DOCSLIB.ORG

Heterodox Concepts in Modern Evolutionary Embryology, 1900-1950 Andres Galera* Centro De Ciencias Humanas Y Sociales, IH, CSIC, Spain

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Heterodox Concepts in Modern Evolutionary Embryology, 1900-1950 Andres Galera* Centro De Ciencias Humanas Y Sociales, IH, CSIC, Spain Electronic Journal of Biology, 2016, Vol.12(3): 309-313 Heterodox Concepts in Modern Evolutionary Embryology, 1900-1950 Andres Galera* Centro de Ciencias Humanas y Sociales, IH, CSIC, Spain. *Corresponding author. Tel: (+34) 916022462; E-mail: [email protected] Citation: Galera A. Heterodox Concepts in Modern Evolutionary Embryology, 1900-1950. Electronic J Biol, 12:4 Received: May 31, 2016; Accepted: June 24, 2016; Published: July 01, 2016 Review Article embryogenesis as a telling of the evolutionary Abstract history of a species, exploded, under different titles, during the early 1800s. The theory soon became Whatever the evolutionary model we adopt, in the part of embryological knowledge, but its strongest case of sexual reproduction, the process has an involvement in the evolutionary debate took place in embryological significance because this is the way the 1860s. It is well known that most of the credit to generate individuals and to perpetuate the life. belongs to the German zoologist Ernst Haeckel and The connection between evolution and embryology his book Generelle Morphologie der Organismen, is a necessary event. In this evolutionary context, the published in 1866 [1]. Known as the biogenetic law, key question is: how two species are formed from Haeckel’s theory states that the different embryonic the same biological unit? During the first half of the states represent the different adult forms adopted 20th century embryologists as Richard Goldschmidt, by the species along its evolutionary path. In brief, Conrad Waddington, and Walter Garstang answered ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny. This statement the question from a heterodox point of view. They is as widespread as it is erroneous. Let us take the introduced new concepts that changed the way case of the human species. During its development, to thinking the evolution. This essay analyzes this the human embryo resembles, successively, a fish, unorthodox thought and its scientific impact. an amphibian, a reptile, a mammal, a primate, until finally adopting the human morphology. Keywords: Epigenetic landscape; Evolution; Embryology; Garstang; Goldschmidt; Heterochrony; Under recapitulation theory, evolution is a summary Hopeful monster; Mendelian heredity; Recapitulation; of parts, each identifying a specific final product. Let Waddington. us ask ourselves, how does this happen? Haeckel divided inheritance into two categories. One group Introduction contained standard characteristics transmitted by Taking things to the simplest level, we can say that the parents. The second consisted of characteristics the fundamental problem of organic evolution knows acquired by the adult through adaptation to its how a living being is formed. Multi-cellular organisms environment. This was a unique concession to habitually use sexual reproduction to multiply: the Lamarck. Acquired inheritance was the source of fusion of parental gametes makes up a cell with evolutional variability, manifested in the final phase of the potential to develop into another individual. Our the embryonic cycle and thus increasing the number analysis will focus on this mode of reproduction. In of stages. Under evaluation, the argument presents sexual reproduction, evolution takes place when a serious practical problem that did not go unnoticed. information regarding morphological changes is The continuous addition of evolutionary stages integrated into the reproductive mechanism. The would result in a physiological distortion of ontogeny, connection between evolution and embryology is making it unfathomable. The biogenetic law was clear – it is a necessary occurrence. Embryologists therefore reformulated. Embryogenesis would no swiftly made this connection, back in the 19th century, longer constitute an absolute recapitulation, but a th when the theory of evolution was first formulated. condensed repetition of a species’ past. By the 20 Under this criterion, the question of how species century there was little doubt as to the falsehood of evolve is directly linked to embryogenesis. The the theory. Haeckel himself acknowledged having purpose is to understand how a new species is manipulated tests in order to facilitate comprehension, formed during the morphological sequence occurring by simulating a common evolutionary sequence in the ovum after fertilisation. In order to achieve this, between the embryos of the different species he it became necessary to understand the mechanisms had compared [2-4]. Embryology returned to the that control the reproductive process. scientific logic expressed by the biologist Ernst von Baer in the 1820s. A simple, common sense Supported by compared embryology, the theory of argument: the embryo only resembles members recapitulation, i.e., the conception of considering of its own species, and over the course of its ISSN 1860-3122 - 309 - Electronic Journal of Biology, 2016, Vol.12(3): 309-313 development progresses from a general state to The