur I 54 Medicine Hat Hospital 14, 159 Oxley, Dr. E. Michael 243 Medicine Hat Medical Society 159 Pahulje, Dr. Bernadette 228 Mehra, Dr. Sunil 237 Paine, Dr. David L. E. 240 Mercer, Dr. Alexander 242 Panchmatia, Dr. Yashvant J. 233 Merritt, Dr. Willis 15, 48, 43 Park, Dr. Andrew Walter 33 Metcalf, Dr. Peter J. 232 Park, Dr. Norman Scott 52 Metcalfe, Dr. D. C. 232, 239 Park, Mrs. N. S. 52 Mewburn, Dr. Frank Hamilton 89, 32, 100 Parkinson, Dr. Thomas J. 23 I Meyer, Agnes 32 Parry, Lillian 106 see also Mrs. A. H. Maclaren Parsons, Dr. 199 252 Medical Clinics and Physicians of Southern Alberta 1875-1960

Index (continued)

Patti son, Dr. Stanley 172 Robinson, Mr. R. H. 155 Pearce, William 24 Rogers, Dr. L. M. 34 Pearson, Dr. Margaret G. 137 Rook, Dr. Lionel A. 239 Pengally, Dr. Del B. 233 Rothschild, Dr. John M. 222 Penner, Dr. Ernest P. 23 2 Rothwell , Dr. Bruce 35 Penner, Dr. Leonard U. 221 Rothwell, Dr. William Oswald 18, 5, 21 , 35, Penrose, Dr. George S. 170, 240 36,206 Petrunia, Dr. Denis M. 233 Roy Clinic 119 Philip, Nina Bertha 166 Roy, Dr. Douglas Gaeten 121 see also Mrs. D. N. MacCharles Roy, Dr. Louis Arthur 119, 97, 104 Phillips, Dr. Leslie J. 240 Roy , Swancesky, and Schmaltz 119 Piasecki, Dr. George 232 Royle, Dr. Norman Deryk 225 Piercy, Dr. C. Bruce 222 Russell, Dr. Margaret L. 223 Pilcher, Dr. Frederick 76 Russell, Dr. Peter F. 223 Pilcher, Mrs. F. 76 Russell, Mr. Francis C. 150, 155 Pirie, Dr. 71 Ryan, Dr. John Paul 222 Pitman, Dr. Robert 217 Ryan, Rachel Frances 99 Pivnick, Dr. Jeffery S. 223 see also Mrs. L. G. DeVeber Plante, Muriel 149 Salmon, Dr. Morley C. 33 Plimbley, Dr. W. Roger 232 Salmon, Mrs. M. C. 33 Pomahac, Dr. Anthony C. 226 Salt, Dr. Nicholas J. 237 Porter, Dr. John Jacob 53 Samcoe, Mr. Larry 176 Poulsen, Dr. Ernest Ray 151 Sandercock, Dr. (Dentist) 74 Pratt, Dr. Edna W. 226 Sanders, Dr. Pamela J. 223 Pratt, Dr. Michael 226 Saujani, Dr. Virendra 245 Preston, Dr. William D. 244 Saunders, Dr. Thomas C. 216 Price, Dr. Harold 71 Saunders, Dr. William Edward 32 Prieur, Dr. Beverly 223 Scarlett, Dr. Earle Parkhill 15, 72, 66 Prieur, Dr. George Oliver 7, 49, 206, 214 Scarlett, Mrs. E. P. 72 Prokopishyn, Dr. Harold 232 Scarth, Mr. 189 Prystai, Dr. Gregory D. 233 Schindler, Dr. Quinton R. 153 Quint, Dr. Walter Southard 61 Schindler, Mrs. Q. R. 153 Raber, Bee 171 Schmaltz, Dr .. Stephen Mathias 121 , 91 see also Mrs. L. Lewis Schneider, Dr. Michael P. 222 Racette, Dr. Lois Julia 241 Scott, Dr. Gerald W. 219 Racette, Dr. Paul C. 242, 246 Scott, Esther 102 Radford, Dr. Charles J. 218 see Mrs. P. M. Campbell Ramsay, Dr. Donald W. 214 Scriven, Dr. 246 Rao, Dr. Asa 246 Searby, Dr. Brian 232 Read, Dr. Wesley R. 214 Searby, Dr. Mary 232 Reid, Clarice 153 Searle, Mrs. 149 see also Mrs. Q. R. Schindler Seitz, Dr. Helmut 235 Reid, Irene 33 Selman, Dr. W. 222 see also Mrs. M. C. Salmon Sharpe, Jean 132 Reynolds, Dr. William V. P. 240 see also Mrs. E. Cairns Rice, Dr. Donald Arthur 119, 121 , 229, 207 Shemk, Prof. Emil 25 Richards, Dr. Terence J. 235 Shepherd, Dr. James K. 221 Richardson, Dr. Henry James 188 Sheran, Nicholas 89 Richardson, Mrs. H. J. 188 Shewchuk, Dr. Henry W. 219 Richardson, Dr. J. W. 43 Shields, Miss Margaret 74 Ridyard, Dr. Brian J. 242 see also Mrs. Margaret Duthie Robertson, Dr. Duncan 226 Shillington, Dr. Richard Newton W. 106 Robertson, Dr. Gordon Leonard 21 l Shouldice, Mabelle 105 Robertson, Dr. Rhoda (McNeil) 215 see also Mrs. W. E. Bryans Robinson, Dr. J. D. (Dean) 199 Sifton, Arthur 198 Robinson, Harriet 165 Silvester, Dr. Lois E. 221 see also Mrs. F. W. Gershaw Simpson, Dr. Maurice F. 226 Index 253

