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71 Kelimpahan Kupu-Kupu (Lepidoptera) Di Kawasan

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71 Kelimpahan Kupu-Kupu (Lepidoptera) Di Kawasan KELIMPAHAN KUPU-KUPU (LEPIDOPTERA) DI KAWASAN CAGAR ALAM GUNUNG AMBANG SULAWESI UTARA Roni Koneri* Parluhutan Siahaan Jurusan Biologi, FMIPA, Universitas Sam Ratulangi, Jalan Kampus Bahu, Manado *Penulis untuk korespondensi, Tel. +62-0431- 827932, Fax. +62-0431- 822568, [email protected] Abstract Gunung Ambang Nature Reserve is one of the preserved areas which serve to protect the flora and fauna that live in it. This study aimed to analyze the abundance of butterflies (Lepidoptera) on various types of habitat in the area of the Gunung Ambang Nature Reserve, North Sulawesi. Sampling of habitat include primary forest, secondary forest, plantation and scrub. Sampling used a sweeping technique that follows the line transect which applied at random along the 1000 meters in each habitat type. The result obtained 5 families of insect, that Nymphalidae, Papilionidae, Pieridae, Riodinidae, and Satyridae, including 37 species and 560 individuals. The most Family found are Nymphalidae (72.50%), while the majority of species is Lohara dexaminus (24.64). The highest abundance of butterflies found in scrub habitat and the lowest on the plantation. Results of this research are expected to be the data base about the abundance of butterflies in North Sulawesi. Keywords: Forest, butterflies, Nymphalidae PENDAHULUAN Keanekaragaman spesies yang tinggi 24% merupakan kupu-kupu endemik merupakan karakteristik hutan hujan (Pegie dan Amir, 2006). tropis. Salah satu fauna yang terdapat di Cagar Alam Gunung Ambang hutan tropis adalah kupu-kupu. Kehadiran merupakan salah satu kawasan konservasi kupu-kupu pada suatu ekosistem hutan yang terdapat di Sulawesi Utara dan sangat penting. Kupu-kupu merupakan memiliki luas luas 8638 ha. Kawasan ini bagian dari rantai makanan, sebagai berperan penting dalam menjaga Daerah penyerbuk (Pollinator), dan makanan bagi Aliran Sungai (DAS) untuk daerah hewan lainnya (Toledo dan Mohagan, sekitarnya serta perlindungan terhadap 2011; Perveen dan Haroon, 2015). Peran flora dan fauna endemik yang terancam kupu-kupu juga dapat dijadikan sebagai punah. Ancaman terhadap flora dan fauna bioindikator kualitas lingkungan pada kawasan ini adalah kerusakan hutan (Widhiono, 2004). Jumlah spesies kupu- yang berupa pembalakan liar serta alih kupu yang terdapat di Indonesia sekitar fungsi lahan hutan menjadi perladangan. 1700 spesies dan jumlah ini hanya 10% Penelitian keanekaragaman hayati pada dari jumlah keseluruhan Lepidoptera yang kawasan ini sangat sedikit sekali terutama ada di dunia termasuk di dalamnya serangga. Beberapa penelitian ngengat. Penyebaran kupu-kupu di keanekaragam hayati yang pernah Indonesia seperti Papua sebanyak 5000 dilakukan, yaitu pada akhir 1970-an spesies, Sulawesi sekitar 560 spesies dan dilakukan survei tentang Macaca nigra dan mamalia lainnya dan spesies burung, 71 Jurnal Pro-Life Volume 3 Nomor 2, Juli 2016 oleh J. dan K. MacKinnon, analisis Gunung Slamet Jawa Tengah (Widhiono, vegetasi dan survey mamalia oleh 2004). Kelimpahan dan keanekaragaman Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) spesies kupu-kupu (Lepidoptera; tahun 1998 (Riley dan Mole, 2001). Rhopalocera) pada berbagai tipe habitat Alih fungsi lahan pada kawasan (Rahayu dan Basukriadi, 2012). cagar alam Gunung Ambang pada saat ini Perubahan habitat menjadi salah satu hal akan berdampak terhadap flora dan fauna yang harus diperhatikan untuk pada kawasan tersebut termasuk kupu- mempertahankan kelimpahan kupu-kupu kupu. Populasi kupu-kupu sangat (Subahar dan Yuliana, 2010). dipengarahi oleh berbagai faktor, baik Monitoring keanekaragaman hayati faktor biotik maupun abiotik (Amber et al, di suatu kawasan penting dalam 2015). Kupu-kupu akan merespon pengelolaan hutan dan konservasi. Sejauh perubahan kondisi pada habitatnya, jika mana dampak aktifitas alih fungsi lahan pada suatu habitat kondisinya tidak sesuai terhadap kelimpahan kupu-kupu di dengan kebutuhan hidupnya, maka kupu- Gunung Ambang belum pernah diteliti kupu akan berpindah untuk mencari dan dipublikasikan. Berdasarkan daerah baru yang lebih baik untuk permasalahan tersebut perlu dilakukan melangsungkan hidupnya (Clark et al. penelitian tentang kelimpahan kupu-kupu 1996). Apabila terjadi perubahan yang di Kawasan Gunung Ambang Sulawesi drastis pada suatu habitat, beberapa jenis Utara. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk kupu-kupu yang tidak mampu beradaptasi menganalisis kelimpahan kupu-kupu akan mengalami kepunahan (Borror et al., (Lepidoptera) pada berbagai tipe habitat 1996). di Kawasan Cagar Alam Gunung Ambang Penelitian tentang perubahan Sulawesi Utara. Hasil penelitian ini lingkungan terhadap kelimpahan dan diharapkan dapat dijadikan sebagai keanekaragaman kupu-kupu di Indonesia database keanekaragaman kupu-kupu di banyak dilakukan. Penelitian tentang Sulawesi Utara. komposisi spesies kupu-kupu di lahan METODOLOGI bekas kebakaran di hutan Borneo dan Waktu dan tempat disimpulkan komposisi komunitasnya Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di berbeda jika dibandingkan dengan hutan Kawasan Cagar Alam Gunung Ambang alam (Cleary danMooers, 2004). Sulawesi Utara dari bulan April sampai Kelimpahan kupu-kupu di empat tipe Juni 2012. Habitat yang dijadikan tempat habitat yaitu hutan alam, hutan tanaman, pengambilan sampel adalah hutan primer, hutan wisata, dan hutan pertanian di 72 Roni Koneri: Kelimpahan Kupu-Kupu (Lepidoptera) di Kawasan Cagar Alam Gunung Ambang Sulawesi Utara Gambar 1. Peta Lokasi Penelitian di Cagar Alam Gunung Ambang, Sulawesi Utara hutan sekunder, lahan perkebunan dan Teknik pengambilan dan identifikasi semak. Hutan primer dengan kondisi sampel hutannya tidak terganggu dan diameter Metode pengambilan sampel yang pohonnya ada yang mencapai 100 cm. digunakan adalah metode survey Penutupan kanopi pohon pada hutan ini dengan pengambilan sampel secara di atas 75 %. Hutan sekunder, kondisi purporsif. Koleksi kupu-kupu dilakukan hutannya relatif kurang terganggu. dengan teknik sweeping mengikuti garis Hutan ini ditandai dengan diameter transek yang diterapkan secara random pohon yang tidak terlalu besar (rata-rata sepanjang 1000 m dan teknik ini telah diameter pohon lebih kecil dari 50 cm) digunakan lebih dari 25 tahun dan dan penutupan kanopi pohon antara 50- dianggap efektif (Hamer et al., 1997). 