Lesson 01 Programming with C
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Software Comprehension Using Open Source Tools: a Study
International Journal of Computer Sciences and Engineering Open Access Survey Paper Vol.-7, Issue-3, March 2019 E-ISSN: 2347-2693 Software Comprehension Using Open Source Tools: A Study Jyoti Yadav Department of Computer Science, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Maharashtra, India *Corresponding Author: [email protected], Tel.: 9881252910 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26438/ijcse/v7i3.657668 | Available online at: www.ijcseonline.org Accepted: 12/Mar/2019, Published: 31/Mar/2019 Abstract: Software applications developed in recent times are written in lakhs of lines of code and have become increasingly complex in terms of structure, behaviour and functionality. At the same time, development life cycles of such applications reveal a tendency of becoming increasingly shorter, due to factors such as rapid evolution of supporting and enabling technologies. As a consequence, an increasing portion of software development cost shifts from the creation of new artefacts to the adaptation of existing ones. A key component of this activity is the understanding of the design, operation, and behaviour of existing artefacts of the code. For instance, in the software industry, it is estimated that maintenance costs exceed 80% of the total costs of a software product’s lifecycle, and software understanding accounts for as much as half of these maintenance costs. Software Comprehension is a key subtask of software maintenance and evolution phase, which is driven by the need to change software. This paper will help in enhancing the ability of the developers to read and comprehend large pieces of software in an organized manner, even in the absence of adequate documentation by using existing open source tools. -
CMSC 246 Systems Programming Spring 2018 Bryn Mawr College Instructor: Deepak Kumar
1/23/2018 CMSC 246 Systems Programming Spring 2018 Bryn Mawr College Instructor: Deepak Kumar Input • scanf() is the C library’s counterpart to printf. • Syntax for using scanf() scanf(<format-string>, <variable-reference(s)>) • Example: read an integer value into an int variable data. scanf("%d", &data); //read an integer; store into data • The & is a reference operator. More on that later! 2 1 1/23/2018 Reading Input • Reading a float: scanf("%f", &x); • "%f" tells scanf to look for an input value in float format (the number may contain a decimal point, but doesn’t have to). 3 Standard Input & Output Devices • In Linux the standard I/O devices are, by default, the keyboard for input, and the terminal console for output. • Thus, input and output in C, if not specified, is always from the standard input and output devices. That is, printf() always outputs to the terminal console scanf() always inputs from the keyboard • Later, you will see how these can be reassigned/redirected to other devices. 4 2 1/23/2018 Program: Convert Fahrenheit to Celsius • The celsius.c program prompts the user to enter a Fahrenheit temperature; it then prints the equivalent Celsius temperature. • Sample program output: Enter Fahrenheit temperature: 212 Celsius equivalent: 100.0 • The program will allow temperatures that aren’t integers. 5 Program: Convert Fahrenheit to Celsius ctof.c #include <stdio.h> int main(void) { float f, c; printf("Enter Fahrenheit temperature: "); scanf("%f", &f); c = (f – 32) * 5.0/9.0; printf("Celsius equivalent: %.1f\n", c); return -
User's Manual
rBOX610 Linux Software User’s Manual Disclaimers This manual has been carefully checked and believed to contain accurate information. Axiomtek Co., Ltd. assumes no responsibility for any infringements of patents or any third party’s rights, and any liability arising from such use. Axiomtek does not warrant or assume any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness or usefulness of any information in this document. Axiomtek does not make any commitment to update the information in this manual. Axiomtek reserves the right to change or revise this document and/or product at any time without notice. No part of this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of Axiomtek Co., Ltd. Trademarks Acknowledgments Axiomtek is a trademark of Axiomtek Co., Ltd. ® Windows is a trademark of Microsoft Corporation. Other brand names and trademarks are the properties and registered brands of their respective owners. Copyright 2014 Axiomtek Co., Ltd. All Rights Reserved February 2014, Version A2 Printed in Taiwan ii Table of Contents Disclaimers ..................................................................................................... ii Chapter 1 Introduction ............................................. 1 1.1 Specifications ...................................................................................... 2 Chapter 2 Getting Started ...................................... -
