Information Technology R&D: Critical Trends And

Information Technology R&D: Critical Trends and Issues

February 1985

NTIS order #PB85-245660 —

Recommended Citation: Information Technology and R&D: Critical Trends and Issues (Washington, DC: U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, OTA-CIT-268, February 1985).

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 84-601150

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402 Foreword

New computer and communications technologies are obviously transforming American life. They are the basis of many of the changes in our telecommunications system and also a new wave of automation on the farm, in manufacturing and transportation, and in the office. They are changing the form and delivery of government services such as education and the judicial system. Information products and services have become a major and still rapidly growing component of our economy. A strong U.S. research and development effort has, in the past, been the source of much of this new technology. However, recent events, such as the restructur- ing of the U.S. telecommunications industry and the emergence of strong foreign competition for some technologies, have changed the environment for R&D. Con- sequently, the House Committee on Science and Technology, the House Commit- tee on Energy and Commerce, and its Subcommittee on Telecommunications, Con- sumer Protection, and Finance asked OTA to conduct an assessment of the current state of R&D in these critical areas. In this report, OTA examines four specific areas of research as case studies: computer architecture, artificial intelligence, fiber optics, and software engineering. It discusses the structure and orientation of some selected foreign programs. Finally, it examines a set of issues that have been raised in the course of the study: manpower, institutional change, the new research organizations that grew out of Bell Laboratories, and implications of trends in overall science and technology policy. Information technology research and development in the United States is a remarkably adaptable system— important changes may already be taking place in funding patterns, institutional structures, manpower development, and government policies. Hence, the policy issues for Congress are not so much to stimu- late change as to remove barriers to productive change, and to monitor and main- tain the health of the R&D enterprise in a time of rapid change in an industry so central to our national economy and security. OTA gratefully acknowledges the contributions of the many experts, within and outside the Government, who served as panelists, consultants, contractors, and reviewers of this document. As with all OTA reports, however, the content is the responsibility of OTA and does not necessarily constitute the consensus or endorsement of the advisory panel or the Technology Assessment Board.

JOHN H. GIBBONS Director OTA Information Technology Research and Development Project Staff

John Andelin, Assistant Director, OTA Science, Information and Natural Resources Division

Fred W. Weingarten, Communication and Information Technologies Program Manager

Project Staff Donna L. Valtri, Project Director’ Fred W. Weingarten, Project Director’ Chuck Wilk, Senior Analyst Linda G. Roberts, Senior Analyst Linda Garcia, Analyst M. Karen Gamble, Analyst Prudence S. Adler, Analyst Jim Dray, Research Analyst Earl Dowdy, Research Analyst Lauren Ackerman, Research Analyst John Williams3 Peg Kay4

Administrative Staff Elizabeth A. Emanuel, Administrative Assistant Shirley Gayheart, Secretary Jennifer Nelson, Secretary Marsha Williams, Secretary Renee S. Lloyd, Secretary

Contractors Myles Boylan J. F. Coates, Inc. Barbara Davies Russell Drew Sidney Fernbach Michael Goetz Stan Liebowitz Abbe Mowshowitz Larry Olson Bruce Owen John Young

‘Project Director from November 1982 to December 1983. ‘Acting Project Director from December 1983. ‘Detailee from the Federal Communications Commission from October 1982 to October 1983. 4Detailee from the National Bureau of Standards, May 1984. iv Information Technology Research and Development Advisory Panel

Roger G. Noll Chairman Professor of Economics, Stanford University Geneva Belford Donald McCoy Department of Computer Science Vice President and General Manager University of Illinois CBS Technology Center Steven Bisset 1thiel de sola Pool* President Professor of Political Science Megatest, Inc. Massachusetts Institute of Technology John E. Bryson Paul E. Ritt, Jr. Morrison& Foerster Vice President and Director of Research GTE Laboratories, Inc. NandiKishore M. Chitre Director Larry W. Sumney Systems Planning Division Executive Director INTELSAT Semiconductor Research Corp. Ralph E. Gomory Victor Vyssotsky Vice President and Director of Research Executive Director IBM Corp. Research, Information Sciences Thomas J. Watson Research Center AT&T Bell Laboratories JohnV. Barrington Robert E. Wesslund Director Vice President for Technology Exchange COMSAT Laboratories Control Data Corp. William C. Hittinger George R. White Executive Vice President Senior Research Fellow RCA/David Sarnoff Research Center The Harvard Business School Bruce Lusignan Director Communication Satellite Planning Center Stanford University

