The C Programming Language
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Practical Perl Tools: Scratch the Webapp Itch With
last tIme, we had the pleasure oF exploring the basics of a Web applica- DaviD n. BLank-EdeLman tion framework called CGI::Application (CGI::App). I appreciate this particular pack- age because it hits a certain sweet spot in practical Perl tools: terms of its complexity/learning curve and scratch the webapp itch with power. In this column we’ll finish up our exploration by looking at a few of the more CGI::Application, part 2 powerful extensions to the framework that David N. Blank-Edelman is the director of can really give it some oomph. technology at the Northeastern University College of Computer and Information Sci- ence and the author of the O’Reilly book Quick review Automating System Administration with Perl (the second edition of the Otter book), Let’s do a really quick review of how CGI::App available at purveyors of fine dead trees works, so that we can build on what we’ve learned everywhere. He has spent the past 24+ years as a system/network administrator in large so far. CGI::App is predicated on the notion of “run multi-platform environments, including modes.” When you are first starting out, it is easi- Brandeis University, Cambridge Technology est to map “run mode” to “Web page” in your head. Group, and the MIT Media Laboratory. He was the program chair of the LISA ’05 confer- You write a piece of code (i.e., a subroutine) that ence and one of the LISA ’06 Invited Talks will be responsible for producing the HTML for co-chairs. -
Software Comprehension Using Open Source Tools: a Study
International Journal of Computer Sciences and Engineering Open Access Survey Paper Vol.-7, Issue-3, March 2019 E-ISSN: 2347-2693 Software Comprehension Using Open Source Tools: A Study Jyoti Yadav Department of Computer Science, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Maharashtra, India *Corresponding Author: [email protected], Tel.: 9881252910 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26438/ijcse/v7i3.657668 | Available online at: www.ijcseonline.org Accepted: 12/Mar/2019, Published: 31/Mar/2019 Abstract: Software applications developed in recent times are written in lakhs of lines of code and have become increasingly complex in terms of structure, behaviour and functionality. At the same time, development life cycles of such applications reveal a tendency of becoming increasingly shorter, due to factors such as rapid evolution of supporting and enabling technologies. As a consequence, an increasing portion of software development cost shifts from the creation of new artefacts to the adaptation of existing ones. A key component of this activity is the understanding of the design, operation, and behaviour of existing artefacts of the code. For instance, in the software industry, it is estimated that maintenance costs exceed 80% of the total costs of a software product’s lifecycle, and software understanding accounts for as much as half of these maintenance costs. Software Comprehension is a key subtask of software maintenance and evolution phase, which is driven by the need to change software. This paper will help in enhancing the ability of the developers to read and comprehend large pieces of software in an organized manner, even in the absence of adequate documentation by using existing open source tools. -
BUGS Code for Item Response Theory
JSS Journal of Statistical Software August 2010, Volume 36, Code Snippet 1. http://www.jstatsoft.org/ BUGS Code for Item Response Theory S. McKay Curtis University of Washington Abstract I present BUGS code to fit common models from item response theory (IRT), such as the two parameter logistic model, three parameter logisitic model, graded response model, generalized partial credit model, testlet model, and generalized testlet models. I demonstrate how the code in this article can easily be extended to fit more complicated IRT models, when the data at hand require a more sophisticated approach. Specifically, I describe modifications to the BUGS code that accommodate longitudinal item response data. Keywords: education, psychometrics, latent variable model, measurement model, Bayesian inference, Markov chain Monte Carlo, longitudinal data. 1. Introduction In this paper, I present BUGS (Gilks, Thomas, and Spiegelhalter 1994) code to fit several models from item response theory (IRT). Several different software packages are available for fitting IRT models. These programs include packages from Scientific Software International (du Toit 2003), such as PARSCALE (Muraki and Bock 2005), BILOG-MG (Zimowski, Mu- raki, Mislevy, and Bock 2005), MULTILOG (Thissen, Chen, and Bock 2003), and TESTFACT (Wood, Wilson, Gibbons, Schilling, Muraki, and Bock 2003). The Comprehensive R Archive Network (CRAN) task view \Psychometric Models and Methods" (Mair and Hatzinger 2010) contains a description of many different R packages that can be used to fit IRT models in the R computing environment (R Development Core Team 2010). Among these R packages are ltm (Rizopoulos 2006) and gpcm (Johnson 2007), which contain several functions to fit IRT models using marginal maximum likelihood methods, and eRm (Mair and Hatzinger 2007), which contains functions to fit several variations of the Rasch model (Fischer and Molenaar 1995). -