LTIB Quick Start: Targeting the Coldfire Mcf54418tower Board By: Soledad Godinez and Jaime Hueso Guadalajara Mexico
Freescale Semiconductor Document Number: AN4426 Application Note Rev. 0, December 2011 LTIB Quick Start: Targeting the ColdFire MCF54418Tower Board by: Soledad Godinez and Jaime Hueso Guadalajara Mexico Contents 1 Introduction 1 Introduction................................................................1 The purpose of this document is to indicate step-by-step how 2 LTIB..........................................................................1 to accomplish these tasks: • Install the BSP on a host development system. 2.1 Introduction....................................................1 • Run Linux Target Image Builder (LTIB) to build target 2.2 Installing the BSP...........................................2 images. • Boot Linux on the ColdFire MCF54418 Tower board. 2.3 Running LTIB................................................7 3 Target deployment .................................................13 This document is a guide for people who want to properly set up the Freescale Linux Target Image Builder (LTIB) for the 3.1 The Tower kit ..............................................13 ColdFire MCF54418 Tower Board Support Package (BSP). 3.2 Constructing the Tower kit...........................15 3.3 Programming U-boot, kernel, and root file system.............................................16 2 LTIB 3.4 Configuring U-boot......................................24 3.5 Running.......................................................25 4 Conclusions.............................................................26 2.1 Introduction Freescale GNU/Linux -
A Type-Checking Preprocessor for Cilk 2, a Multithreaded C Language
A Typechecking Prepro cessor for Cilk a Multithreaded C Language by Rob ert C Miller Submitted to the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science in partial fulllment of the requirements for the degrees of Bachelor of Science in Computer Science and Engineering and Master of Engineering in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology May Copyright Massachusetts Institute of Technology All rights reserved Author ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: :::::::::::::::::::::::: Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science May Certied by ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ::::::::::::::::::: Charles E Leiserson Thesis Sup ervisor Accepted by ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ::::::::::::::::::: F R Morgenthaler Chairman Department Committee on Graduate Theses A Typechecking Prepro cessor for Cilk a Multithreaded C Language by Rob ert C Miller Submitted to the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science on May in partial fulllment of the requirements for the degrees of Bachelor of Science in Computer Science and Engineering and Master of Engineering in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Abstract This thesis describ es the typechecking optimizing translator that translates Cilk a C ex tension language for multithreaded parallel programming into C The CilktoC translator is based on CtoC a to ol I developed that parses type checks analyzes and regenerates a C program With a translator based on CtoC -
The C Programming Language
The C programming Language The C programming Language By Brian W. Kernighan and Dennis M. Ritchie. Published by Prentice-Hall in 1988 ISBN 0-13-110362-8 (paperback) ISBN 0-13-110370-9 Contents ● Preface ● Preface to the first edition ● Introduction 1. Chapter 1: A Tutorial Introduction 1. Getting Started 2. Variables and Arithmetic Expressions 3. The for statement 4. Symbolic Constants 5. Character Input and Output 1. File Copying 2. Character Counting 3. Line Counting 4. Word Counting 6. Arrays 7. Functions 8. Arguments - Call by Value 9. Character Arrays 10. External Variables and Scope 2. Chapter 2: Types, Operators and Expressions 1. Variable Names 2. Data Types and Sizes 3. Constants 4. Declarations http://freebooks.by.ru/view/CProgrammingLanguage/kandr.html (1 of 5) [5/15/2002 10:12:59 PM] The C programming Language 5. Arithmetic Operators 6. Relational and Logical Operators 7. Type Conversions 8. Increment and Decrement Operators 9. Bitwise Operators 10. Assignment Operators and Expressions 11. Conditional Expressions 12. Precedence and Order of Evaluation 3. Chapter 3: Control Flow 1. Statements and Blocks 2. If-Else 3. Else-If 4. Switch 5. Loops - While and For 6. Loops - Do-While 7. Break and Continue 8. Goto and labels 4. Chapter 4: Functions and Program Structure 1. Basics of Functions 2. Functions Returning Non-integers 3. External Variables 4. Scope Rules 5. Header Files 6. Static Variables 7. Register Variables 8. Block Structure 9. Initialization 10. Recursion 11. The C Preprocessor 1. File Inclusion 2. Macro Substitution 3. Conditional Inclusion 5. Chapter 5: Pointers and Arrays 1. -
