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Populasi Kupu-Kupu (Lepidoptera ) Di Pulau Mantehage, Sulawesi Utara

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Populasi Kupu-Kupu (Lepidoptera ) Di Pulau Mantehage, Sulawesi Utara POPULASI KUPU-KUPU (LEPIDOPTERA ) DI PULAU MANTEHAGE, SULAWESI UTARA Debry C. Lamatoa1), Roni Koneri1), Ratna Siahaan1), Pience V. Maabuat1) 1)Program Studi Biologi FMIPA Universitas Sam Ratulangi Jl. Kampus Unsrat, Manado 95115 e-mail : [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] ABSTRAK Kupu-kupu berperan penting dalam ekosistem dan dapat membantu proses penyerbukan pada tumbuhan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji populasi kupu-kupu di Pulau Mantehage, Sulawesi Utara. Pengambilan sampel kupu-kupu dilakukan dari Maret sampai Mei 2013 di Pulau Mantehage, Sulawesi Utara. Kupu-kupu dikoleksi dengan menggunakan metode sweeping yang diterapkan secara acak sepanjang 500m. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kupu-kupu di Pulau Mantehage ada 19 spesies yang termasuk ke dalam 4 famili yaitu Nymphalidae, Papilionidae, Pieridae dan Riodinidae. Spesies kupu-kupu yang paling banyak ditemukan yaitu Catopsilia scylla asema. Famili yang paling banyak ditemukan yaitu Famili Nymphalidae dengan jumlah spesies sebanyak 11 spesies. Kupu-kupu yang paling sedikit yaitu Famili Riodinidae yang memiliki jumlah satu spesies. Kata kunci : Populasi kupu-kupu, Pulau Mantehage, Sulawesi Utara. POPULATION OF BUTTERFLY (LEPIDOPTERA) IN MANTEHAGE ISLAND, NORTH SULAWESI ABSTRACT Butterfly has ecological functions for pollination and as biodicator of ecosystem change. This study was conducted for studying butterfly population in Mantehage Island, North Sulawesi. Butterfly sampling conducted in March until May 2013 in Mantehage island, North Sulawesi. Butterfly were collected by using random sweeping along 500 m. The result showed there were 19 species in 4 families i.e. Nymphalidae, Papilionidae, Pieridae dan Riodinidae. The most commonly butterfly found was Catopsilia scylla asema. The most common family was Nymphalidae with numbers of species were 11 species. The least family was Riodinidae with only 1 species. Keywords: Butterfly population, Mantehage Island, North Sulawesi. PENDAHULUAN pisang (Musa. sp) dan berbagai jenis buah- buahan lainnya (Mehta, 1999). Pulau Mantehage merupakan gugusan Salah satu keanekaragaman fauna yang pulau di Semenanjung Utara Sulawesi. terdapat di Pulau Mantehage adalah kupu- Secara administratif pulau tersebut termasuk kupu (Mehta, 1999). Di alam kupu-kupu Kecamatan Wori, Kabupaten Minahasa memiliki peranan yang sangat penting dalam Utara. Luas daratan Pulau Mantehage 738,10 mempertahankan ekosistem, seperti Ha dan sebagian besar bertopografi datar dan membantupen yerbukan pada tumbuhan tidak terdapat perbukitan. Pulau Mantehage berbunga, sehingga proses perbanyakan memiliki keanekaragaman jenis flora dan tumbuhan secara alamiah dapat berlangsung fauna. Jenis-jenis flora antara lain palma, (Borror et al., 1992). Keberadaan populasi seperti sagu/rumbia (Metroxylon sago), kupu-kupu pada suatu habitat sangat woka/palem kipas (Livistona chinensis), dan bergantung pada keanekaragaman tumbuhan kelapa (Cocos nucifera). Jenis-jenis buah- inang, sehingga memberikan hubungan yang buahan, seperti mangga (Mangifera indica), erat antara keanekaragaman dengan kondisi Lamatoa, Koneri, Siahaan dan Maabuat: Populasi Kupu-Kupu ……… 53 habitatnya (Widhiono, 2004). Kupu-kupu alih fungsi lahan hutan menjadi pertanian dan merupakan bagian dari keanekaragaman pemukiman, sehingga akan berdampak hayati yang harus dijaga kelestariannya dari terhadap populasi kupu-kupu. Berdasarkan kepunahan maupun penurunan hal tersebut, perlu dilakukan penelitian keanekaragaman jenisnya. Secara ekologis, tentang populasi kupu-kupu di Pulau kupu-kupu berperan dalam menjaga Mantehage, Sulawesi Utara. Hasil penelitian keseimbangan ekosistem dan membantu ini diharapkan dapat menjadi database penyebaran tumbuhan, serta sebagai tentang populasi kupu-kupu di Pulau bioindikator kualitas lingkungan (Achmad, Mantehage, Sulawesi Utara. 2002). Kerusakan habitat yang menyebab-kan penurunan keanekaragaman tumbuhan inang, METODOLOGI PENELITIAN menjadi salah satu faktor penyebab a. Waktu dan Tempat Penelitian penurunan keanekaragaman kupu-kupu. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan mulai Achmad (2002) menyebutkan bahwa Maret sampai Mei 2013 di Pulau Mantehage, kerusakan habitat terjadi karena aktivitas Sulawesi Utara. manusia dalam mengkonversi habitat alami. Selain itu, keanekaragaman kupu-kupu b. Bahan dan Cara Kerja dipengaruhi oleh ketinggian, suhu, Bahan dan alat yang digunakan dalam kelembaban, intensitas cahaya, cuaca, musim, penelitian ini yaitu alkohol 70%, sweepnet volume, dan nektar tumbuhan. (jaring serangga), kertas minyak/kertas Pulau Mantehage terfragmentasi papilot, jarum suntik 5 ml, kertas label, karena perubahan bentuk tata guna lahan. sterofoam, GPS (Global Position System) Alih fungsi lahan hutan yang dibangun merek Garmin, buku catatan, buku menjadi permukiman akan mengurangi identifikasi, alat tulis, kotak koleksi, kamera, vegetasi sebagai tumbuhan inang kupu-kupu. jarum pentul, termometer dan higrometer. Perubahan ekosistem yang terjadi karena Teknik pengambilan sampel yang eksploitasi yang sangat cepat merupakan digunakan adalah teknik survei dengan ancaman bagi keberadaan populasi kupu- pengambilan sampel secara purposive kupu pada suatu ekosistem. Fragmentasi random sampling. Koleksi kupu-kupu habitat tersebut dapat mempengaruhi dilakukan dengan teknik sweeping yang keberadaan spesies pada suatu pulau, yaitu diterapkan secara random sepanjang 500m dengan cara membatasi potensi suatu spesies dan jarak antar transek yaitu 200m. Jumlah untuk menyebar seperti pergerakan dan transek yang dibuat sebanyak 4 garis transek pencarian makan, mengurangi daerah jelajah dengan jumlah ulangan sebanyak 2 kali hewan asli dan kondisi lingkungan dapat ulangan. Pengambilan sampel dilaksanakan berubah. Fragmentasi habitat dapat dari jam 08.00 sampai 15.00 WITA. mengurangi keanekaragaman jenis dan Pengambilan sampel kupu-kupu yang ukuran populasi (Koneri, 2008). Kondisi dikoleksi hanya satu spesimen setiap spesies. tersebut jika terus berlangsung maka akan Bila ditemukan spesies yang sama jenis maka semakin menekan populasi kupu-kupu, dan kupu-kupu tersebut akan dilepas kembali, pada akhirnya kupu-kupu akan mengalami untuk mencegah kemungkinan terjadinya kepunahan. perhitungan ganda (lebih dari satu). Spesimen Penelitian tentang perubahan habitat yang ditangkap