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Bepo :T {Santa Clala Niv.) U; C CL 0 I the PAINTING on the RIGHT Gas CREATEDBY T.Tr Bepo_:t {Santa ClaLa _niv.) u; _ C_CL 0_I THE PAINTING ON THE RIGHT gAS CREATEDBY t.tR. RICK GLIIDICE. IT CAPTURESTHE SPIRIT OF THE SPACE HISSIOtlS DESCRIBEDIN THIS STUDY, HUHANBEINGS ARE ! IN THE CCNTEROF THE PICTURE BECP.USEME BELIEVE THEY gILL CONTINLIETO HAVE A CONTROLLINGROLE IN FUTURE o • SPACEMISSIONS. TO THE RIGHT OF THE CIRCLE ARE TgO SPACESYSTEHSgHIQI REPRESENTA PARTIALLYoAUTOHATED t SPACEt4ANUFACTURINGFACILITY, MHIC_ gOULD EVENTUALLY USE NON-TERRESTRIALt'IATERIALS. IN THE UPPER RIGHT !I IS SATURN. ,JUSTBELOg IS IT'S SATELLITE TITAN WHICH OUR SPACEEXPLOP,ATIb_J _IISSION gOULD S_UDY. THE UPPER t LEFT CORNERSUGGESTS,"HE DEEPERREACHESOF SPACEgHICH J HUHANSr.IAYSOHEDAYEXPLORE. IN THE CENTER-LEFT IS EARTHUNDERSTUDYBY ADVANCEDEARTH-SENSINGSYSTEMS CAP/e.BLEOF OBTAINING AND DELIVERING INFORMATIONIN A MUCHtlOR£ EFFECTIVE HANNERTHAN PI_ESENTSYSTEt4S. IN THE LOMERLEFT, A KAIIUFACTL'"NG FACILITY IS RISING ON THE HUON. SOHEDAYSUCHA FACILITY NIGHT REPLICATE ITSELF, OR AT LEAST HOSTOF ITS COHPONENTS.SO THAT THE NUIV_]EROF FACILITIES I]IGHT GROWVERY RAPIDLY. J J i AOVANCEDAUTO_IATIOelFOR SPACEHISSIONS TECHNICAL SUN4ARY i iN i ii A Report on the 1980 NASA/ASEE SummerStudy On The Feasibility of Usi_ Hachtne Intelligence tn Space Applications Co-Ot rectors James E. Long Jet Propulsion Laboratory Timothy J. Healy University of Santa Clara f t' ) University of Santa Clara ! Santa Clara. California ) September 15. 1980 ! e i i nil - "" ..... - ' ' -..... -'- -- II .... 1 II L !: TABLE OF CONTENTS Page !: Title Page 1 Table of Contents !: Table of Participants 1. Introduction 1: 2. Survey of Artificial Intelligence 8 2.1 Planntng and Problem Solvtng B 2.2 Perception 9 2.3 Natural Languages 9 2.4 Expert Systems 10 2.5 Automation, Teleoperatton, and Robotics 10 i . 2.6 Distributed Data Nanagement 11 2.7 Cogn|tton and Learntng 11 2.8 Research and Development tn Artificial Intelligence 11 ). Htstory of NASA Automation Activities 13 3.1 NASA Study Group on Hachtne Intell4gence and Robottcs (1977-1978) 15 3.2 Woods Hole New Directions Workshop (1979) 16 3.3 PaJaro Dunes Symposium on Automattoh and Future Missions tn Space (1980) 18 I 4. Htsston Descriptions 21 4.1 Terrestrial Applications: An Intelligent Earth Sensing Infor_tton System 21 I 4.2 Space Exploration: Titan Demonstration of a General- Purpose Exploratory System 29 4.3 Non-Terrestrial Utilization of Patertals: Automated Space Nanufacturtn9 Fac111ty 3fi I 4.4 Replicating Systems: Self-Replicating Lunar Factory and Demonstration 4Z r IL 5. Technology Assessment 51 5.1 Autono,_ous "_orld Rode1" Based lnformatto. Systems $1 5.2 Learntn_ and Hypothesis Formation 64 5.3 Natural Language and Other Han-Kachtne Communication 68 S.4 Space Hanufacturtng 72 S.5 Teleoperators and Robot Systems 75 : 5.6 Computer Science and Technology 78 E 6. Conclusions and Recommendations _Z R_ferences R4 I: r_ tl TABLE OF PARTICIPANTS il CO-DIRECTORS Bet.abe, Barbara Maaly, Timothy J. Institute for Cognitive Department of Electrical Engineering Studies and Computer Science Rutgers Untversl ty University of Santa Clara Brackman, E1t zabeth Long, James E. Department of Astronomy NASA-Jet Propulsion Laboratory University of Massachusetts TERRESTRIALAPPLICATIONS Gravander, Jerry llu_nlties Department Te_ _cr Clarkson College of Technology Sandford, Da_ld Department of Computer Science Isaacson, Joel O. Rutgers University Deparbnent of Mathematics, Statistics and Computer gembern Sctence Southern I11tnots University Fay, Temple H. Mathematics Departmen'_. Seaman, Timothy ,I University of Southern Mississippi Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Fischer, Norman Science Batelle Mamortal In_tlt_te "! University of Santa Clara Nazemetz, John Strong, James School of Industrial Engineering NASA-Goodard Space Fltght Oklahoma State University Center Strong, James Wells, Willlam NASA-Goddard Space Fltght Center Science Applications, Inc. TaneJa, Vtdya NON-TERRESTRIAL UTILIZATION ] Mathematics Department " OF'MATERIALS Western llltnois University ?earn Leader Wal sh, Peter ] Department of Physics Crlsv_ll, David Fatrleigh Dickinson University Californla Space Institute University of California ] Woodruff, John San Diem NASA-C_dda_ Space F11ght Center SPACEEXPLORATION ] Dunning, Jeremy 4;eoloqy Department Krone, Robert Indiana University ] ISSM Roost201 University of Southern California l l _; ................... Y[ IN . " !: 4 [ _ (con ' e. ) Penn1ngton, Jack NASA-Langley Research Center Fronberg, Eric 1 Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sctence Johes m James University of Santa Clara NASA-Johnson Space Fltght Center I Green. Jack Livingston, Lou Department of Geological Sciences NASA-Johnson Space Fltght Center California State University, ° Long Beach _y, _ne