Advanced Computer Architecture Workshop Duane Adams Sidney Fernbach Consultant Consultant Defense Advanced Research Project Agency Control Data Corp. James C. Browne Dennis Gannon Department of Computer Science Assistant Professor University of Texas Department of Computer Science Purdue University Alan Charlesworth Senior Staff Engineer Robert G. Gillespie Floating Point Systems, Inc. Vice Provost for Computing University of Washington Kent K. Curtis Section Head, Computer Science David Kuck Division of Mathematical and Computer Department of Computer Sciences Sciences University of Illinois National Science Foundation

*Deceased Mar. 11, 1984 Neil Lincoln Burton J. Smith Vice President and Chief Architect Vice President ETA Systems, Inc. Research and Development Department Denelcor, Inc. Roger G. Nell Professor of Economics Harold Stone Stanford University Professor Department of Electrical and Computer Paul Ritt, Jr. Engineering Vice President and Director of Research University of Massachusetts GTE Laboratories, Inc. Jim Thornton Paul Schneck Chief Executive Officer Leader, Information Sciences Division Network System Corp. Office of Naval Research Kenneth G. Wilson Jacob Schwartz James A. Weeks Professor of Physical Director Science Division of Computer Sciences Newman Laboratory Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences Cornell University

Fiber Optics Workshop

Thomas Giallorenzi, Chairman Herwig Kogelnick Superintendent, Optical Sciences Division Director Naval Research Laboratory Electronics Research Laboratory AT&T Bell Laboratories Michael Barnoski Consultant Henry Kressel Pacific Palisades, CA Senior Vice President E. M. Warburg, Pincus & Co. Melvin Cohen Director, Interconnection Technology William Streifer Laboratory Senior Research Fellow AT&T Bell Laboratories Xerox Corp. Anthony J. DeMaria John Whinnery Assistant Director of Research for Electrical Department of Electrical Engineering and and Electrooptics Technology Computer Science United Technology Research Center University of California, Berkeley Charles W. Deneka Amnon Yariv Director, Optical Waveguide Technology Professor of Electrical Engineering and Corning Glass Works Applied Physics California Institute of Technology Charles Kao ITT Executive Scientist ITT Corp.

Software Engineering Workshop Richard A. DeMillo Capers Jones Professor of Information and Computer Manager of Programming Technology Science Analysis Georgia Institute of Technology ITT Corp. George Dodd Brian Kernighan Department Head Head, Computing Structures Research Computer Science Department AT&T Bell Laboratories General Motors Research Laboratories vi Ann Marmor-Squires Paul Schneck Chief Technologist Leader, Information Sciences Division TRW Defense Systems Group Office of Naval Research Robert Mathis Ben Shneiderman Director Professor of Computer Science Ada Joint Program Office University of Maryland Department of Defense Steve Squires Harlan Mills Software Technology Programming Manager IBM Fellow Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency IBM Corp. Terry A. Straeter Leon J. Osterwell Vice President and Program Director Chairman General Dynamics Electronics Computer Science Department Raymond Yeh University of Colorado Professor of Computer Science C. V. Ramamoorthy University of Maryland Professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of California, Berkeley

Artificial Intelligence Workshop Bruce Bullock Kamron Parsaye Vice President President Teknowledge Federal Systems Silogic, Inc. Marvin Denicoff Stephen Polit Executive Manager of Advanced Development Thinking Machines Corp. Artificial Intelligence Group Digital Equipment Co. Ewald Heer Program Manager Azriel Rosenfeld Autonomous Systems and Space Mechanics Director Jet Propulsion Laboratory Center for Automation Research Computer Science Center Thomas F. Knight University of Maryland Assistant Professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science David Waltz Artificial Intelligence Laboratory Professor of Electrical Engineering and Massachusetts Institute of Technology Research Professor Coordinated Science Laboratory Mitchell Marcus University of Illinois Member of the Technical Staff Linguistics and Artificial Intelligence Patrick H. Winston Research Department Professor of Computer Science and Electrical AT&T Bell Laboratories Engineering and Director Artificial Intelligence Laboratory Ronald Ohlander Massachusetts Institute of Technology Program Manager Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency

vii Information Technology Research and Development Federal Workshop Charles Brownstein Robert Powers Head Chief Scientist Information Science Division Office of Science and Technology National Science Foundation Federal Communications Commission Douglas Crombie John Riganati Chief Scientist Division Chief National Telecommunications System Components Division Information Administration National Bureau of Standards John A. Daly Paul Schneck Special Assistant Leader, Information Science Division Agency for International Development Office of Naval Research Craig Fields Elias Schutzman Assistant Director for Systems Services Program Director Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency Electrical Optical Communications Program National Science Foundation Clinton W. Kelly, III Assistant Director, Systems Science Division Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency Robert Lovell Director of Communications National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Reviewers and Other Contributors Robert Ayres Kenneth Brown Peter Fuchs Carnegie-Mellon University American Enterprise Institute for Harvard University Richard Baxter Public Policy Research Osmund Fundingsland British Embassy Glen Chancy General Accounting Office Donald S. Beilman AT&T Bell Laboratories Robert Gallawa Microelectronics Center of North Gary Coleman National Bureau of Standards Carolina Department of Education Howard Gobstein John Biddle Arthur Cordell General Accounting Office Computer and Communications Science Council of Canada Robert A. Gross Industry Association Matthew Crugnale Columbia University Marlan Blissett Gnostic Concepts, Inc. Walter Hahn University of Texas Beverly Daniel George Washington University Erich Bloch General Accounting Office Glen Hansen Semiconductor Research Corp. George Dummer Department of Commerce IBM Corp. Massachusetts Institute of Richard Hersh Justin Bloom Technology University of Oregon Technology International, Inc. Lauren Erling Christopher Hill Bill Boesman ADAPSO Congressional Research Service Congressional Research Service Frank Fisher Joseph Hull Jane Bortnick Urban Institute Department of Commerce Congressional Research Service Penny Foster B. R. Inman Paul Bortz National Science Foundation Microelectronics & Computer Brown, Bortz & Covington Donald R. Fowler Technology Corp. Martha Branstad California Institute of Technology National Bureau of Standards

VIII ——

Charles L. Jackson Joel Moses Dan Slotnick Shooshan & Jackson, Inc. Massachusetts Instituteof University of Illinois Don Kash Technology Ollie Smoot University of Oklahoma Jane Myers Computer and Business Patent and Trademark Office Equipment Manufacturers Todd LaPorte Association University of California-Berkeley Tom Nardone Bureau of Labor Statistics Bill Stotesbery Christopher LeMaistre Microelectronics &Computer Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Dorothy Nelkin Cornell University Technology Corp. Jean-Pierre Letouzey Gregory Tassey French Embassy WilliamF.Nelson GTE Laboratories, Inc. National BureauofStandards Thomas Linney Henry Taylor Council of Graduate Schools Arnie Packer Manpower Economist Naval Research Laboratory Harold Linstone Al Teich Portland State University Paul Penfield Massachusetts Instituteof American Association for John G. Linvill Technology Advancementof Science Stanford University Robert Pepper William Wells John Logsdon Department ofCommerce George Washington University George Washington University Irwin White Albert Lumbroso Paul Polishuk New York State Energy R&D French Embassy Information Gatekeepers, Inc. Agency JohnM. Richardson Enrique Marcatili National Research Council Robert Willard AT&T Bell Laboratories Information Industries Michel Robin Association Michael Marcus French Embassy Federal Communications John G. Williams Commission Martha G. Russell Carruthers, Deutsch, Garrison& Nick Metropolis University of Minnesota Williams Los Alamos National Laboratory Grant Saveers Paul Wilson Charles H. Miller Digital Equipment Corp. AT&T AT&T Wendy Schacht Paul Zurkowski Robert Miller Congressional Research Service Information Industries University of Houston Jurgen Schmandt Association Robert Morgan University ofTexas Washington University

In-House Reviewers Audrey Buyrn, Program Manager Martha Harris, Project Director Paul Phelps, Project Director Henry Kelly, Project Director John Alic, Project Director Barry Holt,Analyst Eric Bazques, Analyst