OECD Territorial Reviews Mexico City
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OECD Territorial Reviews « Mexico City Mexico City’s spectacular growth into one of the world’s largest metropolitan OECD regions is giving way to new development dynamics. The OECD Territorial Review of Mexico City highlights the rregion’segion’s grgreateat potential for further grgrowth,owth, which is linked to the concentration of headquarters, educational establishments Territorial Reviews and research facilities, as well as high levels of FDI and rich cultural resources. However, it also reveals that this growth is constrained by low levels of human capital, inadequate infrastructure and widespread, acute poverty. The current Mexico City governance framework, characterised by modest co-operation, also remains a sticking point for the region’s development. The review recognises that these issues are metropolitan in scale and need to be handled with a more inclusive strategy. To enhance metropolitan competitiveness internationally, action is needed in the fields of business development, skills development and urban regeneration. As regards governance, a strong political commitment should be built around a new metropolitan vision. OECD Territorial Reviews OECD Territorial The OECD Territorial Review of Mexico City is integrated into a series of thematic reviews undertaken by the OECD Territorial Development Policy Committee. The overall aim of these reviews is to provide practical policy advice to governments focusing on multi-level governance and regional competitiveness. Mexico City OECD's books, periodicals and statistical databases are now available via www.SourceOECD.org, our online library. This book is available to subscribers to the following SourceOECD themes: Governance Territorial Economy Ask your librarian for more details of how to access OECD books online, or write to us at [email protected] www.oecd.org ISBN 92-64-01831-X 04 2004 05 1 P -:HSTCQE=UV]XVU: caecilia_histo_gen_a_16x23.fm Page 1 Tuesday, September 28, 2004 4:28 PM 0&$%Á5FSSJUPSJBMÁ3FWJFXT .FYJDPÁ$JUZ ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT caecilia_histo_gen_a_16x23.fm Page 2 Tuesday, September 28, 2004 4:28 PM 03("/*4"5*0/Á'03Á&$0/0.*$Á$001&3"5*0/ "/%Á%&7&-01.&/5 Á1VSTVBOUÁUPÁ"SUJDMFÁÁPGÁUIFÁ$POWFOUJPOÁTJHOFEÁJOÁ1BSJTÁPOÁUIÁ%FDFNCFSÁ BOEÁXIJDIÁDBNFÁJOUPÁGPSDFÁPOÁUIÁ4FQUFNCFSÁ ÁUIFÁ0SHBOJTBUJPOÁGPSÁ&DPOPNJD $PPQFSBUJPOÁBOEÁ%FWFMPQNFOUÁÉ0&$% ÁTIBMMÁQSPNPUFÁQPMJDJFTÁEFTJHOFE o UPÁ BDIJFWFÁ UIFÁ IJHIFTUÁ TVTUBJOBCMFÁ FDPOPNJDÁ HSPXUIÁ BOEÁ FNQMPZNFOUÁ BOEÁ B SJTJOHÁ TUBOEBSEÁ PGÁ MJWJOHÁ JOÁ NFNCFSÁ DPVOUSJFT Á XIJMFÁ NBJOUBJOJOHÁ GJOBODJBM TUBCJMJUZ ÁBOEÁUIVTÁUPÁDPOUSJCVUFÁUPÁUIFÁEFWFMPQNFOUÁPGÁUIFÁXPSMEÁFDPOPNZ o UPÁDPOUSJCVUFÁUPÁTPVOEÁFDPOPNJDÁFYQBOTJPOÁJOÁNFNCFSÁBTÁXFMMÁBTÁOPONFNCFS DPVOUSJFTÁJOÁUIFÁQSPDFTTÁPGÁFDPOPNJDÁEFWFMPQNFOUÁBOE o UPÁDPOUSJCVUFÁUPÁUIFÁFYQBOTJPOÁPGÁXPSMEÁUSBEFÁPOÁBÁNVMUJMBUFSBM ÁOPOEJTDSJNJOBUPSZ CBTJTÁJOÁBDDPSEBODFÁXJUIÁJOUFSOBUJPOBMÁPCMJHBUJPOT 5IFÁ PSJHJOBMÁ NFNCFSÁ DPVOUSJFTÁ PGÁ UIFÁ 0&$%Á BSFÁ "VTUSJB Á #FMHJVN Á $BOBEB %FONBSL Á 'SBODF Á (FSNBOZ Á (SFFDF Á *DFMBOE Á *SFMBOE Á *UBMZ Á -VYFNCPVSH Á UIF /FUIFSMBOET Á /PSXBZ Á 1PSUVHBM Á 4QBJO Á 4XFEFO Á 4XJU[FSMBOE Á 5VSLFZ Á UIFÁ 6OJUFE ,JOHEPNÁ BOEÁ UIFÁ 6OJUFEÁ 4UBUFTÁ 5IFÁ GPMMPXJOHÁ DPVOUSJFTÁ CFDBNFÁ NFNCFST TVCTFRVFOUMZÁ UISPVHIÁ BDDFTTJPOÁ BUÁ UIFÁ EBUFTÁ JOEJDBUFEÁ IFSFBGUFSÁ +BQBO ÉUI "QSJM Á'JOMBOEÁÉUI +BOVBSZÁ Á"VTUSBMJBÁÉUIÁ+VOFÁ Á/FXÁ;FBMBOE ÉUI .BZ Á.FYJDPÁÉUIÁ.BZÁ ÁUIFÁ$[FDIÁ3FQVCMJDÁÉTU %FDFNCFS )VOHBSZÁ ÉUIÁ.BZÁ Á1PMBOEÁÉOE /PWFNCFS Á,PSFBÁÉUIÁ%FDFNCFSÁ BOEÁ UIFÁ 4MPWBLÁ 3FQVCMJDÁ ÉUIÁ %FDFNCFS Á 5IFÁ $PNNJTTJPOÁ PGÁ UIFÁ &VSPQFBO $PNNVOJUJFTÁUBLFTÁQBSUÁJOÁUIFÁXPSLÁPGÁUIFÁ0&$%ÁÉ"SUJDMFÁÁPGÁUIFÁ0&$%Á$POWFOUJPO ¦Á0&$%Á 1FSNJTTJPOÁUPÁSFQSPEVDFÁBÁQPSUJPOÁPGÁUIJTÁXPSLÁGPSÁOPODPNNFSDJBMÁQVSQPTFTÁPSÁDMBTTSPPNÁVTFÁTIPVMEÁCFÁPCUBJOFEÁUISPVHI UIFÁ$FOUSFÁGSBO¡BJTÁEÈFYQMPJUBUJPOÁEVÁESPJUÁEFÁDPQJFÁÉ$'$ Á SVFÁEFTÁ(SBOET"VHVTUJOT ÁÁ1BSJT Á'SBODF ÁUFMÁÉ ÁÁÁÁ GBYÁÉ ÁÁÁÁ ÁGPSÁFWFSZÁDPVOUSZÁFYDFQUÁUIFÁ6OJUFEÁ4UBUFTÁ*OÁUIFÁ6OJUFEÁ4UBUFTÁQFSNJTTJPOÁTIPVMEÁCFÁPCUBJOFE UISPVHIÁUIFÁ$PQZSJHIUÁ$MFBSBODFÁ$FOUFS Á$VTUPNFSÁ4FSWJDF ÁÉ Á 3PTFXPPEÁ%SJWF Á%BOWFST Á."ÁÁ64" PSÁ$$$Á0OMJOFÁXXXDPQZSJHIUDPNÁ"MMÁPUIFSÁBQQMJDBUJPOTÁGPSÁQFSNJTTJPOÁUPÁSFQSPEVDFÁPSÁUSBOTMBUFÁBMMÁPSÁQBSUÁPGÁUIJTÁCPPL TIPVMEÁCFÁNBEFÁUPÁ0&$%Á1VCMJDBUJPOT Á ÁSVFÁ"OESÏ1BTDBM ÁÁ1BSJTÁ$FEFYÁ Á'SBODF FOREWORD – 3 Foreword The globalisation of trade and economic activity is increasingly testing the ability of regional economies to adapt and exploit or maintain their competitive edge. There is a tendency for performance gaps to widen between regions, and the cost of maintaining cohesion is increasing. On the other hand, rapid technological change, extended markets and greater use of knowledge are offering new opportunities for local and regional development but demand further investment from enterprises, reorganisation of labour and production, skills upgrading and improvements in the local environment. All these trends are leading public authorities to rethink their policies and strategies. The role of policies aimed at improving the competitiveness of regions by promoting the valorisation and use of endogenous resources and at capturing trade and additional economic activities has been strengthened. At the same time central governments are no longer the sole provider of territorial policy (development policies). The vertical distribution of power between the different tiers of government needs to be reassessed as well as the decentralisation of fiscal resources in order to better respond to the expectations of the public and improve policy efficiency. The Territorial Development Policy Committee (TDPC) was created at the beginning of 1999 to provide governments with a forum for discussing the above issues. Within this framework, the TDPC has adopted a programme of work that puts its main focus on reviewing (assessing) Member countries’ territorial policies and on evaluating their impact at regional level. The objectives of Territorial reviews are: a) identify the nature and scale of territorial challenges using a common analytical framework; b) assist governments in the assessment and improvement of their territorial policy, using comparative policy analysis; c) assess the distribution of competencies and resources among the different levels of governments; and d) identify and disseminate information on best practices regarding territorial policy. OECD TERRITORIAL REVIEWS: MEXICO CITY – ISBN 