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Cultural Informations CULTURAL INFORMATIONS DREŽNIK GRAD The old town Drežnik is the fortress which is situated on the edge of the village Drežnik Grad, municipality of Rakovica, County of Karlovac in Central Croatia. Historical happenings in this area are mostly connected with constant warfare concerning borders and defense from conquerors' incursions, which is why the area had not developed as a market town or a settlement, but rather as a defensive fort, especially Drežnik Grad (Drežnik Castle). This area used to be the seat of the one-time County of Drežnik which was first mentioned in the 11th century. Drežnik frotress (Drežnik Castle) was an integral part of a chain of fortifications to defend against the Turks and Drežnik fortress was repeatedly conquered, ruined and rebuilt. The fortress is located on a cliff above a steep canyon of the river Korana which arose from Plitvice lakes and abruptly turns eastward and forms the present-day border with Bosnia and Herzegovina. Old town Drežnik - made of irregular rectangular shape, stone walls, two square towers and one round tower which is located on the north side of fortress. Until recently, it was almost entirely in ruins. Now, the round tower is completely walled in, while some parts of ruined fortress rising (sticking) from the bushes. PLITVICE LAKES NATIONAL PARK ( www.np-plitvicka-jezera.hr) Croatia's first National park established in 1949 covers 296.85 km2 of breathtaking natural splendor becoming with it the largest among the eight national parks of the country. The park was inscribed on the UNESCO's World Heritage List in 1979, in recognition of its "outstanding natural beauty and undisturbed production of travertine (tufa) through chemical and biological action". The park represents a phenomenon of karst hydrography. The park harbours a grand collection of waterfalls, gallery of lakes, forest and diversity of animal life. The lakes are renowned for their distinctive colors, ranging from azure to green, grey or blue. The colors change constantly depending on the quantity of minerals or organisms in the water and the angle of sunlight. The sixteen lakes which are formed by natural dams of travertine are separated into upper and lower lakes. About eight km of pathways and wooden walking trails around lakes are accessible to visitors. Trails are descending from an altitude of 636m to 503m above sea level. From the introduction to “The natural history guide” (by Prof. dr. sc. Milan Mestrov, academic) The natural attributes of the Plitvice Lakes National Park, uniqueness and sensibility of that phenomenon, deserve a full attention of our visitors. Recreational aspect of stay and the amazement with beauty of the area that conquers by its natural diversity and harmony of shapes and colours in any of the seasons, is based on many mutually conditioned natural characteristics. That is a specific geological and hydrogeological phenomenon of karst. The series of 16 bigger and a few smaller lakes, gradually lined up, separated by travertine barriers for which the period of the last ten thousand years was crucial, and which were ruled by ecological relations similar to those of today - suitable for travertine depositing and for the origin of the lakes - are the basic phenomenon of the National Park. Travertine forming plants, algae and mosses have been and still are playing an important role in their creation, thus making a very sensitive biodynamic system. Transitive type of climate between coastal and continental with microclimate diversities makes summer pleasant and sunny, while on the other side winter is relatively long, harsh and snowrich. There are large forestry complexes in the Park area, of which some sections are protected as a special reserve of forestry vegetation due to its primeval characteristics (Corkova uvala virgin forest). Diversity of places and living conditions makes possible for numerous species of plants and animals in watery and terrestrial areas of the Park to develop with no disturbancy. It should be stressed that all fundamental things that do determine the Park, make a very fragile structural and functional complex, sensitive to natural changes and to incautious human actions. CAVES OF BARAĆ (www.baraceve-spilje.hr) Croatia is a speleological El Dorado. Not many countries in the world have so much surface covered in karst. Over fifty per cent of Croatian territory, even seventy per cent if we include the undersea surface area, is made of limestone. Limestone easily dissolves in water. Interaction of water and limestone creates a unique and specific relief with a large number of karst forms. In our country, karst stretches from Istria, over Croatian Littoral, Gorski Kotar, Kordun, Lika and Dalmatia including islands, all through the border with Montenegro. Dinaric Kras extends from Soča, along the Adriatic Sea, all through Albania. Croatia knows a large number of speleological sites marked by abundance of cave