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Le Cas Du Wapikoni Mobile UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À MONTRÉAL PRATIQUES MÉDIATIQUES ALTERNATIVES ET ESPACES PUBLICS. LE CAS DU WAPIKONI MOBILE. THÈSE PRÉSENTÉE COMME EXIGENCE PARTIELLE DU DOCTORAT EN COMMUNICATION PAR ANTONIN SERPEREAU NOVEMBRE 2011 UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À MONTRÉAL Service des bibliothèques Avertissement La diffusion de cette thèse se fait dans le respect des droits de son auteur, qui a signé le formulaire Autorisation de reproduire et de diffuser un travail de recherche de cycles supérieurs (SDU-522 - Rév.01-2006). Cette autorisation stipule que «conformément à l'article 11 du Règlement no 8 des études de cycles supérieurs, [l'auteur] concède à l'Université du Québec à Montréal une licence non exclusive d'utilisation et de publication de la totalité ou d'une partie importante de [son] travail de recherche pour des fins pédagogiques et non commerciales. Plus précisément, [l'auteur] autorise l'Université du Québec à Montréal à reproduire, diffuser, prêter, distribuer ou vendre des copies de [son] travail de recherche à des fins non commerciales sur quelque support que ce soit, y compris l'Internet. Cette licence et cette autorisation n'entraînent pas une renonciation de [la] part [de l'auteur] à [ses] droits moraux ni à [ses] droits de propriété intellectuelle. Sauf entente contraire, [l'auteur] conserve la liberté de diffuser et de commercialiser ou non ce travail dont [il] possède un exemplaire.» II Remerciements Je tiens en premier lieu à remercier mes directeurs de recherche. Pour son implication déjà ancienne, puisqu'il m'a accompagné également dans ma recherche de Master, pour sa rigueur de raisonnement, pour la confiance qu'jl m'a très tôt accordée, pour les effOlts qu'il a déployés pour que je puisse être financé et réaliser cette thèse en cotutelle, pour la cordialité de nos échanges, je remercie Philippe Bouquillion, mon directeur de thèse à l'Université Paris 8. Je remercie également Gaëtan Tremblay, mon directeur de thèse à l'Université du Québec à Montréal, qui a toujours été disponible pour me rencontrer lorsque j'en faisais (trop peu, sans doute) la demande. Il a su m'encourager dans des moments difficiles, trouver [es moyens de me relancer. La précision et la rigueur de ses lectures ont grandement contribué à am~liorer mon travail. Je le remercie également de m'avoir proposé de m'adjoindre Eric George (UQAM) comme codirecteur. Son implication a été un élément déclencheur dans l'avancée de mon travail. Je le remercie pour ses méthodes d'accompagnement, son intérêt pour mon objet d'étude et les théories que j'entendais manipuler. Je remercie enfin mes trois directeurs pour leur soutien, leur compréhension et leurs conseils lorsque mon travail de recherche a traversé une zone de turbulences. Pour leur soutien chaleureux, pour la confiance qu'ils m'ont accordée, pour leur implication bienveriue lorsqu'il me fallait chercher des finance,ments, je remercie également Carmen Rico de Sotelo (UQAM) et Michel Sénécal (TELUQ). Mes remerciements vont également à tous les acteurs du Wapikoni Mobile que j'ai rencontrés, tout particulièrement à Manon Barbeau et aux membres des équipes de formation qui ont accepté ma présence avec patience. Je les remercie également de s'être prêtés au dur jeu de la recherche, et d'avoir consacré du temps et des efforts considérables pour relire un document qui ne leur était pas nécessairement favorable. Je les remercie de m'avoir ouvert les yeux sur certains jugements hâtifs, et pour m'avoir en général poussé à affiner mes argumentations, à clarifier mes positions. Sans eux ma thèse n'aurait pu voir le jour, et elle aurait certainement été bien moins solide. Si je tiens à remercier mes collègues du doctorat conjoint, pour les discussions enrichissantes que nous avons pu avoir, ma gratitude va particulièrement à Guy Gendron, qui m'a fait découvrir le Wapikoni Mobile, m'a aidé à prendre contact avec eux, et à su m'aider avec tact et humour lors de moments difficiles, ainsi qu'à Evan Light, pour tous ces échanges, théoriques, politiques, académiques et tout simplement amicaux que nous avons pu avoir. Mes remerciements vont également à ma famille, pour leur écoute, leur soutien, leurs encouragements. J'ai une pensée particulière pour ma mère, qui m'a accueilli chez elle pour la première écriture de la thèse, dans son coin de campagne qui s'y prête tant. Sa relecture attentive a grandement contribué à la qualité finale de ce travail. Merci également à Guillaume et Flavie, pour leurs multiples accueils à Paris tout au long cette thèse transatlantique. Je voudrais enfin remercier Michel et Marie-Jo Carrière, de l'ONG Anamorphose, qui m'ont fait découvrir l'univers de la communication pour