An Analysis of General Pervez Musharraf's Approach to Extremism and Militancy in Pakistan Post 9/11

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

An Analysis of General Pervez Musharraf's Approach to Extremism and Militancy in Pakistan Post 9/11 AN ANALYSIS OF GENERAL PERVEZ MUSHARRAF'S APPROACH TO EXTREMISM AND MILITANCY IN PAKISTAN POST 9/11 Chetna Mishra1 Vivek Kumar Mishra2 ABSTRACT General Pervez Musharraf took over the reins in Pakistan by staging a coup in October, 1999. Even while he was struggling hard to curb the rising radicalization and extremism inside, the catastrophic 9/11 incident happened. Musharraf could not put off pressures of America to be an ally in 'War on Terror'. The partnership with America rained hell on his regime as he saw every move of his government producing reaction bigger than before. The menace of extremism remained uncontrolled, rather exacerbated to the extent that Pakistan saw almost an insurgency in the border regions of FATA and NWFP. The Paper attempts an analysis of the approach of then President Musharraf on militancy and extremism and draws conclusion that Musharraf's policies backfired. Methodology: The Paper adopts Content Analysis and Historical Methodology. For this the available government documents as well as secondary data have been used. For statistical analysis, South Asia Terrorism Portal Database has been used. Keywords: Extremism, Militancy, Terrorism INTRODUCTION asset for Pakistan. It is no more a hidden secret that Taliban would not have come to existence without Pakistan’s help As Pakistan’s partnership into war on terror began post 9/11, and support. They were created for a purpose, the purpose it began deploying forces for the first time in its lawless being to counter India — Pakistan’s strategic and ideological frontiers. To begin with, it deployed some 25000 military and enemy. In fact, even top ranked al Qaida operatives—Osama non-military forces in Federally Administered Tribal Agencies bin Laden and Ayman-al-Zawahiri were not the targets of [FATA]. Later they [Pakistan] had to increase the strength of Pakistan’s hunt. They were rather provided ‘safe’ heavens the forces up to 1,00,000 gradually. Various minor operations inside Pakistan (Jones and Fair 2010: 45-46). were conducted to begin with, before launching the gigantic Operation Al Mizan. Both the above facts —deployment of As the facts after the foiled attempts at President Musharraf’s comparatively low level of forces and relying on minor life unfolded [December 14, 2003; December 25, 2003], it operations—reflected the perception of the Musharraf regime was clear that the threat that Pakistan was facing internally that extremists/militants were no match to State forces as far was more real than what was perceived. Only if President as the strength and the depth was concerned. To begin with Musharraf had heeded to them, Pakistan would not have been and up to 2003 some big al Qaida operatives were captured in the quagmire that it found itself in. The investigations in Pakistan. Operations director, al Qaida - Abu Zubaydah showed that the attack was planned by senior al Qaida leader, was arrested from Faislabad [Pakistan] in March, 2002. He Abu-Faraz-al-Libi [later arrested in 2007] and carried out by was the first high ranking member of the al Qaida to be arrested Jaish-e- Mohammad [JeM], a militant group geared towards from Pakistan. Khalid Sheikh Mohammad - al Qaida’s number proxy war in Indian Kashmir — a category of militants termed three ranked and alleged mastermind of September 11 attacks, “good” Taliban by Pakistan (Younus 2015). was captured in Rawalpindi during raids in March, 2003 The group [JeM] was proscribed by President Musharraf but (Reuters 2008). Ramzi Bin-al-Shibh - a Yemeni national was resurfaced with different names to keep operating. The attack captured in Karachi (Reuters 2008). However, these successes plan on General Musharraf, though went foiled, it revealed do not tell the entire story. As the Operation Enduring Freedom the nexus that was unfolding between different varieties of progressed, it was rather becoming clear that Pakistan was militant groups. Pakistan wanted to chase al Qaida, albeit more interested in killing or capturing al-Qaida. For that under US pressure, but not groups like Jaish-e-Mohammad. matter, even America’s interest was more in al-Qaida rather Outfits like Jaish were to be harbored instead, so as to unsettle than Taliban. Al Qaida was treated as number one enemy for India. When the Taliban was ousted from Afghanistan and the obvious reasons (Jones and Fair 2010: 45). For America, was forced to flee inside Pakistan, groups like Lashkar-e-Taiba they [Taliban] were the “spent” force, having been defeated [LeT] and Jaish-e-Mohammad whole heartedly welcomed and ousted in Afghanistan. This spent force was the strategic them [Taliban and al Qaida operatives] inside FATA (Wright 1 Associate Professor, L R P G College, Sahibabad, Ghaziabad, Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida E-mail : [email protected] 2 HOD, L R P G