N2429 V 1 Function Failure Annotation
ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 22/WG14 N2429 September 23, 2019 v 1 Function failure annotation Niall Douglas Jens Gustedt ned Productions Ltd, Ireland INRIA & ICube, Université de Strasbourg, France We have been seeing an evolution in proposals for the best syntax for describing how to mark how a function fails, such that compilers and linkers can much better optimise function calls than at present. These papers were spurred by [WG21 P0709] Zero-overhead deterministic exceptions, which proposes deterministic exception handling for C++, whose implementation could be very compatible with C code. P0709 resulted in [WG21 P1095] Zero overhead deterministic failure – A unified mecha- nism for C and C++ which proposed a C syntax and exception-like mechanism for supporting C++ deterministic exceptions. That was responded to by [WG14 N2361] Out-of-band bit for exceptional return and errno replacement which proposed an even wider reform, whereby the most popular idioms for function failure in C code would each gain direct calling convention support in the compiler. This paper synthesises all of the proposals above into common proposal, and does not duplicate some of the detail in the above papers for brevity and clarity. It hews closely to what [WG14 N2361] proposes, but with different syntax, and in addition it shows how the corresponding C++ features can be constructed on top of it, without loosing call compatibility with C. Contents 1 Introduction 2 1.1 Differences between WG14 N2361 and WG21 P1095 . .3 2 Proposed Design 4 2.1 errno-related function failure editions . .5 2.2 When to choose which edition . -
The C-- Language Reference Manual
The C-- Language Reference Manual Simon Peyton Jones Thomas Nordin Dino Oliva Pablo Nogueira Iglesias April 23, 1998 Contents 1 Introduction 3 2 Syntax definition 3 2.1 General ......................................... 3 2.2 Comments........................................ 6 2.3 Names.......................................... 6 2.4 Namescope....................................... 6 2.5 The import and export declarations ........................ 6 2.6 Constants ....................................... 7 2.6.1 Integer and floating point numbers . ...... 7 2.6.2 Characters and strings . ... 7 3 Fundamental concepts in C-- 7 3.1 Memory......................................... 7 3.2 Datasegment ..................................... 8 3.3 Codesegment..................................... 8 3.4 Types .......................................... 8 3.5 Local variables (or registers) . ......... 8 3.6 Addresses ....................................... 9 3.7 Names.......................................... 9 3.8 Foreign language interface . ....... 9 4 Data layout directives 9 4.1 Labels.......................................... 10 4.2 Initialisation.................................. ..... 10 4.3 Alignment....................................... 12 1 5 Procedures 12 5.1 Proceduredefinition..... ...... ..... ...... ...... .. ..... 12 5.2 Statements...................................... 13 5.2.1 skip; ..................................... 13 5.2.2 Declaration ................................... 13 5.2.3 Assignment................................... 13 5.2.4 -
Fundamentals of C Structure of a C Program
Fundamentals of C Structure of a C Program 1 Our First Simple Program Comments - Different Modes 2 Comments - Rules Preprocessor Directives Preprocessor directives start with # e.g. #include copies a file into the source code before compilation 2 forms…..we will usually see the first #include <systemFilename> #include “undefinedFilename” Within “ ” : personal file in your own directory 3 We will almost always use #include <stdio.h> • stdio.h is the standard input/output header • Contains code required for I/O (Input/Output) •.hfiles are header files Includes header ; The .obj part on Linking NO code is generally included except on linking • Header files contain definitions The function : main() ALL Programs must have a main() function. Later we will have add other functions. Different Formats: main( ) int main (void ) ***The book likes this void main(void) int main( ) 4 main( ) , void main(void) End with return; ************************** int main (void ) , int main( ) End with return 0; Back To Our First Program 5 Variables A Variable is a block of memory that stores data. A variable has a particular “Type”, i.e. it stores a particular kind of data A variable is named with an appropriate Identifier (or Name) Suppose we have a variable declared as follows: int number_of_days This reserves a block of memory which holds an integer 6 Schematic view: number_of_days 365 In the course of the program we might want to change the value in the variable. So that later we might want: number_of_days 7361 • The “actual” view of memory: 4 bytes number_of_days 01100000 11001010 10010100 00100111 So a variable takes a fixed number of bytes in memory 7 Rules for Naming Variables 1. -