Newbrain Handbook for Disk Users
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION Any information on the system which could not be included in the Handbook for Disk Users will be found in a file on the system disk called `INFO'. To read the information, enter CP/M, type: TYPE INFO and press NEWLINE As the text is shown on the screen, hold down CONTROL and press S to stop and restart the display. How to use this Manual CONTENTS If you just want 1 Introduction ................................................................................ 3 to use prepared READ 2 Connecting up ............................................................................ 9 programs on your SECTIONS 1, 2,3 3 Getting started ........................................................................ 13 NewBrain, and don't 4 NewBrain BASIC with disk-Programs ................................... 25 want to know about LOOK THROUGH 5 NewBrain BASIC with disk-Data Files .................................. 31 how computers work ... SECTIONS 10-12 6 NewBrain BASIC with disk-Random Access Files ............... 41 7 Cataloguing files through BASIC ............................................ 51 8 Using cassettes ....................................................................... 53 If you know some WORK THROUGH THE 9 What is CP/M? ........................................................................ 55 BASIC already and WHOLE OF THIS 10 Working with disks .................................................................. 59 want to develop your MANUAL AS A BASIS 11 Using CP/M with NewBrain ................................................... -
RDS) Distribution
2001/10/30 Data Formats of the NSRL Reference Data Set (RDS) Distribution Change Record 1. 2001/01/25 – Editorial changes, corrections to record layouts, modification of distribution naming and versioning. 2. 2001/01/29 – Addition of Virus data element to File record, modification of data records to use ASCII 10 character instead of ASCII 13 to end a record, addition of information on physical distribution to indicate additional records or replacement database. 3. 2001/03/08 – Added section on fifth file, SHA-1.txt. 4. 2001/07/06 – Modified file structures, file names, distribution information. 5. 2001/09/05 – Editorial changes and corrections. 6. 2001/10/11 – Modified manufacturer file structure, added SpecialCode field to NSRLFILE.TXT structure, and added clarifications to physical file descriptions. 7. 2001/10/23 – Modified NSRLFILE structure to remove PathHash. 8. 2001/10/30 – Modified NSRLFILE structure to remove FileExt. Introduction This report describes the format of data included in the distribution of the National Software Reference Library (NSRL) Reference Data Set (RDS). The NSRL is a repository of commercial- off-the-shelf (COTS) software. The RDS consists of file profiles made up of file identifying information and hash values from the individual files provided in a software package’s installation media. An extract of the NSRL database is produced periodically and made available through the U.S. Department of Commerce’s (DoC) National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Special Database program as NIST Special Database #28. (See “Physical Distribution Media.”) As software is received in the NSRL, it is processed on a production machine that runs programs to compute a file signature, or hash value, for each file within the installation media. -
Object Oriented Programming in Java Object Oriented
Object Oriented Programming in Java Introduction Object Oriented Programming in Java Introduction to Computer Science II I Java is Object-Oriented I Not pure object oriented Christopher M. Bourke I Differs from other languages in how it achieves and implements OOP [email protected] functionality I OOP style programming requires practice Objects in Java Objects in Java Java is a class-based OOP language Definition Contrast with proto-type based OOP languages A class is a construct that is used as a blueprint to create instances of I Example: JavaScript itself. I No classes, only instances (of objects) I Constructed from nothing (ex-nihilo) I Objects are concepts; classes are Java’s realization of that concept I Inheritance through cloning of original prototype object I Classes are a definition of all objects of a specific type (instances) I Interface is build-able, mutable at runtime I Classes provide an explicit blueprint of its members and their visibility I Instances of a class must be explicitly created Objects in Java Objects in JavaI Paradigm: Singly-Rooted Hierarchy Object methods 1 //ignore: 2 protected Object clone(); 3 protected void finalize(); I All classes are subclasses of Object 4 Class<? extends Object> getClass(); 5 I Object is a java object, not an OOP object 6 //multithreaded applications: I Makes garbage collection easier 7 public void notify(); 8 public void notifyAll(); I All instances have a type and that type can be determined 9 public void wait(); I Provides a common, universal minimum interface for objects 10 public -