College, Sahibabad, Ghaziabad, Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida E-mail : [email protected] 50 J-GIBS Volume 11, Number 1, January-December 2019 2011). As the sentiments in Pakistan started building up against worked for not more than seven weeks and the military the US for latter being the intruder in an Islamic land, the half operations were restarted on June 11, 2004 (Younus 2015). hearted pursuit against them [Taliban and al Qaida] became While the government fought with several thousand forces, even more natural. Lashkar and Jaish were throughout jets and helicopters, the militants relied on a few thousand supported by Pakistan against incursions in India and now men and guerilla technique. However, the support and they were sheltering Taliban and al Qaida. sympathy of the people remained with the militants. While As the threat of militancy seemed more real than perceptive, the conventional warfare techniques’ used against the tribal Pakistan went in for force enhancement in Waziristan in FATA. extremists and foreign mujahideens enforced among them the Operation Kaloshah was launched which led to high degree feeling about government and military as an enemy. The of casualties and collateral damage. The enhancement in the collective punishment against them rekindled and reinforced number of forces was taken by tribal people as enemy’s forces the ties of unity among them despite the traditional inter-tribes leading to tribal resistance. The casualties accruing to the rivalry. In such circumstances the government relied, out of military were as high as 50 soldiers dead in just 12 days of frustration, on sheer force. However, when the force would fighting (Hussain 2010: 69). Even at this level the regime not seem to deter the militants, the regime would come on the continued to underestimate the militant threat to the internal back foot and sign a peace deal in the hope of buying peace. security of the country or they got overawed by the militants’ The deal, however, would be treated by the militants as threat or both. The best option they found to tackle the surrender of the government and acceptance of superiority of militants was appeasement in the form of pacts with them. the militants’ strength. All this made a pattern of the behavior The first such pact was Shakai Agreement, signed on April and action of the government which the militants could use 24, 2004 in the midst of Operation Al Mizan. The deal signed of very cleverly. The government moves became so with militants — Nek Mohammad, Noor-ul-Islam, Hazi Sharif predictable that analysts would start writing about upcoming and Baitullah Mehsud sidelined the Maliks - the caretakers peace deals which was not even signed. of administration under the Political Agents in the previous In terms of statistical data available, South Asia Terrorism environment. The prominence given to the militants led to a Portal [SATP] Database has widely been used in this work. situation comparable to a saying: ‘feeding milk to the snake’. However SAT Portal clearly states that data has been compiled The milk-fed snake becomes even more ferocious to the on the basis of news paper information and all the information perceived enemy. This is what happened in Pakistan under may not have been available to the news papers], the President Musharraf. As 106 militants were released granting percentage increase in the fatalities comprising civilians and them amnesty under the Shakai deal, the promises that were the security forces in 2004 over the year 2003 was 311% for undertaken by the government from the militants’ side — civilians and 767% for security forces - a mammoth rise registration of the foreigners, the stoppage of attacks --were indicating the anger of the terrorists against the government not fulfilled. Rather, the violence level got enhanced. The and the support of the people for the militants. The percentage foreign terrorists kept on being harbored. The murders and increase over the year 2003 went on rising throughout the assassinations of pro-government tribal Maliks and elders and Musharraf regime up to 2008, except in 2005. Table 1, Figure anyone who would not come up to the whims and fancies of 1, Figure 2, Figure 3, Figure 4 here are statistical the Taliban became the order of the day. As the foreign representation of failure of Musharraf policies to tackle rising militants were not surrendered, the government had to revoke extremism post 9/11. amnesty and restart the military operations. The agreement J-GIBS Volume 11, Number 1, January-December 2019 51 Table 1: Fatalities in Terrorist Violence in Pakistan % increase Security % increase % increase Year Civilians over 2003 Forces over 2003 Total Terrorist over 2003 Total 2003 140 24 164 25 189 2004 435 311 184 766.7 619 244 976 863 2005 430 307 81 337.5 511 137 548 648 2006 608 434 325 1354.2 933 538 2152 1471 2007 1522 1087 597 2487.5 2119 1479 5916 3598 2008 2155 1539 654 2725.0 2809 3906 15624 6715 Total 5290 1865 7155 6329 13484 Source: Institute of Conflict Management, “Fatalities in Terrorist Violence in Pakistan 2000-2008”, Database Interpretation.
