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Dissertation / Doctoral Thesis DISSERTATION / DOCTORAL THESIS Titel der Dissertation /Title of the Doctoral Thesis “POVERTY REDUCTION IN ZAMBIA: A COMPARATIVE SOCIAL ETHICAL ANALYSIS OF THE STRATEGIES OF THE CATHOLIC CHURCH AND THE PENTECOSTALS (THE GOSPEL OF PROSPERITY MOVEMENT)” verfasst von /submitted by Mag. Theol. Gabriel Chalwe Mapulanga angestrebter akademischer Grad/in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Theology (Dr. Theol.) Wien, 2018 / Vienna, 2018 Studienkennzahl /Degree programme code: A 780 011 Dissertationsgebiet /Field of study: Catholic Theology/Katholische Theologie Betreut von /Supervisor: o. Univ.-Prof. Dr. Ingeborg Gabriel i Acknowledgement In the first place, I would like to thank God the almighty for life and the grace he has given me to do this work. It has always been my desire to write about how Zambians have been struggling with poverty, and especially about how we use different strategies. I thank my parents and my brothers and sisters. I am greatly indebted to Prof. Dr. Ingeborg Gabriel, my supervisor. She encouraged me to write about this topic and she took great interest into it. I would also want to thank the two Professors, Dr. Johann Pock and Dr. Gunter Jagenteufel for taking time to read this work. Let me also take time to thank Dr. Irene Klissenbauer, the assistant at the institute for Social Ethics of the Catholic faculty of the University of Vienna. She took time to read my paper with patience, made corrections and gave very useful advice. My thanks also go to other assistants from the same institute, whom I worked with: Dr. Marijana Kompes, Dr. Petra Steinmair-Pösel and Dr. Jaroslav Geburt. I thank my bishops in my diocese of Ndola: late Bishop Denis de Jong, Bishop Noel O’Regan and Bishop Dr. Alick Banda for giving me an opportunity to pursue my studies. May I thank all my brother priests from my diocese and all our parishioners where I worked. Let me thank the Archdiocese of Vienna, especially, Cardinal Christoph Schönborn for giving me a scholarship. I also thank parishioners in my host parishes in Vienna: Orth an der Donau, Badvöslau and Gainfarn. I can not forget to thank my parish priest Father Stephan Holpfer for his generosity and friendliness to me. I thank the sisters of the Sacred Heart of Jesus in Gainfarn: Sisters Benedikta, Manfredah, Cherubina and Dominica. The sisters gave me a second home. I also thank the mayor of Badvöslau, Ing. Christoph Prinz and his team. May I thank my brother Zambian priests whom I have lived with in Austria: Fr. Edward Mwale, Fr. Rodgers Mulenga, Fr. Douglas Ndumba and Fr. John Mbulo; thank you, we made a good team. I also thank my other fellow priests and friends I ii met in Vienna, especially Fr. Paul Kalola from Democratic Republic of Congo and Fr. Castor Goliama from Tanzania. I can not forget to thank the University of Vienna for financial assistance for my field work in Zambia. I thank Mr. Kevin Carrol for reading through this work. Let me also thank the Men’s Choir of Gainfarn. I spent time with this choir group and I sang with them in concerts. It was a pleasure for me. iii List Of Abbreviations ACZ - Apostolic Church in Zambia AFM - Apostolic Faith Mission AOGZ - Assemblies of God Zambia ART - Antiretroviral Treatment ARV - Antiretroviral BIGOCA - Bible Gospel Church in Central Africa BLCI - Bread of Life Church