92-64-01831-X © OECD 2004 4 – ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Acknowledgements This Review was elaborated by the Directorate of Public Governance and Territorial Development (PGTD) of the OECD. The OECD Secretariat would like to thank the Mexican authorities for their co-operation and support. A team of international experts contributed to the process: Mr. Greg Clark (Director, London Development Agency), Professor Timothy Goodspeed (City University of New York), Professor Daniel Hiernaux-Nicolas (Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa) and Professor Gianfranco Viesti (University of Bari). This Review was directed by Mr. Mario Pezzini, Head of the Territorial Reviews and Governance Division, and co-ordinated and drafted by Mr. Nicola Crosta and Mr. Andrew Davies, Administrators of the OECD. Individual contributions were provided by Mr. Brian McCauley, Mrs. Debra Mountford and Mr. Vincenzo Spiezia of the OECD Secretariat. Mrs. Doris Cachin and Miss Erin Haddock prepared the Review for publication. OECD TERRITORIAL REVIEWS: MEXICO CITY – ISBN 92-64-01831-X © OECD 2004 TABLE OF CONTENTS – 5 Table of Contents FOREWORD........................................................................................................3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS..................................................................................4 ASSESSMENT AND RECOMMENDATIONS..................................................9 CHAPTER 1. PROFILE OF THE METROPOLITAN REGION.....................25 Demographic and spatial expansion ...............................................................25 Mexico City’s competitiveness in an international context ............................34 Transition in the economy ..............................................................................42 Processes of exclusion and inequality.............................................................52 ANNEX 1 ...........................................................................................................57 NOTES ...............................................................................................................62 CHAPTER 2. GOVERNANCE: MANAGING THE METROPOLITAN REGION ............................................................................................................................65 Functional economic areas..............................................................................65 Institutional framework and existing co-ordination mechanisms ...................67 Regional co-ordinating and planning institutions .......................................69 Trusts and other co-ordinating mechanisms................................................73 Federal planning mechanisms and sectoral programmes............................74 Summing up: the need for a comprehensive metropolitan approach ..........75 Fiscal relations across levels of government...................................................77 Towards a stronger metropolitan focus: options and limitations ....................87 1. A politically agreed commitment to the metropolitan concept ...............95 2. Creating fiscal mechanisms to promote co-operation .............................98