idea was to explore whether progeny displayed a particular state, from amorphous to specific, the spontaneous modifications established under gradually acquiring the anatomical characteristics the theory. This objective was partly achieved. After of the informative being contained in the ovum [5]. a number of years, an individual with white eyes Embryonic coincidences between different groups was born. This fly proved the existence of natural are no more than a reflection of their common past. mutations, although its evolutionary significance was An embryo does not recapitulate its past; it partially not as had been expected: it was not a new species repeats the ontogeny of its ancestors. So, what is the of fly. Tens of experimental mutants would appear evolutionary significance of reproduction? This is a over the following years. Flies with no wings, or with relevant, necessary and cardinal matter, shaped over their wings curled up, stunted or grooved, and flies the course of the 20th century via genetics and the with brown, chestnut or peach-coloured eyes, are biology of development. examples of this amazing zoology resulting from genetic manipulation. With this glimpse into the An early answer to the question was obtained modus operandi of the genome, some of pieces of in 1866, although it went unnoticed. This is the the morphogenetic puzzle began to fall into place: notorious pea plant experiment carried out by Gregor the chromosome is the material container of the Johann Mendel at the Cistercian Abbey in Brno. gene, the expression of which regulates embryonic Over the course of a decade this monk crossbred differentiation. Published in 1915, The Mechanism thousands of plants and examined their fruit. He of Mendelian Heredity contained the results of this studied their shape, size, colour and texture in order work. The book established the foundations of to explain evolution in a precise context: discovering modern genetics [9]. what biological mechanism enables offspring to inherit parental traits. His hereditary theory laid Under the denomination synthetic theory or modern the foundations for genetics. In his mind, species synthesis, Neo-Darwinism easily assimilated the did not evolve either under the influence of their pattern of gene variation by applying a well-known environment or guided by natural selection. Chance recipe: cause and effect [10]. It was thought that was responsible for mixing parental characteristics evolution was an exact science written in a genetic during fertilisation. Spontaneously at times, the language. Evolution would have an exclusively resulting genetic combination would stabilise in the genic medium resulting from the expression of small offspring. In this case, descendants would suddenly mutations, causing occasional modifications in form a specific, reproductively constant group. population typology – the group in which selection Another species would emerge. Plainly speaking, takes place. Repeated on a gradual, ongoing and evolution would be the consequence of a singular accumulative basis, the phenomenon would explain chromosomic recombination [6]. how species diversify over time via the gradual and selective addition of mutations. Population genetics In 1900, Mendel’s laws were rediscovered, and would characterise Neo-Darwinism for decades. genetics started its unstoppable biological ascent. First there was the formulation of chromosomic theory; Hopeful monsters then came the notion of genes: the chromosomic unity responsible for phenotypical expression. From 1880 onwards, embryology was a purely Using Mendel’s model, the Dutch botanist Hugo de experimental discipline that had broken the bounds of Vries, one of the fortunate rediscoverers, wrote Die descriptive procedure. The mechanics of embryonic mutationstheorie; two innovative volumes devoted to development were under investigation. Many the origin of species [7,8]. In summary, his mutation questions arose. The main question to be answered theory ventured that evolution did not follow Darwin’s was how cellular, tissue, and organic differentiation principles. Species were not formed via the slow, influenced the construction of the individual. This gradual accumulation of small organic changes, but biological problem focused on discovering what through the reproductive manifestation of abrupt factors determined the transformation of the embryo. typological variations, spontaneous, stable, sudden, Research progressed towards the definition of hereditary changes, known as mutations, that the event as a chain reaction, meaning
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Cumulated Bibliography of Biographies of Ocean Scientists Deborah Day, Scripps Institution of Oceanography Archives Revised December 3, 2001