International BNB – Basic Needs Basket CCJP - Catholic Commission for Justice and Peace CCZ - Council of Churches in Zambia EFZ - Evangelical Fellowship of Zambia EU - European Union FBO - Faith-Based Organization FODEP - Foundation for Democratic Progress HIPC - Highly Indebted Poor Countries ICOZ - Independent Churches of Zambia IFCC - International Fellowship of Christian Churches JCTR - Jesuit Centre for Theological Reflection LAZ - Law Association of Zambia iv LCMS - Living Conditions Monitoring Survey MDG - Millennium Development Goals MMD - Movement for Multi-Party Democracy NCC - National Citizens Coalition NCC - National Constitutional Conference NDIIA - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs NETOZ - National Evangelistic Task of Zambia NGO - Non-Governmental Organization NGOCC - Non-Governmental Organizations Coordinating Committee OF - Oasis Forum OVC - Orphans and Vulnerable Children PAOG - Pentecostal Assemblies of God PAOGZ - Pentecostal Assemblies of God Zambia PC - Pentecostal and Charismatic PEPFAR - President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief PHC - Pentecostal Holiness Church PLWHA - People Living With HIV/AIDS RCCG - Redeemed Christian Church of God RCZ - Reformed Church in Zambia STI - Sexually Transmitted Infection SDA - Seventh Day Adventist v UCZ - United Church of Zambia UNICEF - United Nations Children’s Fund (formerly United Nations International Emergency Fund) UNIP - United National Independence Party UNZA - University of Zambia UPND - United Party for National Development UTH - University Teaching Hospital VCT - Voluntary Counseling and Testing WHO - World Health Organization ZCCB - Zambia Conference of Catholic Bishops ZCTU - Zambia Congress of Trade Unions ZEC - Zambia Episcopal Conference ZEMCC - Zambia Elections Monitoring Coordinating Committee ZIMT - Zambia Independent Monitoring Team 1 1 Table of Contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS III 1. INTRODUCTION 5 1.1 POINT OF DEPARTURE AND STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM 5 1.2 RESEARCH QUESTIONS 7 1.3 AIM/GOAL OF THIS RESEARCH 7 1.4 SIGNIFICANCE 8 1.5 LITERATURE REVIEW 8 1.6 PRESUPPOSITIONS 9 1.7 METHODOLOGY 11 1.7.1 RESEARCH APPROACH 11 1.7.2 RESEARCH DESIGN 11 1.7.3 DATA COLLECTION 12 1.7.4 DATA ANALYSIS 13 1.7.5 THESIS STRUCTURE 15 2. THE ZAMBIAN CONTEXT 17 2.1 ZAMBIA AS A NATION: BACKGROUND INFORMATION 17 2.1.1 PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY 17 2.1.2 HUMAN GEOGRAPHY 22 2.2 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 30 2.2.1 COLONIZATION (UNTIL 1964) 30 2.2.2 THE SOCIALIST EXPERIMENT 37 2.2.3 THE FREE MARKET ECONOMY EXPERIMENT (1991 TO DATE) 49 2 3. POVERTY REDUCTION AND WEALTH CREATION: SOME SOCIAL ETHICAL CONCEPTS 54 3.1 SOME NOTES ON THE CONCEPT OF POVERTY 54 3.1.1 WHAT IS POVERTY? 54 3.1.2 COMPLEXITY AND VARIOUS FORMS OF POVERTY 57 3.1.3 CHRISTIAN APPROACHES TO POVERTY 61 3.2 JEFFREY SACHS: AN ECONOMIC APPROACH 70 3.2.1 SOME BACKGROUND INFORMATION ON THE AUTHOR 70 3.2.2 POVERTY REDUCTION IN A DYNAMIC MARKET ECONOMY 79 3.2.3 SUPPORT FOR THE POOR AS A WAY TOWARD ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 82 3.2.4 SUSTAINABILITY AS A WAY TOWARD REAL DEVELOPMENT. 