CMSC 246 Systems Programming Spring 2018 Bryn Mawr College Instructor: Deepak Kumar
1/23/2018 CMSC 246 Systems Programming Spring 2018 Bryn Mawr College Instructor: Deepak Kumar Input • scanf() is the C library’s counterpart to printf. • Syntax for using scanf() scanf(<format-string>, <variable-reference(s)>) • Example: read an integer value into an int variable data. scanf("%d", &data); //read an integer; store into data • The & is a reference operator. More on that later! 2 1 1/23/2018 Reading Input • Reading a float: scanf("%f", &x); • "%f" tells scanf to look for an input value in float format (the number may contain a decimal point, but doesn’t have to). 3 Standard Input & Output Devices • In Linux the standard I/O devices are, by default, the keyboard for input, and the terminal console for output. • Thus, input and output in C, if not specified, is always from the standard input and output devices. That is, printf() always outputs to the terminal console scanf() always inputs from the keyboard • Later, you will see how these can be reassigned/redirected to other devices. 4 2 1/23/2018 Program: Convert Fahrenheit to Celsius • The celsius.c program prompts the user to enter a Fahrenheit temperature; it then prints the equivalent Celsius temperature. • Sample program output: Enter Fahrenheit temperature: 212 Celsius equivalent: 100.0 • The program will allow temperatures that aren’t integers. 5 Program: Convert Fahrenheit to Celsius ctof.c #include <stdio.h> int main(void) { float f, c; printf("Enter Fahrenheit temperature: "); scanf("%f", &f); c = (f – 32) * 5.0/9.0; printf("Celsius equivalent: %.1f\n", c); return -
Newline Characters Should Map to a Completely Ignorable Collation Element in the DUCET Marc Lodewijck (Brussels, Belgium) October 28, 2016
Proposal for consideration by UTC Newline characters should map to a completely ignorable collation element in the DUCET Marc Lodewijck (Brussels, Belgium) October 28, 2016 Assume the following records, which compare tertiary-equal: "xy#", "xy", "x#y" With the UCA “Shifted” option for handling variable collation elements, the sorting result is as follows: [3] x#y [1EFF 1F0B | 0020 0020 | 0002 0002 | FFFF 038F FFFF |] [2] xy [1EFF 1F0B | 0020 0020 | 0002 0002 | FFFF FFFF |] [1] xy# [1EFF 1F0B | 0020 0020 | 0002 0002 | FFFF FFFF 038F |] Inserting a variable character makes a string sort before the string without it; and appending a variable character makes a string sort after the string without it. With the “Shift-trimmed” option, this is the outcome: [2] xy [1EFF 1F0B | 0020 0020 | 0002 0002 | |] [3] x#y [1EFF 1F0B | 0020 0020 | 0002 0002 | FFFF 038F |] [1] xy# [1EFF 1F0B | 0020 0020 | 0002 0002 | FFFF FFFF 038F |] Inserting a variable character anywhere makes a string sort after the string without it; and the string having a variable character in the lowest position makes it sort before the other string. The “Shift-trimmed” option is the same as “Shifted”, except that trailing high-quaternary weights (from regular characters) are removed from the sort key. This means that, compared with “Shifted”, the “Shift-trimmed” option sorts strings without variable characters before ones with variable characters added—the string without variable characters has an empty fourth level. Now suppose we wish to sort the following text strings stored in a file: 1/6 It is obvious that we won’t strip off the newline character(s) at the end of each line, before it is processed further. -
A Quick Reference to C Programming Language
A Quick Reference to C Programming Language Structure of a C Program #include(stdio.h) /* include IO library */ #include... /* include other files */ #define.. /* define constants */ /* Declare global variables*/) (variable type)(variable list); /* Define program functions */ (type returned)(function name)(parameter list) (declaration of parameter types) { (declaration of local variables); (body of function code); } /* Define main function*/ main ((optional argc and argv arguments)) (optional declaration parameters) { (declaration of local variables); (body of main function code); } Comments Format: /*(body of comment) */ Example: /*This is a comment in C*/ Constant Declarations Format: #define(constant name)(constant value) Example: #define MAXIMUM 1000 Type Definitions Format: typedef(datatype)(symbolic name); Example: typedef int KILOGRAMS; Variables Declarations: Format: (variable type)(name 1)(name 2),...; Example: int firstnum, secondnum; char alpha; int firstarray[10]; int doublearray[2][5]; char firststring[1O]; Initializing: Format: (variable type)(name)=(value); Example: int firstnum=5; Assignments: Format: (name)=(value); Example: firstnum=5; Alpha='a'; Unions Declarations: Format: union(tag) {(type)(member name); (type)(member name); ... }(variable name); Example: union demotagname {int a; float b; }demovarname; Assignment: Format: (tag).(member name)=(value); demovarname.a=1; demovarname.b=4.6; Structures Declarations: Format: struct(tag) {(type)(variable); (type)(variable); ... }(variable list); Example: struct student {int -
