DOCSLIB.ORG

Download/English/Julaug05/Chiarelli.Pdf

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Download/English/Julaug05/Chiarelli.Pdf = 5*7&9.43= 7&6.=7**)42a=97&9*,.*8`= 5574&(-*8`=*8:198`=&3)= 88:*8=+47=43,7*88= &9-*7.3*= &1*= 5*(.&1.89=.3= 39*73&9.43&1=*(:7.9>= 57.1=,`=,**3= 43,7*88.43&1= *8*&7(-=*7;.(*= 18/1**= <<<_(78_,4;= -.-21= =*5479=+47=43,7*88 Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress 5*7&9.43= 7&6.= 7**)42a=97&9*,.*8`=5574&(-*8`=*8:198`=&3)= 88:*8=+47=43,7*88= = :22&7>= Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF), the U.S.-led coalition military operation in Iraq, was launched on March 20, 2003, with the immediate stated goal of removing Saddam Hussein’s regime and destroying its ability to use weapons of mass destruction or to make them available to terrorists. Over time, the focus of OIF shifted from regime removal to the more open-ended mission of helping the Government of Iraq (GoI) improve security, establish a system of governance, and foster economic development. In 2009, the war in Iraq appears to be winding down, as security gains made since the height of the insurgency in 2006 and 2007 continue to be sustained, and as Iraqis increasingly seek management of their own affairs. A new U.S.-Iraqi security agreement that went into effect on January 1, 2009, which confirmed the Iraqis’ responsibility for their own security, introduced a new era in OIF and in US-Iraqi bilateral relations. Secretary of Defense Robert Gates called the agreement a “watershed, a firm indication that American military involvement in Iraq is winding down.” U.S. military commanders on the ground have indicated that in most parts of Iraq, the focus of U.S. military efforts has shifted from counterinsurgency (COIN) to stability operations, including advising the Iraqi Security Forces (ISF), and supporting security, economic, and governance capacity-building. On February 27, 2009, at Camp Lejeune in North Carolina, President Obama delivered a speech addressing “how the war in Iraq will end,” in which he announced the drawdown of U.S. combat forces by August 2010 and the transition of the rest of the military mission to training and advising Iraq security forces, conducting counter-terrorism operations, and providing force protection for U.S. personnel. The United States begins this transition from a position of significant commitment – including some 140,000 U.S. troops deployed in Iraq, in addition to civilian experts and U.S. contractors, who provide substantial support to their Iraqi counterparts in the fields of security, governance, and development. Senior U.S. officials, including outgoing U.S. Ambassador to Iraq Ryan Crocker, and Secretary Gates, have suggested that lasting change in Iraq will require substantially more time, and that while the U.S. military presence will diminish, U.S. engagement with Iraq is likely to continue. The Government of Iraq (GoI), for its part, still faces challenges at the operational level, in countering the lingering strands of the insurgency; and at the strategic level, in achieving a single, shared vision of the Iraqi state, and in improving its capacity to provide good governance, ensure security, and foster economic development for the Iraqi people. Key policy issues the Obama Administration may choose to address, with oversight from the 111th Congress, include identifying how U.S. national interests and strategic objectives, in Iraq and the region, should guide further U.S. engagement; monitoring and evaluating the impact of the changes in the U.S. presence and role in Iraq; and laying the groundwork for a future, more traditional bilateral relationship. This report is intended to provide background and analysis of current developments and options, and will be updated as events warrant. 43,7*88.43&1=*8*&7(-=*7;.(*= 5*7&9.43= 7&6.= 7**)42a=97&9*,.*8`=5574&(-*8`=*8:198`=&3)= 88:*8=+47=43,7*88= = 439*398= Overview ......................................................................................................................................... 1 Background ............................................................................................................................... 1 Revised U.S.-Iraqi Strategic Partnership................................................................................... 3 Strategic Framework Agreement and Security Agreement................................................. 3 Security Agreement Provisions........................................................................................... 3 Drawdown and Transition.........................................................................................................4 Current Strategic and Operational Dynamics............................................................................ 8 Current Strategic Dynamics: Tests and “Spoilers” ............................................................ 8 Current Operational Dynamics: Transitions ....................................................................... 9 Diminishing U.S. Leverage................................................................................................11 Future Strategic Considerations ...............................................................................................11 Clarifying and Updating U.S. Interests and Strategic Objectives......................................11 Applying Strategic Leverage ............................................................................................ 12 Shaping a Long-Term U.S. Relationship with Iraq........................................................... 13 Defining U.S. Policy Toward Iranian Intervention in Iraq................................................ 13 Assessing the Implications of OIF Lessons for the Future of the Force........................... 