le développement, et fait III naître les interrogations qui m'ont poussé à reprendre mes études. Des remerciements également teintés de tristesse en mémoire de Nicole Alix, qui fut présidente de la fédération des Vidéos de Pays et de Quartier, avec qui j'ai travaillé et discuté sur le sens des télévisions participatives, ainsi qu'à Guy Pineau. Ma thèse leur doit beaucoup. Cette thèse a bénéficié de l'appui financier du ministère de l'Enseignement supérieur français et de la Fondation de l'UQAM. Cette thèse a été réalisée à l'aide des logiciels libres suivants: les suites NeoOffice et LibreOffice pour le traitement de texte et les tableurs ainsi que Zotera pour l'intégration des références bibliographiques. IV TABLE DES MATIÈRES Remerciements .11 Liste des figures XVIII Résumé .IX 1 Théorie des médias alternatifs et praxis: quelle place pour la diffusion? 11 1.1 Problématique 11 1.1.1 Critique des médias: la tendance expressiviste L3 1.1.2 Les médias alternatifs et leur polysémie .15 1.1.3 Produire différemment, plus que diffuser: « procès vidéo» contre« produit vidéo » .21 1.1.4 Praxis médiatique et réappropriation du symbolique .29 1.1.5 Peut-on réellement faire abstraction de la diffusion? 35 1.2 Le Wapikoni Mobile: description du cas étudîé .41 1.2.1 Interven ir et diffuser 4 L 1.2.2 Genèse et public du Wapikoni Mobile 43 1.2.3 Ressources humaines et matérielles 45 1.2.4 Une économie de subvention ..48 1.2.5 Escales et méthodologie de formation .52 1.2.6 Wapikoni Mobile et diffusion .55 1.3 Contextualisation du Wapikoni Mobile .57 1.3.1 L'héritage du programme Société nouvelle/Challenge for Change .57 1.3.2 Le contexte autochtone du Wapikoni Mobile 62 1.3.3 Bref aperçu du paysage médiatique autochtone 68 1.4 Questions de recherche 70 1.5 Éléments pour un cadre théorique 74 1.6 Méthodologie 78 1.6.1 Une observation participante 80 1.6.2 Observation participante et ouverture du processus de rédaction 85 1.6.3 Analyse documentaire: méthodologie et corpus 89 1.6.4 Observation directe: méthodologie et corpus 94 1.6.5 Les limites de l'observation participante 101 1.6.6 "Çntretiens semi-dirigés et questionnaires 104 1.6.7 Ethique 108 1.6.8 Place des communautés autochtones dans la recherche 109 1.6.9 Portée et limites de la recherche 112 v 2 Les diffusion du Wapikoni Mobile: arène médiatique et contre-publics subalternes 115 2.1 Espace public et espaces publics 115 2.1.1 Médias et espace public .115 2.1.2 L'espace public comme lieu de la rationalité politique .117 2.1.3 De l'espace public aux relations publiques généralisées 119 2.1.4 Les limites des relations publiques généralisées .122 2.1.5 Critique de l'Espace public et« contre-publics » 125 2.1.6 Contre-publics et médias alternatifs .130 2.1.7 Contre-public subalterne ou contre-publicité ? 133 2.1.8 Contre-public, contre-publicité et arène médiatique .136 2.2 Les diffusions du Wapikoni Mobile: en périphérie de l'arène médiatique 142 2.2.1 L'importance des diffusions pour le Wapikoni Mobile .142 2.2.2 Contextes de diffusion et espaces publics 146 2.2.3 Supports de diffusion: festi vals et manifestations événementielles plus que médias de masse .148 2.2.4 Internet, une arène réinvestie 158 2.2.5 Priorité aux diffusions présentielles : festivals et événements 166 2.2.6 Des contextes éditoriaux généralistes et autochtones qui prédominent. 169 2.2.7 Supports de diffusion / contextes éditoriaux .178 2.2.8 Contextes géographiques: une arène publique québécoise et urbaine. .187 2.2.9 Contextes éditoriaux et supports de diffusion au Québec .192 2.2.10 En périphérie de l'arène médiatique .197 2.2.11 Arène médiatique: quelle place pour les festivals et les diffusions événementielles ? 202 2.2.12 Diffusions,« présentiel » et discussion .204 2.3 Diffusions & contre-publics subalternes 209 2).1 Panorama des diffusions inscrites dans un contexte éditorial « autochtone » .211 2.3.2 Délimitations des contre-publics subalternes .214 2.3.3 Les diffusions « de fin d'escale» : portrait.. .217 2.3.4 Les diffusions« de fin d'escale» : valoriser. .219 2.3.5 Lesautres dimensions des diffusions « de fin d'escale » 226 2.3.6 Diffusions présentielles et débats dans les réserves .231 2.3.7 Peut-on parler d'un contre-public subalterne ? .237 2.4 Une diffusion qui privilégie l'arène publique québécoise 240 3 Accompagnement à la production et diffusion 244 3.1 Présence de la diffusion dans la pratique de création 246 3.1.1 Diffusion et genre cinématographique .246 3.1.2 Diffusion et « pré-visionnements » .249 3.1.3 Diffusion et exigence de qualité .256 3.2 En équilibre entre diffusion et création médiatique 261 3.2.1 Respecter les « envies» des jeunes .261 VI 3.2.2 Formation et accompagnement: quelle interaction? .265 3.2.3 Intégration de la diffusion dans l'accompagnement.
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