    Cumulated Bibliography of Biographies of Ocean Scientists Deborah Day, Scripps Institution of Oceanography Archives Revised December 3, 2001. Preface This bibliography attempts to list all substantial autobiographies, biographies, festschrifts and obituaries of prominent oceanographers, marine biologists, fisheries scientists, and other scientists who worked in the marine environment published in journals and books after 1922, the publication date of Herdman’s Founders of Oceanography. The bibliography does not include newspaper obituaries, government documents, or citations to brief entries in general biographical sources. Items are listed alphabetically by author, and then chronologically by date of publication under a legend that includes the full name of the individual, his/her date of birth in European style(day, month in roman numeral, year), followed by his/her place of birth, then his date of death and place of death. Entries are in author-editor style following the Chicago Manual of Style (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 14th ed., 1993). Citations are annotated to list the language if it is not obvious from the text. Annotations will also indicate if the citation includes a list of the scientist’s papers, if there is a relationship between the author of the citation and the scientist, or if the citation is written for a particular audience. This bibliography of biographies of scientists of the sea is based on Jacqueline Carpine-Lancre’s bibliography of biographies first published annually beginning with issue 4 of the History of Oceanography Newsletter (September 1992). It was supplemented by a bibliography maintained by Eric L. Mills and citations in the biographical files of the Archives of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UCSD.
    [Show full text]
  • Travels on the Backbone Crest (A Group of Embryonic Cells)
    BOOKS & ARTS COMMENT EVOLUTION non-deuterostomes. In the most effective section, he strips vertebrates down to their parts, such as the nerve cord, notochord (fore- runner of the vertebral column) and neural Travels on the backbone crest (a group of embryonic cells). He even delves into the largely ignored gut and viscera. Chris Lowe lauds a study of vertebrate origins that Gee discusses how data from living and brings us up to date with a shifting field. fossilized hemichordates and echinoderms have facilitated the search for the origins of the defining chordate anatomies. He ome of the great remaining mysteries groups belong in the highlights how palaeontological, develop- in zoology concern origins — of multi- deuterostome lineage mental and genomic data now all support cellularity, complex nervous systems, of animals alongside the idea that the common ancestor of chor- Slife cycles and sex, for example. The chordates — have dates, hemichordates and echinoderms had evolutionary origin of vertebrates is among largely been resolved. pharyngeal gill slits for filter feeding. That the most intractable of these, despite more Others are as intrac- gives us a glimpse of the early chordate ances- than a century of work spanning a range of table as ever, including tor, which lived around 600 million years ago. disciplines and animal groups. where to place key fos- Other features, such as a complex brain, prob- In Across the Bridge, Henry Gee reviews sil groups such as the ably emerged much later. Having established the most recent research in this area. Gee curious vetulicolians, Across the Bridge: a hazy picture of the earliest chordates, Gee (the senior editor responsible for palae- which lived during Understanding focuses on building vertebrates and their the Origin of the ontology and evolutionary development the Cambrian period, Vertebrates defining features from the basic chordate at Nature) synthesizes contributions from some 541 million to HENRY GEE body plan, for example through spectacular anatomy, developmental biology, genomics, 485 million years ago.
    [Show full text]
  • FAU Institutional Repository
    FAU Institutional Repository http://purl.fcla.edu/fau/fauir This paper was submitted by the faculty of FAU’s Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute. Notice: ©1999 Academic Press. This manuscript is an author version with the final publication available and may be cited as: Young, C. M. (1999). Marine invertebrate larvae. In E. Knobil & J. D. Neill (eds.), Encyclopedia of Reproduction, 3. (pp. 89-97). London, England, and San Diego, CA: Academic Press. --------1111------- Marine Invertebrate Larvae Craig M. Young Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution 1. What Is a Larva? metamorphOSiS Morphological and physiological changes II. The Production of Larvae that occur during the transition from the larval phase to iII. Larval forms and Diversity the juvenile phase: often coincides with settlement in ben­ IV. Larval Feeding and Nutrition thic species. V. Larval Orientation, Locomotion, Dispersal, and mixed development A developmental mode that includes a Mortality brooded or encapsulated embryonic stage as well as a free­ VI. Larval Settlement and Metamorphosis swimming larval stage. VlI. Ecological and Evolutionary Significance of Larvae planktotrophic larva A feeding larva that obtains at least part VlIl. Economic and Medical Importance of Larvae of its nutritional needs from either particulate or dissolved exogenous sources. Planktotrophic larvae generally hatch from small, transparent eggs. GLOSSARY settlement The permanent transition of a larva from the plankton to the benthos. In sessile organisms, settlement atrochal larva A uniformly ciliated larva (cilia not arranged is marked by adhesion to the substratum. It is often closely in distinct bands). associated with metamorphosis and may involve habitat se­ competent larva A larva that is physiologically and morpho­ lection.