14 Applying OIF Lessons to Interagency Coordination ........................................................ 15 Future Operational Considerations.......................................................................................... 16 How Much Help Is Enough?............................................................................................. 16 Further Troop Drawdowns................................................................................................ 17 Future of the Iraqi Security Forces Training Mission....................................................... 18 Transition Teams......................................................................................................... 18 Unit Partnering ........................................................................................................... 19 Capacity-Building....................................................................................................... 19 ISF Training and Advising Under Transition.............................................................. 20 Future of the U.S. Forces Footprint .................................................................................. 20 Coordination on Operations under the Security Agreement ............................................. 21 Civil-Military Roles and Responsibilities......................................................................... 24 Role of Contractors........................................................................................................... 25 Equipment......................................................................................................................... 26 Options Available to Congress ................................................................................................ 27 Structure and Aim of the Report ............................................................................................. 28 Decision to Go to War in Iraq........................................................................................................ 28 Antecedents in the 1990s ........................................................................................................29 Bush Administration Strategy and Role of the United Nations............................................... 29 Ultimatum to Saddam Hussein................................................................................................ 30 War Planning ................................................................................................................................. 31 Strategic Objectives................................................................................................................. 31 Military Objectives.................................................................................................................. 32 Planning for Major Combat .................................................................................................... 32 Post-War Planning................................................................................................................... 35 Inter-Agency Post-War Planning ...................................................................................... 36 Military Post-War Planning .............................................................................................. 38 Organizational Decisions.................................................................................................. 39 Major Combat Operations ............................................................................................................. 40 Early Infiltration...................................................................................................................... 40 43,7*88.43&1=*8*&7(-=*7;.(*= 5*7&9.43= 7&6.= 7**)42a=97&9*,.*8`=5574&(-*8`=*8:198`=&3)= 88:*8=+47=43,7*88= = The Launch.............................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Downloads/Documents/Tvpn-VW Primer-V1Q308.Pdf
    City Research Online City, University of London Institutional Repository Citation: Piyathasanan, B., Mathies, C., Wetzels, M., Patterson, P. and de Ruyter, K. (2015). A Hierarchical Model of Virtual Experience and Its Influences on the Perceived Value and Loyalty of Customers. International Journal of Electronic Commerce, 19(2), pp. 126-158. doi: 10.1080/10864415.2015.979484 This is the accepted version of the paper. This version of the publication may differ from the final published version. Permanent repository link: https://openaccess.city.ac.uk/id/eprint/17773/ Link to published version: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10864415.2015.979484 Copyright: City Research Online aims to make research outputs of City, University of London available to a wider audience. Copyright and Moral Rights remain with the author(s) and/or copyright holders. URLs from City Research Online may be freely distributed and linked to. Reuse: Copies of full items can be used for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge. Provided that the authors, title and full bibliographic details are credited, a hyperlink and/or URL is given for the original metadata page and the content is not changed in any way. City Research Online: http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/ [email protected] A HIERARCHICAL MODEL OF VIRTUAL EXPERIENCE AND ITS INFLUENCES ON CUSTOMER PERCEIVED VALUE AND LOYALTY Abstract Many businesses use virtual experience (VE) to enhance the overall customer experience, though extant research offers little guidance for how to improve consumers’ VE. This study, anchored in activity theory, examines key drivers of VE and its influences on value perceptions and customer loyalty.