75 %. Kebun merupakan lahan yang Pengambilan sampel dilaksanan dari dijadikan tempat bercocok tanam oleh jam 8 sampai 15 Wita (Peggie dan masyarakat yang berada di sekitar Amir, 2006). Proses identifikasi dan kawasan pinggir hutan. Semak klasifikasi spesimen dengan merupakan habitat bekas kebun menggunakan buku identifikasi. Buku masyarakat yang terlantar dan identifikasi yang dipakai yaitu ditumbuhi oleh semak belukar dan Butterflies of the South East Asian herba. Island, Part I Papilionidae, Part II Pieridae-Danaidae, Part III Satyridae- 73 Jurnal Pro-Life Volume 3 Nomor 2, Juli 2016 Lybytheidae, Part IV Nympalidae (I), Hasil penelitian didapatkan Part V Nympalidae (II) (Tsukada dan sebanyak 560 individu yang termasuk Nishiyama, 982:1981;1982;1985;1991), dalam 37 spesies kupu-kupu (Tabel 1). serangga Taman Nasional Gunung Famili kupu-kupu yang ditemukan Halimun Jawa Bagian Barat (Amir et sebanyak 5 famili yang terdiri dari al., 2003), panduan praktis kupu-kupu Nymphalidae, Papilionidae, Pieridae, di kebun Raya Bogor (Peggie dan Amir, Satyridae dan Riodinidae. Kelimpahan 2006), entomologi pertanian (Jumar, famili yang tertinggi terdapat pada 1997). Setelah selesai proses Nymphalidae (72,50%), sedangkan identifikasi maka selanjutnya diadakan yang terendah Rionidae (0,89%) proses pengklasifikasian. Sampel yang (Gambar 2). Famili yang memiliki belum dapat diidentifikasi berdasarkan banyak spesies atau kekayaan spesies beberapa kunci diatas, maka sampel teringgi juga terdapat pada tersebut kemudian dibawa ke museum Nymphalidae (20 spesies atau 54,05%), serangga LIPI Cibinong untuk sedang yang terendah Rionidae dan diidentifikasi dan dicocokkan dengan Satyridae dengan kekayaan spesies spesimen kupu-kupu yang terdapat di masing-masing sebesar satu spesies museum serangga. (2,70%) (Tabel 1). Analisis data Jumlah spesies yang ditemukan Data kupu-kupu yang sudah lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan teridentifikasi dianalisis kelimpahannya. penelitian kupu-kupu yang dilakukan di Kelimpahan spesies merupakan jumlah lokasi lain di Indonesia. Penelitian individu setiap spesies yang ditemukan Cleary dan Grill (2004) mencatat 211 pada setiap habitat. Pengolahan data spesies kupu-kupu di Kalimantan dilakukan dengan bantuan program MS Timur. Nurhasanah et al. (2006) Exell. Analisis statistik yang digunakan menemukan 185 spesies di Taman adalah program Statistica versi 6, Nasional Bukit Barisan. Schulze et al Anova satu arah (one-way Anova) dan (2004) melaporkan 88 spesies yang uji Tukey’s pada taraf kepercayaan 95 % ditemukan di Sulawesi Tengah, dan 252 dipakai untuk mengetahui perbedaan spesies kupu-kupu yang dilaporkan kelimpahan spesies kupu-kupu pada terdapat di Papua (van Mastrigt dan setiap habitat (Statsoft, 2001; Ohsawa, Rosariyanto, 2005), di Gunung Sago 2005). Sumatra Barat (184 spesies) (Rusman, HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN 2015), di Taman Nasional 74 Roni Koneri: Kelimpahan Kupu-Kupu (Lepidoptera) di Kawasan Cagar Alam Gunung Ambang Sulawesi Utara Bantimurung (144 spesies) (Sumah, pengambilan sampel. Faktor lain 2012), dan di Gunung Meja Papua Barat penyebab lebih sedikitnya spesies kupu- (113 spesies) (Panjaitan, 2011). kupu yang didapatkan adalah rendahnya Perbedaan jumlah spesies yang kompleksitas vegetasi pada lokasi ditemukan disebabkan karena penelitian. perbedaan metode dan lama waktu Tabel 1. Jumlah
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