The Book of C Release 2018.01
The Book of C Release 2018.01 Joel Sommers Sep 16, 2018 CONTENTS 1 Introduction: The C Language3 2 Getting your feet wet in the C5 2.1 Hello, somebody............................................5 2.2 Hello, clang ...............................................7 3 Basic Types and Operators 11 3.1 Integer types.............................................. 11 3.2 Floating point types.......................................... 14 3.3 Boolean type.............................................. 15 3.4 Basic syntactic elements........................................ 15 4 Control Structures 23 4.1 if Statement.............................................. 23 4.2 The conditional expression (ternary operator)........................... 24 4.3 switch statement............................................ 24 4.4 while loop................................................ 25 4.5 do-while loop............................................. 25 4.6 for loop................................................. 26 5 Arrays and Strings 29 5.1 Arrays.................................................. 29 5.2 Multidimensional Arrays....................................... 32 5.3 C Strings................................................. 32 6 Aggregate Data Structures 39 6.1 The C struct .............................................. 39 7 Functions 43 7.1 Function syntax............................................. 43 7.2 Data types for parameters and return values............................ 45 7.3 Storage classes, the stack and the heap.............................. -
Comp.Lang.C Frequently Asked Questions
comp.lang.c Frequently Asked Questions comp.lang.c Frequently Asked Questions This collection of hypertext pages is Copyright 1995 by Steve Summit. Content from the book ``C Programming FAQs: Frequently Asked Questions'' (Addison-Wesley, 1995, ISBN 0-201-84519-9) is made available here by permission of the author and the publisher as a service to the community. It is intended to complement the use of the published text and is protected by international copyright laws. The content is made available here and may be accessed freely for personal use but may not be published or retransmitted without written permission. This page is the top of an HTML version of the Usenet comp.lang.c Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) list. An FAQ list is a collection of questions commonly asked on Usenet, together with presumably definitive answers, provided in an attempt to keep repeated questions on the newsgroup down to a low background drone so that discussion can move on to more interesting matters. Since they distill knowledge gleaned from many sources and answer questions which are demonstrably Frequent, FAQ lists serve as useful references outside of their originating Usenet newsgroups. This list is, I dare to claim, no exception, and the HTML version you're looking at now, as well as other versions referenced just below, are intended to be useful to C programmers everywhere. Several other versions of this FAQ list are available, including a book-length version published by Addison-Wesley. (The book, though longer, also has a few more errors; I've prepared an errata list.) See also question 20.40. -
In Using the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC)
Using the GNU Compiler Collection For gcc version 6.1.0 (GCC) Richard M. Stallman and the GCC Developer Community Published by: GNU Press Website: http://www.gnupress.org a division of the General: [email protected] Free Software Foundation Orders: [email protected] 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor Tel 617-542-5942 Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA Fax 617-542-2652 Last printed October 2003 for GCC 3.3.1. Printed copies are available for $45 each. Copyright c 1988-2016 Free Software Foundation, Inc. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the Invariant Sections being \Funding Free Software", the Front-Cover Texts being (a) (see below), and with the Back-Cover Texts being (b) (see below). A copy of the license is included in the section entitled \GNU Free Documentation License". (a) The FSF's Front-Cover Text is: A GNU Manual (b) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: You have freedom to copy and modify this GNU Manual, like GNU software. Copies published by the Free Software Foundation raise funds for GNU development. i Short Contents Introduction ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 1 1 Programming Languages Supported by GCC ::::::::::::::: 3 2 Language Standards Supported by GCC :::::::::::::::::: 5 3 GCC Command Options ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 9 4 C Implementation-Defined Behavior :::::::::::::::::::: 373 5 C++ Implementation-Defined Behavior ::::::::::::::::: 381 6 Extensions to