    [Show full text]
  • The Foreign Service Journal, December 2007
    WRITE FOR US! USAID’S “MISSION IN EXILE” REMEMBERING DICK SCISSORS SEMIANNUAL SCHOOLS SUPPLEMENT $3.50 / DECEMBER 2007 OREIGN ERVICE FJ O U R N A L S THE MAGAZINE FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS PROFESSIONALS COUNTRY TEAMWORK Is State Still Running Embassies? OREIGN ERVICE FJ O U R N A L S CONTENTS December 2007 Volume 84, No. 12 F OCUS ON Country Team Management WHO’SINCHARGE HERE? / 20 The issue of who wields authority over American embassy personnel — notably those who don’t work for the State Department — continues to prompt interagency conflict, as it has for years. By Shawn Zeller CHIEF-OF-MISSION AUTHORITY: A POWERFUL BUT UNDERUSED TOOL / 29 The State Department should capitalize on the presidential mandate given to every COM to strengthen the country team mechanism. By Edward Peck ONE HAND CLAPPING: Cover and inside illustration THE SOUND OF STAFFING THE FOREIGN SERVICE / 33 by Jeff Moores The demands of Iraq and Afghanistan have aggravated an entrenched liability in the Foreign Service: namely, severe understaffing. By Mark Johnsen PRESIDENT’S VIEWS / 5 THE EMBASSY OF THE FUTURE / 38 Professionalism Here is a vision of the new American diplomacy, along with By John K. Naland practical steps to get there. Excerpts from a recent report. SPEAKING OUT / 15 Expeditionary Sidekicks? The Military-Diplomatic Dynamic FS FICTION By Gerald Loftus BURIED / 44 LETTER FROM A great old ceiba tree in the mountains of south-central Cuba holds THE EDITOR / 18 a revelation into the island’s history, humor and people. By Steven Alan Honley By Michael Kelly REFLECTIONS / 96 Buying Potatoes in Havana By Robert Blau F EATURES REMEMBERING USAID’S ROLE IN AFGHANISTAN, 1985-1994 / 48 LETTERS / 7 During a critical decade, USAID successfully operated an interim Afghan “mission in exile.” CYBERNOTES / 12 By Thomas H.
    [Show full text]
  • Exploring the Hip-Hop Culture Experience in a British Online Community
    University of Central Florida STARS Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 2010 Virtual Hood: Exploring The Hip-hop Culture Experience In A British Online Community. Natalia Cherjovsky University of Central Florida Part of the Sociology of Culture Commons Find similar works at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd University of Central Florida Libraries http://library.ucf.edu This Doctoral Dissertation (Open Access) is brought to you for free and open access by STARS. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 by an authorized administrator of STARS. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STARS Citation Cherjovsky, Natalia, "Virtual Hood: Exploring The Hip-hop Culture Experience In A British Online Community." (2010). Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019. 4199. https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd/4199 VIRTUAL HOOD: EXPLORING THE HIP-HOP CULTURE EXPERIENCE IN A BRITISH ONLINE COMMUNITY by NATALIA CHERJOVSKY B.S. Hunter College, 1999 M.A. Rollins College, 2003 A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of English in the College of Arts and Humanities at the University of Central Florida Orlando, Florida Spring Term 2010 Major Professor: Anthony Grajeda © 2010 Natalia Cherjovsky ii ABSTRACT In this fast-paced, globalized world, certain online sites represent a hybrid personal- public sphere–where like-minded people commune regardless of physical distance, time difference, or lack of synchronicity. Sites that feature chat rooms and forums can offer a deep- rooted sense of community and facilitate the forging of relationships and cultivation of ideologies.