Recommended publications
  • Pakistan-U.S. Relations
    Pakistan-U.S. Relations K. Alan Kronstadt Specialist in South Asian Affairs July 1, 2009 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov RL33498 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress Pakistan-U.S. Relations Summary A stable, democratic, prosperous Pakistan actively combating religious militancy is considered vital to U.S. interests. U.S. concerns regarding Pakistan include regional and global terrorism; Afghan stability; democratization and human rights protection; the ongoing Kashmir problem and Pakistan-India tensions; and economic development. A U.S.-Pakistan relationship marked by periods of both cooperation and discord was transformed by the September 2001 terrorist attacks on the United States and the ensuing enlistment of Pakistan as a key ally in U.S.-led counterterrorism efforts. Top U.S. officials praise Pakistan for its ongoing cooperation, although long-held doubts exist about Islamabad’s commitment to some core U.S. interests. Pakistan is identified as a base for terrorist groups and their supporters operating in Kashmir, India, and Afghanistan. Pakistan’s army has conducted unprecedented and, until recently, largely ineffectual counterinsurgency operations in the country’s western tribal areas, where Al Qaeda operatives and pro-Taliban militants are said to enjoy “safe haven.” U.S. officials increasingly are concerned that indigenous religious extremists represent a serious threat to the stability of the Pakistani state. The United States strongly encourages maintenance of a bilateral cease-fire and a continuation of substantive dialogue between Pakistan and neighboring India, which have fought three wars since 1947. A perceived Pakistan-India nuclear arms race has been the focus of U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • THE WAZIRISTAN ACCORD Evagoras C
    THE WAZIRISTAN ACCORD Evagoras C. Leventis* The Waziristan Accord between Pakistan’s government and tribal leaders in that country’s Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) has failed not only to curb violence in the immediate region but also to restrict cross-border militant activity--including resurgent Taliban and al-Qa’ida cadres-- between Pakistan’s “tribal belt” and Afghanistan. The purpose of this article is to examine the Waziristan Accord and to indicate why agreements of this nature will continue to fail unless there is a substantial modification in Pakistan’s internal and regional policies. On September 5, 2006, in the town of eradicating the presence of foreign militants in Miranshah, on the football field of the the area.3 However, even a cursory monitoring Government Degree College, Maulana Syed of the situation since the September 2006 Nek Zaman, a member of the National agreement indicates that the former is Assembly for the North Waziristan Agency probably closer to the truth. Nevertheless, and a tribal council member, read out an describing the Waziristan Accord as an agreement between the Pakistani government “unconditional surrender” is probably too and tribal elders that has since been known as extreme a characterization, since the the Waziristan Accord. The agreement, government of Pakistan hardly surrendered witnessed by approximately 500 elders, anything but rather reaffirmed the status quo-- parliamentarians, and government officials, a state of affairs that certain segments of the was signed on behalf of the Pakistan Pakistani administration do not consider to be government by Dr. Fakhr-i-Alam, a political adverse but rather vital to Pakistan’s greater agent of North Waziristan, tribal and militia strategic interests.4 leaders from the mainly Pashtun tribes and This article is divided into two sections.