    [Show full text]
  • The Evolutionary Embryologist Gavin Rylands De Beer (1899–1972)
    Homology and Heterochrony: The Evolutionary Embryologist Gavin Rylands de Beer (1899–1972) Ingo Brigandt Department of History and Philosophy of Science University of Pittsburgh 1017 Cathedral of Learning Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA E-mail: [email protected] Preprint of an article published in 2006 in the Journal of Experimental Zoology (Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution) 306B: 317–328 www.interscience.Wiley.com GAVIN RYLANDS DE BEER (1899–1972) 2 Abstract The evolutionary embryologist Gavin Rylands de Beer can be viewed as one of the forerunners of modern evolutionary developmental biology in that he posed crucial questions and proposed relevant answers about the causal relationship between ontogeny and phylogeny. In his developmental approach to the phylogenetic phenomenon of homology, he emphasized that homology of morphological structures is to be identified neither with the sameness of the underlying developmental processes nor with the homology of the genes that are in involved in the development of the structures. De Beer’s work on developmental evolution focused on the notion of heterochrony, arguing that paedomorphosis increases morphological evolvability and is thereby an important mode of evolution that accounts for the origin of many taxa, including higher taxa. GAVIN RYLANDS DE BEER (1899–1972) 3 Gavin Rylands de Beer (Fig. 1) was born in England in 1899, but spent the first 13 years of his life in France, where his father worked as a correspondent of a telegraph company. After returning to England, he went to Harrow School, where he became interested in zoology. In 1917 he entered Magdalen College at Oxford, graduating in 1922 after a leave for serving in the British Army during World War I.
    [Show full text]
  • Hydrothermal Vent Periphery Invertebrate Community Habitat Preferences of the Lau Basin
    California State University, Monterey Bay Digital Commons @ CSUMB Capstone Projects and Master's Theses Capstone Projects and Master's Theses Summer 2020 Hydrothermal Vent Periphery Invertebrate Community Habitat Preferences of the Lau Basin Kenji Jordi Soto California State University, Monterey Bay Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.csumb.edu/caps_thes_all Recommended Citation Soto, Kenji Jordi, "Hydrothermal Vent Periphery Invertebrate Community Habitat Preferences of the Lau Basin" (2020). Capstone Projects and Master's Theses. 892. https://digitalcommons.csumb.edu/caps_thes_all/892 This Master's Thesis (Open Access) is brought to you for free and open access by the Capstone Projects and Master's Theses at Digital Commons @ CSUMB. It has been accepted for inclusion in Capstone Projects and Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ CSUMB. For more information, please contact [email protected]. HYDROTEHRMAL VENT PERIPHERY INVERTEBRATE COMMUNITY HABITAT PREFERENCES OF THE LAU BASIN _______________ A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of Moss Landing Marine Laboratories California State University Monterey Bay _______________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science in Marine Science _______________ by Kenji Jordi Soto Spring 2020 CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY MONTEREY BAY The Undersigned Faculty Committee Approves the Thesis of Kenji Jordi Soto: HYDROTHERMAL VENT PERIPHERY INVERTEBRATE COMMUNITY HABITAT PREFERENCES OF THE LAU BASIN _____________________________________________
    [Show full text]
  • Spencer Box 1 G Misc
    Pitt Rivers Museum ms collections Spencer papers Box 1 G Miscellaneous Warning: species names etc may not be transcribed accurately Letter G1 Cher Monsieur J’ai reçu remerciement votre lettre, et les specimens que vous avez en l'obligeance de m’envoyer et pour lesquels je vous adresse mes meilleurs remerciements. Ils sont arrivés en bon état, mais le bouchon de liège était probablement mauvais, car il ne restait plus d'alcool dans la bouteille. Cependant les spécimens ne me paraissent pas avoir souffert, et leur étude m'intéressera beaucoup. J’aurais voulu vous envoyer en retour la forme d’hydroide alliée aux Ceratillives dont je vous avais parlé, mais je rien possède malheureusement qu’un bien petit spécimen et je n’ai pas encore eu le temps de l'inventorier. Mais j'espère