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Historia De Los Ejercitos (Rustica) Grande.Indd 1 07/01/14 15:00 Presidencia De La República historia de los ejercitos (rustica) grande.indd 1 07/01/14 15:00 PRESIDENCIA DE LA REPÚBLICA Presidente de la República Enrique Peña Nieto SECRETARÍA DE LA DEFENSA NACIONAL Secretario de la Defensa Nacional General Salvador Cienfuegos Zepeda SECRETARÍA DE EDUCACIÓN PÚBLICA Secretario de Educación Pública Emilio Chuayffet Chemor Subsecretario de Educación Superior Fernando Serrano Migallón INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE ESTUDIOS HISTÓRICOS DE LAS REVOLUCIONES DE MÉXICO Directora General Patricia Galeana Consejo Técnico Consultivo Fernando Castañeda Sabido, Mercedes de la Vega, Luis Jáuregui, Álvaro Matute, Ricardo Pozas Horcasitas, Érika Pani, Salvador Rueda Smithers, Adalberto Santana Hernández, Enrique Semo y Gloria Villegas Moreno. historia de los ejercitos (rustica) grande.indd 2 07/01/14 15:00 INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE ESTUDIOS HISTÓRICOS DE LAS REVOLUCIONES DE MÉXICO México, 2013 historia de los ejercitos (rustica) grande.indd 3 07/01/14 15:00 El INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE ESTUDIOS HISTÓRICOS DE LAS REVOLUCIONES DE MÉXICO desea hacer constar su agradecimiento a quienes hicieron posible, a través del uso y permiso de imágenes, esta publicación: • Archivo Bob Schalkwijk • Fideicomiso Museos Diego Rivera y Frida Kahlo • Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia (INAH) • Instituto Nacional de Bellas Artes (INBA) • Secretaría de la Defensa Nacional (Sedena) Primera edición, 2014 ISBN: 978-607-9276-41-6 Imagen de portada: Insignia militar, s. XIX, Museo Nacional de Historia-INAH Derechos reservados de esta edición: © Instituto Nacional de Estudios Históricos de las Revoluciones de México (INEHRM) Francisco I. Madero núm. 1, San Ángel, Del. Álvaro Obregón, 01000, México, D. F. www.inehrm.gob.mx Impreso y hecho en México historia de los ejercitos (rustica) grande.indd 4 07/01/14 15:00 CONTENIDO P RESENTACIONES General Salvador Cienfuegos Zepeda Secretario de la Defensa Nacional .........................................9 Emilio Chuayffet Chemor Secretario de Educación Pública ......................................... 11 L AS FUERZAS ARMADAS DE M ÉXICO Patricia Galeana Directora General del Instituto Nacional de Estudios Históricos de las Revoluciones de México ..................................... 13 CA PÍTU LO I L OS EJÉRCITOS DE LOS ANTIGUOS MEXICANOS L A GUERRA JUSTA. L A REBEL IÓN DEL M IXTÓN Miguel León-Portilla ........................................... 25 L A ARQUEOLOGÍA E HISTORIA MIL ITAR EN M ÉXICO Y EL CONOCIMIENTO DE LOS EJÉRCITOS PREHISPÁNICOS, UNA VISIÓN PANORÁMICA Marco Antonio Cervera Obregón.................................. 33 L A GUERRA Y LOS EJÉRCITOS PREHISPÁNICOS EN EL ÁREA MAYA Eduardo A. Tejeda Monroy ...................................... 43 historia de los ejercitos (rustica) grande.indd 5 07/01/14 15:00 L A GUERRA EN M ESOAMÉRICA ENTRE DISCURSO Y PRÁCTICA Carlos Brokmann ............................................. 69 CA PÍTU LO II L OS EJÉRCITOS INSURGENTES L AS FUERZAS ARMADAS DURANTE L A GUERRA CIVIL DE 1810 Juan Ortiz Escamilla ........................................... 93 GUERRA, VIOL ENCIA Y POLÍTICA EN L AS CAMPAÑAS DE MORELOS Marco Antonio Landavazo ...................................... 105 CA PÍTU LO III EL EJÉRCITO L IBERA L L A DIFÍCIL GÉNESIS DEL EJÉRCITO L IBERA L Raúl González Lezama ........................................ 121 SANTOS DEGOll ADO José Herrera Peña ............................................ 143 IGNACIO Z ARAGOZA L A RETIRADA DE LOS SEIS MIL José Herrera Peña ............................................ 163 JESÚS G ONZÁ L EZ ORTEGA: EL CIUDADANO -SOL DADO Juan Macías Guzmán .......................................... 187 EL PORFIRIO DÍAZ-SOL DADO Alicia Salmerón .............................................. 203 CA PÍTU LO IV L OS EJÉRCITOS REVOLUCIONARIOS EL EJÉRCITO MAGONISTA, 1906-1908 Carlos Betancourt Cid ......................................... 217 EL EJÉRCITO ANTIRREEL ECCIONISTA, 1910 –1911 Santiago Portilla ............................................. 235 historia de los ejercitos (rustica) grande.indd 6 07/01/14 15:00 EL EJÉRCITO L IBERTADOR DEL SUR Felipe Arturo Ávila Espinosa .................................... 249 GUADA LU PE: L A CUNA DEL EJÉRCITO NACIONA L Javier Villarreal Lozano ........................................ 265 GÉNESIS Y ESTRUCTURA DE L A DIVISIÓN DEL NORTE Capitán 1/o. Historiador Antonio Aguilar Razo ...................... 281 CA PÍTU LO V CIEN AÑOS DEL EJÉRCITO M EXICANO - L AS P RIMERAS DÉCADAS - EL EJÉRCITO FEDERA L DURANTE EL GOBIERNO DEL GENERA L VICTORIANO HUERTA Tte. Cor. Inf. Historiador Miguel Ángel Ibarra Bucio .................. 307 PANCHO VIll A Pedro Salmerón .............................................. 