NASA-Kennedy Space Center Hyson, Mtchael Btotnfomatton Systems Schappell, Roger California Institute of Technolo_ Space Division Martin-I_rietta Corporation Luegenbtehl, Hetnz Dtviston of Humanities, Soctal and Turner, James Ltfe Sciences NASA-Harsha11 Space Flight Center Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology 1: TECHNOLOGYASSESSMENTCOORDINATORS Ross, Davtd ): NASA-Jet Propulsion Laboratory James E. Long, Chairman Zachary, W1111am Jeff:" Gravander School of Business Organization and Ronald L. Larsen Management John Nazemetz l: San Jose State University Jack Penntngton David Sandford ! REPLICATING SYSTEHSCONCEPTS Peter Walsh RASA HEADQUARTERSSUPPORT Latng, Richard Wtlltam _radley Computer and Communication Sctences John R. Carruthers University of Mtchtgan Robert A. Frosch Wtlltam Gevarter l/ Stanley R. Sadtn Cli ff, Roger Tony Vtllasenor I: NASA-Goddard Space Fltght Center Dal Wtlltams Freltas, Robert A., Jr. SRI INTERNATIONAL CONSULTANT i Space Initiative $UPPUK/ Santa Clara, California E Don Walker, Coordinator Von Ttesenllausen, Georg Harry G. Barrow NASA-Marshall Space Flight Center John Gaschnlg [ Peter E. Hart SPACE FACILITIES AND OPERATIONS Gary Hendrix Ntls Nilsson 7cc_I_adcre David Nltzan E Earl Sacerdotl Lovelac_, Woody NASA-Langley Research Center U L_ ADDITZONAL NASA/INDUSTRYSUPPORT Gtlbreath, W1111em NASA-AmesResearc_ Center Kincaid. Mtlltam l Lockheed Htsstles and Space Ccmpany ,i Naumnn, Robert NASA-I_rshall Space F11ght Center Pt tt_n, Bruce NASA-/mes Research Center Robinson, Alfred C. Battelle Columbus Laboratories il Ruoff, Carl NASA-Jet Propulsion Laborator)' Steuer. Wol fgang NASA-Jet Propulsion Laboratory ( Wang, Taylor G. NASA-Jet Propulsion Laberatory SPACEARTWORK Rtck GuSdtce J SECRETARIALSTAFF 1 Yvette Duboscq Noreen Golden Carol LeClair ) TECHNICAL AND GENERALEDITOR Robert A. Frettas, Jr. 16 _1_ i ! ! I I ' INI II' I Jl J J 6 1. INe_ee_o, This statuary report describes a study of the feasibility of us- ). trig machtne tnte111gencem including automation and robotics, in future space missions. The ten-_eek study was carrted out durtng the s_mer ! of 1980 by 18 educators from universities throughout the LMtted States. worktng wtth lS NASAprogrem engineers. The spectftc study objectives ) were to tdenttfy and analyze several representative mtssSons whtch would requtre extensive applications of machtne Intelligence. and then I to tdenttfy technologies whtch must be developed to accomplish these types of missions. The study was sponsored Jotntly by NASA. through the Offtce of l ° Aeronautics and Space Technolo;y (OAST) and the Offtce of University Affatrs, and by the /_,ertcan Society for Enotneertn9 Education, as part of thetr continuing program of summer study faculty fellowships. Co-hosts for the study were the NASA-AmesResearch Center and the Uni- versity of Santa Clara, where the study was carrted out. The project co-directors were Jim Long of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, and Tta Healy of the University of Santa Clara. The study was supported by NASAbecause of an Increasing reali- zat|on that advanced automatic and robotic d_vices, using machine in- [ telligence, must play a major role in future space missions. Such systems wtll complement human acttvtty tn space, accempltshing tasks wh|ch people cannot do or whtch are too dangerous, too laborious, or too expensive. The opportunity to develop the powerful new merger of F human intelligence and machtne intelligence ts a result of the growing capactty of machines to accomplish significant tasks. The study has F Identified some of the ways this capactty may be used, and some of the research and development efforts whtch wtl1 be necessary tn the years ahead if this promise is to be realized. The starting potnt for the study was the work presently under way tn the field of "artificial intelligence." Research in thts area ad- dresses the question of how robots, computers, and intelligent machines operate, and how they can be used to solve particular problems. The )J field, as _riefty surveyed tn Part 2, covers a very wtde range of topics, most of which seem to _e likely candidates for application to space missions. U Part 3 recounts the long-standing tnterest of NASA tn the use of automtton tn space, and the growing realization that Nchtne intelli- gence offers extraordinary new opportunities for future applications. NASA's tnterest has been focused by a sertes of recent studies, which are described. The major task of the summer study group was to consider hypothet- Ical future mtsstons which NASA mtght undertake, tn the context of cur- rent work 4n the fteld of art|ftctal Intelligence and robotics. The approach taken by the group was to tdenttfy four specific "drtver" missions which w111 have extensive need for machine intelligence and automation, and then to describe
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