beaucoup que nous en retrouver d’autres à Naples cet hiver, et je me ferais alors un plaisir de vous en envoyer un échantillon. Si au contraire nous n'en retrouvons pas, je vous enverrai la moitié de mon specimen dès que je l’aurai étudié. En attendant, je vous expédie dans un bocal quelques formes d’hydroides de la Méditerranée qui pourront peut-être trouver une place dans votre musée. J'espère qu'ils arriveront en bon état. Si vous désirez avoir certaines espèces particulières soit d’hydroides soit d'autres Invertébrés marins veuillez me l'écrire et je ferai mon possible pour vous les procurer. N’oubliez pas aussi que tous les myrroides (même déjà connus) que vous pourrez m’envoyer me feront le plus grand plaisir, et me seront d’une grand utilité pour ma monographie.
    [Show full text]
  • Tunicata 4 Alberto Stolfi and Federico D
    Tunicata 4 Alberto Stolfi and Federico D. Brown Chapter vignette artwork by Brigitte Baldrian. © Brigitte Baldrian and Andreas Wanninger. A. Stolfi Department of Biology , Center for Developmental Genetics, New York University , New York , NY , USA F. D. Brown (*) EvoDevo Laboratory, Departamento de Zoologia , Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo , São Paulo , SP , Brazil Evolutionary Developmental Biology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences , Universidad de los Andes , Bogotá , Colombia Centro Nacional de Acuicultura e Investigaciones Marinas (CENAIM) , Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral (ESPOL) , San Pedro , Santa Elena , Ecuador e-mail: [email protected] A. Wanninger (ed.), Evolutionary Developmental Biology of Invertebrates 6: Deuterostomia 135 DOI 10.1007/978-3-7091-1856-6_4, © Springer-Verlag Wien 2015 [email protected] 136 A. Stolfi and F.D. Brown Above all , perhaps , I am indebted to a decidedly the phylogenetic relationships between the three vegetative , often beautiful , and generally obscure classes and many orders and families have yet to group of marine animals , both for their intrinsic interest and for the enjoyment I have had in search- be satisfactorily settled. Appendicularia, ing for them . N. J. Berrill (1955) Thaliacea, and Ascidiacea remain broadly used in textbooks and scientifi c literature as the three classes of tunicates; however, recent molecular INTRODUCTION phylogenies have provided support for the mono- phyly of only Appendicularia and Thaliacea, but Tunicates are a group of marine fi lter-feeding not of Ascidiacea (Swalla et al. 2000 ; animals1 that have been traditionally divided into Tsagkogeorga et al. 2009 ; Wada 1998 ). A para- three classes: (1) Appendicularia, also known as phyletic Ascidiacea calls for a reevaluation of larvaceans because their free-swimming and tunicate relationships.
    [Show full text]
  • Walter Garstang, 1868–1949
    56i WALTER GARSTANG, 1868-1949 The death of Professor Walter Garstang, at the age of 81, on 23 February 1949, broke the last living link with the foundation of our Plymouth Laboratory. It is fitting that some record of his life should be found in the pages of our Journal; not only because he was one of the pioneers of marine biology in this country and one of the founders of fisheries research, but particularly by reason of his having taken such a prominent part in the early history of our Associa- tion. He was on the staff of our laboratory the day it opened, and in 1895 he initiated the first of the Easter Classes which ever since have made such an important contribution to the education of British zoologists. He continued to conduct these classes until 1901 when he became director of the fishery investigations undertaken by the M.B.A. on behalf of the government, as England's share in the then new International Investigations. Apart from his marine work, Garstang made fundamental contributions to biological theory, as in his paedomorphosis conception, and for more than half a century was one of the outstanding personalities of British Zoology. In 1938, Garstang began to write an account of his experiences in fifty years of marine biology, but with other occupations in research and the coming of the war he abandoned it. Of what he wrote, however, he left some eighty pages of typescript describing the early days at Plymouth from 1888 to 1900; these have been deposited in the hbrary of the Plymouth Laboratory for the benefit of those interested in our early history.