    [Show full text]
  • Media Data 2021
    MEDIA DATA 2021 Billboard | Poster (Digital) Out-of-Home – Where Life Happens ...and right where people are out and about. With around 300,000 advertising spaces and therefore a constant visual presence in the cityscape, we are one of Germany's leading out-of-home advertising companies and offer outstanding reach maximisation in the shortest possible time. Our OOH portfolio includes all media in public spaces – from classic posters to exclusive advertising rights at railway stations and gigantic posters created by blowUp media. Our digital products, including screens at railway stations, in shopping centres, on busy streets and in pedestrian zones, are also attention-grabbing advertising options. Are you looking for the ideal medium for communicating your campaign out-of-home? We are bound to have the right format for each of your advertising objectives. Please refer to our media data for a concise and comprehensive summary of the most important information, locations and prices of our out-of-home advertising at a glance. Find out all about... Photo: AdobeStock_179255326©Mirko. 2 Billboard | Poster The Local Communicator With their omnipresence in almost all medium-sized and major cities, Billboards ensure an evenly- distributed presence throughout the cityscape and generate a high number of target group contacts in the area booked. The selection of individual locations on streets, by stations or at the point of sale permits a flexible use for individual media objectives, specific target groups or also limited budgets. Particularly the illuminated locations are strikingly visible even at the darker time of the year and in the evening. 4 Three Strong Arguments for Billboard .
    [Show full text]
  • Download the Full Independent Evaluation of C&A Foundation
    Independent Evaluation of C&A Foundation Programme and Operational Effectiveness (2014/15-2019/20) Volume 1 – Report November 2020 Contents CONTENTS .............................................................................................................................................. I ACRONYMS ........................................................................................................................................... V GLOSSARY .......................................................................................................................................... VI ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................................................... VII SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................................ IX 1 AMBITION TO TRANSFORM .................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Hidden costs of the fashion industry ................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Growing momentum for transformation ............................................................................................. 2 1.3 Evaluation approach .......................................................................................................................... 3 2 C&A FOUNDATION STRATEGY AND ALIGNMENT WITH C&A BUSINESS .......................... 5 2.1 Designed for transformation .............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Encountering Shakespeare Elsewhere Digital Distribution, Audience Reception, and the Changing Value of Shakespeare in Performance
    DOCTORAL THESIS Encountering Shakespeare elsewhere digital distribution, audience reception, and the changing value of Shakespeare in performance. Nicholas, Rachael Award date: 2020 General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ? Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 04. Oct. 2021 Encountering Shakespeare Elsewhere: Digital Distribution, Audience Reception, and the Changing Value of Shakespeare in Performance Rachael Nicholas, BA (Hons), MA A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of PhD Department of Drama, Theatre and Performance University of Roehampton 2019 The research for this project was submitted for ethics consideration under the reference DTP 17/026 in the Department of Drama, Theatre & Performance, and was approved under the procedures of the University of Roehampton’s Ethics Committee on 13.06.17. 1 Abstract Since the launch of National Theatre Live in 2009, digital distribution has made it possible for audiences to access theatre productions across a range of reception sites.
    [Show full text]
  • Security Aspects and Future Trends of Social Networks
    1 Security Aspects and Future Trends of Social Networks Anchises M. G. de Paula, iDefense From the user perspective, trust and privacy on the social Web Abstract— Social networks represent a new opportunity to remains a hot, yet unresolved topic. online uses and a challenging scenario to security community. They bring new opportunities to users interact and socialize; II. CURRENT STATE OF SOCIAL NETWORKING however, the overwhelming amount of information generated, exchanged and redistributed by users demands the adoption of A. Main Purpose and Characteristics new tools and techniques, which are the object of this paper. The understanding of all implications of social network to human Social network sites allow individuals to present themselves social interaction and society overall, will bring new ideas and in an online profile and establish or maintain connections with challenges to consumers, businesses and governments worldwide. others (usually known as “friends”), building their social This report will analyze the social network phenomenon, focusing networks. A social network consists of two fundamental on its security implications and perspectives in the near future. elements: nodes (users) and connections (their relationships). Index Terms—Social Network, Security, Predictions, Trends This is similar to the real world, where a circle of friends in a social group consists of people connected by friendships. Participants use social network sites to interact with people I. INTRODUCTION they already know in the real world or to meet new people based on common interests, such as friendship, business, HE last few years have seen the rise of a new trend on hobbies, medical interest or sexual orientation.