    [Show full text]
  • U.S.-Pakistan Engagement: the War on Terrorism and Beyond
    UNITED STATES INSTITUTE OF PEACE www.usip.org SPECIAL REPORT 1200 17th Street NW • Washington, DC 20036 • 202.457.1700 • fax 202.429.6063 ABOUT THE REPORT Touqir Hussain While the war on terrorism may have provided the rationale for the latest U.S. engagement with Pakistan, the present relationship between the United States and Pakistan is at the crossroads of many other issues, such as Pakistan’s own U.S.-Pakistan reform efforts, America’s evolving strategic relationship with South Asia, democracy in the Muslim world, and the dual problems of religious extremism and nuclear proliferation. As a result, Engagement the two countries have a complex relationship that presents a unique challenge to their respective policymaking communities. The War on Terrorism and Beyond This report examines the history and present state of U.S.-Pakistan relations, addresses the key challenges the two countries face, and concludes with specific policy recommendations Summary for ensuring the relationship meets the needs • The current U.S. engagement with Pakistan may be focused on the war on terrorism, of both the United States and Pakistan. It was written by Touqir Hussain, a senior fellow at the but it is not confined to it. It also addresses several other issues of concern to the United States Institute of Peace and a former United States: national and global security, terrorism, nuclear proliferation, economic senior diplomat from Pakistan, who served as and strategic opportunities in South Asia, democracy, and anti-Americanism in the ambassador to Japan, Spain, and Brazil. Muslim world. • The current U.S. engagement with Pakistan offers certain lessons for U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Produced by the Human Security Centre Lead Author
    1 Human Security Centre – Written evidence (AFG0019) Produced by the Human Security Centre Lead Author: Simon Schofield, Senior Fellow, In consultation with Rohullah Yakobi, Associate Fellow 2 1 Table of Contents 2. Executive Summary .............................................................................5 3. What is the Human Security Centre?.....................................................10 4. Geopolitics and National Interests and Agendas......................................11 Islamic Republic of Pakistan ...................................................................11 Historical Context...............................................................................11 Pakistan’s Strategy.............................................................................12 Support for the Taliban .......................................................................13 Afghanistan as a terrorist training camp ................................................16 Role of military aid .............................................................................17 Economic interests .............................................................................19 Conclusion – Pakistan .........................................................................19 Islamic Republic of Iran .........................................................................20 Historical context ...............................................................................20 Iranian Strategy ................................................................................23
    [Show full text]
  • Examining Pakistan's Strategic Decision to Support the US War On
    Examining Pakistan’s Strategic Decision to Support the US War on Terror Examining Pakistan’s Strategic Decision to Support the US War on Terror Dr Tughral Yamin * Abstract The decision by the Pakistani leadership to unconditionally support the US in its war on terror after the 9/11 attacks has had long-term consequences. Now that the US intervention in Afghanistan is rapidly moving towards its denouement, the implications have become painfully clear. At the time the decision was made, the prevalent environment dictated the government of Pakistan to act quickly in favour of the USA. To defy the US would have meant grave consequences. Pakistan lacked the means and resources to chart an independent path. In this atmosphere of overwhelming coercion and fear, the only rational choice was total and complete cooperation. The government of Pakistan chose to unconditionally side with the US. This paper argues that the decision- making process is short-circuited when a single person is calling the shots, and the long-term consequences can be less than satisfactory. A multi-layered decision-making process not only buys time for the decision makers, but it also makes for greater responsibility and reduces the negative fallout to a large extent. A holistic response requires greater participation from all stakeholders. It also needs courage and imagination on the part of all concerned parties. An extraordinary situation must be thought through in great detail before making a strategic commitment. Keywords: Decision-making process; War on Terror; post-9/11 South/Central Asia * Dr Tughral Yamin is a retired brigadier and is currently the Associate Dean at the Centre for International Peace & Stability, NUST Islamabad.
    [Show full text]
  • A Comparative Study of the Press in America, India and Pakistan
    The Joan Shorenstein Center on the Press, Politics and Public Policy Working Paper Series Covering September 11 and Its Consequences: A Comparative Study of the Press in America, India and Pakistan By Ramindar Singh Shorenstein Fellow, Fall 2001 Executive Director, Media Operations, IndusInd Entertainment Limited #2002-4 Copyright 2002, President and Fellows of Harvard College All rights reserved COVERING SEPTEMBER 11 AND ITS CONSEQUENCES A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE PRESS IN AMERICA, INDIA AND PAKISTAN By Ramindar Singh, Shorenstein Fellow, Fall 2001 The September 11 attack on the World Trade Center in New York , confronted the Press with a supreme challenge, in America where the earth-shaking event happened and in South Asia which continued to experience violent aftershocks months later. September 11 affected Americans in a most fundamental way; it forced them to re-assess their role in the world and question why they become a target for disaffected groups in faraway lands. Similar reassessments were underway on the other side of the globe, with the press in India and Pakistan asking a different set of questions about how this event would affect and alter the lives of people in the South Asia region. This paper is an attempt to analyse how the press in America responded to the need to understand and report what happened on September 11, analyse why it happened and to present this information and analysis in a professional manner untainted by emotion, sentiment or jingoism. Simultaneously it examines how the press in India and Pakistan handled a similar challenge in their region. It would be tempting, while analyzing the performance of the press in these three countries, to cover a wide spectrum of newspapers and television stations.