    [Show full text]
  • Th© Morphology and Relations of the Siphonophora. by Walter Garstang, H.A., D.Sc
    Th© Morphology and Relations of the Siphonophora. By Walter Garstang, H.A., D.Sc. Emeritus Professor of Zoology, University of Leeds. 'Anyone who has studied the history of science knows that almost every great step therein has been made by the 'anticipation of Nature', that is, by the invention of hypotheses, which, though verifiable, often had very little foundation to start with; and, not infrequently, in spite of a long career of usefulness, turned out to be wholely erroneous in the long run.' T. H. HUXLEY: 'The Progress of Science' (1887). With 57 Test-figures. CONTENTS. PA6E INTRODUCTORY 103 SUMMARY OF CHAPTERS 105 GLOSSARY OP TEEMS 107 1. DEVELOPMENT OF THE PNEUMATOFHORE ..... 109 2. CALYCOPHORE AND PHYSOPHORE . .117 3. DlSCONANTH AND SlPHONANTH . .118 4. THE HYDHOID RELATIONS OF DISCONANTHAE . .123 5. COITARIA AND THE CORYMORPHINES 127 6. THE SEPHONANTH PROBLEM 13S 7. GASTRULATION AND THE BUDDING LINE ..... 135 8. THE NATURE AND ORIGIN OF BBACTS (HYDROPHYLLIA) . 139 9. NECTOSOME AND SIPHOSOMB ....... 146 10. CORMIDIAI, BUDDING IN MACROSTELIA 150 11. GROWTH AND SYMMETRY DT BRACHYSTELIA . .155 12. GENERAL CONCLUSIONS. ....... 175 13. SYSTEMATIC ......... 189 PROPOSED CLASSIFICATION OF SIPHONOPHORA .... 190 LITERATURE CONSULTED ........ 191 INTRODUCTORY. WISHING recently to put together the evidence concerning the origin of the Pelagic Fauna, I found, when I came to the Siphonojjhora, that their morphology was so dominated by NO. 346 i 104 WALTER GARSTANG dubious theories under the aegis of great names that a review of the literature would be necessary to disentangle fact from fiction. The present paper is an outcome of that review, and contains some remarkable examples of the persistence of doctrines long after their foundations had disappeared.
    [Show full text]
  • Protochordate Body Plan and the Evolutionary Role of Larvae: Old Controversies Resolved?1
    216 REVIEW / SYNTHÈSE Protochordate body plan and the evolutionary role of larvae: old controversies resolved?1 Thurston C. Lacalli Abstract: Motile larvae figure prominently in a number of past scenarios for chordate and vertebrate origins, notably in the writings of Garstang, Berrill, and Romer. All three focus on the motile larva of a primitively sessile tunicate an- cestor as a vertebrate progenitor; Garstang went further in deriving chordates themselves by neoteny from a yet more ancient larva of the dipleurula type. Yet the molecular evidence currently available shows convincingly that the part of the tunicate larva that persists to the adult expresses only a subset of the genes required to specify a complete bilaterian body axis, and essentially the same appears to be true of dipleurula larvae. Specifically, both are essentially heads without trunks. Hence, both are highly derived and as such are probably poor models for any real ancestor. A more convincing case can be made for a sequence of ancestral forms that throughout their evolution were active, motile organisms expressing a full complement of axial patterning genes. This implies a basal, ancestral form resem- bling modern enteropneusts, although a pelagic organism at a hemichordate level of complexity is also possible. A re- assessment is thus required of the role played by adult and larval tunicates, and of larvae more generally, in chordate evolution. Tunicates need to be interpreted with caution, since the extreme degree of modification in the adult may have been accompanied by reductions to the larva. Dipleurula larvae may retain some ancestral features (e.g., of apical, oral, and anal organization), but are otherwise probably too specialized to be central players in chordate evolution.