    [Show full text]
  • Supporting Synchronous Communication In
    ING-INF/05 SUPPORTING SYNCHRONOUS COMMUNICATION IN DISTRIBUTED SOFTWARE TEAMS by Fabio Calefato A Thesis Submitted to the Department of Computer Science in Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Bari, Italy Advisor: Professor Filippo Lanubile PhD Coordinator: Professor Anna Maria Fanelli January, 2007 © Copyright by Fabio Calefato 2007 ii To Me, My Family, and Everyone Else I Care About: You Know Who You Are iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I want to thank my advisor, Prof. Filippo Lanubile for accepting me as a PhD student and for all of his support throughout these three intense years. I hope I absorbed from him even just a smallest part of his skills. Thanks also to Dr. Daniela Damian for giving me the chance to conduct the experiment at UVic and for her valuable guidance during my stay in Canada. A big ‘thank you’ goes to all the affiliates with the CDG/Collab: Daniela, for her patience and tolerance with me and my jokes; Domenico, for turning me in a TV- show junkie; Mario, for his work with the development of eConference. Thanks also to all the people who have shared lunch with us in the lab, bringing in a little more fun and distraction. Many thanks to Rocco Oliveto, Fausto Fasano, and the other guys at the University of Salerno for sharing with me some relevant papers from ‘inaccessible digital libraries.’ Thanks also to Vincenzo Fiorentino and Roberto Kudlica at the CSI for sharing their printing facilities. Thanks to the graduate and undergraduate students who have helped me with the development of my project.
    [Show full text]
  • The Virtual Community Homesteading on the Electronic Frontier
    The Virtual Community Homesteading on the Electronic Frontier by Howard Rheingold ADDISON-WESLEY PUBLISHING COMPANY Reading, MA Copyright © 1993 by Howard Rheingold "When you think of a title for a book, you are forced to think of something short and evocative, like, well, 'The Virtual Community,' even though a more accurate title might be: 'People who use computers to communicate, form friendships that sometimes form the basis of communities, but you have to be careful to not mistake the tool for the task and think that just writing words on a screen is the same thing as real community.'" – HLR We know the rules of community; we know the healing effect of community in terms of individual lives. If we could somehow find a way across the bridge of our knowledge, would not these same rules have a healing effect upon our world? We human beings have often been referred to as social animals. But we are not yet community creatures. We are impelled to relate with each other for our survival. But we do not yet relate with the inclusivity, realism, self-awareness, vulnerability, commitment, openness, freedom, equality, and love of genuine community. It is clearly no longer enough to be simply social animals, babbling together at cocktail parties and brawling with each other in business and over boundaries. It is our task--our essential, central, crucial task--to transform ourselves from mere social creatures into community creatures. It is the only way that human evolution will be able to proceed. M. Scott Peck The Different Drum: Community-Making
    [Show full text]
  • Out of Control
    Out of Control the New Biology of Machines, Social Systems and the Economic World Kevin Kelly Illustrated Edition Photos by Kevin Kelly Copyright © 994 by Kevin Kelly Photos Copyright © 2008 by Kevin Kelly c o n t e n t s THE MADE AND THE BORN 6 Neo-biological civilization 6 The triumph of the bio-logic 7 Learning to surrender our creations 8 2 HIVE MIND 9 Bees do it: distributed governance 9 The collective intelligence of a mob 1 Asymmetrical invisible hands 13 Decentralized remembering as an act of perception 15 More is more than more, it’s different 20 Advantages and disadvantages of swarms 2 The network is the icon of the 2st century 25 3 MACHINES WITH AN AttITUDE 28 Entertaining machines with bodies 28 Fast, cheap and out of control 37 Getting smart from dumb things 4 The virtues of nested hierarchies 44 Using the real world to communicate 46 No intelligence without bodies 48 Mind/body black patch psychosis 49 4 ASSEMBLING COMPLEXITY 55 Biology: the future of machines 55 Restoring a prairie with fire and oozy seeds 58 Random paths to a stable ecosystem 60 How to do everything at once 62 The Humpty Dumpty challenge 65 5 COEVOLUTION 67 What color is a chameleon on a mirror? 67 The unreasonable point of life 70 Poised in the persistent state of almost falling 73 Rocks are slow life 75 Cooperation without friendship or foresight 78 6 THE NATURAL FLUX 83 Equilibrium is death 83 What came first, stability or diversity? 86 Ecosystems: between a superorganism and an identity workshop 89 The origins of variation 90 Life immortal, ineradicable