343 EL GENERA L FEL IPE Á NGEL ES Odile Guilpain ............................................... 361 EL PRIMER COMBATE A ERONAVA L DE L A HISTORIA Capitán 2/o. Historiador Martín Martínez Baizabal ................... 377 OBREGÓN, COMANDANTE MIL ITAR. SU A L ECCIONAMIENTO DE HUATABAMPO A TEOLOYUCAN, 1912-1914 Ignacio Almada Bay ........................................... 383 EL EC L IPSE DE PABLO G ONZÁ L EZ Pedro Salmerón .............................................. 417 L A REORGANIZACIÓN MIL ITAR DURANTE LOS AÑOS VEINTE Martha Beatriz Loyo .......................................... 437 L A MODERNIZACIÓN DEL EJÉRCITO M EXICANO Enrique Plasencia de la Parra .................................... 457 historia de los ejercitos (rustica) grande.indd 7 07/01/14 15:00 - L A SEGUNDA MITAD DE L SIG L O XX - EL ESTADO DE GUERRA Y EL E SCUADRÓN 201 Elmy Lemus ................................................ 475 EL E SCUADRÓN 201 DE L A FUERZA AÉREA EX PEDICIONARIA MEXICANA Capitán 1/o. Historiador Antonio Campuzano Rosales ................. 493 L AS FUERZAS ARMADAS MEXICANAS DURANTE L A GUERRA FRÍA: 1945-1990 Raúl Benítez Manaut .......................................... 513 H ISTORIA DEL EJÉRCITO M EXICANO. L OS AÑOS RECIENTES (2000-2013) Javier Oliva Posada ........................................... 541 FUERZAS ARMADAS Y DERECHOS HUMANOS EN EL COMBATE A L A DEL INCUENCIA ORGANIZADA Carlos Brokmann ............................................ 557 PARTE DE GUERRA: LOS DESAFÍOS Alfonso Zárate Flores .......................................... 579 CA PÍTU LO VI EL EJÉRCITO EN L AS L ETRAS MEXICANAS, L A HISTORIOGRAFÍA Y EL ESCENARIO INTERNACIONA L EL EJÉRCITO EN L A NOVEL A DE L A R EVOLUCIÓN Jesús González Schmal ........................................ 603 CIEN AÑOS DE HISTORIOGRAFÍA MIL ITAR MEXICANA Bernardo Ibarrola ............................................ 617 EL EJÉRCITO M EXICANO Y EL ESCENARIO INTERNACIONA L Jorge Alberto Lozoya ......................................... 641 historia de los ejercitos (rustica) grande.indd 8 07/01/14 15:00 PRESENTACIÓN General Salvador Cienfuegos Zepeda Secretario de la Defensa Nacional S NECESARIO VALORAR con justeza el devenir del Ejército Mexicano en la vida E democrática de nuestra Nación; su participación en los diversos aconteci- mientos que delinearon la historia de México dio forma y trazó la ruta institucional por la que ha transitado esta fuerza armada. México, desde su vida prehispánica, contó con ejércitos de las distintas culturas mesoamericanas, mismos que terminaron en una confrontación militar y cultural con los conquistadores llegados de Europa en el siglo XVI, dando origen al Virrei- nato de la Nueva España y a la creación de un ejército realista en el siglo XVIII. Como nación independiente, México ha contado con tres ejércitos de carácter nacional: el primero, surgió en 1821 con las unidades del ejército virreinal que proclamaron el Plan de Iguala, a las que se unieron escasas fuerzas insurgentes y desapareciendo al triunfo de la Reforma en diciembre de 1860; el segundo, emer- gió durante la Revolución de Ayutla y en la Guerra de Reforma, consolidándose durante la Intervención Francesa y el gobierno de Porfirio Díaz, subsistiendo hasta mediados de agosto de 1914, y el tercero, surgió con la Revolución Mexicana, con la creación del Ejército Constitucionalista, estableciendo las bases del actual Ejército Mexicano. En el marco de la celebración de nuestros primeros 100 años de vida, presen- tamos la obra Historia de los Ejércitos Mexicanos, singular escrito que significa y evi- dencia un esfuerzo conjunto del Instituto Nacional de Estudios Históricos de las 9 historia de los ejercitos (rustica) grande.indd 9 07/01/14 15:00 GENERAL SALVADOR CIENFUEGOS ZEPEDA Revoluciones de México y la Secretaría de la Defensa Nacional por comprender el pasado y presente del Instituto Armado. Conjugar 30 vertientes históricas desde el punto de vista de los especialistas civiles y militares sobre un mismo tema en el devenir histórico de nuestra nación fue una actividad ambiciosa, que gracias a la colaboración de cada uno de los parti- cipantes logró consolidarse en este volumen, que amalgama la vida nacional. Su integración es un conjunto de ponencias presentadas durante un ciclo de conferencias llevadas a cabo en las instalaciones del Heroico Colegio Militar, su contenido da luz en la explicación del pasado, revalora los hechos, las acciones y los protagonistas de diversas etapas de nuestro trayecto y fortalece nuestra cultura histórica en materia militar e institucional. Más allá de lo transitorio, se descubre en cada una de sus páginas los claroscuros de los tres ejércitos y su interacción con el pueblo de México, protagonista indiscutible de todo proceso histórico en nuestro país. La lectura de este compendio histórico nos permitirá reflexionar, valorar y con- cluir que el camino que elija transitar
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