Index (continued)

Sinton, Dr. Eric J. 241 Tuttle, Dr. Morley 97, I 07 Sisters of Saint Martha 199 Tymchak, Dr. S. 2 18 Skinner, Dr. Edward Gordon F. (Jim) 170, 173 Ure, Miss Isabel 61 Smith, Dr. Anthony A. 245 Vallance, Catherine S. 134 Smith, Dr. C. F. 164 see also Mrs. W. Strome Smith, Dr. N. B. 216 Van Belkum, Dr. Jacobus A. M. 240 Smith, Dr. Noel L. 35 Van Goor, Dr. John H. 219 Smith, Miss Jessie I 27 Van Zuiden, Dr. Lowell J. 223 Sobey, Dr. Vernon W. 240 Vernon, Dr. Maurice A. 216 Soby, Dr. Harold W. 10, 217 Wagner, Dr. Garth A. 220 Sommerfeldt, Dr. T. Drew 227 Walker, Dr. P. Reed 235 Sommerville, Dr. Robert J. 220 Walker, Dr. Robert H. 221 Soo, Dr. Tony Y. Y. 245 Wallace, Dr. Donald S. 2 19 Spackman, Dr. Leo F. 2 16 Wallace, Dr. Fred W. 213 Spank.ie, Dr. J.E. 191 Walley, Dr. David T. 227 Sparling, Dr. 170 Walsh, Dr. Alvin Cyril 213 Stanley, Dr. George Douglass 63, 9, 59, 207 Ward, Dr. 170 Stanley, Mrs. G.D. 64 Ware, John 26 Starke, Dr. Carola G. 237 Waterloo, Sir Ernest 25 Steel, Dr. Walter Dale 227 Waters, Dr. B. 225 Stewart, Dr. Charles John 28, 48 Wayne, Dr. David L. 219 Stewart, Dr. David 61 Wescott, Dr. Don Delane 227 Stewart, Dr. Donald Roy 225 Westrop, Mr. R. (pharmacist) 74 Stewart, Mrs. C. J. 28 Whillans, Dr. Pamela C. 219 Stillwell, Dr. John Bernard 226 White, Dr. Alan V. M. 221 Stinton, Dr. Arthur W. 209 White, Dr. William 191 Stitt, Dr. W. D. 236 Whitehead, Dr. Cheryl L. 222 Storoz, Dr. Linda L. 237 Wiens, Dr. A. T. I 07 Strachan, Dr. Michael 215 Wight, Dr. Norman J. (Nick) 36 Streilein, Dr. Karen 228 Wight, Sergeant Bob (N.W.M.P.) 36 Strome, Dr. William 134, 126 Williams, Dr. Alfred R. F. (Eric) 207, 226 Strome, Mrs. W. 134 Williams, Dr. John A. 220 Stuart, Dr. Hugh Alexander 15, 75 Williamson, Dr. R. J. Douglas 2 14 Sturdy, Dr. Donald D. 216 Wilson, Olive Elizabeth (Patty) 52 Swan, Dr. Robert Stephen 77 see also Mrs. N. S. Park Swancesky, Dr. Valerian Francis 120 Winkelaar, Dr. Philip G. 243 Symonds, Mae 128, 130 Wintemute, Dr. Robert W. 218 see also Mrs. W. R. Haig Wintonyk, Dr. F. Robert 220 Tamblyn, Dr. D. M. 243 Witzke, Dr. Ronald W. 245 Taranger, Dr. Lawrence A. 241 Wood, Margaret Elsie 77 Taylor, Dr. William P. 245 see also Mrs. R. C. Gross Tesch, Miss Lydia 168 Woodland, Dr. R. J. T. 154 Thomas, Dr. Gwyn Stuart 216 Wooldridge, Dr. David B. 218 Thornton, Dr. Kenneth R. 246 Woolnough, Dr. Kelvin V. 243 Thorson, Dr. Stephen Benedict 215 Woolstencroft, Dr. Robert 216 Trautman, Dr. Allen F. 237 Wray, Dr. D. B. 173 Treen, Dr. Trevor T. 232 Wright, Dr. Charles Burton 34 Trenholme, Dr. William A. 213 Younger, Dr. Lewis Ian 216 Trueman, Dr. E.G. Tess 218 Zender, Dr. Robert J. 170 Turnbull, Mirna 29 Ziegler, Emmeline 167 see Mrs. D. D. McLaren see also Mrs. G. G. Elder lllllll llll llll llll llllllllllllllllllllllllllll lllllllll 000094459807

DATE DUE SLIP

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F255

ISBN 0-88953-162-5