    [Show full text]
  • Digital Marketing Influence in the Food Sector a Case Study: Eataly and Its Associated Companies’ Analysis
    Master’s Degree programme – Second Cycle (D.M. 270/2004) in International Management Final Thesis Digital marketing influence in the food sector A case study: Eataly and its associated companies’ analysis Supervisor Ch. Prof. Andrea Ellero Graduand Ilaria Bortolato Matriculation number: 839033 Academic Year 2015 / 2016 1 Abstract Today, digitalization is influencing every daily aspect and companies are revolutionizing their way of doing business, as they must face inevitably this new situation and they must use the innovative tools offered by Internet and developed in the last few years. In particular, new business branches have been developed thanks to the digital phenomenon, such as digital marketing, which nowadays rely on many efficient tools supporting companies’ activities and giving them several advantages. The positive influence of digital marketing is evident in almost every business sector, but some sectors seem to have difficulties to apply its innovative tools. For example, in Italy, the fashion industry has embraced digital activities with success, but small and medium enterprises constituting the food sector are not fully exploiting them for different reasons, mainly linked to socio-cultural obstacles, but also to limited investments in the digital field. Anyway, data show that they have recently started to use them more and more with highly positive effects on their activities. The case study of Eataly and its associated brands illustrates the fact that implementing a well- structured digital marketing strategy that uses all the available tools coherently and constantly over time can bring higher visibility and many other benefits also to small food companies at international level, regardless of their dimensions.
    [Show full text]
  • Third Party Certification of Agri-Food Supply Chain Using Smart
    sensors Article Third Party Certification of Agri-Food Supply Chain Using Smart Contracts and Blockchain Tokens Ricardo Borges dos Santos 1 , Nunzio Marco Torrisi 1 and Rodrigo Palucci Pantoni 2,* 1 Center of Mathematics, Computing and Cognition, Federal University of ABC, Campus Sao Bernardo do Campo, Sao Paulo 09606-070, Brazil; [email protected] (R.B.d.S.); [email protected] (N.M.T.) 2 Department of Eletrical Engineering and Computer Science, Federal Institute of Sao Paulo, Campus Sertaozinho, Sao Paulo 14169-263, Brazil * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Every consumer’s buying decision at the supermarket influences food brands to make first party claims of sustainability and socially responsible farming methods on their agro-product labels. Fine wines are often subject to counterfeit along the supply chain to the consumer. This paper presents a method for efficient unrestricted publicity to third party certification (TPC) of plant agricultural products, starting at harvest, using smart contracts and blockchain tokens. The method is capable of providing economic incentives to the actors along the supply chain. A proof-of-concept using a modified Ethereum IGR token set of smart contracts using the ERC-1155 standard NFTs was deployed on the Rinkeby test net and evaluated. The main findings include (a) allowing immediate access to TPC by the public for any desired authority by using token smart contracts. (b) Food safety can be enhanced through TPC visible to consumers through mobile application and blockchain technology, thus reducing counterfeiting and green washing. (c) The framework is structured and maintained because participants obtain economic incentives thus leveraging it´s practical usage.
    [Show full text]