    [Show full text]
  • Larval Ecology of Marine Invertebrates: a Sesquicentennial History
    FAU Institutional Repository http://purl.fcla.edu/fau/fauir This paper was submitted by the faculty of FAU’s Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute. Notice: ©1990 Taylor & Francis Group. This is an electronic published version of an article which may be cited as: Young, C. M. (1990). Larval ecology of marine invertebrates: a sesquicentennial history. Ophelia, 32(1-2), 1-48. doi: 10.1080/00785236.1990.10422023 Ophelia is available online at: http://www.tandfonline.com/openurl?genre=article&issn=0078- 5326&date=1990&volume=32&issue=1-2&spage=1 -- OPHELIA 32 (1-2): 1-48 (October 1990) LARVAL ECOLOGY OF MARINE INVERTEBRATES: A SESQUICENTENNIAL HISTORY Craig M. .Young Division of Marine Science, Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution, 5600 Old Dixie Hwy., Ft. Pierce, Florida 34946, USA ABSTRACT Although larval ecology has roots as far back as Aristotle, the earliest accurate ideas about larval recruitment, dispersal, and behavior arose about 150 years ago, during the time of J. Vaughn Thompson and Edward Forbes. In this review, the history oflarval ecology is traced from the initial discovery of larvae and the early formulation of ideas in the nineteenth century through the de­ velopment of methodology for addressing hard-to-study field processes in the 1980's. A survey of the literature in major marine biologyjournals reveals the overall trends in larval research and the temporal changes in the proportion of effort devoted to various kinds of studies. Many recent studies of larval processes resemble seldom-cited studies that were done more than a halfcentury earlier. INTRODUCTION Marine invertebrate larval ecology is a youngdiscipline.
    [Show full text]
  • Transactions 1912
    TRANSACTIONS OF THE Burfolk antr BovUmij NATURALISTS’ SOCIETY. YOL. IX.—Part iv. 1912—13 . Edited by the Honorary Secretary. JSr NORWICH : Printed by A. E. Soman & Co. 1913. ( (.Issued to the Members for the year igia-ij .) Bovfal k aitb Bafmtaltefs’ &on?t\i. OFFICERS FOR 1913—14. President. MISS A. M. GELDART. Ex-President. ROBERT GURNEY, M.A., F.Z.S. Vice-Presidents. THE RIGHT HON. THE EARL OF LEICESTER, G.C.V.O., C.M.G. THE RIGHT HON. THE LORD WALSINGHAM, F.R.S. TIIE RIGHT HON. THE LORD LINDLEY MICHAEL BEVERLEY, M.D. H. M. UPCHER, F.Z.S. COL. H. W. FEILDEN, C.B., C.M.Z.S. SIR EUSTACE GURNEY, F.Z.S. JOHN HENRY GURNEY. F.L.S., F.Z.S. ’ SIDNEY F. HARMER, Sc.D., F.R.S. F. W. HARMER, F.G.S. JAMES REEVE. F.G.S. Hon. Treasurer. H. J. THOULESS. Hon. Secretary. S. H. LONG. M.D., F.Z.S., 37, St. Giles Street, Norwich. Assistant Secretary. JOHN QUINTON, Norfolk and Norwich Library, Norwich. Hon. Librarian. F. C. HINDE. Committee. A. W. PRESTON W. A. NICHOLSON W. II. BURRELL, F.L.S. W. G. CLARKE C. B. TICE HURST F. LENEY ROBERT GURNEY, M.A. F. D. WHEELER, LL.D. W. L. SUTTON, F.I.C. Journal Committee. J. T. HOTBLACK, F.G.S. A. W. PRESTON, F.R.Met.Soc. W. G. CLARKE F. D. WHEELER. LL.D. W. A. NICHOLSON. Excursion Committee. II. J. THOULESS J. T. HOTBLACK, F.G.S. F. LENEY. Hon. Auditor. S.
    [Show full text]