lalu disuntik dengan terhadap populasi kupu-kupu di Indonesia menggunakan alkohol 70% pada bagian telah banyak dilakukan. Beberapa penelitian toraks. Setelah itu, spesimen dimasukkan ke tentang populasi kupu-kupu di Pulau dalam kertas papilot dan diberi label sebagai Sulawesi telah dilakukan oleh Noerjito dan penanda. Spesimen yang ditangkap kemudian Amir (1992), Koneri dan Saroyo (2011), diidentifikasi di Laboratorium Ekologi dan Koneri dan Saroyo (2012). Bagaimanakah Biokonservasi, Jurusan Biologi, FMIPA populasi kupu-kupu di Pulau Mantehage? Unsrat.. Penelitian tentang hal tersebut pada saat ini Buku identifikasi yang dipakai yaitu belum pernah diteliti dan dipublikasikan. Butterflies of the South East Asian Island, Pada hal, informasi ini sangat penting Part I Papilionidae, Part II Pieridae-Danaidae, mengingat pada pulau tersebut sudah terjadi 54 Jurnal Ilmiah Sains Vol. 13 No. 1, April 2013 Part III Satyridae-Lybytheidae, Part IV Tabel 1. Jumlah Famili dan Spesies yang Nympalidae (I), Part V Nympalidae (II) Ditemukan di Pulau Mantehage, (Tsukada & Nishiyama, Sulawesi Utara 1982:1981;1982;1985;1991), serangga Taman Nasional Gunung Halimun Jawa No Famili/Spesies Jlh % Bagian Barat (Amir et al., 2003), panduan I Nymphalidae praktis kupu-kupu di kebun Raya Bogor 1 Junonia hedonia intermedia 31 9,34 (Peggie dan Amir, 2006), dan Entomologi 2 Hypolimnas bolina 30 9,04 Pertanian (Jumar, 2000). 3 Ideopsis juventa tontoliensis 28 8,43 4 Hypolimnas missipus 10 3,01 HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN 5 Acrophtalmia windorum 8 2,41 6 Euploea leucotictos westwoodi 6 1,81 Hasil penelitian didapatkan sebanyak 7 Euploea algae horsfieldi 6 1,81 332 individu yang tergolong dalam 19 spesies 8 Lasippa neriphus tawayana 6 1,81 kupu-kupu (Lepidoptera) (Tabel 1). Kupu- 9 Melanitis leda obsoleta 2 0,60 kupu yang diperoleh terdiri dari 4 famili 10 Lohara dexamenus 1 0,30 yaitu, Famili Nymphalidae (57,89%), 11 Danaus ismare alba 1 0,30 Papilionidae (21,05%), Pieridae (15,79%) II Papilionidae dan Riodinidae (5,26%) (Gambar 1). Famili 12 Papilio demoleus 32 9,64 Nymphalidae terdiri dari 10 genus dan 11 13 Papilio gigon 19 5,72 spesies, Famili Papilionidae (2 genus dan 4 14 Papilio sataspes 3 0,90 spesies), Famili Pieridae (satu genus dan 3 15 Graphium agamemnon 1 0,30 spesies) dan Famili Riodinidae yang hanya III Pieridae memiliki satu spesies dan satu genus 16 Catopsilia scylla asema 55 16, 57 (Gambar 2). Jumlah genus yang ditemukan 17 Catopsilia pamona flava 50 15,06 sebanyak 14 genus dan genus yang memiliki 18 Eurema tomina 27 8,13 spesies terbanyak adalah Papilo. Spesies IV Riodinidae kupu-kupu yang memiliki kelimpahan 19 Abisara echerius 16 4,82 tertinggi yaitu Catopsilia scylla asema Total 332 100,00 (16,57%) dan Catopsilia pamona flava (15,06%). Sedangkan spesies yang kelimpahannya yang terendah adalah Danaus 5.26 ismare alba, Lohara dexamenus dan Graphium agamemnon dengan masing- masing jumlah individu sebanyak satu 15.79 individu (0,30%) (Tabel 1). 57.89 21.05 Nymphalidae Papilionidae Pieridae Rionidae Gambar 1. Persentase Famili Kupu-kupu Berdasarkan Spesies Lamatoa, Koneri, Siahaan dan Maabuat: Populasi Kupu-Kupu ……… 55 12 11 Nymphalidae umumnya mempunyai 10 10 penyebaran yang luas, menyukai tempat
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