    [Show full text]
  • The Evolution of the Taliban
    Calhoun: The NPS Institutional Archive Theses and Dissertations Thesis Collection 2008-06 The evolution of the Taliban Samples, Christopher A. Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School http://hdl.handle.net/10945/4101 NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA THESIS THE EVOLUTION OF THE TALIBAN by Shahid A. Afsar Christopher A. Samples June 2008 Thesis Advisor: Thomas H. Johnson Second Reader: Heather S. Gregg Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instruction, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188) Washington DC 20503. 1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED June 2008 Master’s Thesis 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE The Evolution of the Taliban 5. FUNDING NUMBERS 6. AUTHORS Shahid A. Afsar and Christopher A. Samples 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION Naval Postgraduate School REPORT NUMBER Monterey, CA 93943-5000 9. SPONSORING /MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSORING/MONITORING N/A AGENCY REPORT NUMBER 11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES The views expressed in this thesis are those of the authors and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of Defense or the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Return of the Taliban" Teacher's Guide
    "Return Of The Taliban" Teacher's Guide About the Film: FRONTLINE reports from the lawless Pakistani tribal areas along the Afghanistan- Pakistan border and reveals how the area has fallen under the control of a resurgent Taliban militia. Despite the presence of 80,000 Pakistani troops, the Taliban and their supporters continue to use the region as a launching pad for attacks on U.S. and coalition forces in Afghanistan. Off limits to U.S. troops by agreement with Pakistan's president and long suspected of harboring Osama bin Laden and his deputy Ayman al-Zawahiri, the area is now considered a failed state. President Pervez Musharraf tells FRONTLINE reporter Martin Smith that Pakistan's strategy, which includes cash payments to militants who lay down their arms, has clearly foundered. In a region little understood because it is closed to most observers, FRONTLINE investigates a secret front in the war on terror. Watching the Film: Teachers can either assign the film for viewing as homework or show the film in class. Suggested discussion questions are provided. The lessons and activities in this guide can be used in the classroom without having viewed the film. A Note to Teachers: The lesson plan examines the growth of lawlessness in the tribal regions of Pakistan and asks students to propose solutions to this problem. The lesson plan can be used in its entirety or teachers can select individual activities to accommodate instructional time and student abilities. For classes in social studies, language arts, current events and history; Grade level 9th – 12th. Discussion Questions: This guide includes a list of questions for students to discuss after viewing "Return of The Taliban.
    [Show full text]
  • Biographies of Main Political Leaders of Pakistan
    Biographies of main political leaders of Pakistan INCUMBENT POLITICAL LEADERS ASIF ALI ZARDARI President of Pakistan since 2008 Asif Ali Zardari is the eleventh and current President of Pa- kistan. He is the Co-Chairman of the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP), a role he took on following the demise of his wife, Benazir Bhutto. Zardari rose to prominence in 1987 after his marriage to Benazir Bhutto, holding cabinet positions in both the 1990s PPP governments, and quickly acquired a reputation for corrupt practices. He was arrested in 1996 after the dismissal of the second government of Bena- zir Bhutto, and remained incarcerated for eight years on various charges of corruption. Released in 2004 amid ru- mours of reconciliation between Pervez Musharraf and the PPP, Zardari went into self-imposed exile in Dubai. He re- turned in December 2007 following Bhutto’s assassination. In 2008, as Co-Chairman of PPP he led his party to victory in the general elections. He was elected as President on September 6, 2008, following the resignation of Pervez Musharraf. His early years in power were characterised by widespread unrest due to his perceived reluctance to reinstate the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court (who had been dismissed during the Musharraf imposed emergency of 2007). However, he has also overseen the passage of the 18th Amendment to the Constitution which effectively www.presidentofpakistan.gov.pk reduced presidential powers to that of a ceremonial figure- Asif Ali Zardari, President head. He remains, however, a highly controversial figure and continues to be dogged by allegations of corruption. Mohmmad government as Minister of Housing and Public Works.