jewels, endemic species of cave fauna (such as olms), and valuable paleontological and archaeological findings. Caves of Barać are located some six kilometres to the east of Rakovica, just over half a kilometre to the west from the centre of the village of Nova Kršlja. Entrances to all three caves from the north are called Baraćeve Brine. At the bottom of Brine, between the entrances to the caves, is Baraćevac spring, which, together with two smaller springs (without name) form Kršlja stream that merges with the Suvaja stream some twenty meters downstream. Kršlja flows several kilometres through the field, and at its eastern part, through a series of pits, enters the Varićak Cave, where it accounts for the greatest amount of water mass in its channels. Caves of Barać were once known as Radaković Caves. The last name Barać no longer exists in this region – this is a toponym from the times before or during Turkish invasions. According to the local legend, the caves were named after someone named Barać who defeated the furious Turkish giant in the battlefield and earned himself such honour. We know that there are three caves. The first records of this area, including Caves of Barać, can be found in the History of Cartography of the Area of Krajina by Marsiglia published in 1699. Marsiglia spent time in this area and produced the first known topographic maps of Croatian-Turkish border divided in 37 sections in the scale of 1:30000. After the World War II, Caves of Barać were almost forgotten by the tourists, neglected, in terms of visits and maintenance, although some elements of upkeep could still be visible. It was only recently, through the Decree of the Municipal Council of Rakovica Municipality, that action was initiated and the Committee for the Revitalization of Caves of Barać was formed. Meanwhile, several large-scale, international speleological expeditions were organized that proved very successful: a lot of new speleological sites were discovered and explored. The first Croatian speleologists’ centre was built in Nova Kršlja, the Lower and Upper Caves were barred with iron grid gates, the area surrounding the Baraćevac spring was cleaned, the intensive development of the Cave Protection Survey began, along with preparations for opening the caves to visitors. The Third or the New Cave was rediscovered after keeping its secrets and stories hidden for about a hundred years. The new topographic drawings of all three Caves of Barać were made. in July 2004, the Caves were again open to general public after 112 years. RASTOKE (SLUNJ) ( www.slunj-rastoke.com ) Rastoke is the watermill village situated where the blue-green waters of river Slunjčica flows into the Korana river. Because of its extraordinary natural beauties and historical tradition, in 1962 Rastoke village fell under the protection of the State Directorate for cultural and historical heritage. Many ancient civilizations, as well as contemporary urban environments witness that the water has always attracted people to come to its banks and settle there. For thousands of years, the waters of Korana and Slunjčica, and their flora and fauna, fought the laws of nature, and as a result of this struggle in the limestone plateau, a remarkable canyon was carved in for us to take pleasure in. Seeing this natural phenomenon, this "poured off" ("rastočen") terrain, a place where the waters of river Slunjčica pour off in several backwaters, leaving behind small elevations which then form watercourses and waterfalls, people built a village and named it RASTOKE. Here, they found everything they needed and stayed here, forever bound with nature. Rastoke is a village of ambiance value and authentic heritage when it comes to architecture, and according to some records, it was built in the 17th century, possibly even earlier. Most of the houses were built at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century. People have always lived in Rastoke. Grain from nearby villages was constantly being milled here, and since its location is by the main road – which connects southern and northern part of Croatia – it became the intersection of various buyers, dealers and live stock traders. This rich village constantly suffered war damages and other social caused troubles that destroyed it and set its development back to the beginning. Although people were forced to move away, the nature always stayed and defied the odds with its distinctiveness. Today, there are about 30 households in Rastoke, and their wish is to renew the water mills and start running businesses thanks especially to the tourism interests. BIHAĆ (Bosnia and Herzegovina) ( www.panacomp.net) Bihać is town situated in Una-Sana Canton, in the northwest part of Bosnia and Herzegovina, on the border between Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, very close /about 30 km/ to the Plitvice Lakes. Bihać is a town with rich history, an economic and cultural center of Una-Sana Canton.
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