Lecture 2: Introduction to C Programming Language [email protected]
CSCI-UA 201 Joanna Klukowska Lecture 2: Introduction to C Programming Language [email protected] Lecture 2: Introduction to C Programming Language Notes include some materials provided by Andrew Case, Jinyang Li, Mohamed Zahran, and the textbooks. Reading materials Chapters 1-6 in The C Programming Language, by B.W. Kernighan and Dennis M. Ritchie Section 1.2 and Aside on page 4 in Computer Systems, A Programmer’s Perspective by R.E. Bryant and D.R. O’Hallaron Contents 1 Intro to C and Unix/Linux 3 1.1 Why C?............................................................3 1.2 C vs. Java...........................................................3 1.3 Code Development Process (Not Only in C).........................................4 1.4 Basic Unix Commands....................................................4 2 First C Program and Stages of Compilation 6 2.1 Writing and running hello world in C.............................................6 2.2 Hello world line by line....................................................7 2.3 What really happens when we compile a program?.....................................8 3 Basics of C 9 3.1 Data types (primitive types)..................................................9 3.2 Using printf to print different data types.........................................9 3.3 Control flow.......................................................... 10 3.4 Functions........................................................... 11 3.5 Variable scope........................................................ 12 3.6 Header files......................................................... -
Bash Guide for Beginners
Bash Guide for Beginners Machtelt Garrels Garrels BVBA <tille wants no spam _at_ garrels dot be> Version 1.11 Last updated 20081227 Edition Bash Guide for Beginners Table of Contents Introduction.........................................................................................................................................................1 1. Why this guide?...................................................................................................................................1 2. Who should read this book?.................................................................................................................1 3. New versions, translations and availability.........................................................................................2 4. Revision History..................................................................................................................................2 5. Contributions.......................................................................................................................................3 6. Feedback..............................................................................................................................................3 7. Copyright information.........................................................................................................................3 8. What do you need?...............................................................................................................................4 9. Conventions used in this -
Better PHP Development I
Better PHP Development i Better PHP Development Copyright © 2017 SitePoint Pty. Ltd. Cover Design: Natalia Balska Notice of Rights All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles or reviews. Notice of Liability The author and publisher have made every effort to ensure the accuracy of the information herein. However, the information contained in this book is sold without warranty, either express or implied. Neither the authors and SitePoint Pty. Ltd., nor its dealers or distributors will be held liable for any damages to be caused either directly or indirectly by the instructions contained in this book, or by the software or hardware products described herein. Trademark Notice Rather than indicating every occurrence of a trademarked name as such, this book uses the names only in an editorial fashion and to the benefit of the trademark owner with no intention of infringement of the trademark. Published by SitePoint Pty. Ltd. 48 Cambridge Street Collingwood VIC Australia 3066 Web: www.sitepoint.com Email: [email protected] ii Better PHP Development About SitePoint SitePoint specializes in publishing fun, practical, and easy-to-understand content for web professionals. Visit http://www.sitepoint.com/ to access our blogs, books, newsletters, articles, and community forums. You’ll find a stack of information on JavaScript, PHP, design,