    [Show full text]
  • Islamist Militancy in the Pakistan-Afghanistan Border Region and U.S. Policy
    = 81&2.89= .1.9&3(>=.3=9-*=&0.89&38 +,-&3.89&3=47)*7=*,.43=&3)=__=41.(>= _=1&3=74389&)9= 5*(.&1.89=.3=4:9-=8.&3=++&.78= *33*9-=&9?2&3= 5*(.&1.89=.3=.))1*=&89*73=++&.78= 4;*2'*7=,+`=,**2= 43,7*88.43&1= *8*&7(-=*7;.(*= 18/1**= <<<_(78_,4;= -.10-= =*5479=+47=43,7*88 Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress 81&2.89= .1.9&3(>=.3=9-*=&0.89&38+,-&3.89&3=47)*7=*,.43=&3)=__=41.(>= = :22&7>= Increasing militant activity in western Pakistan poses three key national security threats: an increased potential for major attacks against the United States itself; a growing threat to Pakistani stability; and a hindrance of U.S. efforts to stabilize Afghanistan. This report will be updated as events warrant. A U.S.-Pakistan relationship marked by periods of both cooperation and discord was transformed by the September 2001 terrorist attacks on the United States and the ensuing enlistment of Pakistan as a key ally in U.S.-led counterterrorism efforts. Top U.S. officials have praised Pakistan for its ongoing cooperation, although long-held doubts exist about Islamabad’s commitment to some core U.S. interests. Pakistan is identified as a base for terrorist groups and their supporters operating in Kashmir, India, and Afghanistan. Since 2003, Pakistan’s army has conducted unprecedented and largely ineffectual counterterrorism operations in the country’s Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) bordering Afghanistan, where Al Qaeda operatives and pro-Taliban insurgents are said to enjoy “safe haven.” Militant groups have only grown stronger and more aggressive in 2008.
    [Show full text]
  • Elections Since General Pervez Musharraf Took Power in 1999
    Elections since General Pervez Musharraf took power in 1999 Long before Pervez Musharraf took power in a military coup in 1999, elections in Pakistan did not meet international standards for being “free and fair.” Periods of military rule have meant that elections were not held regularly and their genuineness was often challenged. The secrecy of the ballot has not always been maintained and practices by local feudal and tribal leaders have frequently compromised the free expression of voters’ will. Authorities have often placed severe constraints on the rights to freedom of expression, association, assembly and movement. Below is a summary of the issues raised in elections held since Musharraf came to power. Local bodies elections, August 2001 Pakistan has only ever held local bodies elections under military rule. These are technically held on a non-party basis, although political parties support and campaign for candidates, openly violating election rules. The Musharraf government revamped the local government system that General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq had established through a Presidential Ordinance in 1979.1 Local bodies elections were held in phases from December 2000 to August 2001 under the new Local Government Ordinance that devolved power to elected local governments in a three-tiered system at the district, tehsil (county) and union council (town) levels. International observers did not monitor these elections. The non-governmental Human Rights Commission of Pakistan (HRCP), whose monitors around the country sent in their observations, noted that “confusion surrounded the local bodies process from the start. The multiple ballot system handicapped voters as did the 1 Gen.
    [Show full text]
  • Propaganda and Peace Deals: the Taliban's Information War in Pakistan
    JULY 2008 . VOL 1 . ISSUE 8 Propaganda and Peace which morphs into a computer graphic the accompaniment of gunfire: the of a box of laundry detergent. The box is Pakistani Taliban are attacking a Deals: The Taliban’s easily recognizable as the most popular Tochi Scouts checkpoint. The video Information War in brand in Pakistan. On this soap box, jumps to the aftermath, in which the Pakistan however, are words in English and Urdu checkpoint has been overrun and close- for “Pak Force” or “Pak Foj” (common up shots of corpses with the Tochi By Arthur Keller shorthand for the Pakistani Army) with Scouts’ uniforms are clearly visible. a logo saying “Pervez” (a logo which The Taliban videographer zooms to a in early 2008, the United States later turns into “Bush”). The voiceover nauseating view of one of the Scout’s announced that it would invest $400 of the pseudo-commercial exclaims: corpses, his head smashed open and his million to train and equip Pakistan’s brain clearly visible, as is the nametag Frontier Corps (FC) to combat the Slaves (infidels) you can buy the on the uniform: “Tahir Iqbal.” In the Pakistani Taliban and slow cross- Pakistan Army for 25 rupees a eerie light from fires of the burning border attacks into Afghanistan. box! For cleaning all Muslims! camp, surrounded by charred and U.S. counter-terrorism efforts in the They are the best in destruction. bloody Tochi Scout corpses, one of the Pakistan-Afghanistan border region Just say their name and ask for it. Pakistani Taliban, spectrally lit with rely on Pakistani troops, such as those Look at the pictures and buy it.
    [Show full text]