86 3.3 CATHOLIC SOCIAL TEACHING AND ITS APPROACH TO POVERTY REDUCTION 92 3.3.1 UNDERSTANDING CATHOLIC SOCIAL TEACHING 92 3.3.2 BASIC THEOLOGICAL REFLECTIONS ON WEALTH AND POVERTY 101 3.3.3 PAPAL TEACHING ON WEALTH AND POVERTY REDUCTION 125 3.3.4 THE APPROACH OF THE CATHOLIC CHURCH: POINT OF DEPARTURE AND STRATEGIES 155 3.4 THE PROSPERITY GOSPEL OF THE PENTECOSTAL CHURCHES 159 3.4.1 UNDERSTANDING THE GOSPEL OF PROSPERITY 161 3.4.2 THE GOSPEL OF PROSPERITY IN THE AFRICAN CONTEXT 172 3.4.3 THE APPROACH OF THE GOSPEL OF PROSPERITY TO POVERTY REDUCTION AND WEALTH CREATION 183 3.4.4 THE APPROACH OF THE GOSPEL OF PROSPERITY: THE POINT OF DEPARTURE AND STRATEGIES 195 3.5 RESUME 200 4. POVERTY REDUCTION AND WEALTH CREATION: RESPONSES OF THE CHURCHES IN ZAMBIA 202 4.1 AN ANALYSIS OF THE TOPIC OF POVERTY AND WEALTH IN THE MAGISTERIAL DOCUMENTS OF THE CATHOLIC CHURCH OF ZAMBIA FROM 1990-2017 202 3 4.1.1 FIRST EPOCH: 1990 – 1995 204 4.1.2 SECOND EPOCH: 1996 – 2001 214 4.1.3 THIRD EPOCH: 2002 – 2006 219 4.1.4 FOURTH EPOCH: 2007 – 2012 224 4.1.5 FIFTH EPOCH: 2012 – 2017 231 4.2 ANALYSIS OF THE STATEMENTS OF PENTECOSTAL MOVEMENTS 236 4.2.1 PENTECOSTAL APPROACH 238 4.2.2 PREACHING 239 4.2.3 SERMONS AT BREAD OF LIFE INTERNATIONAL AS DOCUMENTS 241 4.3 THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL RESPONSES OF TWO CATHOLIC INSTITUTIONS IN ZAMBIA IN THE FIGHT AGAINST POVERTY. 257 4.3.1. CARITAS ZAMBIA 257 4.3.2 JESUIT CENTRE FOR THEOLOGICAL REFLECTION (JCTR) 273 4.4 THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL RESPONSES OF PENTECOSTAL INSTITUTIONS IN ZAMBIA IN THE FIGHT AGAINST POVERTY. 283 4.4.1 EVANGELICAL FELLOWSHIP OF ZAMBIA 283 4.5 ANALYSIS OF INTERVIEWS 290 4.5.1 PRELIMINARY INFORMATION 290 4.5.2 ACTUAL ANALYSIS OF INTERVIEWS 294 5. FINDINGS 301 5.1 OUTCOMES: POINTS OF DEPARTURE AND STRATEGIES 301 5.1.1 WHAT IS THE CORE CONTENT OF THE THREE ANALYZED APPROACHES? 301 5.1.2 TO WHAT EXTENT DO THE ANALYZED APPROACHES COMPLEMENT OR DIFFER FROM ONE ANOTHER? 303 5.1.3 TO WHAT EXTENT CAN THESE POSITIONS HELP IN ALLEVIATING POVERTY? 305 5.2 THE IMPLICATIONS FOR ZAMBIA: STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OF THE APPROACHES 305 CONCLUSION 315 4 BIBLIOGRAPHY 317 APPENDIXES 336 APPENDIX II: INTERVIEW QUESTIONS 336 APPENDIX I. ABSTRACT (ENGLISH AND GERMAN) 338 5 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Point Of Departure And Statement Of The Problem In terms of social ethics, there are two things that should attract attention about the country, Zambia. On one hand, the very high levels of poverty, despite the country having all the necessary resources needed for development. On the other hand, and due to globalization, the country is turning into a pluralistic society. According to the 2015 Living Conditions Monitoring Survey (LCMS) 54.4 percent of the people in Zambia live below the national poverty line. 74.6 percent of these live in rural areas, while 23.4 percent are in urban areas. At the same time, the survey shows that 40.8 percent of Zambians live in extreme poverty1. Out of this, 60.8 percent are in rural areas.2 The country experiences these high poverty levels despite the fact that for the past decade, the economy has been growing at an average of 6 percent.3 It is a paradox that so many Zambians are poor, despite the fact that the country is endowed with natural resources like minerals, wild life, plenty arable land, rivers, lakes, swamps, trees and a favorable climate; and on top of that, the country has also been politically peaceful and stable since the end of colonialism in 1964.
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